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Tabanus is a genus of blood sucking flies, including the horseflies and Cleg.
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Tachinus is a genus of rove beetles, Staphylinidae with fourteen British species distinguished by protuberances and spines on the terminal abdominal segment.
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Tachyglossidae is the echidnas family of mammals.
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Tachyporus is a genus of rove beetles, Staphylinidae with a sharp pointed abdomen. There are thirteen British species, found in ground litter.
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Tachys is a genus of beetles of the ground beetle family, Carabidae, six species of which live in Britain. Most are brown or have a dark coloured body, live beside water, and are among the smallest of the ground beetles measuring just two to three millimetres in length.
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Tachyta is a genus of beetles of the ground beetle family, Carabidae, related to the Tachys genus, but with different habits, living under bark rather than beside water.
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Tachyusa is a genus of rove beetles, Staphylinidae. There are six British species of the genus, which scuttle about beside water and on wet ground with an uptilted abdomen.
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Taenia is a genus of tapeworms (Cestoda).
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A tag is a two-year old doe.
A tag is a sheep less than one year old.
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The Tahaleb (Vulpes Niloticus) is a species of fox found in North Africa.
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The Tahiti apple or Otaheite apple (Spondias dulcis) is a tree of the family Anacardiaceae native to the Society Islands, Friendly Islands and Fiji. The leaves are divided into elliptic leaflets arranged featherwise with rounded teeth. The flowers are small, yellow-green coloured clustered flowers followed by an edible fruit which tastes like pineapple, and looks like a large, golden-yellow coloured plum containing a stone covered with hooked bristles.
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A tail is the prolongation of the back-bone in vertebrate animals. It is a portion of the body containing no viscera but consisting solely of bone and muscle. Tails are organs of locomotion in fishes, serve as grasping organs in some monkeys, are weapons of defence in some animals, of offence in some other animals and serve as balancers in some other animals such as kangaroos.
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Tail coverts are the feathers which cover the bases of the tail quills. They are sometimes much longer than the quills, and form elegant plumes. Those above the quills are called the upper tail coverts, and those below, the under tail coverts.
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The tailor bird is the popular name for any one of numerous species of small Asiatic and East Indian singing birds belonging to the genera Orthotomus, Prinia, and allied genera. They are noted for the skill with which they sew leaves together to form nests. The common Indian species are Orthotomus longicauda, which has the back, scapulars, and upper tail coverts yellowish green, and the under parts white; and the golden-headed tailor bird (Orthotomus coronatus), which has the top of the head golden yellow and the back and wings pale olive-green.
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The taipan is a type of small headed cobra.
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The takin (Budorcas taxicolor) is a large, shaggy, horned, ruminant mammal related to the musk ox and native to Tibet, Bhutan and northern Burma where they live in small herds in the mountains. The takin stands about one meter tall at the shoulder and has very stout limbs and thick black horns which curve at first outwards and then backwards.
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The talbot was a large, whitish hound with long hanging ears and heavy jaws bred for tacking and hunting. It is believed that the talbot was the forerunner of the modern bloodhound.
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The Talipot Palm (Corypha umbraculifera) is a tree of the natural order Palmaceae native of southern India and Sri Lanka. The trunk of the Talipot Palm grows to about 30 meters long. The leaves are circular, about 3.5 meters in diameter, thrown into plaits, and the margin cut into points. The leaf stalk is about 1.8 meters long and is armed with tooth-like spines.
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The tallow tree (Pentadesma butyracea) is a tree native of tropical Africa from whence it was introduced into Britain in 1822. It is a member of the family Guttiferae and bears large brilliant red flowers, followed by edible, buttery berries. It is so called on account of a kind of tallow-like oil obtained from the seeds.
The tallow tree (Excaecaria sebifera) is a tree of the natural order Euphorbiaceae native of China It has alternate, oval leaves with a pair of prominent glands at the top of the leaf stalk, and the rudimentary greenish-flowers are massed in catkin-like spikes. The largish capsules contain three seeds coated with a substance like tallow which was used by the Chinese for making candles. The seeds yield an oil when pressed, the leaves a black dye, and the timber is hard and used for engraving printing blocks.
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Talpidae is a family of mammals belonging to the order Insectivora.
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Tamaricaceae is a small family of polypetalous exogens. The species are either herbs or shrubs, inhabiting chiefly the basin of the Mediterranean. They have minute alternate simple leaves and usually small white or pink flowers in terminal spikes.
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The tamarin are South American monkeys. They are active and restless animals feeding on fruit, insects, and small animals, and sleeping in tree holes, which provide protection from predators and facilitate heat conservation.
Tamarins generally live in undisturbed rain forests, which are becoming more scarce and endangering their existence.
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Tamarind (Tamarinda indica) is a tropical evergreen tree of the Leguminosae family native to the east and west Indies. The tamarind grows to a height of 18 meters and has flowers that are borne in loose racemes and are yellow with red markings, succeeded by bean-like pods, seven to fifteen centimetres long. The pods are brittle and filled with an acid pulp in which are hard seeds. The pod is used as a laxative medicine. The bark of the tamarind is used in cases of dysentery and as a tonic. A yellow dye is obtained from the leaves.
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The Tamarisk is a plant of the genus Tamarix, family Tamariscinaceae. It is a graceful evergreen shrub or small tree with slender feathery branches and minute leaves native to the shores of south-west Europe and western Asia, and also found wild as an immigrant in south and eastern England.
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The Tamworth is a copper-coloured English breed of pig with a strong coat. It produces lean meat.
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The tanagers (Tanagridae) are a family of American Passerine birds closely allied to the finches.
Tanagers are usually beautifully coloured, the female being duller in tint than the male. The diet consists largely of insects and fruits. The song is sweet, and the birds are bold and lively, and generally finch-like in habits.
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Tanaidacea is a marine order of Malacostraca with a reduced carapace and a short abdomen.
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The tangerine (Citrus reticulata) is a small, flattened, deep-coloured, sweet-scented variety of mandarin of the family Rutaceae, from Tangier.
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Tangle Seaweed (Laminaria digitata), or Sea Girldes, is a common, large British seaweed of the natural order Laminariaceae. It attaches to maritime rocks below ordinary low tides and has a solid stem as much as 180 cm in length and from two to five centimetres thick. The thick, leathery frond is between 180 and 240 cm long, olive in colour and cut into broad segments, and like other members of the order is thrown off annually.
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The tank-worm is a nematode worm found in mud in water tanks in India.
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Tanrec (Centetes) is a genus of insectivorous mammals resembling the European hedgehog in appearance. They are found in Madagascar where they live in burrows excavated with their strong claws.
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Tansy (Tanacetum) is a genus of perennial herbs of the family Compositae. They have an erect, angled, almost hairless stem, usually reddish and branched at the top. The alternate dark-green leaves are pinnately lobed and toothed. The terminal, rayless, button-like flowerheads are made up of short, tubular, yellow florets and are arranged in dense flat-topped corymbs. The fruit is a greenish-white ribbed achene.
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Tantalus is a genus of wading birds of the heron family.
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Tanymecus is a genus of Snout Beetles (Curculionidae).
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Tap root is the name given to the primary root of most dicotyledonous plants. It is the continuation of the stem below the cotyledons, and from it the secondary or lateral roots arise. In many plants the tap root acts as a storehouse of food, becoming thickened and round, as in the turnip, or conical as in the carrot.
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The Tapestry Moth (Trichophaga tapetzella) is a moth of the family Tineidae with a wing span of between 12 and 22 mm seen flying from May to August. The larvae feed on old woollen fabrics and clothes in storehouses, lofts and attics.
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The tapetum is the irregular sector in certain animal's eyes which shines owing to an absence of black pigment.
Tapetum is found in the eyes of cats.
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Tapioca (Manihot utilissina) is a perennial herb of the order Euphorbiaceae native to South America. It has a thick, fleshy spindle-shaped rootstock, from which arise knotted stems bearing alternate leaves which are deeply divided, resembling fingers, into seven lance-shaped lobes. Tapioca has yellowish flowers, the different sex flowers being separate. From the root is derived the food stuffs tapioca and cassareep.
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Tapir is the name of four species of ungulate or hoofed animals forming the family Tapiridae. The nose resembles a short fleshy proboscis. There are four toes to the fore- feet and three to the hind-feet. The body is bulky and clumsy and the legs short. The animals are always found in forest regions, in the vicinity of water, and are nocturnal in their habits and shy and inoffensive. The Malaysian Tapir (Tapirus indicus) is the largest of the species of tapir, and is endangered - due to the destruction of its forest habitat - and found in south-east Asia where it lives in dense tropical forests close to water feeding on shoots, twigs and aquatic plants. The Malaysian tapir is black, with a large expanse of white extending from behind the front legs, over the back and sides to the top of the rump.
Tapirs are related to the horse and rhinoceros, but are believed by many to be related to pigs, probably because of their appearance, and as such are not hunted for food by Muslim natives.
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The Tara Fern is a species of fern found in New Zealand. The Maoris obtained a flour from its root which formed a staple part of their diet prior to British settlement.
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The tarantula is a large black south European wolf spider of the genus Lycosa, especially Lycosa tarantula, common near Taranto, Italy from whence it is named, with a slightly poisonous bite. The term is also popularly applied to various other large, especially hairy spiders from Africa and America.
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Taraxacum is a genus of herbaceous plants belonging to the family Compositae. The common dandelion is Taraxacum officinalis.
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Tarbosaurus was a dinosaur of the Cretaceous period. A carnivore related to Tyrannosaurus, Tarbosaurus was lighter and about fourteen meters long and walked on its hind legs. The head was long and armed with twenty-seven curved, knife-like teeth along the upper jaw. The jaws were deep and connected to strong muscles. Each very short arm was furnished with two fingers. The feet had three forward pointing toes and a fourth, small rearward pointing toe. Remains of
Tarbosaurus have been found in the Gobi Desert, Mongolia, first in the 1950's.
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Tare or common vetch (Vicia sativa) is a leguminous plant of creeping habit, furnished with tendrils, and largely cultivated for fodder. It is indigenous to Britain.
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Taro, also known as Tara or Kalo (Colocasia antiquorum) is a herb of the arum family, natural order Araceae, cultivated in Pacific islands and the Caribbean for its starchy, edible root and leaves (callaloo). Taro has a large tuberous rootstock from which large oval, heart-shaped leaves spring direct. The entire plant is very acrid, but the acrid taste is removed by boiling. The uncooked leaves are poisonous, but after boiling may be eaten like spinach and are known as callaloo.
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The Tarpan is a now extinct breed of wild pony formerly found in eastern Europe and Asia until the end of the 19th century. During the Middle Ages they were hunted as game animals for their meat. The present day Tarpan is a re-constructed breed based on the Konik and the Hucul, resembling the ancient
Tarpan, but not the same.
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The tarpon (Megalops atlanticus) is a large silvery marine fish of the order Teleostei found in the warmer waters of the western south Atlantic where it enters rives in pursuit of mullet. The tarpon resembles a huge herring in form and colour and reaches a length of two meters and a weight of almost 50 kg. From the hinder part of the dorsal fin there is a long streaming thread-like extension. Tarpon are pursued as a game fish by anglers in the Gulf of Florida where it is caught with rod and line.
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Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus) is a perennial herb of the daisy family, native to the Mediterranean countries. It has a rhizome, erect leafy stems and alternate green, entire, linear to lanceolate leaves. The flower heads are yellow, globose and rayless and are arranged in long, loose terminal panicles. The fruit is a cylindrical achene without a pappus. Tarragon is widely cultivated as a culinary herb, and used to a lesser extent in medicine as an aid to digestion and as a general tonic.
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The tarsier (Tarsius) is a genus of mammals of the lemur family, native to Borneo, Sumatra and the surrounding area. It is about the size of a squirrel, fawn brown in colour with remarkably large eyes, large ears and a long tufted tail. The tarsier is a tree dwelling animal and eats lizards.
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The Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus ursinus) is a strongly built nocturnal mammal, closely related to the thylacine and like it confined to the island of Tasmania. The head is disproportionately large, and the plantigrade feet and general build give the animal a resemblance to a small bear. Carnivorous in habit and very strong, the Tasmanian devil will attack any kind of animal and can easily overpower a sheep. The Tasmanian devil lives in a burrow and is fierce and untameable. Between three and five young are produced at time. The name Tasmanian devil was originally given to the animal by British settlers at Hobart following persistent raids upon their poultry by the animals.
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Tasmannia is a genus of one Tasmanian and two Australian shrubs of the family Magnoliaceae.
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The tatouay is a kind of armadillo remarkable for the undefended state of its tail which is devoid of the bony rings that enclose it in other armadillos.
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The Tau Emperor (Aglia tau) is a moth of the family Saturniidae (although due to certain morphological differences with the true Emperor moths, some naturalists class the species in a family of its own) with a wing span of between 50 and 65 mm found in deciduous forests in the entire Palaearctic except Britain. The moths fly during April or later in mountainous regions.
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The tautog (Tautoga nigra) or black-fish is an American fish found on the coast of New England and valued as a food.
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The Tawny Marbled Minor (Oligia latruncula) is a moth of the family Noctuidae with a wing span of between 20 and 24 mm found in northern and central Europe and Asia, flying from May to July.
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The Tawny Speckled Pug (Eupithecia icterata) is a moth of the family Geometridae with a wing span of between 20 and 23 mm found in Europe and Asia flying from June to September.
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The Tawny Wave (Scopula rubiginata) is a moth of the family Geometridae with a wing span of between 15 and 20 mm found in Europe, Asia and Asia Minor flying from May to September.
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The Tawny-barred Angle (Semiothisa liturata) is a moth of the family Geometridae with a wing span of between 22 and 27 mm found throughout the Palaearctic flying from April to August in coniferous forests.
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Taxaceae is a sub-family of Coniferae which includes the Yew tree.
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Taxicera is a genus of rove beetles, Staphylinidae, formerly regarded as a subgenus of Atheta.
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Taxodium is a genus of hardy and half-hardy trees of the family Coniferae, native to the USA from whence they were introduced into Britain in 1640. They bear deciduous leaves in summer and monoecious flowers. The genus includes the cypresses.
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Tayassuidae is a pig-like family of animals of the order Artiodactyla, that are found in the south-western USA, south to central Argentina. The head and body length ranges between 7.5 centimetres and 11 centimetres and the tail, which only has from six to nine vertebrae, ranges from 15 to 102 mm. Peccaries are covered with coarse greyish or brownish fur, and all species have contrasting areas of white or yellowish fur on their chests, backs, or faces. Each of the three species is currently placed in its own genus: Catagonus wagneri, Pecari tajacu and Tayassu pecari.
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The tayra (Galera barbara) is a South American carnivorous animal allied to the glutton. It is black in colour with a large white patch on the breast.
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Tea is an evergreen Rosaceae. The infusion of the dried leaves is a popular beverage. It was introduced to England during the 17th century.
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Tea Rose is a name given to a class of perpetual or autumnal roses. They are mostly hybrids of Rosa indica, and the name is derived from their scent.
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Teak (Tectona grandis) is a tropical Asian timber tree of the family Verbenaceae.
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The teal (Nettion crecca) is a small British duck of the genus Querquedula. It is a fresh water form of duck, feeding mainly at night. It has a chestnut coloured head with a green eye patch. The upper surface is marked with black and white and the speculum is black, green and purple.
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Team is the collective noun for a group of ducks in flight.
Team is the collective noun for a group of oxen.
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The teasel is a plant of the genus Dipsacus. It is a herb with prickly leaves and flower heads.
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Tecoma is a genus of evergreen plants of the family Bignoniaceae, native to the sub-tropical regions. They are trees or shrubs or climbing plants with unequally pinnate or digitate simple leaves, and terminal panicles of dusky red or orange flowers. The Tecoma differ from the bigonias chiefly in their lack of tendrils.
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Tectibranchiata is a division of gastropodous mollusca with gills protected by the shell or the mantle, as with the sea-hare.
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Teff (Eragrostis abyssinica) is a grain with seeds about the size of those of millet.
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Tegenaria is a genus of largish spiders found in Britain of the family Agelenidae. They are typically about 12 to 15 mm long, with long legs and a brown and black, patterned body. They spend most of their time waiting on their web, rushing into their retreat when danger threatens. However, during the late summer and early autumn they may be seen running across the carpet ina house, or trapped in the bath when they have been seeking a mate. The males live with their mate for several weeks befiore dying of old age, and then their body being eaten by the female. The female remains with her eggs until they hatch and the spiderlings emerge and disperse.
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The teguexin (Tejus teguexin) is a species of lizard inhabiting tropical South America. They grow to around 150cm long and can swim with ease and rapidity. They are coloured blackish above, and marked with yellowish spots of various sizes. They feed upon fruits, insects, reptiles, young birds, and birds' eggs.
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The teledu (Mydaus meliceps) or stinking badger is a carnivore allied to the badger found in Java and Sumatra. It is noted for the very offensive odour that it emits, somewhat resembling that of a skunk. It has long, silky fur.
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Teleostei is a large sub-class of fish distinguished by a bony skeleton.
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Telmatophilus is a genus of beetle of the family Cryptophagidae.
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Telosporidia are a subclass of Sporozoa. They have a trophic stage which is distinct from the reproductive phase.
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The Ten Spot Ladybird (Adalia decempunctata) is a species of ladybird found in Britain and Europe.
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The tench (Tinca tinca) is a freshwater fish of the carp family. It is found all over Europe in standing water, especially where the bottom is muddy. The scales are small and the skin thick; there is a pair of barbells; the lateral line is complete, and the tail-fin is slightly emarginate. Tench always keep near the bottom and bury themselves in the mud on the approach of winter. They are exceedingly prolific and are sufficiently hardy to tolerate transport.
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A tendril is a slender, thread-like organ or appendage of a plant which stretches out and attaches itself to some other object so as to support the plant. Tendrils may represent the end of a stem, as in the grapevine; an axillary branch, as in the passion flower; stipules, as in the genus Smilax; or the end of a leaf, as in the pea.
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Tenebrio is the Meal-worm genus of darkling beetles (Tenebrionidae). They are about fifteen millimetres long and are a pest of cereals, flour and flour products. The easy to breed larvae are used as small animal feed.
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Tenebrioides is a genus of beetle of the family Trogossitidae.
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Tenebrionidae is the darkling beetles family of insects of the order Coleoptera.
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The Tennessee Walking Horse is an American breed of horse developed during the 19th century in Tennessee in response to the need for a stylish horse suitable for riding by all members of the family, working in the harness, and which could be ridden long distances. The Tennessee Walking Horse typically has three comfortable gaits: flat walk, running walk and a smooth rolling canter. The
Tennessee Walking Horse stands between 15 and 16 hands high and is any solid colour.
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The Tenrec (Centetes) is a genus of small mammals native to Madagascar and resembling the hedgehogs in appearance and habits. The Tenrec are about 35 cm long, brown in colour, and are clothed in a mix of hair and spiny bristles. They have long pointed muzzles and rudimentary tails. The Tenrec feed on insects, beetles and frogs.
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Tenrecidae is a family of mammals belonging to the order Insectivora.
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Tenthredinoidea is a super-family of insects of the sub-order Symphyta, order Hymenoptera. The antennae have various numbers of segments ranging from three to eighteen or more depending upon genus.
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Tenuirostres (slender-beaked) is a section of the Insessores order of birds containing those species with a long slender, tapering beak.
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Terebratula (the lampshells) are a deep-sea genus of Phylum Brachiopoda.
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Teredo (the shipworms) is a genus of marine bivalve molluscs. The Teredo are a worm-like animal with a helmet-shaped shell fitted with small, gaping valves. The Teredo grow to about 30 cm long, with almost all the length unprotected by the shell, but instead covered by a chalky tube. The Teredo burrows into submerged timber, and a British species, teredo navalis was a major pest of wooden navies in times gone by. Other species prefer stationary timber such as piers. The burrow is used as a retreat and the Teredo feed upon minute organisms filtered in through a siphon.
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Termites (Termitidae) are a social insect of the order Isoptera. They are chiefly found in tropical climates and are very destructive to timber.
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The tern is a sea bird, especially those of the genus Sterna. They resemble a gull, but are usually smaller and with a more slender body. Terns have long, pointer wings and a forked tail giving rise to their alternative name of the sea-swallow.
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Ternstroemiaceae is a family of polypetalous dicotyledonous plants consisting of trees or shrubs with alternate simple usually coriaceous leaves without stipules. The flowers are generally white, arranged in axillary or terminal peduncles, articulated at the base.
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The name terrapin is applied to various water tortoises of the family Testudinidae, and is particularly applied to Malacoclemmys terrapin, a native of the salt-marshes of the east coast of the USA. The terrapin is an omnivorous feeder reaching about 20 cm in length in the female and 12 cm in the male. The carapace (upper shell) is keeled along the central line and is of a brownish greenish tint with dirk concentric lines. The plastron (lower shell) is yellow in colour.
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The Tersk is a Russian breed of horse noted for its endurance and often used a competition horse, often racing and beating Arabian Horses. Energetic and bold, they are ideally suited to show jumping and eventing. The Tersk stands 15 hands high and is mostly grey in colour and occasionally chestnut.
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Testacea refers to an invertebrate animal having a shell.
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The testes are the male gonads.
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Tetradactyl is a term applied to any animal or bird with four fingers or toes.
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Tetragnatha is a genus of long-legged spider. Tetragnatha extensa is a common and widespread British species found in damp meadows and hedgerows.
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Tetraonidae is the Partridge and Grouse family of birds of the order Gallinae. They are characterized by the hind toe placed higher than the others, short and weak, or altogether wanting. The tarsi are generally spurred. The tail is short and of twelve feathers or more.
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Tetrapod is the family of four legged vertebrates. It includes birds because wings developed from legs.
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Tetropium is a genus of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) with one British species - Tetropium castaneum. The larvae live in the sap wood of conifers where they eat out large irregular passages. They are a pest to forests, since they destroy the host tree.
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Tetrops is a genus of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) the larvae of which develop in the dry branches of fruit trees and other deciduous trees.
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The Texas Longhorn is a breed of cattle.
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The Thalamophora are an order of Rhizopoda. They are amoeboid forms protected by a shell. There are apertures in the shell through which the pseudopodia extend.
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In botany, the thalamus is the receptacle or terminal part of the axis of a flower. Sometimes the thalamus extends beyond the carpels as a fleshy mass, as in the strawberry; or as a cone round which the fleshy carpels cluster, as in the raspberry; or as a beak as in geraniums.
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Thalassophilus is a genus of beetles of the ground beetle family, Carabidae.
Thalassophilus longicornis is a rare species found in Britain and Europe living in the gravel on the banks of streams and rivers mostly in mountainous areas. It ranges from 3 to 5 mm long.
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Thalictrum is a genus of hardy herbaceous plants belonging to the family Ranunculaceae. They usually bear panicles of small flowers, with four or five petaloid sepals and no corolla.
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A thallophyte is a plant with a thallus body, such as seaweed or liverwort.
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A thallus is the body of a primitive plant which is not divided into leaves, stem and roots but consists of a more or less uniform tissue.
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Thalycra is a genus of sap-beetle (Nitidulidae).
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Thanasimus is a genus of chequered beetles of the family Cleridae, the genus including Thanasimus formicarius (the Ant Beetle). They are found in woodlands feeding on the bark beetle (Tomicus piniperda).
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Thanatophilus is a genus of beetles of the carrion beetle, Silphidae, family.
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Thaumetopoeidae is the processionary moths family of insects of the order Lepidoptera. There are about eighty species in the family, of which only a few live in Europe. The members are characterised by one pair of spurs on the hind tibiae, and the body tufted with hairs. The mouthparts are degenerate, the antennae pectinate and the caterpillars live gregariously.
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Thecodontosaurus was a dinosaur of the Triassic period. Remains of
Thecodontosaurus have been discovered in south-west England since the 1840's. It was a small dinosaur, about two meters long, with a long neck and tail.
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Therizinosaurus was a dinosaur of the Cretaceous period. Remains of
Therizinosaurus have been found in the Gobi Desert since 1954, but are only partial and include a large arm with a single curved claw. It is thought that
Therizinosaurus was a carnivore that walked on its hind legs and was about twelve meters long.
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Thermotaxis is the physiology term for the regulation of an organisms body heat.
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Thiasophila is a genus of rove beetles, Staphylinidae, represented by two British species which live in ants' nests.
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Thicket is the collective noun for a group of trees. A thicket is a dense growth of shrubs, bushes or small trees forming a thick coppice.
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Thistle is a name popularly applied to many prickly plants, but is strictly applied to those of the genus Carduus, of the family Compositae. Members of the Carduus genus are perennial or biennial herbs, forming large rosettes of spiny leaves the first year, and developing prickly stems the second year. The flowers are small, red or purple in colour, tubular, massed in an oval or roundish head, which is invested in over-lapping, rigid and spiny bracts. The seeds each have a tuft of silky hairs, known as thistledown, attached to them which allow for wind distribution.
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Thornapple (Datura stramonium) also known as thorn apple or jimsonweed is a highly poisonous annual herb of the family Solanaceae with a robust branched leafy stem and alternate leaves which are pointed oval with incurving, coarsely toothed margins. the flowers are white or tinged with violet, large, erect, trumpet- shaped and grow singularly either in the axils of the branches or at the tips of the stems. The fruit is a prickly ovoid capsule with small, black, kidney-shaped pitted seeds. Thornapple is nacotic, poisonous, and the dried leaves may be smoked for the relief of asthma.
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The Thoroughbred is a British breed of running horse developed during the 17th and 18th centuries as a breed of fast race horse. A temperamental and easily frightened breed they are none-the-less ideal hacking and eventing horses. The Thoroughbred stands between 15.2 and 16.3 hands high and occurs in any solid colour, with white markings. The coat is usually silky and smooth and they have an elegant, arched neck.
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The thrasher is a species of shark (Alopias vulpinus) which has a very long upper division of its tail which it uses to thrash its prey or attackers.
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The Three-Humped Prominent (Tritophia tritophus) is a moth of the family Notodontidae with a wing span of between 45 and 55 mm distributed throughout temperate Europe. Two generations are produced each year flying from April to June and July to August.
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The thresher or fox-shark (Alopias vulpes) is a fish of the Lamnidae family. The upper lobe of the tail is as long as the rest of the body. The thresher is widely distributed in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and is the most common shark off the coast of Britain. It reaches a length of five meters and is quite harmless to man but eats small fish such as pilchards, herrings and sprats.
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Throscidae is a family of beetles comprised of two genera; Trixagus and Drapetes (which is often included in the family Eucnemidae).
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The thrush are several Passerine birds of the Turdus genus of the Merulidae family.
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Thryogenes (formerly Erirrhinus) is a genus of Snout Beetles (Curculionidae) represented by three British species that live on reed-grasses in swampy locations.
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Thuya or thuja is a genus of hardy evergreen trees belonging to the family Coniferae. They bear monoecious flowers, the male flowers being solitary, and the female in ovoid catkins. The cones are small, and of the same form as the catkins. The chief species are the North American arbor vitae, or white cedar.
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Thyatiridae is a small family of some 150 species of medium-sized nocturnal moths, represented by about 15 European species. They are characterised by an areole present in the forewing; the fraenulum well-developed; the proboscis well-developed; the palps relatively long.
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The Thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus) or Tasmanian Wolf, is a carnivorous marsupial resembling a dog in appearance, greyish-brown with conspicuous black markings on the hinder half of the back.
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Thyme (Thymus) is a genus of perennial herbs of the Labiatae family. All the species of Thyme contain essential oils and have very small leaves and flowers. The flowers are generally arranged in whorls and are purple, reddish or white in colour.
Common thyme (Thymus serpyllum) is found wild on British hills and the colder parts of the eastern hemisphere, where it grows flat on the ground. Lemon thyme is regarded as a variety of common thyme and is so named on account of its odour resembling lemon. Garden thyme (Thymus vulgaris) is a taller variety of thyme and is native to the Mediterranean region, being introduced to Britain some time prior to 1548, and easily cultivated in light soil in a sunny location..
From the flower heads of various varieties of thyme a stimulant is obtained which has been used in medicine. The antiseptic thymol is distilled from the oil of thyme.
Garden thyme is widely used in cooking as a flavouring herb on account of its aromatic properties.
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Thymelaceae is a family of trees and shrubs, or occasionally herbaceous plants native to temperate and tropical regions, with usually heads or short racemes of regular tubular flowers showing no distinction between calyx and corolla, followed by nuts, berries or drupes. They have acrid juice and opposite or alternate leaves.
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Thyrididea is the leaf moths family of insects of the order Lepidoptera.
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Thysanoptera is the thrips order of insects of the division Pterygota, subdivision Hemimetabola. They are minute, slender insects with cone-like piercing and lacerating mouth parts; large eyes; a one or two-segmented tarsi with a bladder-like tip; and no cerci. When wings are present and fully developed, they are long, narrow and fringed with hair. Most of the species are plant eating. The young resemble the adults, and unusually for an insect which undergoes an incomplete metamorphosis, have a pupa-like stage in their development.
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Thysanozoon is a member of the order Polycladida.
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The Thysanura is a sub-order of Apterygota, minute wingless insects of which five species occur in Britain. The Thysanura are found in damp earth, in rotten wood, and among other decaying vegetable matter. They are covered either with hairs or scales. There is no metamorphosis, the young hatching from their egg in the adult form. They have long, many-jointed antennae apparently at both ends. The Thysanura includes the Bristletail.
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The Tibetan Mastiff is a Tibetan breed of large guard dog, developed to guard flocks of sheep. They stand about 65 centimetres tall, and have a shaggy coat of black and tan or a gold colour. Tibetan Mastiff s were kept by George IV of England and the Prince of Wales exhibited the breed in 1875. A hardy and obedient breed, they are also good with children. Unusually, the bitches only come into season once a year, rather than twice as is usual for other dogs.
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The Tibetan Pony is an ancient breed of pony found in Tibet famed for its strength and endurance. The Tibetan Pony grows to 12 hands high and occurs mostly in a bay or grey colour. They are used for riding, light draft and pack work.
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The Tibetan Terrier or Bhuteer is a small breed of dog originally from Lhassa with specimens being smuggled into India via Leh and Kshmir. It varies considerably in size from the size of a Maltese up to that of a poodle. It bears a strong resemblance to the Skye Terrier, but its tail curls over its back. The coat is shaggy and the body compact, with a large round head. The eyes are half covered by a profuse fringe and the feet and legs are also well covered with hair.
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In birds, the tibiotarsus is the equivalent of the tibia, but it is fused at the lower end with some of the bones of the tarsus.
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Tick is a popular name applied vaguely to a large number of genera of Arachnida allied to the mites. Most of them are temporarily parasitic on animals, whose blood they suck by means of a rostrum or beak, swelling sometimes to several times their original size. In the tropics ticks are a serious pest, as they wait in ambush in homes, under stones and in foliage, waiting for an opportunity to attach themselves to any passing mammal, including man. Ticks convey many germs of diseases, such as relapsing or tick fever and spotted fever in man, Texas or redwater fever in cattle, and piroplasmosis in horses and dogs. The brown tick causes the so-called coast fever in cattle in South Africa.
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Tiding is the collective noun for a group of magpies.
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The tiger (Panthera tigris or Felis tigris) is a large Asian wild cat. It is maneless, of tawny-yellow colour with blackish transverse stripes and a white belly. The tiger is one of the largest members of the cat family, the males exceed the females in size and measure about 180 centimetres in length from the nose to the root of the tail - which is about 90 cm in length, and stand about one meter at the shoulder. The hair is short in the Indian species, but longer and wooly in the Siberian or Manchurian variety.
Tigers were formerly dounf throughout most parts of Central and Southern Asia, from the Caucasus to the island of Sakhalien. They were found in most parts of India, but not in Sri Lanka. The fabourite habitat of a tiger is jungle and forest where it blends in with the tall standing yellow grass and is difficult to see. Tigers generally hunt at night, feeding upon cattle, deer and other mammals. Tigers generally avoid man, but having discovered that man is an easier prey than say a deer, a tiger can become a serious threat to local inhabitants.
Tigers live generally hunt alone, pairing up during the breeding season to produce and jointly rear a litter of between two and five cubs, which stay with the mother until they are mature at the age of three.
There were eight sub-species of tiger, however three became extinct during the 20th century and the Amur Tiger became severely endangered. Like some other species of cat, tigers communicate with a complex vocal language, though currently it hasn't been decoded. Tigers not only communicate with each other, but will also happily 'talk' to anyone prepared to lie down next to them. A group of tigers is known as an ambush.
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Tiger Lily (Lilium tigrinum) is a bulbous herb of the natural order Liliaceae. It is native to China and much cultivated in Britain. The Tiger Lily grows to a height of about 90 cm and in late summer bears racemes of orange-red coloured flowers which are spotted with purplish-black.
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A tigress is a female tiger.
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Tigridia is a small genus of bulbous plants of the natural order Iridaceae. Natives of Mexico and Central America, one species, Tigridia pavonia, was introduced into Britain in 1796. The plants grow to about 45 cm tall, the flowers are white, red or violet but only last for two days.
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The tile-fish (Lopholatilus chamaeleonticeps) is a large, deep-water, yellow-spotted, spinny-finned fish of the order Teleostei found off the coast of New England. The tile-fish grows to about 30 cm long and is closely related to the sea perches. It is apparently good to eat.
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Tilia is a genus of hardy trees belonging to the family Tiliaceae. They bear cymes of whitish or yellowish flowers, which secrete a quantity of honey, and the flowers are followed by nutlike globose fruits.
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Tiliaceae is a family of plants including the limes. The members are chiefly natives of the tropics, though the typical genus, Tilia, is found in Europe, north Asia and North America. They have alternate, undivided leaves with toothed edges, complete flowers with five sepals and five petals, and produce nectar. The fruits and seeds vary.
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Tillandsia is a genus of tropical American herbaceous plants, mostly epiphytal in habit, and possessing considerable beauty. They bear narrow, entire leaves, and terminal spikes of flowers, with free sepals and petals.
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Tillus is a genus of chequered beetles of the family Cleridae found on old deciduous trees where its larvae feed on the larvae of various woodworms.
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The Timberman Beetle (Acanthocinus aedilis) is a British species of longhorn beetle (Cerambycidae) growing to twenty millimetres in length, found in and on pine wood.
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The Timor Pony is a breed of pony from the Indonesian island of Timor descended from imported Indian horses. The Timor Pony grows to between 10 and 12 hands high and is mostly bay, brown or black in colour. They are used for riding, driving, light farm work and for working with cows.
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Timothy Grass (Phleum pratense) is a coarse grass cultivated in North America and England as pasture.
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The Timothy Tortrix (Aphelia paleana) is a moth of the family Tortricidae with a wing span of between 18 and 22 mm found in Europe flying from June to July in lowland damp meadows and also at high elevations in mountains. The caterpillar develops in spring among the spun-up leaves and young shoots of various moisture-loving plants.
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Tinamon (Tinamus) is a genus of South American birds belonging to the small order Tinamiformes. The genus is nearly related to the game birds, but is thought to have affinities with the Ratitae or flightless birds. In general appearance the members are rather like partridges, and they are usually found among the long grass of plains. They run like rails, and when hard pressed fly swiftly but are soon exhausted. Tinamons are highly valued as food, and this has led to their extermination in many areas.
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The tinamou is a South American bird of the family Tinamidae. It resembles the grouse but is actually related to the rhea.
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The Tinamous are a unique group of birds. They are about the size of a fowl with a small head and slender neck.
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Tineidae is the clothes and scavenger moths family of insects of the order Lepidoptera. The members are very small, and frequently domestic and commercial pests at the larval stage.
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Tinotus is a genus of rove beetles, Staphylinidae. They are black in colour with brown legs and are found in dung.
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Tipnus is a genus of Spider Beetle (Ptinidae).
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In biology, the term tissue is used for the substance of which the various parts of animal and plant bodies are composed. Thus, the substance of flesh or meat is known as muscular tissue, the substance of the brain and nerves is nerve tissue, that of bones is osseous tissue, that of the kidneys is renal tissue, that of glands in general is glandular tissue, and so on. Each of these particular tissues has its own characteristic cell structure.
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The Tit or titmouse is a family of small, rather long-tailed, arboreal birds (Paridae), of which seven species occur in Great Britain. Of these, the blue tit (Parus coeruleus), often known as the tomtit, is the best known, a little bird measuring 10 cm in length, with a blue crown, white cheeks, greenish back, blue wings and tail, and a white breast crossed by a blue line. It is found in most parts of the British Isles, and is a familiar visitor to gardens.
The bearded tit (Panurus biar-micus) is extremely rare, and only occurs in the neighbourhood of the Norfolk Broads. It is 15cm long, and has light brown plumage with a little black and white. The head is bluish grey, and from each cheek grows a tuft of black feathers from which the bird derives its name. It is found among beds of reeds, where it climbs about like a small parrot.
The long-tailed tit (Acredula caudata) is one of the smallest of British birds. The plumage is in the main black and white, with slight tinges of red. It occurs freely in England and Ireland, but is not common in Scotland. It is .found in woods and generally goes . in small parties, visiting hedges and .trees in search of insects. The nest is domed and is made of felted hair, . moss, and lichens, lined with feathers. Over two thousand feathers have been found in a single nest.
The great tit (Parus major), or ox-eye, has a black head and throat, greenish back, white cheeks, and yellow under parts, and it is 15 cm long. It occurs locally in woods , and orchards, but is nowhere abundant. It feeds mainly on insects, but has a distinct liking for carrion.
The marsh tit (Parus palustris) has a black head, grey wings and back, with white cheeks, throat, and breast. It is common in England, rare in Scotland, and absent from Ireland. The crested tit (Parus crisiatus) is distinguished by its pointed crest of black and white feathers. The cheeks are white, the throat black, the under parts white, and the rest of the plumage reddish brown. It is extremely rare, being only found in certain pine forests in the north of Scotland.
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Titan arum is a large and impressive plant of the genus Amorphophallus. In 2003, a Titan arum at the Botanical Gardens, Bonn, Germany flowered for three days, with an inflorescence that reached 274 centimeters in length. As with most other species of the genus Amorphophallus, Titan arum has a foul odour, and produces a perfume resembling decaying fish.
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Titanosaurus was a dinosaur of the Cretaceous period. It was a sauropod, about twelve meters long, heavily built and walked on all fours. It had a long neck and tail, and its back was covered with armour.
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Titanotheres was an extinct fossil family of ungulates resembling rhinoceroses. The animals, which flourished in the Oligocene, had bony growths on the maxillary bones above the snout. Some were large, 2.4 to 3 meters in height, and their horns varied in size from mere knobs to large wide-spreading tusks.
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Tittering is the collective noun for a group of magpies.
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Toad (Bufo) is a large genus of over 100 species of batrachians, of world-wide distribution, with the exception of Australia and Madagascar ; most abundant in tropical America and the Indo-Malayan region. Closely related to the frogs (Rana), they differ from them in their flatter upper side, broader head, shorter limbs, and in the skin being dry and pimply, with glands which secrete an acrid fluid. In addition, the toads are toothless, and the tip of the tongue is not divided. They pass through a larval ('tadpole') stage similar to that of the frog, but the eggs, which vary from 700 to 2,000, are extruded in a double chain enclosed in a string of jelly, which is wound around water plants. The tadpoles are smaller and darker than those of the frog. The genus is represented in Britain by two species: the common toad (Bufo vulgaris) and the natterjack (Bufo calamita); but the former does not occur in Ireland.
The common species has on its upper side some tint of brown or grey, varying with its surroundings; and the under parts are whitish, more or less spotted with black. It seeks drier situations than the frog, and is inactive during the day, coming abroad in the dusk and feeding upon insects, worms, and snails large individuals on occasion catching small mice. One toad will in a night's foraging consume vast numbers of insects, so that its cooperation is always to be encouraged by gardeners. From ancient days the toad has been the subject of numerous erroneous beliefs, e.g. the possession of a jewel in its head, the power of ejecting venom, and of living for centuries entombed in solid stone or the heart of a tree. The toad hibernates, retiring in autumn to holes in dry ground or other suitable retreats, and on awakening in spring immediately seeks the ponds or ditches for mating and egg-laying.
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Toadflax (Linaria) is a genus of herbs of the natural order Scrophulariaceae. Natives of Europe and western Asia, the flowers are tubular, with a hollow spur, and the mouth is closed by a couple of lips, which can only be opened by strong insects, like bees. The best known species are the yellow or common toadflax (Linaria vulgaris) and the ivy-leaved toadflax (Linaria cymbalaria).
Yellow or common toadflax (Linaria vulgaris) has a creeping rhizome and an erect, leafy, usually branched stem. The leaves are alternate, linear, entire and greyish-green in colour. The flowers are yellow and arranged in a dense elongated spike. The corolla is two-lipped and the tube is extended at the base into a long pointed spur. The fruit is an ovoid capsule with winged seeds.
Ivy-leaved toadflax (Linaria cymbalaria) trails down over old walls, and has slender branches, lobed, kidney-shaped leaves, and small blue-purple flowers.
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The Toadflax Pug (Eupithecia linariata) is a moth of the family Geometridae with a wing span of between 1 and 16 mm found in Europe and western Asia flying from May to September.
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Toadstool is a term popularly applied to mushroom-shaped fungi to indicate their supposed poisonous character. As a matter of fact, very few of this order of fungi (the Hymenomyceteae) are known positively to be poisonous, and a fair percentage are known to be as wholesome as the common mushroom (Psalliota campestris).
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Tobacco is the name given to the leaves of those varieties of the Nicotiana which are prepared in different forms for use as a narcotic. It is generally manufactured for smoking, but also for chewing and as snuth.
The word tobacco is probably derived from tobaco, the name given to a peculiar Y-shaped instrument used by the old inhabitants of the island of Santo Domingo for inhaling tobacco-smoke through the nostrils. Other authorities claim that the name of the herb is derived from the Mexican word tabacco.
Columbus and his party made the earliest European reference to tobacco on their return from the voyage to Cuba in 1492. The tobacco plant was first brought to Europe in 1558 by Francisco Fernandes, a Spanish physician. The wonderful healing properties which the plant was supposed to possess caused the habit of smoking and snuff-taking to spread with great rapidity over almost the whole of Europe. Jean Nicot, French ambassador to Portugal, who gives his name to the genus Nicotiana, sent a present of tobacco seeds to Catherine de'Medici, and she initiated in France the snuff-taking habit as a cure for headache. This habit soon spread to Scotland and Ireland, where it remained popular long after the smoking habit had become established in England.
The smoking of tobacco was really started by English example. In 1586, Ralph Lane, the first governor of Virginia, and Sir Francis Drake brought smoking materials and implements to Sir Walter Raleigh, who very rapidly popularised the custom.
Most of the tobacco used in the 17th and 18th centuries was grown in Virginia by English colonists, whose industry was carefully protected by laws prohibiting the production of tobacco in the British Isles.
There are about 50 species of Nicotiana, most of them indigenous to America. Of these, three varieties are in general use by smokers: (1) Nicotiana tabacum, the Virginian variety, originally derived from the South or Central American seed, and now cultivated in almost all temperate and warmer climates. (2) Nicotiana rustica, grown principally in Turkey, Syria, and India. This is milder in flavour, and is principally used for the manufacture of cigarettes. It burns too quickly for a pipe tobacco. (3) Nicotiana Persica, or Persian tobacco, which is good for pipe tobacco, but not sufficiently uniform for the manufacture of cigars.
The tobacco plant is a coarse, rank-growing annual. Its stem is simple and unbranched, and grows to a height of about two meters, terminating in a bunch of yellow or rose-coloured flowers. The East Indian variety is slightly different, producing a green tobacco from a smaller plant. It is derived from the Mexican seed, and is also cultivated in Southern Germany and Hungary.
The tobacco plant can be cultivated in every part of the world, but with widely varying measures of success. It is grown in British gardens for the sake of its flowers. Clayey, moist soils produce tobaccos which are dark brown or reddish in colour when cured. Bright and yellow tobaccos are grown on sandy soils, and the leaf of this variety is thinner. The bright tobacco produced in Virginia and North Carolina is all grown in loose sandy soil with a clay subsoil.
The tobacco seeds are generally sown in nursery beds, and set out later. About 3OOOOO to 4000000 go to the ounce, and this produces about 40,000 plants, for which 50 square yards of nursery bed are sufficient. The seeds are sown at the end of March or beginning of April, in rich, heavy soil which has been carefully prepared and fertilised. The seedlings remain in the nursery from fifty to sixty days, during which time the fields are well tilled and manured. Transplanting is done on a warm, rainy day, and the young plants set in ridges varying from one to four feet in width. Ridges of one to one and a half feet are most usual in Cuba and Sumatra, as the wider ridge produces a leaf which is too coarse for the purpose of cigar-making.
The crop takes another two months until it flowers, and at this stage the buds are pinched off or 'topped', and some of the leaves pruned, so that only a certain number are left to ripen. For cigar-tobacco, from 15 to 20 leaves are left on the plant; for the best smoking tobaccos, 10 to 12 leaves. Plants which have been topped form suckers, and in Florida these are left to produce a second, although inferior, sucker crop.
The leaves take about 35 days to ripen after the plants are topped and pruned. The ripening leaf changes from a dark to a lighter yellowish-green colour, and is often mottled and becomes gummy. The ripe leaf cracks and creases when folded. The lower leaves ripen first, and for the best tobaccos the leaves are picked singly ;
as they ripen. For the bulk of the tobaccos, however, the whole plant is cut when the middle leaves are ripe. Warm, cloudy days are best for cutting, and the plants are not gathered in hot sunshine or when they are wet from rain or dew.
After harvesting the plants are left in the open to wilt, and are then conveyed to the drying-house or ventilating-barn, where they are straddled across tiers of poles and dried in a temperature which is raised to 170° F for four to five days. On damp days the moisture is allowed to penetrate into the drying-house to make the leaves pliable.
The plants are then taken down and stripped, and the leaves sorted into firsts, seconds, and lugs - the name given to the inferior leaves. They are formed into hands containing ten to twelve leaves, and these are left in heaps and fermented at a temperature of about 130° F for from three to four weeks. The heaps are shuffled from time to time, to allow all the leaves to assume a uniform brown tint. This process is called the fermenting or sweetening process. In the non-fermenting processes the leaves are simply sun-cured, or sun-dried, and this tobacco is used chiefly for chewing tobaccos. In the fermenting process the starch and sugar in the leaf are decomposed, but they are retained in the sun-dried process. Lastly, the leaves are packed carefully in hogsheads for shipment.
Tobacco leaf is used for making into various smoking mixtures, roll tobacco, cake or plug, cigars, cigarettes, and snuff. For snuff the leaf requires very careful fermentation during several weeks. It is ground up and flavoured so as to produce the greatest possible amount of free ammonia, free nicotine, and other aromatic scents.
Syria produces and manufactures a smoking tobacco which is known as Latakia. It is similar to Turkish-grown tobacco, but differently treated. The plants are not topped. The seeds as well as the leaves are included in the curing, this taking place in the smoke of a fire of evergreen-oak, which gives a black colour and a peculiarly strong flavour to the tobacco.
Tobacco for pipe-smoking is mostly grown in the USA, the chief states being Kentucky, North Carolina, and Virginia. Louisiana grows a dark, almost black, and very strong tobacco known as perique. Cigarette tobaccos are principally imported from Virginia, and Turkish and Egyptian cigarettes are also in great demand. The Egyptian cigarette is made from Turkish leaf, as the cultivation of tobacco in Egypt was prohibited in 1891. The best cigar tobaccos are grown in Cuba. A very good cigar leaf is also produced in Jamaica, Sumatra and North Borneo.
Since the introduction of tobacco into England, it has been subject to continuous legislation and import duties. In the early days a certain quantity of tobacco was grown in England for domestic consumption, and quite a considerable trade was done with Turkey, which, at that time, imported her tobacco supplies from England. Queen Elizabeth imposed a tax of 2d per Ib on imported tobacco. In 1621 James I increased this to 6s. lOd. per Ib.
During the American War of Independence, England's source of supply and the revenue there from were temporarily suspended, and tobacco was again widely planted in England, although the prohibition la | 
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