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C A Bottolfsen was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Idaho from 1943 until 1945.
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C A Robins was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Idaho from 1947 until 1951.
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C Ben Ross was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Idaho from 1931 until 1937.
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C C Moore was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Idaho from 1923 until 1927.
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C Douglass Buck was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Delaware from 1929 until 1937.
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C Elmer Anderson was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Minnesota from 1951 until 1955.
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C Farris Bryant was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Florida from 1961 until 1965.
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C H Brogden was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of North Carolina from 1874 until 1877.
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C J Rogers was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Wyoming from 1953 until 1955.
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C Norman Brunsdale was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Dakota from 1951 until 1957.
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C William O'Neill was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Ohio from 1957 until 1959.
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A cadger was formerly someone who carried produce to market.
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Cadwalader was an ancient king of Gwynedd, succeeding his father as king in 634. He heroically defended Wales against the Saxons before his death in 664.
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Cadwallader Colden Washburn was an American politician. He was born in 1818 and died in 1882. He was the brother of Elihu Washburne. He settled in Wisconsin as a lawyer and financier. From 1855, to 1861 he was Congressman from Wisconsin. He was a delegate to the Peace Conference of 1861. In the American Civil War he commanded a corps, was major-general of volunteers, and served in the West. He was again a Republican Congressman 1867 until 1871, and Governor of Wisconsin from 1872 until 1874.
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Cadwallader Colden was the first surveyor-general of New York. He was born in 1688 and died in 1776. He was an ardent royalist, was president of the council in 1760 and Lieutenant-Governor in 1761, took an active part in founding the American Philosophical Society, and was a correspondent of the prominent scientific men of his time, including Linnaeus and Benjamin Franklin.
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Caedwallo was king of the West Saxons in 685. He went to Rome to expiate his deeds of blood and died there.
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Caesar Rodney was an American politician. He was born in 1728 and died in 1784. He was a delegate from Delaware to the Stamp Act Congress at New York in 1765. He was Speaker of the Delaware Assembly from 1769 to 1774, and of the Delaware popular Convention in 1774. He was a member of the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1776, was a member of the committee to draft a statement of rights and grievances, and signed the American Declaration of Independence. He served under General George Washington in the Delaware campaign from 1776 to 1777, and was president of Delaware from 1778 to 1782.
Caesar A Rodney was an American politician. He was born in 1772 and died in 1824. He represented Delaware in the US Congress as a Democrat from 1803 to 1805. He was Attorney-General in Jefferson's and Madison's Cabinets from 1807 to 1811. As commissioner to South America in 1817 he advocated the recognition of the Spanish-American republics. He was a US Congressman from 1821 to 1822 and a US Senator from 1822 to 1823. He was appointed Minister to the Argentine provinces in 1823.
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Caewlin was a son of Cynric and king of the West Saxons in 560. He died in 593.
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Calamity Jane (real name Martha Jane Burke) was an American frontierswoman. She was born in 1852, possibly at Princeton, Missouri and died in 1903. Renowned for her riding and shooting skills, she was nicknamed 'Calamity' on account of her reputation of threatening 'calamity' upon any man who tried to court her.
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The Calapooya (Calapuya, Kalapooia, Kalapuya) are a North American Indian people of the Willamette basin in Oregon.
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Calchas was a soothsayer who accompanied the Greeks to Troy.
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Caleb Cushing was an American politician. He was born in 1800 and died in 1879. Educated at Harvard he rose to eminence at the Massachusetts bar. He was a Representative from Massachusetts in Congress in 1835 until 1843, having been a Whig and, from Tyler's time, a Democrat. He was a US Commissioner to China, a brigadier-general during the Mexican War, and an unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Massachusetts. From 1853until 1857 he was a member of Pierce's Cabinet as Attorney-General. In 1860 he presided over the democratic National Convention which met at Charleston. His high reputation as a lawyer led to his appointment as US counsel before the Geneva Tribunal of 1872, and to his nomination by Grant as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, though he failed in confirmation of the office and was sent as US minister to Spain in 1874 where he remained until 1877.
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Caleb P Bennett was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Delaware from 1833 until 1836.
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Caleb Rodney was an American politician. He was a Federalist governor of Delaware from 1822 until 1823.
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Caleb Strong was an American politician. He was born in 1745 and died in 1819. He was a member of the Massachusetts Committee of Correspondence and Safety from 1774 to 1775, and of the Massachusetts general court from 1776 to 1778. He aided in drafting the State constitution in 1779. He was a member of the Massachusetts Senate from 1780 to 1789. In 1787 he was a member of the convention that framed the Constitution of the United States. He was a Federalist US Senator from 1789 to 1796, and Governor of Massachusetts from 1800 to 1807 and from 1812 to 1816.
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Caligula was a Roman Emperor, alleged to be mad he was assassinated by a guard.
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Caliph is the title of the civic and religious leader of Islam.
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Calixto Garcia was a Cuban soldier and patriot. He was born in 1836 and died in 1898. He rebelled against the Spaniards in 1880 and was captured and deported to Spain where he was imprisoned for fifteen years until he escaped on the outbreak of the last rebellion in 1895.
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The Calottists were a satirical society founded in 1702 by Aymon and Torsac, of Louis XIV's bodyguard, and deriving its name from the calotte, a small cap worn by priests to conceal their tonsure. The society was transformed into a military institution around the middle of the 18th century and was finally suppressed at the revolution.
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Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian was a British industrialist. He was born in 1869 in Turkey and died in 1955. He endowed the international Gulbenkian Foundation for the advancement of the arts, science, and education.
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Calpurnius Siculus was a Roman poet of the first century AD. His works consist of seven eclogues closely imitating those of Virgil.
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Calvin Coolidge was the 30th president of the USA. He was born in 1872 and died in 1933. As president, Coolidge opposed tariff revision and abstention from the League of Nations. He retired in 1929.
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Calvin L Rampton was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Utah from 1965 until 1977.
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Calvin E Stowe was an American educationalist and abolitionist. He was born in 1802 and died in 1886. He was professor of Biblical literature at Lane Seminary from 1830 to 1850, and at Andover Seminary from 1852 to 1864. He was sent by Ohio to examine the European school system in 1836.
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Cambyses was king of Persia. He succeeded his father Cyrus the Great in 529 BC and reigned until 521 BC. His great achievement was the conquest of Egypt in 525 BC. He treated the Egyptians and their religion with great severity, slaying the bull Apis, their god, with his own hands. He also ruled the Persians tyrannically and had his brother Smerdis murdered. A magician led a revolt impersonating the dead brother and on his way to quell it, Cambyses died in Ecbatana a town in media of an accidental wound.
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Cameron Morrison was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of North Carolina from 1921 until 1925.
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The Cameronians were a sect of Scottish Presbyterians, originating in the latter part of the 17th century and deriving their name from their chief leader, Richard Cameron, who, along with his colleagues, John Semple, Alexander Peden, and John Welwood separated themselves from the Presbyterians of Scotland on the question of the spiritual independence of the Church. They were suppressed by the government, and a party were surprised at Aird's Moss by a group of dragoons who killed Richard Cameron and his brother.
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Camille Saint-Saens was a French composer. He was born in 1835 and died in 1921. He composed Carnival of Animals (The Swan), Samson and Delilah, Danse Macabre.
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The Camorra were a secret society in southern Italy which arose during the times of the Bourbon misgovernment in the former kingdom of Naples. It was mainly composed of poorer criminal classes which banded together to evade and defy the law, and included associates from the upper classes who carried on their lawless schemes with its aid. Its primary business was extortion, often on a large scale, and smuggling but it also carried out brigandage and more serious crimes.
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A campanologist is a bell ringer.
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The Campbells of Argyll are a historic Scottish family, raised to the peerage in the person of Sir Duncan Campbell of Lochow, in 1445. The more eminent members are: (1) Archibald 2nd Earl, killed at the battle of Flodden, 1513. Archibald , 5th Earl, attached himself to the party of Mary of Guise, and was the means of averting a collision between the Reformers and the French troops in 1559; was commissioner of regency after Mary's abdication, but afterwards commanded her troops at the battle of Langside; died 1575. Archibald, 8th Earl and Marquis, born 1598 : a zealous partisan of the Covenanters; created a marquis by Charles I. It was by his persuasion that Charles II visited Scotland, and was crowned at Scone in 1651. At the Restoration he was committed to the Tower, and afterwards sent to Scotland, where he was tried for high treason, and beheaded in 1661.Archibald, 9th Earl, son of the preceding, served the king with great bravery at the battle of Dunbar, and was excluded from the general pardon by Oliver Cromwell in 1654. On the passing of the Test Act in 1681 he refused to take the required oath except with a reservation. For this he was tried and sentenced to death. He, however, escaped to Holland, from whence he returned with a view of aiding the Duke of Monmouth. His plan, however, failed, and he was taken and conveyed to Edinburgh, where he was beheaded in 1685. Archibald, 10th Earl and 1st Duke, son of the preceding, died 1703; took an active part in the Revolution of 1688-89, which placed William and Mary on the throne, and was rewarded by several important appointments and the title of Duke. John, 2nd Duke and Duke of Greenwich, son of the above, born 1678, died 1743; served under Marlborough at the battles of Ramilies, Oudenarde, and Malplaquet, and assisted at the sieges of Lisle and Ghent. He incurred considerable odium in his own country for his efforts in promoting the union. In 1712 he had the military command in Scotland, and in 1715 he fought
Indecisive battle with the Earl of Mar's army at Sheriffmuir, near Dunblane, and forced the Pretender to quit the kingdom. He was long a supporter of Walpole, but his political career was full of intrigue. He is the Duke of Argyll in Scott's Heart of Midlothian. George Douglas Campbell, K.T., K.G, etc., 8th Duke (of United Kingdom, 1892), was born in 1823. He early took apart in politics, especially in discussions regarding the Presbyterian Church of Scotland. In 1852 he became lord privy seal under Lord Aberdeen, and again under Lord Palmerston in 1859; postmaster-general in 1860; secretary for India from 1868 to 1874; again lord privy seal in 1880, but retired, being unable to agree with his colleagues on then-Irish policy. He died in 1900. He wrote The Reign of Law, Scotland as it Was and as it Is, etc. His eldest son, then Marquis Of Lorne, married the Princess Louise, daughter of Queen Victoria, in 1871.
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Canonicus was an Indian chief, king of the Narragansetts. He was born about 1565 and died in 1647. He cordially received Roger Williams to his country and was ever friendly to the whites, but often at war with the Pequots.
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King Canute was a Viking King who ruled England from 1016 to 1035. When Canute became the undisputed King of England his rivals (Ethelred's surviving sons and Edmund's son) fled abroad. In 1018, the last Danegeld of 82,500 pounds was paid to Canute. Ruthless but capable, Canute consolidated his position by marrying Ethelred's widow Emma (Canute's first English partner - the Church did not recognise her as his wife - was set aside, later appointed regent of Norway).
During his reign, Canute also became King of Denmark and Norway; his inheritance and formidable personality combined to make him overlord of a huge northern empire. During his inevitable absences in Scandinavia, Canute used powerful English and Danish earls to assist in England's government - English law and methods of government remained unchanged. A second-generation Christian for reasons of politics as well as faith, Canute went on pilgrimage to Rome in from 1027 to 1028. (It was allegedly Christian humility which made him reject his courtiers' flattery by demonstrating that even he could not stop the waves; later hostile chroniclers were to claim it showed madness). Canute was buried at Winchester.
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Canute III was a son of Hardicanute, the king of England, and king of Denmark in 1035.
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Canute IV was king of Denmark in 1080.
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Canute V was king of Denmark in 1147, until a civil war in 1157.
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Canute VI (Canute the Pious) was king of Denmark in 1182.
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The Capetians were the third race of the kings of France, named from Hugo Capet, count of Paris and Orleans, who seized the throne on the death of Louis V, called the indolent, in 987.
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Captain is a rank in the armed services.
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Captain Alfred Dreyfus was a French officer falsely accused of espionage. He was born in 1859 and died in 1935.
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Captain James Cook was an English sailor and explorer. He was born in 1728 and dies in 1779, killed by the natives of Hawaii. The son of Yorkshire peasants, he was apprenticed to a shopkeeper, but acquiring a love of the sea became a sailor, joining the Royal Navy in 1755 and in 1759 becoming the sailing-master of the ship 'Mercury' which surveyed the St Lawrence River and the coast of Newfoundland. In 1768 he sailed around the world. He discovered Easter island in 1772.
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Captain John Smith was an English explorer and historical writer. He was born in 1579 at Willoughby, Lincolnshire and died in 1632. He fought against the Turks and was with Newport's expedition which founded Virginia in 1607, and on the return journey was imprisoned. Upon his release he became the practical head of Virginia colony. He explored the Chickahominy region and was taken prisoner by the Indian Powhatan, the tale of which forms the basis for the legend of Pocahontas - by his own account, Captain John Smith recounts that he was released after the intercession of the Princess Pocahontas. In 1609 he had an accident and returned to England, and in 1614 was engaged in a voyage of discovery along the New England coast., and in 1617 engaged in a further voyage before retiring to London
He wrote voluminously, but is suspected of romantic exaggeration and colouring. His chief works were: 'A True Relation', 'Generall Historic of Virginia', and a 'Description of New England'.
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Captain Sensible is the stage name of Ray Burns, one time guitarist with The Mopeds and The Damned.
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Cardinal Ercole Consalvi was an Italian Cardinal who conducted many negotiations between the Papacy and Revolutionary France. He was born in 1757 and died in 1824. He negotiated the Concordat with Napoleon in 1801. He was later dismissed and exiled under pressure from Napoleon, but resumed his position after the Battle of Waterloo.
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Henry Benedict Stewart (Cardinal Stewart) was a Jacobite prince and cardinal, and the last male of the royal house of Stewart. He was born in 1725 at Rome and died in 1807. The younger son of James Edward Stewart and the grandson of James II, his father made him duke of York. His life was passed mainly in Rome, though in 1745 he was with the French army intending to invade England. In 1747 he took orders and was made a cardinal, popularly being known as cardinal of York.
In 1788, with the death of Charles Edward, he became king of Great Britain, according to legitimist ideas, and his supporters called him Henry IX. When the French invaded Italy in 1798 he was forced to leave Rome and lost his income, but he was made an allowance by George III. He returned to Rome in 1800 and lived there until his death.
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Carel Fabritius was a Dutch painter. He was born in 1614 and died in 1654 when he was killed in an explosion at Delft. He was a pupil of Rembrandt.
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The Caribs are a South American Indian tribe still found in Guyana.
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The Carijos were a south Brazilian people discovered by the Portuguese in the 16th century. They were a friendly and peaceful nation who were attacked by some of the Paolistas from Sao Vicente in 1585. In self-defence the Carijos wiped out the attackers. The Portuguese responded with perhaps the first recorded example of genocide, waging a war with the intention of deliberately wiping out the entire Carijo people, which they did.
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Carl Ludvig Emil Aarestrup was a Danish lyric poet. He was born in 1800 and died in 1856. He published 'Digte' in 1838.
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Carl Jan Andersson was a Swedish explorer. He was born in 1827 and died in 1867 in the land of the Ovampos, in Western Africa. An explorer of Africa, he published Lake Ngami, or Discoveries in South Africa and The Okavango River.
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Carl E Bailey was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Arkansas from 1937 until 1941.
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Carl E Milliken was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Maine from 1917 until 1921.
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Carl E Sanders was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Georgia from 1963 until 1967.
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Carl Gunderson was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of South Dakota from 1925 until 1927.
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Carl Gustav Jung was a Swiss scientist. He was born at Basle in 1875. He died in 1961. He is famous for developing a school of analytical psychology.
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Carl Von Linne Linnaeus was a Swedish naturalist. He was born in 1707 at Rashut and died in 1778. He invented the modern system of naming plants with two words, rather than long descriptive Latin phrases which was previously used.
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Carl Maria Friedrich Ernst von Weber was a German operatic composer. He was born in 1786 and died in 1826. He composed 'Der Freischutz' in 1821, 'Euryanthe' in 1823 and 'Oberon' in 1826.
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Carl Orff was a German composer. He was born in 1895 and died in 1982. He composed Carmina Burana.
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Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (also spelled Karl Bach) was a German musician and composer. He was born in 1714 at Weimar and died in 1788. He was the third son of Johann Sebastian Bach and studied law before turning his attention to music and composed cantatas, passions, numerous keyboard and instrumental works.
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Carl August Nicholas Rosa was an operatic impresario. He was born in Hamburg in 1843 and died in 1889.
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Carl Sandburg was an American poet. He was born in 1878 at Galesburg and died in 1969.
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Carl Wilhelm Scheele was a Swedish chemist. He was born in 1742 and died in 1786. He discovered oxygen as did Joseph Priestley. Credit for the discovery of nitrogen in the atmosphere is generally given to Carl Scheele, though it is more likely that Daniel Rutherford discovered it first.
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Carl Johan Gustaf Snoilsky was a Swedish poet. He was born in 1841 and died in 1903. Educated at Upsala he was in the diplomatic service until 1879, when he started to devote his entire time to literature, having already made his name as a part-time poet and joined the Swedish Academy.
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Count Carl Gustav Tessin was a Swedish statesman. He was born in 1695 at Stockholm and died in 1770. The son of a distinguished architect, he was ambassador in Vienna in 1725 and was notable as one of the leaders of the Hat party. From 1739 until 1742 he was ambassador at the French court.
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The Carlists were the supporters of the Legitimate pretender to the throne of Spain.
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Carlo Francesco Antommarchi was an Italian physician. He was born in 1780 at Corsica and died in 1838. He was professor of anatomy at Florence when he offered himself as physician of Napoleon at St Helena. Napoleon at first received him with reserve, but soon admitted him to his confidence, and testified his satisfaction with him by leaving him a legacy of 100,000 francs. On his return to Europe in 1823 he published the Derniers Moments de Napoleon in two volumes.
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Carlo Goldoni was an Italian dramatist. He was born in 1707 at Venice and died in 1793 at Paris.
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Carlo Marochetti was an Italian sculptor. He was born in 1805 at Turin and died in 1868. In 1827 he settled in Paris and in 1839 received the Legion of Honour. Coming to England on account of the revolution in 1848 he became R.A. in 1866 and executed various statues.
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Carloman II was joint ruler of France together with Louis III in 879.
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Carlos Calvo was an Argentine historian. He was born in 1824 at Buenos Aires and died in 1893. He undertook a diplomatic mission to London and Paris, and in 1885 was appointed Argentine minister at Berlin.
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Carlos Coolidge was an American politician. He was a Whig governor of Vermont from 1848 until 1850.
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Carmen Sylva was the pen name of Queen Elizabeth of Romania.
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The Carnutes were a tribe of Gauls who lived in the centre of ancient Gaul, between the Liger and the Sequana. Their capital was Genabum.
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Carol I was a king of Romania. He was born in 1839 and died in 1914. A prince of the house of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, he was invited to become Prince of Romania, then under Turkish suzerainty in 1866. In 1877, in alliance with Russia, he declared war on Turkey and the treaty of Berlin recognized Rumanian independence. In 1881 he was crowned king.
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Carol II was a King of Romania. He was born in 1893 and died in 1952. A son of King Ferdinand, he married Princess Helen of Greece, who bore him a son, Michael. In 1925 he renounced the succession, and settled in Paris with his mistress, Lupescu. Michael succeeded to the throne in 1927 but in 1930 Carol returned to Romania and was proclaimed king. In 1938 he introduced a new constitution under which he became practically absolute. He was forced to abdicate by the pro-German Iron Guard in September 1940, and withdrew to Mexico with Lupescu, whom he married in 194.
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Caroline Clive was an English author. She was born in 1801 and died in 1873. She was an invalid for many years and wrote eight volumes entitled 'Poems by 'V' and 'Paul Ferroll'.
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Caroline Frances Cronwallis was an English author. She was born in 1786 at Wittersham in Kent and died in 1858. She was an advocate of higher education for women.
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The Carpocratians were a sect of Gnostics of the second century, so called from Carpocrates, a prominent teacher of gnosticism. They maintained that only the soul of Christ went to heaven, that his body would have no resurrection and that the world was made by angels.
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Carroll S Page was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Vermont from 1890 until 1892.
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Carter Braxton was an American politician. He was born in 1736 and died in 1797. He was a member of the Virginia Legislature from 1761 until 1771, was one of the Virginia Committee of Safety, a delegate to the Continental Congress from 1775 until 1776 and a signatory of the American Declaration of Independence. He was a member of the Executive Council of Virginia from 1786 until 1791 and again from 1793 until 1797.
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The Carthusians were a religious order instituted by Saint Bruno in 1084.
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A cartographer is a person who draws maps.
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A cartomancer is a person who divines by way of playing cards.
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A cartophilist is a collector of cigarette cards.
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A cartwright is a maker of carts.
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Cary A Hardee was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Florida from 1921 until 1925.
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Giovanni Giacomo de Seingalt Casanova was a Venetian adventurer. He was born in 1725 and died in 1798. He travelled Europe's capitals frequenting the most aristocratic society and living a generally rakish life.
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The Cashibos are a tribe of Peruvian Indians of very light complexion and reputedly beautiful women. They were formerly notorious for eating the old and infirm of their tribe.
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Cass Daley (real name Catherine Dailey) was an American comedienne. She was born in 1915 and died in 1975.
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The Cassi were a tribe living in an area of what is now Hertfordshire in England at the trime of the Roman invasion.
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Cassius Clay was the original name of the American boxer, Muhammed Ali.
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Cassivellaunus was a British King, ruling north of the Thames, who offered a valiant defence to Julius Caesar during his second invasion of 54 BC. However, he was forced to capitulate and promised to pay tribute to Caesar.
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The Catauxis are a tribe of cannibal Indians living in western Brazil. They go naked and wear bangles of twisted hair on their wrists and ankles, use blowpipes and poisoned arrows in war and the hunt. As well as hunting they also farm and produce pottery decorated with geometric patterns.
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Catharine Theot was a French visionary. She was born in 1725 at Avranches and died in 1795. She decided that she was the mother of God and changed her name to Theos. She preached in Paris in 1794 and declared that Robespierre was the forerunner of the word. The Comite de la Surete Generale had her arrested, and she was executed by guillotining.
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Catherine de Medici was the wife of Henry II, King of France. She was born in 1519 at Florence and died in 1589.
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Catherine Hayes was an Irish singer. She was born in 1825 at Limerick and died in 1861. She studied under Garcia in Paris and made her debut at Marseilles in 'I Puritani' in 1845.
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Catherine Howard was a queen of England. She was born in 1522 and died in 1542. She was the daughter of Lord Edmund Howard. She was secretly married to Henry VIII in July 1540, the marriage being acknowledged the following month, making her Henry VIII's fifth wife. While married to Henry VIII she used her influence over the king to advance the cause of the papal party. In November 1541 Thomas Cranmer supplied alleged evidence against Catherine Howard which resulted in her 'admitting' pre-nuptial misconduct and she was duly executed on Tower Green in February 1542.
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Catherine I was empress of Russia. She was born in 1680 and died in 1727. She was first the mistress and then in 1707 the wife of Peter the Great.
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Catherine II (Catherine the Great) was Empress of Russia. She was born in 1729 and died in 1796. In 1745 she married Grand Duke Peter, the nephew and successor to the Russian Empress Elizabeth on whose death in 1762 her husband succeeded as Peter III. Fearing that her husbands mistress may supplant her - or perhaps just wishing the throne for herself, Catherine II won over the guards and proclaimed herself monarch. Peter abdicated and a few days later was murdered in prison, probably on the orders of Catherine II.
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Catherine of Aragon was the first wife of Henry VIII. She was born in 1485 and died in 1536. She married Arthur, Prince of Wales when she was 16, and following his death she married his brother, Henry VIII whom she bore six children, of which only Mary I survived.
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Catherine of Braganza was the wife of Charles II, King of England. She was born in 1638, the daughter of John IV King of Portugal, and died in 1705.
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Catherine Parr was the sixth and last wife of Henry VIII of England. She was born in 1512 and died in 1548. Before marrying Henry she had been married twice before.
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Catherine Maria Sedgwick was an American educationalist and writer. She was born in 1789 at Massachusetts and died in 1867. She established and managed a private school from 1813 to 1863. She published many novels illustrative of American life and manners.
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Catherine Talbot was an English author. She was born in 1721 and died in 1770. She wrote ' Reflections on the Seven Days of the Week' as well as poems and essays.
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Cavalier was a word meaning a horseman, whence a knight and a gentleman. In monarchical France the term 'chevalier' was a title of honour. The name was given to the followers of Charles I in derision in 1641 but afterwards became known in a more complimentary sense. During the Exclusion Bill of 1679 the term gave way to Tory.
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Cave Johnson was an American politician. He was born in 1793 and died in 1866. He represented Tennessee in the US Congress as a Democrat from 1829 to 1837, and from 1839 to 1845. He was Postmaster-General in Folk's Cabinet from 1845 to 1849.
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The Cayugas were a North American Indian tribe of the Iroquois. They were one of the Six Nations, and originally inhabited a district on Cayuga Lake. Though visited by French missionaries, they allied themselves with the English. During the American War of Independence the Cayugas joined the British, being already in arms against the colonists at Point Pleasant. They annoyed General Clinton on his march to join Sullivan in 1779 and as a result their villages were destroyed. After the war they ceded nearly all their lands to the State of New York. They later became scattered and almost totally disappeared.
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Cecil B De Mille was an American film director and producer. He was born in 1881 at Ashfield, Massachusetts and died in 1959. He produced some eighty films and directed almost as many. He also appeared in uncredited bit parts in a dozen films and wrote screenplays and stories.
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Sir Cecil Walter Beaton was an English photographer and designer. He was born in 1904 at London and died in 1980. Educated at Harrow and Cambridge he became a staff photographer for the magazines 'Vanity Fair' and 'Vogue' and earned a reputation for his society portraits including those of royalty. After the Second World War he designed scenery and costumes for ballets, operas, plays and films including the 1958 'Gigi' and 1964 'My Fair Lady' .
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Cecil D Andrus was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Idaho from 1987 until 1995.
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Cecil Day Lewis was an English poet and critic. He was born in 1904 and died in 1972. He was professor of poetry at oxford university. He became the poet laureate in 1968.
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Cecil H Underwood was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of West Virginia from 1957 until 1961.
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Cecil John Rhodes was a South African statesman. He was born in 1853 at Bishop's Stortford, Hertfordshire and died in 1902. He went to South Africa and worked at the Kimberley diamond mines. In 1881 he amalgamated a number of Kimberley diamond mines with the De Beers Company, and in the same year started in politics, being elected to the Cape Assembly. He pursued a policy of British expansion in South Africa, in 1884 arranging the acquisition of Bechuanaland, becoming deputy commissioner of the region. Also in 1884 he obtained a considerable increase of territory across the Zulu border. In 1887 he turned his attention to Matabeleland, and in 1888 arranged a treaty to be signed placing the country under British protection, obtaining from the Matabele chief Lobengula a concession of mineral and other rights, the British South Africa Company was subsequently formed in 1889 to work the concession. The territory (now Zimbabwe) came under the control of Rhodes' company.
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Sir Cecil Arthur Spring-Rice was a British diplomat. He was born in 1859 and died in 1918. Educated at Eton and Oxford, he was British ambassador to the USA during the Great War and conducted the British side of negotiations leading up to the USA's participation in the war.
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Celine Dion is a Canadian musician. She was born in 1969 at Charlemagne. She has recorded over 200 songs in five languages.
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The Celtiberi were a race of Celts who at an early period invaded the Spanish peninsula and intermarried with the inhabitants - the Iberians. They became subjects of Rome in the second Punic war but frequently rebelled.
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The Celts were, according to some sources, ancient tribes of people which came to Britain from central Europe in the late Bronze age and again in the Iron Age. The name is also applied to the Ancient Britons, peoples living in Britain around the time of the bronze age until the invasion by the Romans. The Celts left no written accounts of their life, written accounts were made by the Romans, who in all probability were less than gracious. Through archaeology we are able to understand a little of Celtic life, we know that they wove cloth, and yet corpses found are all dressed identically in a cloth made of brown felt, like a blanket, comprising a skirt and a cloak like top covering, in the case of women sometimes a crop top arrangement. These clothes found on dead Celts are often very tatty, full of holes, even though the deceased was obviously wealthy and of status, established from the artefacts found buried with the body. We think that the Celts lived in round houses constructed of wattle and daub,
and thatched with straw - these houses did not have a hole in the roof to emit the smoke from the interior fire, contrary to popular belief. If they had, the roof would fall outwards, and rain fall in and extinguish the fire. Rather, the smoke from the interior fire assisted in seasoning the wood and killing insects. They were farmers, growing wheat, barley and keeping sheep, pigs and goats. They were very eco-friendly, sustaining their environment for over a thousand years, and understanding herbalism which was used for medicine, and the production of coloured dyes.
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The Cenommani (Cenomani) were a Celtic people of the Aulerei nation of Gaul who inhabited the department of Sarthe. Their capital was Vindinum (Le Mans). A branch of the Cenommani invaded Italy in the 6th century BC, and occupied the left bank of the Po between the Adda and the Adige, with Verona as their capital.
Caesar refers to the inhabitants of Norfoilk, Suffolk and Cambridge as being the Cenomanni.`
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Cenred was king of Mercia in 704 until he became a monk at Rome.
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Cenric was king of Northumberland in 716.
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A centurion was an officer in the Roman army commanding 100 men.
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Centwine was king of the West Saxons in 676. He ruled jointly with Escwine when Escwine was on his death bed.
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Cenulph was king of Mercia in 794.
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Cenwal was king of the West Saxons in 643.
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Ceolred was king of Mercia in 709.
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Ceolric was a nephew of Caewlin and king of the West Saxons in 591.
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Ceolwulf was king of the West Saxons in 597.
Ceolwulf was king of Northumberland in 729. He died a monk.
Ceolwulf was king of Mercia in 819.
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Ceolwulph was king of Mercia in 874 until he was deposed by the Danes in 877 and the kingdom then merged into the rest of Britain.
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Ceorl was king of Mercia in 615.
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Cerdic was king of the West Saxons. He invaded England and established the kingdom of Wessex in 516. He died in 534.
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Cesar Auguste Franck was a French composer. He was born in 1822 at Liege and died in 1890. He wrote one symphony and organ music.
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Cesare Balbo was anItalian author and statesman. He was born in 1789 at Turin and died in 1853. After holding one or two posts under the patronage of Napoleon, he devoted himself to history, publishing a history of Italy prior to the period of Charlemagne, a compendium of Italian history, etc. His Speranze d'ltalia (1843), a statement of the political condition of Italy, and of the practicable ideals to be kept in view, gave him a wide reputation.
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Cesare Bonesana Beccaria (Marchesse di Beccaria) was an Italian economist and writer on penal laws. He was born in 1735 or 1738 and died in 1793. He is principally known from his treatise, On Crimes and Punishments, which was speedily translated into various languages, and to which many of the reforms in the penal codes of the principal European nations are traceable. He became professor of political economy at Milan.
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Cesare Borgia was the natural son of Pope Alexander VI, and of a Roman lady named Vanozza. He was born in
1478 and died in 1507. He was raised to the rank of cardinal in 1492, but afterwards divested himself of the office, and was made Duc de Valentinois by Louis XII. In 1499 he married a daughter of King John of Navarre, and accompanied Louis XII to Italy. He then, at the head of a body of mercenaries, carried on a series of petty wars, made himself master of the Romagna, attempted Bologna and Florence, and had seized Urbino when Alexander VI died in 1503. He was now attacked by a severe disease, at a moment when his whole activity and presence of mind were needed. He found means, indeed, to get the treasures of his father into his possession, and assembled his troops in Rome; but enemies rose against him on all sides, one of the most bitter of whom was the new pope, Julius II. Cesare Borgia was arrested and carried to Spain. He at length made his escape to his brother-in-law the King of Navarre, and was killed before the castle of Viana on March the 12th, 1507. He was charged with the murder of his elder brother, of the husband of his sister Lucretia Borgia, and the stiletto or secret poisoning was freely used against those who stood in his way. With all his crimes he was a patron of art and literature.
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Cesare Lombroso was an Italian criminologist. He was born in 1836 and died in 1909. He became an army surgeon in 1859 and in 1862 professor of mental diseases at Pavia University, and professor of forensic medicine and psychiatry at Turin. In 1875 he published his work 'L'uomo delinquente' (The Criminal) in which he promulgated the theory that there was a definite criminal type which could be distinguished from the normal type both anatomically and psychologically. He was a prolific writer on criminology.
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Chaka Khan is an American musician. She was born Yvette Marie Stevens in 1953 at Chicago. She began singing professionally at the age of 11, forming a group called the Crystalettes. At, 13, she was christened Chaka by an African shaman while involved with the political group the Black Panthers, and by 15, she was performing in local clubs under that name, (she acquired the Khan part after a brief marriage). At the age of 18, she found herself in Los Angeles, fronting a group of fledgling musicians by the name of Rufus.
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The Champas are a Nomadic, Buddhist people of Jammu and Kashmir near the Tibetan border in India noted for their music and dance. They are sheep and goat farmers, trading wool and salt with the Zangskari in exchange fro grain.
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The Chancellor of the Exchequer is a cabinet minister who looks after the nation's money. It is the oldest office in the British Government, dating back to the days of Henry I when the Chancellor sat at a table covered with a chequered cloth and received taxes collected by the sheriffs.
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A chandler is a maker or seller of candles. The term is also applied to a merchant or dealer who specialises in a particular goods, such as a ships
chandler who sells goods for ships.
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Channing H Cox was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Massachusetts from 1921 until 1925.
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A chapman was a petty trader, usually itinerant. During the 18th century, travelling chapmen sold chapbooks, needles, lace, linen and other household goods, and bought old brass, old clothes and human hair.
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