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P Hansborough Bell was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Texas from 1849 until 1853.
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Sir Pelham Grenville Wodehouse was an English humorous novelist. He was born in 1881 at Guildford, Surrey and died in 1975. Educated at Dulwich College he worked for the Hong Kong and Shanghai bank for two years before becoming a journalist and writer of short stories. Originally famous for his 1917 'Piccadilly Jim' during the Second World War he was captured by the Germans and agreed to make radio broadcasts for them. Branded a traitor, he settled in the USA after the war. Among the many books he wrote he invented the comic characters 'Jeeves and Wooster'.
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Paavo Johannes Nurmi was a Finnish long distance runner. He was born in 1897 and died in 1993. He was known as the 'Flying Finn', and won nine Olympic gold medals, including five at the 1924 Games. He broke 20 world records in 16 separate events ranging from the 1,500 metres to the 20,000 metres. Through his achievements and his scientific approach to training and racing he transformed competitive running in the 1920s. He set his first world record 1921 in the 10,000 metres, and his last in 1931 when he became the first man to beat nine minutes in the two miles. At the 1920 Olympics in Antwerp he won the 10,000 metres and individual and team cross country titles, but could only finish second in the 5,000 metres; a defeat which prompted him thereafter to run with a stop watch so that he could pace himself better. Whatever the benefits of this innovation, four years later at the Paris Olympics he was unbeatable, winning gold medals in the 1,500 metres, 5,000 metres, individual and team cross country, and the 3,000
metres team event; his victories in the first two races coming within an hour of each other. In 1925, on a celebrated tour of the USA, he won 53 of 55 indoor races. At the 1928 Olympics he won the 10,000 metres and won silver medals in the 5,000 metres and 3,000 metres steeplechase to bring his tally of medals to 12, including 9 golds. In 1932 he was controversially disqualified from competing in the Los Angeles Olympics for an alleged breach of the amateur code.
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Pablo de Cespedes was a Spanish painter, sculptor, architect, poet, and man of letters. He was born in 1538 at Cordova and died in 1608. He entered the university of Alcala de Henares in 1556, and finally went to Rome, where he studied under Zucchero and Michael Angelo, and became renowned both for frescoes and sculptures. In 1577 he obtained a prebend in the cathedral of Cordova, and from that time resided alternately in his native town and in Seville. His best pictures are in Cordova, Seville, Madrid, and several towns of Andalusia. He was the head of the then Andalusian school of painting, and numbered among his pupils some painters of distinction.
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Pablo Picasso was a Spanish artist born in 1881 and died in 1973.
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In ancient Greece, a paedotribe was a teacher of gymnastics and especially wrestling.
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The Paharia are a people of Nepal. Their society is divided into four castes: Brahmin (the highest or priestly), Chetri (the warriors), Vaishya (traders and farmers) and Shudra (the untouchables or lowest). Religiously they are mainly divided into Hindus and Buddhists.
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Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina was an Italian composer. He was born in 1524 at Palestrina and died in 1594. He took his name from the town where he was born and studied in Rome around 1540 before returning to Palestrina where he became canon and organist from 1544 until 1551 when he was made master of music at the Vatican. In 1555 he lost his post at the Vatican but took a post at St John Lateran. In 1571 he returned to the Vatican and remained there until his death. He was famous for his polyphonic music, and composed Masses and some madrigals.
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The Palikur are a South American Indian people living in north Brazil and numbering about 1 million. Formerly a warlike people, they occupied a vast area between the Amazon and Orinoco rivers.
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Pam Tillis is an American country singer. She was born in 1957 at Plant City, Florida. She was the Country Music Association Female Vocalist of the Year 1994.
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Pancho Francisco Villa (real name Doroteo Arango) was a Mexican revolutionary. he was born in 1878 and died in 1923. At sixteen he killed a man for molesting his sister, changed his name to Francisco Villa fled to the mountains and lived as a bandit, cattle-rustler and sometimes labourer. In 1910, while working as a labourer he was persuaded to join the Madero revolution against President Porfirio Diaz. Following the revolution's success, Villa stayed in the irregular army, being court-martialled for insubordination in 1912, imprisoned and subsequently escaping and fleeing to the USA, only to return to Mexico in 1913 following the assassination of Francisco Madero, joining Venustiano Carranza against Huerta, his cavalry achieving fame. Villa returned to being a bandit following Carranza's victory, wanting power for himself, and in 1920 when Carranza was overthrown made peace with the new government and accepted a large ranch in return for giving up politics. He was assassinated in Parral, Chihuahua in 1923.
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Panfilo de Narvaez was a Spanish soldier. He was born in 1470 and died in 1538. He was active in conquering the West Indies for Spain. In 1520 he was sent by Velasquez, Governor-General of Cuba, to conquer Mexico, but was defeated by Cortes at Cempoala. He was made Governor of Florida by Spain in 1528, and led an expedition of 400 men into the interior of Florida. They suffered severe hardships and were shipwrecked at the mouth of the Mississippi.
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Paolo Veronese (Paolo Cagliari) was an Italian painter. He was born in 1528 at Verona and died in 1588. He painted processional, ceremonial and festival pictures. His greatest work was the decoration of the church of San Sebastiano.
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The Papuan are natives to or inhabitants of Papua New Guinea; a speaker of any of various Papuan languages, used mainly on the island of New Guinea, although some 500 are used in New Britain, the Solomon Islands, and the islands of the south-west Pacific. The Papuan languages belong to the Indo-Pacific family.
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Paris was a Trojan prince whose abduction of Helen of Sparta caused the Trojan war.
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Paris Bordone was an Italian painter of the Venetian school. He was born in 1500 at Treviso and died in 1570 at Venice. He was a pupil of Titian and was invited to France by Francis I whose portrait he painted, as also those of the Duke of Guise, the Cardinal of Lorraine, and others. His works are not rare in the public and private collections of Europe, his most famous picture being the Old Gondolier Presenting a Ring to the Doge, at Venice.
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Paris C Dunning was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Indiana from 1848 until 1849.
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Park Trammell was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Florida from 1913 until 1917.
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Pascale Petit is a French born poet. She was born in 1953 at Paris and studied sculptor at the Royal College of Art.
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Pasqua was a Greek slave brought to England in 1652 by Daniel Edwards. Pasqua taught the method of roasting coffee and introduced the drink of coffee to the British isles. He opened the Grecian Coffee-house in Devereux Court, London, the first coffee house to open in London.
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Pasquale Villari was an Italian historian and statesman. He was born in 1827 and died in 1917. He was appointed professor of history at Florence in 1866 and was minister of public instruction from 1891 to 1892.
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The Passamaquoddiy are an Algonquin tribe of North American Indians who formerly occupied the seaboard about the New Brunswick and Maine frontiers.
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The term pastoral refers to a people who are farm sheep, goats or cows. Simply, shepherds.
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Pat M Neff was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Texas from 1921 until 1925.
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The Patamonas are a South American Indian tribe still found in Guyana.
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The Pathan are a people of north west Pakistan and Afghanistan, numbering about 14 million in 1984. The majority are Sunni Muslims. The Pathans speak Pashto, a member of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family. The Pathans comprise distinct groups, some living as nomads with herds of goats and camels, while others are farmers.
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Sir Leslie Patrick Abercrombie was an English architect and town planner. He was born in 1879 and died in 1957. Professor of town planning at Liverpool from 1915 to 1945 he was then professor of town planning at University College London from 1935 to 1946. He was a consultant and was responsible for the replanning of many British towns and cities including Bath, Doncaster, Dublin, Edinburgh, Hull, Plymouth and Sheffield and was involved in the creation of post-war new towns.
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Patrick Adamson was a Scottish divine and Latin poet. He was born in 1543 and died in 1592. He was educated at St Andrews, lived some years in France, was minister of Paisley, and latterly Archbishop of St. Andrews, in which position he made himself very obnoxious to the Presbyterian party. Deprived of the revenues of the see he died in indigence. He turned portions of the Bible into Latin verse.
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Patrick R Cleburne was an American soldier. He was born in 1828 and died in 1864. A descendant of William Claiborne he went to the USA and joined the Confederates in the American Civil War. He was in command of a corps at Franklin when he was killed.
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Patrick Geddes was a Scottish town planner. He was born in 1854 and died in 1932. He established the importance of surveys, research work, and properly planned 'diagnoses before treatment'. His major work is City Development 1904. His protege was Lewis Mumford.
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Patrick Gordon was a Scottish mercenary. He was born in 1635 at Auchleuchries and died in 1699. He took service with Charles X of Sweden and fought against the Poles. During ten years he changed sides seven times, and after fighting for the Poles against the Russians, he finally accepted employment under the Tsar. He ingratiated himself with his new master, and was sent on a mission to England to Charles II in 1665. He returned to Russia in time to defeat the Turks. During the absence of Peter the Great from Russia in 1697, Gordon suppressed the revolt of the Strelitzes.
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Patrick Henry was an American politician. He was born in 1736 at Hanover County, Virginia and died in 1799. He failed in farming and trading, and started his career as a lawyer, with somewhat slender equipment, in 1760. He attracted attention by a noted speech in 1763, and in 1765 he entered the House of Burgesses and uttered his famous arraignment of the Stamp Act. He was a leader in organizing the committees of correspondence, and was a delegate to the first Continental Congress. In 1775 occurred his 'liberty or death' speech, and he was active in the beginning of hostilities as a colonel and commander of Virginia troops. He took the lead in organizing the Virginia State Government, and was its first Governor, being elected in 1776, 1777 and 1778, and in 1784 and 1785. His jealousy of State, privileges and devotion to democracy led him to oppose the Federal Constitution of 1787. He was the Anti-Federalist leader in the State, and was prominent in the ratifying convention of 1788. For a short time, 1794-1795, he was US Senator, was finally a Federalist, and was for many years a member of the Virginia Legislature. Patrick Henry was noted for eloquence, but did not in constructive statesmanship compare with some of the other great Virginians.
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Patrick J Lucey was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Wisconsin from 1971 until 1977.
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Patrick Jennings is a British footballer. He was born in 1945 at Newry. He played for Northern Ireland 119 times and became Britain's most capped player before retiring in 1986.
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Thomas Patrick John Anson Lichfield (Lord Lichfield) was an English soldier and photographer. He was born in 1939 and died in 2005. After serving in the Grenadier Guards from 1959 until 1962 he left to become a professional photographer, later becoming famous for his royal portraits.
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Patrick Nasmyth was a Scottish landscape painter. He was born in 1787 at Edinburgh and died in 1831. He exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1811, and earned for himself the name of the English Hobbema.
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Patrick Noble was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of South Carolina from 1838 until 1840.
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In 1629 the Dutch West India Company, in order to effect a permanent agricultural colonization of New Netherland, granted a charter of Privileges and Exemptions to any members of the company who would within four years plant a colony of fifty anywhere in New Netherland, except on Manhattan Island. These wealthy grantees were called Patroons, and were privileged to rule their colonies in absolute feudal style, the colonists being bound to them for a certain number of years. This system was soon found to be disadvantageous, since it tended to debar the less wealthy class of individual colonists. In 1640 the charter was modified and extended to any good citizen of the Netherlands. In later years there were frequent quarrels between the Patroons and the provincial government.
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Patty Loveless is an American country singer. She was born in 1957 at Pikeville, Kentucky.
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The Patwin are a North American Indian people living in the Sacramento valley in California.
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Paul A Dever was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Massachusetts from 1949 until 1953.
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Paul Abraham was a Hungarian composer. He was born in 1892 at Apatin and died in 1960. He studied at Budapest from 1910 to 1916 and in 1927 was appointed conductor with the Budapest Hauptstadtischen Operettentheater, where his first operetta, 'Der Gatte des Fraeuleins' , was performed in 1928. Moving to Berlin, he later left when his music was banned by the Nazis and he travelled first to Vienna and then Paris and the USA before returning to Germany after the war.
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Paul Adlington is a British water skier. In 1969 he set a British record of 3765 points in the tricks event at the northern European championships held at Princes Club.
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Paul B Johnson was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Mississippi from 1964 until 1968.
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Paul Francois Jean Nicholas, Comte De Barras was a member of the French national convention and of the executive directory. He was born in 1755 at Provence and died in 1829. After serving in the army in India and Africa, he joined the revolutionary party and was a deputy in the tiers-etat. He took part in the attack upon the Bastille and upon the Tuileries, and voted for the death of Louis XVI. In the subsequent events he displeased Robespierre, and on this account joined the members of the committee, who foresaw danger awaiting them, and being intrusted with the chief command of the forces of his party he made himself master of Robespierre, On February the 4th, 1795, he was elected president of the convention, and on October the 5th, when the troops of the sections which favoured the royal cause approached, Barras for a second time received the chief command of the forces of the convention. On this occasion he employed General Bonaparte, for whom he procured the chief command of the army of the interior, and afterwards the command of the army in Italy. From the events of the 18th Fructidor (September 4th, 1797) he governed absolutely until the 13th of June, 1799, when Sieyes entered the directory, and in alliance with Bonaparte procured his downfall in the revolution of the 18th Brumaire (November the 9th, 1799). He afterwards resided at Brussels, Marseilles, Rome, and Montpellier under surveillance. His Memoirs in four volumes were published in French and in English in 1895-96.
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Paul Jacques Aime Baudry was a French painter. He was born in 1828 and died in 1886. He took the grand prix de Rome in 1850, and exhibited many important works, of which the better known are his Charlotte Corday and La Perle et la Vague. The decoration of the foyer of the New Opera House at Paris was entrusted to him - an enormous work, occupying a total surface of 500 square metres, but admirably accomplished by him in eight years.
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Paul Emile Botta was a French traveller and archaeologist. He was born about 1800 and died in 1870. In 1833 he was appointed French consul at Alexandria. He undertook a journey to Arabia in 1837, described in his Relation d'un Voyage dans l'Yemen. He discovered the ruins of ancient Nineveh in 1843 while acting as consular agent for the French government at Mosul. As the result of his investigations he published two important works-one on the cuneiform writing of the Assyrians (Memoire de l'Venture Cuneiforme Assyrienne), and the other upon the monuments of Nineveh (Monuments de Ninive 1846-1850) the latter of which is a work of great splendour, and makes an era in Assyrian antiquities.
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Paul Brigham was an American politician. He was a governor of Vermont during 1797.
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Paul Broca was a French surgeon and anthropologist. He was born in 1824 and died in 1880. He discovered the motor speech centre of the brain and also did pioneering work in brain surgery.
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Paul Cezanne was a French painter. He was born in 1839 at Aix-en-Provence. He studied with Pablo Picasso.
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Paul Ansel Chadbourne was an American politician. He was born in 1823 at Massachusetts and died in 1883. He was president of Williams College, of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, and of Wisconsin University and was for two years State Senator and a Presidential elector in 1880.
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Paul Delaroche was a French painter. He was born in 1797 and died in 1856.
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Paul Dillingham was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Vermont from 1865 until 1867.
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Paul Gustav Dore was a French artist. He was born in 1833 at Strasbourg and died in 1883.
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Paul Du Chaillu was a French anthropologist. He was born in 1835 and died in 1903. He travelled into west Africa.
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Paul Dukas was a French composer. He was born in 1865 at Paris and died in 1935. His most popular work is the Sorcerer's Apprentice which was used by Walt Disney in his film Fantasia.
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Paul Ehrlich was a German bacteriologist. He was born in 1854 and died in 1915. He shared the Nobel prize for medicine in 1908 and discovered salvarsan, a compound which destroys syphilis germs.
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Paul Fannin was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Arizona from 1959 until 1965.
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Paul Gauguin was a French painter. He was born in 1848 at Paris and died in 1903.
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Paul Hamilton was an American politician. He was born in 1762 and died in 1816. He was active in the American War of Independence, was Controller of South Carolina from 1799 to 1804, Governor from 1804 to 1806, and Secretary of the Navy in Madison's Cabinet from 1809 to 1813.
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Paul Hindemith was a German composer. He was born in 1895.
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Paul Janet was a French philosopher. He was born in 1823 at Paris and died in 1899. He became professor of philosophy at Strasbourg University in 1848 and in 1864 at the Sorbonne in Paris. He was the chief exponent of the idealistic school in France during the second half of the 19th century, and wrote a number of books.
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Paul Klee was a Swiss painter. He was born in 1879 near Berne and died in 1940.
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Paul L Patterson was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Oregon from 1952 until 1956.
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Paul Laxalt was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Nevada from 1967 until 1971.
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Paul Charles Morphy was an American chess player. He was born in 1837 at New Orleans, Louisiana and died in 1884. The son of a keen chess player, by the age of twelve Paul Morphy had played and beaten the best players in New Orleans, and in 1857 he won first prize at the American chess congress. A student of law at Jesuit college, Alabama, he graduated before he was old enough to practise at 21, and instead continued to play chess, winning the US championship and, travelling to Europe, beating the best chess players of Europe, thereby becoming the first unofficial world chess champion, before returning to the USA in 1864. In 1860 J Lowenthal edited a book entitled 'Morphy's Games Of Chess' which is regarded as a classic title in the chess world.
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Paul Nash was an English artist. He was born in 1899 at London and died in 1946.
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Paul O Hebert was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Louisiana from 1853 until 1856.
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Paul Julius Reuter was a German newsman. He was born in 1816 at Kassel and died in 1899. In 1849 he established at Aix-la-Chapelle an office from which he supplied newspapers to all parts of the world. In 1851 he became a naturalized Englishman and established at the London Royal Exchange the Reuter's news agency, which wasn't successful until adopted by the Times in 1858. In 1865 Reuters was converted into a limited liability company.
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Paul Revere was an American soldier and patriot. He was born in 1735 at Boston and died in 1818.
He was originally a copper plate engraver, living in Boston, Massachusetts and produced many caricatures illustrative of the pre-Revolutionary topics. He was one of the prime movers of the Boston tea party. On the night of April the 18th and 19th, 1775, he rode from Boston to Concord to warn of the intended expedition of the British. This is the subject of Longfellow's poem, 'Paul Revere's Ride'. In 1775 he printed the provincial paper money of Massachusetts, and erected a mill for the manufacture of gunpowder. He engaged in the unsuccessful Penobscot expedition in 1779.
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Paul Sandby was an English engraver. He was born in 1725 at Nottingham and died in 1809. With his brother Thomas, he found employment in the military drawing department at the Tower of London in 1741. He was subsequently draughtsman to the survey of the Scottish Highlands after the rebellion of 1745. He settled at Windsor, and made experiments with pigments, earning for him the title of the father of the water-colour school. He was distinguished as an etcher, though he struggled for recognition as a caricaturist. He was an original member of the Royal Academy.
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Paul Simon is an American musician and actor. He was born in 1941 at Newark, New Jersey. He released a number of songs in partnership with his school friend, Art Garfunkel, first under the name 'Tom and Jerry' and later as 'Simon and Garfunkle'. After the break-up of the partnership he continued recording music under his own name.
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Paul V McNutt was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Indiana from 1933 until 1937.
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Paul Verlaine was a French poet. He was born in 1844 at Metz and died in 1896. He formed the Symbolists school of poetry.
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Sir Paul Vinogradoff was a Russian jurist. He was born in 1854 and died in 1925. He settled in England and became corpus professor of jurisprudence at Oxford in 1903. He lectured at Harvard in 1907 and Calcutta from 1913 to 1914. He was literary director of the Selden Society and director of publications of the British Academy. He was knighted in 1917.
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Paul Von Hindenburg was a German soldier and the second president of the German Reich. He was born in 1847 and died in 1934.
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Paulina Rubio Dosamantes is a Mexican musician, actress and television host. She was born in 1971 at Mexico City. She started her music career as a memebr of the pop band Timbiriche before leaving to pursue a solo career in 1991.
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Paulovitch Constantine was a Grand-prince of Russia. He was born in 1779 and died in1831. The second son of Paul I, he distinguished himself in 1799 under Suwarroff, and at Austerlitz in 1805; and in 1812, 1813, and 1814 attended his brother, the Emperor Alexander, in all his campaigns. He was afterwards employed in superintending the affairs of the new Kingdom of Poland, and was successively made military governor and generalissimo of the Polish troops. On the decease of his brother in 1825 he was proclaimed emperor at St Petersburg, in his absence, but as he adhered to a precious renunciation of claim to the throne, his younger brother Nicholas became Alexander's successor. He is renowned in Polish history as one of the most barbarous oppressors of the Polish people.
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Pavel Josef Savarik was a Slovak philologist. He was born in 1795 at Kobeliarov, Hungary and died in 1861 at Prague. He was a leading figure of the Czech national revival and a pioneer of Slavonic philology and archaeology. He was director of the Serbian Orthodox grammar school at Novi Sad before settling in Prague in 1833. In 1841 he turned down an invitation to occupy the chair of Slavonic philology at Berlin, preferring to remain a private scholar in his own country, researching and writing about the history and languages of the Slav people.
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Pavel Sudoplatov was a Soviet spymaster. He was born in 1907 at Meltiopol in the Ukraine. As a Soviet intelligence officer responsible for 'special tasks', Pavel Sudoplatov was responsible for the assassination of Leon Trotsky and during the Second World War was in charge of guerrilla warfare and disinformation in Germany and in German-occupied territories. Following the Second World War, Pavel Sudoplatov ran networks of 'illegals' whose job was, in the event of a NATO attack on the Soviet Union, to engage in sabotage of NATO military establishments. Pavel Sudoplatov also was in charge of networks of spies providing the Soviet Union with information on atomic weapons - which, despite his claims, were not 'convinced' to provide information but rather many of the spies he controlled were happy to provide information to the USSR in support for the Soviet Communist philosophy.
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The Pawnee Indians were an American indian tribe. For a long time they were inhabitants of Nebraska on the Platte and were always friendly to the White Americans. By a treaty in 1833 they sold lands south of the Nebraska. They were afterward attacked by the Sioux and their lands devastated. In 1857 they sold more of their lands, but the American Government did not protect them from further ravages by the Sioux.
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Payne Ratner was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Kansas from 1939 until 1943.
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Peada was king of Mercia in 655. He was killed to make way for his brother Wulfhere.
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A pedlar is a person who travels around carrying small goods for sale. The term is especially applied to a person who calls from door to door offering goods for sale which they carry in a pack.
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Pedro Antonion de Alarcon was a Spanish poet and novelist and politician. He was born in 1833 and died in 1891. He is best known as the author of 'The Three Cornered Hat'.
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Pedro Alvarez Cabral was a Portuguese explorer. He was born about 1460 and died about 1526. In 1500 he received command of a fleet bound for the East Indies, and sailed from Lisbon, but having taken a course too far to the west he was carried by the South American current to the coast of Brazil, of which he took possession in name of Portugal. Continuing his voyage, but losing half his fleet, and among others the famous navigator Bartholomew Diaz, he visited Mozambique, and at last reached India, where he made important commercial treaties with native princes, and then returned to Europe.
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Pedro Calderon de la Barca was a Spanish poet and dramatist. He was born in 1600 and died in 1681. He was reputed to have been a dramatist at the age of thirteen, but he became publicly known as a dramatist at the age of twenty.
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Pedro de Alvarado was a Spanish conquistador. He was born in 1475 and died in 1541. After accompanying Cortes in the conquest of Mexico from 1519 to 1521 he led an expedition to Guatemala in 1523, lasting until 1527 and later became governor of Guatemala from 1530 until 1541.
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Pedro Lopez De Alaya was a Spanish historian and poet. He was born in about 1340 and died in 1407. He was chancellor of Castile in the second half of the fourteenth century, and the author of a history of Castile during 1350-96. He took an active part in the struggle between Henry II and Pedro the Cruel, and was taken prisoner by the English in 1367. During his English captivity he wrote part of his chief poetical work, a Book in Rhyme concerning Court Life.
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Pedro de Covilham was a Portuguese explorer. He was born in 1460 and died in 1530. He was sent by John II of Portugal in 1487 to search for the legendary empire of Prester John. He travelled to India and journeyed down the east African coast to Sofala and reached Abyssinia where he was treated honourably, but never allowed to leave.
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Pedro de Valdivia was a Spanish soldier. He was born in 1498 near La Serena, Estremadura and died in 1554. He served in Italy, and about 1534 went to the New World, being of great assistance to Pizarro in Peru. He was then sent to conquer Chile, where in 1541 he founded Santiago, and for six years fought against the natives. After fighting again in Peru, he returned to Chile, and during a revolt was killed by the Indians.
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Pedro I was emperor of Brazil. He was born in 1798 at Lisbon and died in 1834. He was the second son of King John VI of Portugal. To escape a French invasion of Portugal, Pedro and his parents fled to Brazil in 1807. In 1821, when his father returned home, Pedro became prince regent of Brazil. The following year he proclaimed Brazilian independence and was crowned emperor of Brazil. Proclaimed king of Portugal in 1826, he abdicated that same year in favour of his daughter Maria II. Pedro's arbitrary rule and his involvement in the internal affairs of Portugal caused his popularity to wane in Brazil. He abdicated as emperor of Brazil in 1831 and returned to Portugal, where he supported Maria against his brother Miguel, her rival for the throne.
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Pedro II was emperor of Brazil. He was born in 1825 and died in 1891. The son of Pedro I, he succeeded to the throne at the age of five, on his father' s abdication, and was subject to a regency until he reached his majority in 1840. In 1843 he married Teresa Christina, the daughter of King Frances I of the Two Sicilies.
The early years of his reign were marked by revolts in various parts of the country. Pedro II had a lifelong interest in science and was a patron of the arts. He opposed slavery, which he gradually phased out of Brazilian life - outlawing the slave trade in 1850, initiating a process of emancipation in 1871, and finally abolishing slavery altogether in 1888. He opened the Amazon to the commerce of all nations in 1867. He visited the United States in 1876 and aided President Grant in opening the Centennial Exhibition.
Under his rule Brazil fought a costly but successful war with Paraguay, gaining some territory as a result. Although impartial toward Brazil's rival political groups, Pedro II's use of the wide powers given to him by the imperial constitution caused resentment, which, along with dissatisfaction among slave owners, led to his overthrow and the establishment of a republic in 1889.
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Pedro Menendez de Aviles was a Spanish soldier. He died in 1574. In 1565 he founded St. Augustine in Florida, and destroyed the French Huguenot settlement at Port Royal.
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Pelayo was a king of Spain. He died in 737. He founded the Christian kingdom of Asturias in northern Spain.
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Pele (real name Edson Arantes do Nascimento) is an Association Football player. He was born in 1940. The most famous Brazilian football player, he is regarded as perhaps the greatest soccer player the world has ever known. In 1969 he scored his 1000th goal in senior football while playing for Santos against Vasco de Gama at the Maracana stadium in Rio de Janeiro.
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Peleg Sprague was an American politician. He was born in 1793 and died in 1880. He represented Maine in the US Congress as a National Republican from 1825 to 1829, and in the US Senate from 1829 to 1835. He was US Judge for the Massachusetts district from 1841 to 1865.
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Peleg Wadsworth was an american soldier and politician. He was born in 1748 and died in 1829. He fought at Long Island in 1776, and was second in command of the Penobscot expedition in 1779. He represented Maine in the US Congress from 1793 to 1807.
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Pellegrino Luigi Odorado Rossi was an Italian political economist. He was born in 1787 at Carrara and died in 1848. He was appointed professor of political economy at the College de France at Paris in 1832, and subsequently professor of constitutional law at the Paris faculty of law. In 1845 he became ambassador of France at Rome, where he was assassinated.
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Penda was king of Mercia in 626. He was said to be fierce and cruel. He died in battle.
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Pendleton Murrah was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Texas from 1863 until 1865.
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The Pends d'Oreilles (Kalispels) were a tribe of American Selish Indians, inhabiting Montana, Idaho, Washington and British America. They were always been friendly to the white settlers
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The Pennacook or Pawtucket are an Algonquin tribe of North American Indians originally of the Merrimac River in New Hampshire and adjacent parts of Maine and Massachusetts. They were defeated by Waldron in 1676 and mostly withdrew to French Canada.
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The Pequot were an Algonquin tribe of North American Indians occupying eastern Connecticut where they lived by hunting, fishing, gathering and raising maize. They entered into a treaty with the colonists at Boston in 1634, but soon became hostile. Expeditions were sent against them and they in turn attacked Wethersfield and killed many settlers. In 1637, an expedition under Mason surprised the Indians at a fort near the present Groton, Connecticut. A desperate struggle followed in which the Indians were overcome with great loss. The remnant was nearly annihilated in a subsequent battle at Fairfield swamp. Many were sent as slaves to the West Indies. A few survived and obtained two land grants from the British. One surviving group operates a successful casino today at Ledyard.
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Percival Bromfield was an English table tennis champion. He was born in 1886 and died in 1947. He perfected the backhand flick and won the English championship in 1904 and again in 1924.
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Percival J Farwig was an English lyricist. He was born in about 1870 at Penge, Surrey and died after 1925. He spent much of his life in the Croydon area of Surrey.
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Percival P Baxter was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Maine from 1921 until 1925.
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Percival W Clement was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Vermont from 1919 until 1921.
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Percy Pilcher, an Englishman, may be said to have invented the hang glider. During the late 19th century he invented a man launched glider.
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Percy Moreton Scott was a British admiral. He was born in 1853. He served in the Ashanti War of 1873 to 1874, the Congo Expedition of 1875, in South African from 1899 to 1900 and in the China War in 1900. He invented night signalling apparatus, adopted by the navy, and of the gun carriages which enabled 6-inch and 4.7 inch naval guns to be used on land in the defence of Ladysmith during the Boer War of 1899 to 1902.
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Percy Bysshe Shelley was an English poet. He was born in 1792 at Warnham and died in 1822 when he drowned following the capsizing of a sailing-boat. He entered Oxford in 1810, but not before he had written a volume of poetry and several romances of the gothic type. In 1811 he had published his work ' Necessity of Atheism'.
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Peregrine White was was the first white child born in New England. He was born in 1620 and died in 1704. The son of one of the Pilgrims, he became a citizen of Marshfield, Massachusetts, and filled several minor civil and military offices.
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Pericles was an Athenian ruler and orator. He was born in 490BC and died in 429BC.
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Persifer F Smith was an American soldier. He was born in 1798 and died in 1858. He served with distinction throughout the Mexican War, commanding a brigade at Monterey, Churubusco, Contreras, Chapultepec and the City of Mexico. He was commissioner of armistice with Mexico in 1847.
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Person C Cheney was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Hampshire from 1875 until 1877.
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Peter Artedi was a Swedish naturalist. He was born in 1705 and drowned in 1735 at Amsterdam. He studied at Upsala, turned his attention to medicine and natural history, and was a friend of Linnaeus.
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Peter B Porter was an American politician. He was born in 1773 and died in 1844. He represented New York in the US Congress as a Democrat from 1809 to 1813. He served on the Canadian frontier and was Secretary of War in John Quincy Adams' Cabinet from 1828 to 1829.
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Peter Bagration was a Russian soldier. He was born in 1765 and died in 1812 after being mortally wounded at the battle of Borodino. He was descended from a noble Georgian family and entered the Russian army in 1782, and henceforth was constantly engaged in active service, distinguishing himself in many actions and gradually rising in military rank. He fought in Poland, in Italy, and against the Turks, was engaged in the battles of Austerlitz, Eyiau, and Friedland.
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Peter Boyd-Smith is an English maritime historian and the world's leading expert on the Titanic. He was born in 1947. Peter Boyd-Smith operates an ocean liner and aviation memorabilia shop called 'Cobwebs' at Northam in Southampton and also lectures and advises navies and shipping companies worldwide on maritime history, particularly with regard to the Titanic but also in respect of historical accuracy regarding individual ships.
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Peter Camper was a Dutch physician and anatomist. He was born in 1722 at Leyden and died in 1789. He was professor of medicine, etc, successively at Franeker, Amsterdam, and Groningen. His contributions to anatomy and physiology were valuable. He was also skilful in drawing and painting, and rendered important services to art in his work on the relations of anatomy and art. One of his doctrines is that of the facial angle.
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Peter Cooper was an American inventor, manufacturer and philanthropist. He was born in 1791 at New York City and died in 1883. He started life with few advantages, being almost self-educated; but by his energy, perseverance, sagacity and integrity, accumulated a large fortune. He carried on the manufacture of glue and isinglass for over fifty years, and was also connected with the iron-manufacture, the railways (he designed and built the first American locomotive), and the telegraphs of the United States. He greatly promoted the progress of industrial improvement in the United States, and in 1854 to 1859 erected the 'Cooper Union for the advancement of Science and Art', where the working classes received free instruction. He was a careful thinker on questions of government and finance. In 1876 he was the Presidential candidate of the National Independent party.
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Peter D Vroom was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of New Jersey from 1829 until 1832.
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Peter V Daniel was an American politician. He was born in 1784 and died in 1860. He was a member of the Virginia Privy Council from 1812 until 1835. He was a Justice of the US Supreme Court from 1841 until 1860.
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Peter John De Smet was a Belgian Jesuit. He was born in 1801 and died in 1872. He was a professor in the University of St Louis from 1828 until 1838. From 1838 he was a missionary among the Pottawatomies; from 1840 on, a missionary of remarkable zeal and success among the Flatheads and other tribes of the Northwest. In the first fifteen years of his mission he estimated that he had traveled 120,000 miles. His influence over the Indian tribes was immense.
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Peter Early was an American politician. He was a Jeffersonian-Republican governor of Georgia from 1813 until 1815.
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Peter F Causey was an American politician. He was an American governor of Delaware from 1855 until 1859.
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Peter Faneuil was an American merchant. He was born in 1700 at New York and died in 1743. A rich merchant of Boston he gave the Faneuil Hall to the city of Boston in 1742.
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Peter H Burnett was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of California from 1849 until 1851.
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Peter Nikolaievich Lebedev was a Russian physicist. He was born in 1866 and died in 1912. He demonstrated that light exerts minute pressure upon a physical body.
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Sir Peter Lely was a Dutch born painter. He was born in 1618 and died in 1680. He came to England in 1641 as a portrait painter.
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Peter Minuit (Peter Minnewit) was a German colonial governor. He was born in 1580 at Wesel and died in 1641. He was made Governor of New Netherlands by the Dutch West India Company in 1625. He purchased Manhattan Island from the Indians, built Fort Amsterdam, and held office until 1631. Under the auspices of the Swedish West India Company, he planted a Swedish settlement on the Delaware, and built Fort Christiana in 1638.
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Peter Norbeck was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of South Dakota from 1917 until 1921.
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Sir Peter Parker was a British sailor. He was born in 1721 and died in 1811. He left England in 1775 as post-captain in HMS Bristol to co-operate with Sir Henry Clinton in an attack on Charleston, South Carolina. He made a gallant but unsuccessful assault on Fort Moultrie in 1776. He aided Lord Howe in the capture of New York, and commanded the squadron that took possession of Rhode Island. In 1782 he took De Grasse prisoner.
Sir Peter Parker was a British sailor. He was born in 1786 and died in 1814. He was sent in command of HMS Menelaus to patrol Chesapeake Bay and blockade Baltimore harbour in 1814. He wantonly destroyed and plundered public and private property, and completely destroyed all domestic commerce during the month of his blockade. His conduct was exceedingly exasperating to the Americans. He was killed during one of his skirmishing frolics.
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Peter Rachman was a Polish-born British property racketeer, villain and pimp. He was born in 1919 and died in 1962. Coming to England in 1956 he first acted as a property agent locating property for prostitutes to rent in London and then later speculated in rented one-bedroom slum properties, evicting tenants by intimidation, renting properties to prostitutes and running prostitutes himself. The term rachmanism meaning exploitation or intimidation of a slum tenant by an unscrupulous landlord derives from his name.
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Sir Peter Paul Rubens was a Flemish painter. He was born in 1577 and died in 1640.
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Peter Schuyler was an American soldier and diplomat. He was born in 1657 and died in 1724. He enjoyed great influence with the Five Nations and negotiated many treaties. He commanded an expedition against the French on Lake Champlain in 1691. He was second in command in the expedition against Montreal in 1709. He went to England with five Indian chiefs in 1710 to solicit vigorous measures against the French. He was acting Governor of New York from 1719 to 1720.
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Peter Andreievitch Shuvalov was a Russian statesman. He was born in 1827 at St Petersburg and died in 1889. As governor of the Baltic provinces in 1864 he distinguished himself by repressing nihilism and other forms of revolutionary agitation and was appointed head of the political police, becoming the confidential agent of Tsar Alexander II. He was afterwards ambassador to Britain; and in 1877 to 1878, after the Russo-Turkish War, he conducted the negotiations with Lord Salisbury which led up to the Berlin Congress.
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Peter Stuyvesant was a Dutch soldier and an administrator of Dutch North America. He was born in 1592 at Amsterdam and died in 1672. He was appointed governor of the Dutch possessions in North America in 1646 and was instrumental in furthering the prosperity of New Amsterdam (later called New York) which he had to surrender to the British in 1664, Peter Stuyvesant being the last Dutch governor of New York. In 1655 he attacked the Swedish colony of Delaware, and annexed it to the Dutch possessions.
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Peter T Washburn was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Vermont from 1869 until 1870.
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Peter Guthrie Tait was a Scottish mathematician and physicist. He was born in 1831 at Dalkeith and died in 1901. Educated at Edinburgh University and at Porterhouse, Cambridge, he was appointed professor of mathematics at Queen's College, Belfast in 1854 and professor of natural philosophy at Edinburgh in 1860, a post he held until almost his death.
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Peter I Tchaikovsky was a Russian composer. He was born in 1840 and died in 1893. He composed Nutcracker, Swan Lake, The Sleeping Beauty.
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Peter The Great was a Czar of Russia. He was born in 1672 and died in 1725. The son of Czar Alexis, Peter was recognised as Czar in 1682. A revolt of the military in favour of his elder brother Ivan resulted in both brothers ruling jointly, under the Princess Sophia, Peter's elder sister. In 1689 Peter took government into his own hands and in 1695 Russia went to war against Turkey, in 1696 the year Ivan died Peter The Great conquering Azov. after travelling through Europe, Peter The Great recognised the value of western civilisation and attempted to build Russia as a western country rather than an eastern, building St Petersburg as the capital of Russia as a mark of his determination. In 1698 the military arose against him in revolt, but were defeated and in 1711 Peter The Great destroyed the political power of the Russian nobles and brought the church under his control.
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Peter Thellusson was a French-born British merchant. He was born in 1737 at Paris and died in 1797. The son of the envoy of Geneva, he settled in London in 1762 and became a British citizen. He amassed a fortune through trading with the continent and West Indies. Upon his death he left instructions in his will that the bulk of his estate should be left to accumulate during the lives of his three sons and the fortune amassed to go to the eldest male descendent of his sons. Government soon became aware of the disadvantage to them of the loss of tax revenue from the accumulation and in 1800 the Accumulations Act was passed to prevent subsequent instances.
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Peter Turney was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Tennessee from 1893 until 1897.
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Peter von Bohlen was a German orientalist. He was born in 1796 and died in 1840. Having devoted himself to the oriental languages, he obtained an appointment at Konigsberg in 1825 as extraordinary, and in 1830 as ordinary professor of oriental literature. The most important of his writings is a Das alte Indien (Ancient India).
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Peter Von Cornelius was a German painter. He was born in 1783 at Dusseldorf and died in 1867. He painted the important frescoes of the Ludwigskirche. He is renowned for reviving the art of mural decoration. He early exhibited a taste for art, and studied the great masters, especially Raphael. In 1811 he went to Rome, where, in conjunction with Overbeck, Veit, and other associates, he may be said to have founded a new school of German art, and revived fresco-painting in imitation of Michael Angelo and Raphael. He left Rome in 1819 for Dusseldorf, where he had been appointed director of the academy, but he soon settled in Munich to give his whole attention to the painting of the Glyptothek and the Ludwigskirche there. In these two great works he was assisted by his Munich pupils. In 1833 he made another visit to Rome, and in 1839 he visited Paris. In 1841 he was invited to Berlin by Frederick William IV, who intrusted him with the painting of the royal mausoleum or Campo Santo.
The most celebrated cartoon in this series is the Four Riders of the Apocalypse. The series consists of twelve paintings, which have been engraved. Peter von Cornelius, a true representative of modern German thought, introduced into art a metaphysical and subjective element which is easily liable to be abused; and in his work grandeur of conception and elevation of tone have to make up for the want of the finest natural effects.
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Francesco di Petracco (Petrarch) was an Italian poet, scholar and humanist. He was born in 1304 at Arezzo, Tuscany and died in 1343.
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Peyton Randolph was an American politician. He was born in 1721 and died in 1775. He was appointed king's attorney in Virginia in 1748, and held office until 1766. He was elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1748, and was chairman of a committee to revise the colonial laws. He drew up the remonstrance against the Stamp Act in 1765, but opposed Patrick Henry's resolutions. He was elected president of the first Continental Congress in 1774, but soon afterward resigned on account of ill health. He presided over the Virginia conventions of 1774 and 1775. He was again a member of the Continental Congress in 1775.
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Pharaoh was the title of the ruler of Ancient Egypt.
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The Pharisee were a Jewish sect from 1BC to 1AD which were characterised by their strict observance of the traditional and written laws.
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Pharrell Williams is an American musician. He was born in 1973 at Virginia Beach, Virginia. He is lead singer of the hip hop group N E R D and also a partner in the music production duo the Neptunes.
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Pheidias was a Greek sculptor. He was born in 500BC and died in 433BC.
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Phil M Donnelly was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Missouri from 1945 until 1949.
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Phil May was an English caricaturist. He was born in 1864 at Leeds and died in 1903. He produced illustrations for a number of periodicals in England and Australia.
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Philemon Dickerson was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of New Jersey from 1836 until 1837.
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Philip Allen was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Rhode Island from 1851 until 1853.
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Philip Amidas (also known as Philip Amadas) was an English navigator. He was born in 1550 and died in 1618. He commanded one of the ships in Sir Walter Raleigh's voyage of exploration to the coast of North Carolina.
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Philip Arteveld was a Flemish prince. He was a son of Jacob Van Arteveld and at the head of the forces of Ghent gained a great victory over the Count of Flanders, Louis II, and for a time assumed the state of a sovereign prince. His reign proved short-lived. The Count of Flanders returned with a large F'rench force, fully disciplined and skilfully commanded. Arteveld was rash enough to meet them in the open field at Roosebeke, between Courtray and Ghent, in 1382, and fell with 25,000 Flemings.
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Philip James Bailey was an English poet. He was born in 1816 near Nottingham and died in 1902. He was called to the bar in 1840 after he published 'Festus', his best work, in 1839. Later he published 'The Mystic', 1855; 'The Age', 1858; and 'The Universal Hymn', 1867.
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Sir Philip Bowes Vere Broke was a British admiral. He was born in 1776 and died in 1841. He distinguished himself, particularly in 1813, as commander of the Shannon, in the memorable action which that vessel, in answer to a regular challenge, fought with the United States vessel Chesapeake off the American coast, and in which the latter was captured.
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Philipa Karl Buttmann was a German philologist. He was born in 1764 and died in 1829. He spent most of his life at Berlin, where he taught in the Joachimsthal University. His best-known works are his Greek Grammar and Lexilogus for Homer and Hesiod.
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Philip Hermogenes Calderon was an Anglo-French painter of Spanish parentage. He was born in 1833 at Poitiers and died in 1898. He was artistically educated chiefly in Paris. From 1853 he was a regular contributor to the Royal Academy of which he became an associate in 1864, and an academician in 1867.
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Philip F La Follette was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Wisconsin from 1931 until 1933.
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Philip Francis Thomas was an American politician. He was born in 1810 and died in 1890. He was a Democratic governor of Maryland from 1848 until 1851 and Comptroller of the State Treasury from 1851 until 1853. He was Secretary of the Treasury in Buchanan's Cabinet from December 1860 until January 1861. he was refused a seat in the Senate in 1868, on the grounds that he had given aid and comfort to the rebellion. From 1875 until 1877 he was a US Congressman
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Philip H Hoff was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Vermont from 1963 until 1969.
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Philip I (Philip the Amorous) was a king of France. He was born in 1052 and died in 1108. He began to reign in 1060. After William The Conqueror became king of England, the two kings quarrelled over Maine. In 1094 he was excommunicated for having married the wife of the Count of Anjou, while his first wife was still alive. During his reign he annexed Vexin and Valois, purchased Bourges and gave Vermandois to his brother Hugh.
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Philip II known as Philip Augustus, was a king of France. He was born in 1165 and died in 1223. He gained the throne in 1180 and followed a policy of consolidation, checking the great nobles and adding territory to his kingdom. In 1185 after a war with the Count of Flanders, Philip II secured Vermandois, and in order to weaken the power of Henry II of England, he intrigued with his rebellious sons. During the reign of Richard I of England Philip II continued his intrigues with a view to weakening English power in France so that he might secure Normandy.
In 1204 he conquered Normandy, followed by Anjou, Toraine and Poitou, exploiting the weakness and unpopularity of England's king John. By the time of his death Philip II had built France into one of the great states of Europe and firmly established the power of the crown in France.
Philip II was a king of Spain. He was born in 1527 at Valladolid and died in 1598. In 1554 he married Mary Tudor and tried in vain to urge her to a policy of religious moderation.
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Philip IV was a king of France. He was born in 1268 and died in 1314. He ascended the throne in 1285 and like Philip II was resourceful and unscrupulous. Early in his reign he endeavoured to out England from Gascony and Aquitaine, but was foiled by Edward I. Later when Edward I formed a league, including the king of Ragon, the duke of Brittany, and the counts of Flanders, Holland, Hainault, Savoy and Bar, Philip IV's reply was to form an allegiance with Scotland.
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Philip Kearny was an American soldier. He was born in 1815 and died in 1862. He entered the army in 1837 and was sent by the US Government in 1839 and 1840 to report upon the cavalry tactics of the French. During the Mexican War he was brevetted major for gallantry at Contreras and Churubusco. In 1861 he was assigned command of a brigade in the Army of the Potomac. He engaged at Williamsburg and served with the Army of Virginia. In 1862 he was assigned command of a division and fought at Bull Run. He was killed in the Battle of Chantilly.
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Philip Arthur Larkin was a British poet. He was born in 1922 at Coventry and died in 1985. Educated at Oxford on a scholarship, he published his first book of poetry privately in 1945 and in 1946 had his first novel, 'Jill' published. From 1961 to 1971 he was Jazz critic for the Daily Telegraph newspaper.
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Philip Livingstone was an American statesman. He was born in 1716 and died in 1778. He was a member of the New York Assembly from 1758 to 1769. He was a delegate to the Stamp-Act Congress of 1765, and a member of the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1778. He was one of the committee to prepare an address to the people of Great Britain, and a signer of the American Declaration of Independence.
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Philip Bourke Marston was an English poet. He was born in 1850 at London and died in 1887. He was blind, and his poetry reflects a sadness yet sympathy with the moods of nature.
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Philip Massinger was a British dramatist. He was born in 1583 and died in 1640. In 1606 he went to London and wrote plays. He wrote 'A New Way to Pay Old Debts'.
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Philip John Schuyler was an American general. He was born in 1733 at Albany, New York and died in 1804. He fought in the French and Indian War, and was afterward a member of the New York Assembly. He was a delegate to the first Continental Congress in 1774, and was included in the first list of major-generals in the next year. Schuyler's familiarity with Northern New York fitted him for his assignment to the command in that region. There was soon unfortunately a divided authority in that department, as intrigues gave a command there also to General Gates. Schuyler was, in 1777, reinstated, and put in charge of the defence against Burgoyne's invasion. Before he could reap the results of his efforts he was superseded by Gates. General Schuyler resigned from the army in 1779, but continued to be a trusted adviser of George Washington and Indian commissioner. He was frequently State Senator, and was a Federalist US Senator in 1789-1791 and 1797-1798. He was a strong advocate of the cana | 
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