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A T square is a draughtsman's ruler with a crosspiece or head at one end, used for drawing parallel horizontal lines. It gets its name from its shape. It is laid on a drawing board and guided by the crosspiece, which is pressed against the straight edge of the board. Sometimes the head is arranged to be set at different angles.
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Tabaret is an upholstery fabric with alternate satin and watered-silk stripes.
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A tabellion was a secretary or notary under the Roman empire and also, a similar officer in France during the old monarchy.
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Tabes is a slow progressive emaciation.
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In Parliament, the term table refers to postponing, by means of a formal vote, the consideration of a bill, motion, or the like, until called for, or indefinitely.
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Taboo (tabu, tapu) is a Polynesian word meaning 'thou shall not....'. It is a system of prohibitions and an elaborate code of things which may not be done, touched or approached.
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A tabouret is a seat without arms or back, cushioned and stuffed, so called from its resemblance to a drum.
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In old English Law, tac was a customary payment made by a tenant.
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Tachygraphy (stenography) is the art or practice of rapid writing or shorthand writing.
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Tacking is a legal doctrine of a union of securities given at different times, all of which must be redeemed before an intermediate purchaser can interpose his claim.
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Tackle is a term used to describe the equipment used in a sport, especially fishing. In nautical terms, tackle refers to ropes and pulleys used for hoisting weights, sails etc.
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Tact is the intuitive perception of what is correct or fitting especially in the context of knowing the right thing to say or how to behave in a situation.
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Tael (also called liang) is a Chinese weight. It was based upon the weight of a non-existent silver coin and was used in commerce between China and foreign countries around the turn of the century.
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Taffy is a colloquial nickname for a Welshman. It derives from the supposed Welsh pronunciation of the name Davy.
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A tailboard is the board at the rear end of a cart, wagon or other vehicle, which can be removed or let down, for convenience in loading or unloading.
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In mining terminology, tailing (also known as the tails) is the refuse part of stamped ore, which is thrown behind the tail of the buddle or washing apparatus. It is dressed over again to secure whatever metal may exist in it.
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A tailor is a maker of men's outer garments or of women's garments which have similar characteristics such as coats, suits and riding-clothes. Originally the name was applied to someone who made any sort of clothes, but became restricted over time. In the 19th century in Britain the tailor trade passed predominantly into the hands of the Jewish community and sweating became rife in the industry resulting in tailoring being one of the four industries put under the trade boards when they were introduced into Great Britain and Ireland in 1910.
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In printing, a tailpiece is an ornament placed at the bottom of a short page to fill up the space, or at the end of a book.
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In mining a tailrace is a channel in which tailings, suspended in water, are conducted away. In a water wheel, the tailrace is the part of the channel below the wheel. A channel above the wheel being known as a headrace.
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Tale of Two Cities is a novel written by Charles Dickens, and first published as a serial in 'All the Year Round' between April the 30th and November the 26th 1859 and concurrently in eight monthly parts. The plot moves between London and Paris during the French Revolution, and revolves around Sydney Carton, a dissipated barrister who gives his life so that Charles Darnay, his rival for the affections of Lucie Manette, may live.
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Tale of a Tub is the title of a comedy written by Ben Jonson in 1633.
Tale of a Tub is a satirical poem written by Jonathan Swift in 1696, and first published anonymously in 1704. The satire is directed against church divisions and deals with three brothers: Peter (the Church of Rome), Martin (Luther) and Jack (Calvin). It is generally accepted that the poem prevented Jonathan Swift's preferment to a bishopric.
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Tales of a Grandfather is a series of stories on Scottish and French history, inspired by J W Crocker's Stories for Children from English History, published in 1817, and written by Sir Walter Scott for his grandson, John Lochkart, and published between 1828 and 1830.
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The Talgai skull is a fossil human cranium found in 1884 in the Darling Downs squatting district near Talgai, South Queensland, Australia. The fossil attracted no attention until the Sydney meeting of the British Association in 1914. A report presented by Dr S A Smith of Sydney to the Royal Society in 1918 showed the skull to belong to a male of about sixteen years old who was contemporary with Pleistocene marsupials now extinct. The skull's brain capacity was larger than that of modern Australian aborigines, and the enormous palate, while resembling that of the anthropoids more closely than any human jaw yet discovered, most closely resembled the palate of the recently extinct Tasmanians. In 1920 Dubois reported that two skulls found by him in Java in 1890, more primitive than the Australoid, supported the Queensland evidence that early man migrated from Asia into the Australian region in the distant past.
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A tallboy is a double chest of drawers, placed one above the other, the upper chest usually being narrower and recessed. Tallboys were popular during the reign of Queen Anne.
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The Tallow Chandlers' Company was a London city livery company founded in 1426. It was granted arms in 1456 and obtained its first charter in 1462. The company's hall in Dowgate Hill was destroyed in the Great Fire, and was rebuilt in 1672 and restored in 1871. The Tallow Chandlers' Company had special privileges in the city and suburbs with regard to tallow, oils &c.
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Tally-ho! Is the old Norman hunting cry meaning 'to the coppice!', and was used when a stag was spotted running for the cover of the trees.
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The Talmud is the collection of oral works, containing the laws and ceremonies of Rabbinical Judaism together with commentaries, put into writing between the 2nd and 6th centuries.
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In locksmithing a talon is the shoulder of the bolt of a lock on which the key acts to shoot the bolt.
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A tambour is a device used in embroidery. It is comprised of two hoops which fit closely one inside the other. Fabric is stretched over the tambour which then holds it fast so that it may be embroidered.
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In 1789 William Mooney, an Irish-American politician, founded in New York City, the Columbian Order, a secret society, which in 1805 was incorporated as the Tammany Society, named after the Indian Tammany, and wearing Indian insignia, especially a buck's tail.
The Tammany Society was reputedly founded for the purpose of preserving democratic ideas against Alexander Hamilton's aristocratic doctrine.
In 1800, by careful work under Aaron Burr, the order controlled New York City politics. Next, under Daniel Tompkins, it became the administration wing of the Democratic party in New York City, upholding Madison and opposing the Clintons. The Bucktails and the Albany Regency controlled the State for a long period. In 1822 the power over the society had gone into the hands of its general committee. Stricter and stricter organization followed, and the Tammany Society developed into a machine for securing success in elections and power and plunder for its chieftains. Always indifferent to principles, it grew worse after the influx of foreigners into the city, until after the American Civil War its corruption culminated in the scandalous performances of the Tweed Ring. Since the defeat of the Tweed Ring in 1871, the Tammany Society, under the control of John Kelly, Richard Croker and others, was famous for strict control over a large body of voters, strict devotion to the spoils-system, looseness of allegiance to the Democratic party, and indifference to the welfare and interests of New York City which it had almost constantly ruled.
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A tampion is a plug for the top of an organ pipe or a cover for the muzzle of a gun.
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A tampon is a plug inserted into a wound or body orifice to absorb secretions or stop haemorrhaging.
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The 'Tamworth Two' was a name given to two juvenile Tamworth pigs which escaped from Newman's Abattoir on Monday the 6th of January 1998 and went on the run. The pair, a brother and sister, belonged to a road cleaner, Armaldo Diiulio, who had intended to sell them for 40 pounds each to the abattoir to be slaughtered and butchered. The escaping pigs swam across the River Avon and hid in a thicket on a wooded hillside near Malmesbury Abbey. The story was reported by Wendy Best of the 'Western Daily Press', a local newspaper, and then the national newspapers heard about the story and the 'Daily Mail' dispatched a freelance reporter to find the pigs, who they christened 'Butch' and 'Sundance', and rescue them. The story gripped public attention for a week while the search for the pair continued until they were caught, and bought by the 'Daily Mail' for an alleged sum of 15,000 pounds. The newspaper then housed the two pigs at a Rare Breeds Centre in Kent where they were cared for and six years later were still living, fully
grown by then and very content.
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A tandem is a bicycle with two seats one behind the other. Other multi-person bicycles include the triplet, with three seats and the quintet with five.
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A tangram is a Chinese geometrical puzzle comprised of a square which is divided into five triangles, a square and a rhomboid which can then be fitted together to form many figures.
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A tankard is a large, one-handled drinking vessel.
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Taoism is an ancient Chinese system of philosophy.
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A taper is a slender wax candle. The term is often used for a long wax coated or wooden wick used to light candles or fires at a safe distance.
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A tapestry is a thick hand-woven fabric, usually of wool, with a pictorial or ornamental design formed by the weft-threads.
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The Tappan Patent was a grant of land in what is now Orange County, New York, made in 1686 by Governor Dongan, of New York, to six Dutch patentees, The land was to be held in free and common socage of King James II.
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A tappit-hen was a large pewter measuring pot holding at least three English quarts.
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A tarantass was a large covered travelling carriage without springs, but balanced on long poles which served instead, and without seats. Tarantass were used a lot in Russia around the beginning of the 20th century.
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Targums are Aramaic versions of the Hebrew scriptures. In course of time Hebrew as a language understood by the mass of the Jewish people was supplanted by Aramaic. Consequently, when the Hebrew scriptures were read in the synagogues, the services of a translator were required. When the translations were later committed to writing they were called Targums.
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A tarn is a small moorland or mountain lake.
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Tarnishing is the formation of a film of discolouration on the exposed face of a metal, destroying the lustre. Some metals are very susceptible to tarnishing, silver being notorious in this respect.
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Tarpaulin is a heavy weather-proof cloth manufactured chiefly in Scotland and used for protecting goods and seaman's hats and similar defences against the weather. Tarpaulin is made from hemp, flax, cotton or jute treated with tar or similar substances.
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Tarring and feathering is an ancient British practise of humiliating punishment. It first occurred in 1189, and Richard I decreed that any robber sailing with the Crusaders would have his head shaved, boiling pitch poured over his head and a mass of feathers shaken over the head before the robber was put ashore at the next available place.
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Tarsia-work was a kind of marquetry popular in 15th century Italy. It consisted of pieces of different coloured woods inlayed into a panel of walnut so as to represent landscapes, figures, fruits etc.
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Tasmanite is a translucent, reddish-brown fossil resin found in Tasmania.
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A tassel is a tuft of loosely hanging threads or cords designed as an ornament for a cushion, cap or other object.
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Tate Gallery is a popular name for the National Gallery of British Art at Millbank, London. The gallery was opened in August 1897 and was a gift from Sir Henry Tate, along with 65 pictures by then modern British artists.
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Tatting is a type of knotted lace made from sewing-thread with a small flat shuttle-shaped instrument.
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A tatty is a cuscus grass mat which is hung in a doorway, or window and kept wet to cool the air in the building.
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Taxation no Tyranny was a famous pamphlet against the cause of the American colonies, written by Dr. Samuel Johnson, and published in London in 1775.
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Taxi is the term applied to a hackney-carriage provided with a taximeter. In London, regulations for motor taxicabs were first issued in January 1907.
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The Tay Bridge Disaster was the collapse of the original railway bridge over the Firth of Tay on December the 28th 1879 during a night gale. While a train was crossing the bridge, thirteen of the main central spans gave way and the train fell ninety feet into the river. The disaster marked the loss of one third of the bridge which had only been built a year earlier.
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Tazzas were Tudor-period small dishes or drinking vessels, not unlike a champagne glass, with a wide, shallow bowl standing upon a baluster stem, the whole standing perhaps six inches tall. In the centre of the bowl was usually mounted a medallion bearing an armed Roman head. Many surviving tazzas were given to churches where they were used as patens.
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Teak is the timber of the teak tree (Tectona grandis), and mainly comes from Myanmar (Burma). Teak is a moderately heavy, hard wood that is easily worked and tends not to shrink, warp or swell. Teak timber is resistant to termites and contains natural oils that retard decaying of the timber.
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A teetotum is a top spun with the fingers, rather than a whip or cord.
A teetotum was a type of Victorian British working-man's club at which all intoxicants were prohibited.
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The Tehuantepec winds (Papagayo winds) are strong winds analogous to the mistral and bora, experienced on the Pacific side of Central America. They blow from the north-east and the north-north-east on the coasts of Nicaragua and Guatemala.
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Telegony is the supposed appearance in offspring characteristics derived not from the father of the offspring, but from a previous father to whom the mother has borne offspring.
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Teleology is the explanation by reference to ends, purposes, or function, as in, 'Why do you have such big teeth, Grandmama?' - 'All the better to eat you with, my dear!' Aristotle considered teleological explanations to be a particularly illuminating kind of causal explanation, and contrasted them with explanations citing efficient causes, the prior state of affairs that brings something about. In Aristotle the value of teleological explanations rests on his metaphysical doctrine of forms, the fundamental kinds into which all things fall, and which define their proper ends. Without some such metaphysical underpinning, the use of such explanations is hard to justify; in particular, the mechanistic world-view characteristic of much of modern science emphasises efficient causation and seems to leave little room for purposefulness. The great achievement of Darwin's theory of evolution was to show how some teleological explanations in biology could be rested on a mechanistic foundation. How far this kind of reconciliation is possible is a live issue in the philosophy of science. Perhaps the most famous teleological argument is that for the existence of God, which takes our observations of the regularity and coherence of the world around us and our experience of the conjunction of regularity and design, to conclude that there must be a designer.
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Telepathy is the communication between two minds apart from the ordinary sense channels. It was Sir W F Barrett who first drew attention to the supposed phenomena of telepathy in 1876.
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Telescopium, the Telescope, is a constellation of the southern sky, between Ara and Sagittarius, named by the 18th-century French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille. Its brightest stars are of only fourth magnitude and it is devoid of interesting objects apart from a few faint galaxies, an unremarkable globular cluster, and a small planetary nebula.
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Telesto is a small satellite of Saturn. Telesto moves in an almost circular orbit of radius 294,660 km in a period of 1.888 days. Two other Saturnian satellites, Tethys and Calypso, have very similar orbits. Telesto is not spherical but rather ellipsoidal, with a mean diameter of 30 km.
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Tempera is a mode or process of painting, the term especially being applied to early Italian painting, in which egg and glue were used to bind the colours.
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In the early years of manufactures the working day sometimes extended to thirteen or fourteen hours. After the passage of the ten-hour law in England in 1847, the working classes in America also demanded a similar law. In 1853, the manufacturing companies in Lowell, Lawrence and Fall River, America voluntarily reduced the working day to eleven hours. In 1874, Massachusetts enacted a law prescribing a ten-hour day for all females and all males under eighteen years of age employed in textile factories. Similar laws were later passed elsewhere in the US.
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The Tennessee Bond Cases were seventeen causes decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1885, wherein it was held that the statutory lien upon railroads (railways) created by an act of the Tennessee Legislature in 1852, was for the benefit of the State and not of the holders of State bonds issued under that act.
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The Tennis Court Oath was a dramatic incident which took place at Versailles in the first stage of the French Revolution. On the 17th of June 1789 the Third Estate of the States-General under the presidency of Jean Bailly, a representative of Paris, declared themselves the National Assembly, claiming that they were the only Estate properly accredited and that the First and Second Estates must join them. On 20 June they found their official meeting- place closed and moved to the Tennis Court, a large open hall nearby. The Oath bound them not to separate until they had given France a constitution.
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A tenter is a framework on which serge, milled or printed cloth is stretched so that it can dry without shrinking or losing its shape.
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Tenure is the right or title by which property is held.
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In the USA, by the Constitution the Senate is associated with the President in the making of appointments to office. But it was concluded in 1789 that removals were entirely in the discretion .of the President. This remained the rule until 1867, when Congress, in the course of its quarrel with President Johnson, passed over his veto the Tenure of Office Act. This act provided that, with certain exceptions, every officer appointed with the concurrence of the Senate should retain his office until a successor should be in like manner appointed. During the recess of the Senate the President might, for specified causes, suspend an officer until the Senate could act. If the Senate approved, the officer might then be removed, otherwise not. Johnson's ignoring of the act in the case of Secretary Stanton, in 1868, led to his impeachment. The act was repealed in 1887.
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Tephramancy is a form of divination by means of ashes.
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In law a term is a fixed period of time; a prescribed duration; as: (a) The limitation of an estate; or rather, the whole time for which an estate is granted, as for the term of a life or lives, or for a term of years. (b) A space of time granted to a debtor for discharging his obligation. (c) The time in which a court is held or is open for the trial of causes. In England, there were formerly four terms in the year, during which the superior courts were open: Hilary term, beginning on the 11th and ending on the 31st of January; Easter term, beginning on the 15th of April, and ending on the 8th of May; Trinity term, beginning on the 22nd of May, and ending on the 12th of June; Michaelmas term, beginning on the 2nd and ending on the 25th of November. The rest of the year was called vacation. But this division has been practically abolished by the Judicature Acts of 1873 and 1875, which provided for the more convenient arrangement of the terms and vacations.
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A terrine is an earthenware vessel sold containing some table delicacy such as pate.
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Terrorism is the systematic use of violence and intimidation to coerce a government or a community into adopting certain specific political ends, such as national independence for a region, or reunification or self-government, or even the adoption of a political system more sympathetic to another country's economic interests. The term terrorism was first coined in England referring to the French revolution, the agents of which were called 'terrorists' by the hostile English press, particularly the Daily Telegraph. Terrorism is so called because of the employment of 'terror' tactics, typically the bombing of property and the murder of civilians which leads to general unrest and pressure from the public onto a government or encourages the public to remove a leader. Within this definition, resistance fighters - civilians who take up arms against another country's uniformed soldiers occupying their country - are not terrorists, but a country which bullies another country with threats of war unless political changes occur within the country, perhaps the adoption of a government more sympathetic to the bullying country's economic interests, clearly is an example of terrorism. Recent examples of terrorism included the Republican terrorists of northern Ireland which sought reunification with the Republic of Ireland through making attacks on the British people in an attempt to coerce the British government into agreeing to their terms. The Islamic fundamentalist attack on the Twin Towers on September the 11th 2001 were not seeking a stated political end, and as such were not a terrorist attack, but were a criminal act of murder and destruction. America's threats to the country of Iraq unless they change their leader - President Saddam Hussein - could be construed as terrorism as the alternative for the Iraqi people is clearly all out war, in which many civilians would be killed and lose their property. A clear use of intimidation for political ends.
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A tertiary colour is a colour produced by mixing two secondary colours.
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Terza rima is an Italian form of verse in which the lines are iambic, having eleven syllables in Italian and ten in English. The rhyme scheme is aba bcb cdc ded etc, continuing indefinitely. An example of terza rima is Shelley's 'The Triumph of Life'.
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The Test Act of 1673 decreed that all who held public offices in England must receive the Church of England sacrament and renounce Transubstantiation. It thus excluded Nonconformists and Roman Catholics. The act was repealed in May 1828.
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A tester is the canopy over a four-poster bed.
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Tethys is a satellite of Saturn. It was discovered by Giovanni Domenico Cassini in 1684. It has a nearly circular equatorial orbit at 294,660 km from the planet's centre. Its diameter is 1,060 km and its density is 1,200 kg/m3, indicating a predominantly icy composition. All parts of its surface are heavily cratered. Two outstanding topographic features are the giant Odysseus crater, 400 km in diameter, and a trench or large valley, Ithaca Chasma, about 100 km in width and several kilometres deep.
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A tetragrammaton is a sacred name of four letters. Specifically the term is applied to the Hebrew JHVH which was employed by the ancient Jews as a mystical symbol for Jehovah.
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A tetrahedron is a geometric solid figure with four triangular faces.
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A tetrarch was originally a ruler of one of four parts of a region. Over time the word tetrarch came to lose its original meaning and was applied to minor rulers generally, especially to the princes of Syria under the Roman emperors.
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The Teutonic Order was an order of knighthood established in 1198. The order originated in the charity of some German merchants who established a hospital during the Siege of Acre in 1990. The order was formally constituted in 1198 at Jerusalem. Membership was confined to Germans, and it was in Germany that the order carried out most of its work, including the conquest and conversion of Prussia.
Acquiring political importance, the order ruled large areas on the borders of Poland and Russia, owing allegiance to no power except the pope. The headquarters of the order were moved from Acre to Marienburg in 1308. The order was finally defeated by the Poles under Ladislas at Tannenberg in 1410.
Following the defeat of the order, its subjects revolted and in 1440 The Prussian League was formed and in 1466 it helped Poland to take west Prussia from the Teutonic Order by the treaty of Thorn. This treaty gave the knights of the Teutonic Order control of East Prussia as vassal of Poland, and half the knights were to be Polish. The Teutonic Order remained in this state for sixty years until in 1526 its grand master Albert of Brandenburg became a protestant and made the territories an hereditary grand duchy. The Teutonic Order continued to exist with its headquarters at Mergentheim until 1809. It was revived as an Austrian order of knighthood in 1834.
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The Texas Gazette and Brazoria Advertiser was the first newspaper published in Texas. It was established at Brazoria in 1830. On September the 4th, 1832, it was merged in the Constitutional Advocate and Texas Public Advertiser which was itself suspended in 1833.
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A textile is a woven fabric. The manufacture of textiles is one of the oldest human arts already well developed before history began, with loom weights and combs found with the remains of Iron Age Man.
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Thalweg is a term of German origin signifying the lowest contour line of a valley, and therefore the natural direction of a stream or dried watercourse.
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The Thames Conservancy Board is a body, appointed in 1857 as the Thames Conservancy, to look after all matters affecting the river Thames, including its fishing, locks and navigation. In 1909 it handed over part of its work to the Port of London Authority.
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Thanksgiving is an annual festival in the USA, celebrated on the last Thursday in November, since it was so fixed by President Lincoln in 1864. The custom dates from the thanksgiving day set aside by the Mayflower Pilgrims after their first harvest in 1621, and was later adopted by the various colonies and States.
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A thaumatrope is a card or disc with two different figures drawn one each side. These images apparently merge when the card or disk is rotated rapidly. Thaumatropes are used to demonstrate the persistence of visual impressions.
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The Thaw Case was an American murder trial. The trial centred around the accusation that on the night of the 23rd of June 1906, in New York, Harry K Thaw, the son of a Pittsburgh millionaire, deliberately shot and murdered the leading architect Stanford White because he had insulted Thaw's wife. The trials lasted from January 1907 until July 1915, causing a world-wide sensation for its revelations of life among a certain class of New Yorkers, and for the long legal battle to save the life of the murderer on the grounds that he was insane at the time of the killing. Released on the 17th of July 1915, having supposedly recovered from his insanity, Thaw was re-arrested in 1917 and confined to a lunatic asylum.
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The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is a novel written in 1876 by American author Mark Twain. It describes the childhood escapades of Tom Sawyer and his friends Huckleberry Finn and Joe Harper in a small Mississippi community before the Civil War. It, and its sequel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn published in 1885, are remarkable for their rejection of the high moral tone prevalent in 19th-century children's literature.
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The Arena was an American monthly magazine founded in 1889 in Boston, by B O Flower, and devoted to serious interests.
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The Bold And The Beautiful is an American romantic drama television soap opera set in the world of fashion, and following the adventures of the Forrester family. The Bold And The Beautiful was created by Lee Philip Bell and William J Bell and was first aired in 1987.
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The Bottle Boys was a British situation comedy television show written by Vince Powell, starring Robin Askwith and David Auker, about the exploits of a milkman. The Bottle Boys was produced by London Weekend Television and aired from 1984 to 1985.
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The Bounder was a British situation comedy about a con-man released from jail, moving in with his brother-in-law and proceeding to make his life a misery. The Bounder was written by Eric Chappel and produced by Yorkshire Television. The Bounder starred Peter Bowles, George Cole and Isla Blair. The Bounder ran from 1982 to 1983.
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The Bright Side was a British situation comedy starring Paula Wilcox in a story about a woman struggling to cope after her husband is sent to prison. The Bright Side was written by Willis Hall and screened by Channel 4 during 1985.
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In December 1914 the British Government appointed a committee to consider and advise on the evidence as to outrages alleged to have been committed by German troops during the European War. The committee collected evidence from Belgian refugees, wounded Belgian soldiers, and British officers and soldiers. The report issued in May 1915 (The Bryce Report) stated that there was conclusive evidence that in many parts of Belgium deliberate and systematically organised massacres of the civil population had occurred and that the rules and usages of war were frequently broken and the red cross and white flag were abused.
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The Builder is an English illustrated weekly newspaper founded in 1842 as the organ of builders and contractors. Its first editor was J A Hansom, the inventor of the Hansom Cab.
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The Court of Criminal Appeal is an English court with jurisdiction to hear appeals by persons convicted on indictment, criminal information, coroner's inquisitions and by persons dealt with at Quarter Sessions as incorrigible rogues. It was established in 1907.
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The Damned were are a British punk rock band. They started life in 1975 as 'The London SS' with Mick Jones, Tony James and Brian James under the management of Bernie Rhodes. Chris Millar joined during the winter of 1975 as a drummer and was christened 'Rat Scabies' by Brian James. The London SS folded as Bernie Rhodes and Mick Jones formed the Clash and the remaining band members met Dave Vanian and Ray Burns who had worked with Chris Millar cleaning toilets. The Damned were born and played their first concert at the 100 club supporting the Sex Pistols in 1976.
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The Economist is a magazine dealing with financial matters. It was started in 1843 as a London weekly journal.
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The Engineer was a British journal founded in 1856 and devoted to the interests of the engineering profession.
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The Field is a country gentleman's weekly magazine (originally a paper) devoted to natural history, sports etc. and first published in January 1853.
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The Five Mile Act was a statute of 1592, repealed in 1844 after a long period of disuse, forbidding popish recusants convicted of not going to church from moving above five miles from their usual place of abode.
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The Gentleman's Magazine was the first magazine produced. It was a monthly publication founded in 1731 by Edward Cave and survived in its original form until 1868. It contained historical and biographical articles.
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The John Bull was a Tory newspaper supported by Theodore Hook and published from 1820 to 1892.
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The King's Ellwand was a former name for Orion's Belt, the three bright stars in the constellation of Orion.
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The Observer is the oldest Sunday newspaper, dating back to 1791.
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The Professionals was a British television series of 1977 following the adventures of 'Bodie' and 'Doyle', two top agents of Britain's fictious 'CI5' criminal investigation police force.
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The Rocket was a steam-driven locomotive built by George Stephenson in the 1820's. The Rocket operated along the Stockton and Darlington line at a usual speed of 16 mph.
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The serpentine is an artificial sheet of water in Hyde Park, London, constructed in 1730 to 1733 at the instance of Queen Caroline, consort of George II.
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The Song Of The Shirt is a poem by Thomas Hood, first published in Punch magazine at Christmas 1843. The poem tells of a widowed needlewoman struggling to keep herself and two children on a paltry seven shillings a week. The poem was written to effect social change, and had a profound effect upon its publication.
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The Spaniards is a public house dating from the 18th century at the junction of Spaniards Road and Hampstead Heath in north-west London. It was at the pub that the Gordon Rioters were delayed while on their way to destroy Lord Mansfield's house at Ken Wood. The pub also features in Charles Dickens story 'The Pickwick Papers'.
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The Spectator was a journal founded in 1711 by Sir Richard Steele and contributed to largely by Joseph Addison. The Spectator was issued daily until December 1712 and was then in 1714 and was issued thrice weekly until the end of that year. The Spectator was contributed to by a number of authors, but all writing under the title of 'Mr Spectator'.
The title was resuscitated in 1828 by Robert Rintoul as a London weekly review, its features including a summary of the week's news, political and social articles, literary criticism and correspondence. The new Spectator was noted for its independence and exercised great influence on the politics of the 19th century.
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The Sphere was an English illustrated weekly founded in 1900 by Hugh Spottiswoode and Clement Shorter, who edited the newspaper, representing the latest developments in the art of illustration for which it was highly acclaimed. It had its own special artists at the front during the Boer War.
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The Sporting Life is a British daily newspaper devoted entirely to sport. The Sporting Life first appeared as 'The Penny Bell's Life' on March the 24th 1859, and was then edited by Henry M Feist, a month later changing its title to The Sporting Life, and was then a weekly publication. The Sporting Life became a daily newspaper in 1883 and in 1886 incorporated the newspaper 'Bell's Life'.
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The Squire was a famous drama of rural life by Arthur Pinero. It was first produced on December the 29th 1881 at the St James' Theatre, London, where it subsequently ran for 170 performances.
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The Standard was a London daily newspaper established by Charles Baldwin in 1827 as a Tory evening paper, and edited by Dr Giffard with Alaric Watts. In 1857 The Standard was acquired by James Johnstone, who published it in both the morning and evening. The Standard saw its most popular period between 1876 and 1900 when it was managed by WH Mudford. In 1916 the morning edition was offered for sale by auction, but no buyer was found and publication was suspended. The evening edition continued later becoming known as the 'Evening Standard'.
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The Sullivans was an Australian soap-opera television series following the lives of a fictional suburban Australian family and their friends during the Second World War. The Sullivans was created by Jack Blair and Ian Jones and ran from 1976 to 1983.
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The Three Musketeers is a romance by Alexandre Dumas in collaboration with Auguste Maquet. The story was first published in 1844, and is based upon the Memoires d'Artagnan by Courtels de Sandras, and is a 17th century court story centring around the witty and resourceful figure of D'Artagnan, who with his three friends the musketeers, Athos, Porthos and Aramis, engages in stupendous adventures. The Three Musketeers has a sequel in 'Le Vicomte de Bragelonne'.
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The Times is a leading English daily newspaper. It was founded in 1785 as the London Daily Universal Register by John Walter and then sold for 3d an issue. The publication changed its name to The Times (with the subtitle London Daily Universal Register) in 1788, in 1790 raising the cover price to 4d. The Times earned its reputation under John Walter the second, who was appointed manager in 1803 and took over the paper on the death of his father in 1812, through its foreign correspondence and independent criticism of the government. The Times further enhanced its public reputation when, in 1841, it exposed a conspiracy hatched in Belgium to defraud the principal banking houses of Europe.
John Walter the second recognised the importance of foreign correspondents. Previously newspapers had relied upon the government to supply them with news of foreign events. Under John Walters the second, the Times employed its own foreign correspondents, and reported the news of the Battle of Waterloo before the government was aware of it.
The Times under John Walter the third revolutionised the methods newspapers were printed, and the steam powered Walters Press first used in 1869 formed the basis for improvements in newspaper printing that subsequently followed.
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The Tribune was a short-lived London newspaper published between 1906 and 1908 by Franklin Thomasson, and edited by William Hill and L T Hobhouse.
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The Tropics are the region between 23 degrees 30 minutes north and 23 degrees 30 minutes south of the equator at which the sun's rays are vertical at noon.
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The Vikings of Helgeland is a play by Henrik Ibsen written in 1858. It is a drama, based on Scandinavian history.
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The War Of The Worlds is a novel written by H. G. Wells, first published in the 1890's, about an invasion of earth by creatures from the planet Mars - who are defeated not by Man, but by earth bacteria. The novel has been adapted as a radio play and as a film and was most famously adapted as a musical by Jeff Wayne and released on a double-album record in 1978. The musical version of the novel featured Richard Burton, Julie Covington, David Essex, Justin Hayward, Phil Lynott, Jo Partridge and Chris Thompson.
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The Wedding is a play by Anton Chekhov, written in 1890. It is an early one-act farce.
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The Woman-Hater is a broad satirical play by Francis Beaumont written in 1606.
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The Wood Demon is a play by Anton Chekhov, written in 1889.
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The Words Upon The Window-pane is a one-act play about the last days of Jonathan Swift. It was written by W B Yeats in 1930.
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The Young Ones was an anarchic British comedy television show about four very different students ('Rick' 'the classic example of an only child', 'Vivyan' a psychotic punk medical student, 'Neil' a hippy and 'Mike' the spiv) sharing a house. The Young Ones was produced by the BBC and ran from 1982 to 1984.
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The Theatines were a Roman Catholic religious order for men founded in 1524 by Giovanni Caraffa, who was at the time bishop of Theatre, near Naples, afterwards to become Pope Paul IV. The object of the Theatines was the extirpation of heresy and the reformation of the lives of the clergy.
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The Theatre of the Absurd was a movement in the 1940s to 1960s that expressed existentialist philosophy through theatrical style. Absurdist plays are filled with non-sensical dialogue and plot, which convey the inability of people to communicate with each other and the irrationality of existence. Principal figures in absurdist theatre were Samuel Beckett, Eugene Ionesco and Jean Genet.
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The Theogony is a poem by Hesiod which describes the origin of the powers of nature, and the manner of the birth of the [Greek] gods.
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Theology is a science dealing with ascertainable truths about God and his relations with the world and mankind.
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Theophilanthropism was a species of naturalistic religion started by French deists in Paris around 1776 during the French Revolution. It aimed at superseding Christianity with a form of faith and worship, whose main features were to be love to God and man. The movement had four 'saints' whose festivals were observed, these were: Socrates, St Vincent de Paul, Rousseau and Washington. The movement was suppressed in 1801 and died out shortly afterwards.
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Theosophy is an intuitive or ecstatic mode of enunciating doctrines.
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Therese Raquin is a drama play by Emile Zola written in 1867.
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Theriolatry is the worship of animals or animal gods.
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Thermidor was the eleventh month of the year as rearranged during the French Revolution. The month of Thermidor began on July the 19th or 20th.
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A thesaurus is a form of dictionary or encyclopaedia in which generally words are arranged in a list or groups according to their sense. In North America the term thesaurus is often given to a dictionary of synonyms.
A
thesaurus is a treasury. The term is especially applied to the treasury of a temple.
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A thespian is an actor or actress.
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Theurgy was a system of magic practised by the Neoplatonists intended to procure communication with spirits for personal benefit and to produce miraculous effects with their assistance.
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Thimble-rig is a common con in which a conjuror challenges members of the public to place best on finding a pea which has been placed under one of several cups or thimbles, which have then been shuffled around on a table. The cheat lies in the fact that the pea is palmed and not placed under the cup at all, allowing the conjuror to win even when the correct cup has been identified.
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The Third International (Comintern) was an organisation founded in Moscow in 1919 by delegates from twelve countries to promote Communism and support the Russian Revolution. It was dissolved in 1943.
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In old Scots law, thirlage was a term applied to a tenure of land, the holder of which was obliged to have his grain ground at a specified mill, paying therefore a certain proportion of the flour.
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The Thirty-Nine Articles of the Church of England are a statement of the particular points of doctrine, thirty-nine in number, maintained by the English Church. They were first promulgated by a convocation held in London in 1562-63, and confirmed by royal authority and were founded on and superseding an older code issued in the reign of Edward VI. The five first articles contain a profession of faith in the Trinity; the incarnation of Jesus Christ, his descent to hell, and his resurrection; the divinity of the Holy Ghost. The three following relate to the canon of the Scripture. The eighth article declares a belief in the Apostles', Nicene, and Athanasian creeds. The ninth and following articles contain the doctrine of original sin, of justification by faith alone, of predestination, etc. The nineteenth, twentieth, and twenty-first declare the church to be the assembly of the faithful; that it can decide nothing except by the Scriptures. The twenty-second rejects the doctrine of purgatory, indulgences, the adoration of images, and the invocation of saints. The twenty-third decides that only those lawfully called shall preach or administer the sacraments. The twenty-fourth requires the liturgy to be in English. The twenty-fifth and twenty-sixth declare the sacraments effectual signs of grace (though administered by evil men), by which God excites and confirms our faith. They are two: baptism and the Lord's supper. Baptism, according to the twenty-seventh article, is a sign of regeneration, the seal of our adoption, by which faith is confirmed and grace increased. In the Lord's supper, according to article twenty-eighth, the bread is the communion of the body of Christ, the wine the communion of his blood, but only through faith (article twenty-ninth); and the communion must be administered in both kinds (article thirty). The twenty-eighth article condemns the doctrine of transubstantiation, and the elevation and adoration of the host; the thirty-first rejects the
crifice of the mass as blasphemous; the thirty-second permits the marriage of the clergy; the thirty-third maintains the efficacy of excommunication. The remaining articles relate to the supremacy of the king, the condemnation of Anabaptists, etc. They were ratified anew in 1604 and 1628. All candidates for ordination must subscribe these articles. This formulary is now accepted by the Episcopalian Churches of Scotland, Ireland, and America.
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Thomism is a system of theology and philosophy taught by St Thomas Aquinas.
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Thread is a measure of cotton equivalent to fifty-four inches (137 cm).
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The Three Years' Service Bill was a measure passed by the French parliament in July 1913 as a response to the superior German army, and requiring young men to spend three years in the army. The measure roused angry opposition in France, and a number of amendments were proposed but failed. The Three Years' Service Bill came into force in Autumn 1913, replacing the earlier two years' service.
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Threshing is an agricultural term for separating the grain from the ear or the seeds from the pods of various crops.
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A throstle was a drawing-frame machine used in the manufacture of cotton, succeeding the spinning-jenny in around 1885. The throstle was used for attenuating slivers of fibre by passing them through consecutive pairs of rollers, each pair in the succession revolving at a higher speed than its predecessor. The specific difference between the action of the throstle and the mule was that the throstle had a continuous action, drawing, twisting and winding; while the mule had an alternative action, drawing and twisting and then winding.
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The thumb-screw or thumbscrew (also known as thumbikins) was an old instrument of torture designed to slowly break the victim's thumb joint. Thumb-screws were much used by the Spanish Inquisition and in Scotland during the persecutions of the Covenanters for extracting confessions or recantations. Macaulay reports that a thumb-screw was often effective in wringing confessions when a bootikin had failed.
The last person in Britain to be officially tortured with thumb-screws was Principal Carstairs who suffered for half an hour at Holyrood by order of the Scotch Privy Council before writing a confession of the secrets of the Argyll and Monmouth parties.
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A thurible is a censer or vessel in which aromatic spices are burned.
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A thurifer is the incense-bearer at mass, vespers, etc. In the Roman Catholic Church the office belongs to the acolyte, one of the minor orders of the Latin Church.
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Thursday is the fourth day of the week. Thursday is named after the Scandinavian god Thor, and also corresponds to the Roman god Jove - the Roman name for Thursday being Dies Jovis or day of Jove.
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Tic-tac is a method of signalling in use on racecourses. Its chief object is to communicate the betting movements in Tattersall's to book-makers in the smaller rings and on the course itself when outside betting is permitted.
The tic-tac is operated in a triangular manner, the betting movements in Tattersall's being communicated by one of the operators to a second stationed on the grandstand, who passes on the message to a third person, who in turn, communicates the information to the bookmaker for whom he works.
The signals are made by touching various parts of the head, arms and body, and although more or less universally used, are varied at times to deceive outsiders by introducing what is colloquially called the 'twist', i.e. the signs are made the reverse way and the numbers assigned to horses on the race cards are reversed or otherwise altered.
Customarily the signs used run from the right shoulder, over to the left shoulder, and up either arm, a few of them being as follows: One, right shoulder touched with right hand; two, right ear with right hand; three, right side top of head with right hand; six, left shoulder with left hand; ten, both hands placed together; 7-to-4 against, tips of left hand fingers, with right hand; 5-to-2 against, breast pocket with right hand.
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The Tichborne case was a long and famous case in English history. Tichborne is an estate in Hampshire. Roger Charles Tichborne, eldest son of James, afterwards tenth baronet, was born in 1829 and in 1853 sailed to Valparaiso and the next year to Rio de Janeiro in the Bella which subsequently left Rio de Janeiro for Jamaica and was never seen, nor heard from again. The baronetcy and estates passed to his brother, Alfred. Alone of the family his mother, clinging to hope, advertised world wide for information regarding her son. A butcher in Australia, one Tom Castro, seeing the advert claimed to be the lost Sir Roger, saved from the Bella, and as such was received by the infatuated mother. The claim was opposed on behalf of a son of Sir Alfred and on March the 6th, 1872, 103 days into the case, the claimant was non-suited and arrested at Orton on a charge of perjury. he was brought to trial and on the 188th day of the case sentenced to fourteen years imprisonment with hard labour. The two trials cost about 200,000 pounds and cheated the estate out of over 90,000 pounds spent defending the case.
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Ticking is a strong, twilled linen or cotton cloth, often white with blue or pink stripes. It was formerly used for mattresses, tents and awnings and was sometimes used as a ground for embroidery.
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Ticonderoga is a poem by Robert Louis Stevenson.
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Tide is a term applied to the alternate rising and falling of the sea, twice in each lunar day, to the attraction of the moon and the sun. The movement is most marked on shores which shelve gradually. The average interval between successive high tides is twelve hours and twenty-five minutes, half the time between successive passages of the moon across a given meridian. The height of the tide varies rhythmically. The highest, or spring, tides gradually change to the lowest, or neap, tides. The interval between successive spring tides is half a lunar month. Usually spring tides occur at or near the time when the moon is new or full, and neap tides when the moon is in the first or third quarter. This fact leading to an early realisation of the moon being the main cause of the tide.
The mass of the moon attracts the oceanic waters, which, being fluid, make a little peak pointing directly from the earth's centre to the centre of the moon; this peak is held on the line of centres while the earth rotates beneath it. To observers on the earth the peak of water appears to move. At the antipodes of this peak, on the side of the earth remote from the moon, a second peak occurs, because the distant water is again attracted to the line of centers. These peaks are the successive high tides.
The lunar attraction is coupled with a similar attraction due to the sun, but only of about just under one half the magnitude. When the line of centers of the earth and the moon approximates to the line of centers of the earth and the sun, i.e. at full and new moon, the combined solar and lunar tides produce the spring tides. When the two lines of centers are at right angles, at the first and third quarters, the solar attraction reduces the lunar effect, and produces the neap tides. The neap tides are, on average, 5:13 of the spring tides.
The above explanation of the outstanding tidal features merely explains the phenomena as they would occur upon an earth with a uniform film of water and without land mass. The interposition of the great land masses, and the differences in the oceanic depths, causes variations in the tides along the coasts.
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In weaving, the term tie describes any method of connecting the threads in a Jacquard loom to produce a desired pattern. The term is also applied to the arrangements of threads thus produced.
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A tierce was an Irish measure of beef equivalent to 38 pieces or 304 lbs, in use during the 19th
century.
A tierce was a British measure of coffee equivalent to between 5 and 7 hundred weight, in use during the 19th century.
A tierce is a cask containing 42 gallons.
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A tiki is a Maori large wooden or small ornamental greenstone image of the creator of man or an ancestor.
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A tilbury was a light open two-wheeled carriage which was fashionable during the first half of the 19th century.
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Timber is a general term for wood prepared for building or making furniture etc, or trees which provide wood of a suitable size for building with, or making furniture etc.
For the purposes of producing timber, trees grown closely together in woods are best as the constant striving for light results in uniformly straight, long trunks without side branches.
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On March the 3rd, 1873, the US Congress passed the Timber Culture Act, granting to settlers 160 acres of treeless lands for the encouragement of tree culture. An act of June the 3rd, 1878, authorized the sale at $2.50 per acre of forest lands on the Pacific Coast, and at the same time prohibited timber depredations on the public lands.
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The timber hitch is a knot.
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A timepiece is an instrument used for measuring time. A timepiece differs from a 'clock' in that it doesn't chime, and from a 'watch' in that a timepiece is designed to be stationary, perhaps mounted on a wall or sitting on a desk, though clocks and watches are specific forms of timepiece. The clepsydra as introduced to the Romans from the east around 158 BC by Seipio Nasica, and around 140 BC Ctesibius applied toothed wheels to them. Caesar reportedly discovered timepieces in Britain when he invaded in 55 BC. Alfred The Great of England used wax tapers as timepieces. The pendulum was applied to timepieces by Galileo around 1639, and in England the first pendulum timepiece was erected at St Paul's in Covent Garden by Richard Harris in 1641. Repeating timepieces were invented by Barlow in 1676, and the spiral pendulum spring by Robert Hooke in 1658. In 1905 the first timepiece actuated by radium was constructed.
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Timology is a philosophical term of a doctrine of values.
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Tincture is a tinge or shade of colour. In medicine the term refers to a solution based upon alcohol.
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A tine is a projecting sharp point such as of a fork, harrow or stag's antler.
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A tinker is a person who mends things, the term especially applies to someone who mends pots, pans and kettles. In Scotland and Northern Ireland the term is often applied to Romanys.
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The Tinplate Workers' Company is a city of London livery company. It was originally associated with the Wire workers and Pinners, with whom it combined with the Girdlers in 1569, and was granted a charter in 1671.
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Tinsel is a shining metallic material used in thin strips or threads to give a sparkling effect in decorations.
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A tintack is a short nail made of tin plated iron or steel.
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A tip pointed knife is a basic knife design in which both the cutting edge and back of the blade are slightly curved, tapering to a point. This type of knife is capable of rolling off the item being cut, and is suited for swaying cutting movements, such as carving a joint of meat, and the tip is suitable for larding, separating tendons and similar fine details.
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In mining, a tippler is a device for emptying coal tubs. The coal tub after being weighed is run into a cage, the tippler, which turns on an axis so that during the first half of the rotation the tub is emptied, and during the second half it is returned to its original position ready to be moved to the pit head.
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A tipstaff is a metal-tipped staff which is a symbol of a Sheriff's office. The tipstaff was an officer of the High Court, whose duty it was to arrest and take into custody persons committed to prison by the court.
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The Tironian system was a Roman system of shorthand which was still in use in England during the mediaeval times.
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Tishri is the seventh month of the Jewish sacred year, and the first month of the civil year. It corresponds approximately with October. The first day of Tishri is observed as Rosh Hashanah, or feast of the New Year; the day of Atonement is on the 10th; and the feast of Tabernacles, or harvest festival, on the 15th.
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Tit-bits is a weekly gossip style light entertainment magazine. It was founded in 1881 by the then George Newnes (later Sir George Newnes) in Manchester - where its founder started a vegetarian restaurant to get the capital necessary to launch it. Serving up interesting items of information on all sorts of subjects, interspersed with humorous anecdotes, short stories and articles on popular subjects Tit-Bits was an instant success, it was the first paper to insure purchasers against railway accidents. Galloway Fraser succeeded Sir George Newnes as editor. In 1883 Tit-Bits transferred to London.
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Titan is the sixth satellite (or moon) of Saturn. It was discovered in 1655 by Huygens.
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Tithe maps, were produced in Britain for the majority of places as a result of an Act passed in 1836 to convert into money rents the payments formerly made by landholders in kind to the Church authorities. A large scale plan showed each individual titheable plot (omitting those which were exempted), numbered to correspond with entries in an Apportionment or register which stated the owner and occupier of the land, the area and the current land use. Copies of Enclosure and Tithe Awards were deposited in each parish, usually in the parish chest kept in church or vicarage, with duplicates in the office of an official known as the Clerk of the Peace.
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In old English law, tithing was a group of ten householders and their dependents regarded as acting together for purposes of ensuring peace and good behaviour under a system of frankpledge. The individual members of a tithing were held as surety for the good conduct of the others. The chief of the unit was known as the tithing-man, a title which survived for an elected police official in the early New England colonies.
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In English law, title is the right of ownership, especially in regard to property in land. The purchaser of such must see that his title to the property is a good one, i.e. that he cannot be molested in its possession. To secure this, various documents are examined and further documents conveying the land are drawn up. To obviate this cumbersome proceeding, the registration of title to land by the state was suggested and to some extent adopted. In England, land can be registered at the land transfer office, and after a time an absolute title is secured for it. Title deeds embrace all those deeds and documents by which the owner proves his ownership, a mortgagee his mortgage, a lessee his lease, and the like. The Larceny Act of 1916, made it a felony for anyone, with fraudulent intent, to destroy, obliterate, cancel, or alter any document of title to land.
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Titular is a term applied to those who hold the title pertaining to an office without the occupation of the office itself, as in the case of the English monarchs, who assumed the title of kings of France from the time of Henry VI to 1800.
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A toboggan is a hand-sleigh used for sliding down snow or ice slopes.
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A toby is a mug or small jug used for ale. They are made in various forms, but originally they were in the form of a stout man wearing a long full- skirted coat and a three-cornered hat.
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The Toby jug or fillpot, is a small jug or mug shaped like the head of a famous character, or traditionally in the form of a somewhat stout man wearing a cocked hat, the three corners of which form the spouts. Toby jugs were originally used for holding beer, and were introduced into England early in the 18th century.
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Originally a tolbooth was the booth at a fair in which dues were collected and offenders against fair regulations were detained. Later the term was applied to a town prison, particularly in Scotland.
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