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Haar is a cold sea mist or fog occurring in eastern Britain and coming off the North Sea.
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The Habdalah is a Jewish religious ceremony marking the end of the Sabbath.
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In law, habeas corpus is a writ ordering a person to be brought before a court or judge. The term is particularly applied to a writ so issued so that the court may ascertain whether the person's detention is lawful.
In the United States habeas corpus was suspended on July the 5th, 1861. Attorney-General Bates gave an opinion in favour of the President's power to declare martial law and suspend the writ of habeas corpus. A special session of Congress approved this opinion. Thereafter many arbitrary arrests were made, arousing much indignation. On September the 24th, 1862, the suspension was made general by the President so far as it might affect persons arrested by military authority for disloyal practices. An act of Congress, on March the 3rd, 1863, again authorized the suspension of the writ by the President in cases of prisoners of war, deserters, those resisting drafts and offenders against the military or naval service. The arrest of Vallandigham, in Ohio, and of Milligan, in Indiana, caused great excitement. The case of the latter being brought before the Supreme Court of the Union, that body decided that Congress could not give to military commissions the power of trial and conviction, and that the suspension of the privilege of habeas corpus did not suspend the writ itself. In the case of the Ku-Klux rebellions there was a brief suspension of habeas corpus in 1871.
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Haberdashery is the goods, such as zips, buttons, thread and ribbons sold by a haberdasher.
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Habitat is the name given to the natural home of an animal or plant, the place where it is normally found..
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The Habitual Criminals Act was passed in 1869 granting powers to the police to apprehend habitual criminals on suspicion. The objective being to be more effective in the prevention of crime.
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The hacek is a diacritic mark resembling a small 'v' placed over certain letters in order to modify their sounds. The Hacek is particularly used in the Slavonic languages to indicate various forms of palatal articulation.
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In cartography, hachures are the lines which indicate the steepness of gradient of a hill or slope by virtue of how close together they are drawn.
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In Spain and Spanish speaking countries and regions, such as Mexico, a hacienda is a ranch or large estate. The name is also given to the main house on a ranch or plantation.
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A hackamore is an American bitless bridle with a hard oval noseband. It allows pressure to be applied to the horse's nose by means of the reigns attached just in front of a heavy counterbalancing knot.
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A hackle is a board set with sharp steel spikes for combing or pulling out hemp or flax to dispose the fibres in parallelism and to separate the long and the short threads.
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Hackney Coach is the old name for a Hackney Carriage. They originated in London in 1625 when there were twenty of them available for hire. During the 19th century Hackney Coaches gave way to Hackney Cabs, which in turn have evolved into Hackney Carriages, now commonly called taxis.
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Hadassah is an American Zionist women's organisation founded in 1912 which carries out welfare work in Israel.
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Hades means places of the departed spirit. In Christian terminology it is the place, either heaven or hell, where the spirit awaits the resurrection. Throughout the modern New Testament the word Hades has been mistranslated as 'hell' meaning the inferno, rather than ambiguous correct meaning.
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Hag knots is the term given in the New Forest to tangles in the manes of wild ponies, and so named from the ancient belief that they were used as stirrups by witches (hags).
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Hagiolatry is the worship of saints.
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Hajj (or Hadj) is the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca.
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At the close of the American War of Independence it was the first care of Congress to cut down the country's expenses. On April the 26th, 1778, by a majority of one State, half-pay had been voted for life to the officers as a means of keeping the army together. In the four years following five different votes were passed, each annulling the former one. In 1782 it was proposed to remit the whole matter to the States. Finally in 1783, after the appearance of the Newburgh addresses, it was decided to commute the half-pay for life into five years' full pay in one gross sum, certificates to be issued therefore at six per cent. This measure was unpopular.
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The half-hitch is a type of knot.
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The half-way covenant was a concession made on the part of the Church by the New England Synod convened at Northampton in 1657, mainly in order to secure a more facile working in relation to the State. The requirements for church membership were relaxed in order that certain civil privileges might be obtained by those who had neither the ability nor willingness to make profession of religious experience. Such persons were admitted on grounds of baptism, but were still denied the lord's Supper. This half-way covenant aroused much controversy, and was later opposed by Jonathan Edwards and his followers.
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Under the provisions of the fisheries treaty of 1871 between Great Britain and the United States, the fishermen of the United States were allowed to take fish along the shores of Canada and Newfoundland. The inhabitants of these States complained, and accordingly a, commission of representatives from each country met at Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1877, to determine the amount of compensation to be paid by the United States for the fishing privileges accorded them. The sum of $5,500,000 was awarded to Great Britain.
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A hallmark is an official mark stamped on British gold, silver, and (from 1913) platinum.
Hallmarking was instituted in 1327 by the royal charter of London Goldsmiths so as to prevent fraud. After 1363, personal marks of identification were added. Today, tests of metal content are carried out at authorised assay offices in London, Birmingham, Sheffield, and Edinburgh; each assay office has its distinguishing mark, to which is added a maker's mark, date letter, and mark guaranteeing standard.
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A hamada is a rocky area of desert which has been swept clean of sand, dust and the like by the wind. The term is most usually applied to areas of the Sahara desert.
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The Hamiltonian System is a method for learning languages developed by James Hamilton in the 19th century. The basic principle is that words are learned on a word-for-word translation basis before tackling grammar.
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The Hamlet Case of 1850 was the first recorded action under the American Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. Hamlet, a free negro (Black man) with a family, was arrested in New York by a Deputy US Marshal as a fugitive slave of Mary Brown, of Baltimore, and after a hasty examination surrendered in accordance with the law. Indignation was aroused and he was finally redeemed.
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A hammock is a swinging bed, apparently of West Indian origin. Suspended sleeping nets, made of grasses or fibre, were in common use among the Caribs at the time of the discovery of America by Columbus, the concept being adopted by Spanish sailors in Columbus' expeditions.
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The Hampden Clubs were clubs formed throughout Britain in 1816 nominally to advocate reform. A Committee drawn from both Houses of Parliament was appointed to inquire into their working, and reported, on February 9, 1817, that their object was revolution.
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The hand was an English unit of measurement applied to horses and silk. One
hand being four inches applied to horses or 840 yards of silk.
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Handfasting is a provisional or temporary marriage signified by joining hands. It was quite common in Scotland and is described by Sir Walter Scott how Bordermen handfasted their mates for a year and a day before either choosing another partner, or asking the priest to marry them.
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Hands is the unit of measurement of labourers or sailors, thus a ship crewed by 100 sailors carries 100 hands. The phrase all hands on deck refers to all the staff.
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A hank is a measure of cotton equal to seven skeins.
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Hara-Kiri is a form of ritualistic suicide in which the participant disembowels them self by cutting across the stomach and then upwards, using a special knife. It was popular among the military class in feudal Japan.
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Hard selling is aggressive advertising or salesmanship. In sales, a typical hard sell technique, as utilised by among other companies Kirby vacuum cleaners, Zenith windows and doors, and Craftmatic adjustable beds, is to exhaust a potential customer into agreeing to buy. A standard soft sale might involve simply asking the potential customer if they should like to purchase a product. In a hard sell, often a potential customer will be presented with an arduous demonstration and talk, perhaps lasting for as much as three hours at the end of which the customer is so exhausted by the experience they can no longer rationalise and will sign almost anything to end their ordeal. During a hard sell presentation, if the potential customer tries to terminate the presentation is usual for the salesman to employ guilt as a weapon, asking the customer if he or she might telephone his boss to explain why he has failed to make the sale, often then passing the telephone to the potential to receive more sales pitch from the 'manager'. Hard sells are employed in the second-hand car industry to sell worthless warranties and expensive credit agreements. Customers are deliberately kept waiting for hours while 'the paperwork is arranged' and then hurriedly asked to sign various agreements, the exhausted customer by then is too tired and fed up to carefully check what they are signing.
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Hard-porcelain is one of two types of porcelain composed of a natural clay containing kaolin and a compound of silica and lime.
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The Harmsworth Encyclopaedia ('Everybody's book of reference') was published c1910 by The Amalgamated Press Limited and Thomas Nelson and Sons, London in forty fortnightly parts which could then be bound into eight volumes. It was contributed to by over 500 contributors including; John Adams, Professor of Education in the University of London, Professor Bastable of Dublin University and Alfred William Pollard, Assistant Librarian at the British Museum.
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Harmsworth's Universal Encyclopedia was an encyclopaedia edited by J A Hammerton, published by The Amalgamated Press Limited in late 1922 or early 1923, in nine volumes of a total of 8104 pages and 23,500 illustrations including colour plates. At least two editions were published, an early edition in a brown leather binding and a later, more common edition, in a red board binding with corrections.
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In July, 1859, John Brown settled near Harper's Ferry, Virginia and began, with the aid of some Kansas associates, the forcible liberation of slaves. On October the 17th he seized, with seventeen whites and five negroes, the United States arsenal at Harper's Ferry, and spent the next eighteen hours in freeing slaves, cutting telegraph wires, preparing defences and making prisoners of fifty white men. On October the 18th, 1500 militia and marines arrived. They surrounded the armoury engine house, burst open the door and captured John Brown, three other whites and half a dozen negroes. Eight of the insurgents were killed. John Brown was taken to Charlestown, Virginia., and there hanged, on December the 2nd, 1859.
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In America in 1827 a high tariff bill, known as the Woollen Bill, was introduced into Congress by Clay and his adherents. It passed the House, but was defeated in the Senate by the casting vote of the Vice-President. Accordingly the protectionist faction, in 1828, called a convention at Harrisburg. The delegates were chiefly from New England and the Middle States. The Harrisburg convention presented the cause of protection to the people, and decided to seek an increased duty, not only on woollens, but on other specified articles of manufacture. This resulted in the passage of the high tariff bill of 1828.
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The Hartford Convention met at Hartford, Connecticut on December the 15th, 1814, and adjourned on January the 5th, 1815. The convention consisted of delegates from Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island and was the outgrowth of the opposition of the New England Federalists to the war with Great Britain which was then in progress and which was especially injurious to the commercial interests of New England. The New England States strongly denounced the policy of the Democratic administration in the conduct of the war, especially in respect to forcible drafts. The convention was held in secret and a report was falsely circulated that it looked toward a dissolution of the Union. The general aim of the convention seems to have been to propose certain reforms in the direction of States' rights. Its proceedings brought upon the New England Federalists great odium.
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Haruspicy was a Roman form of divination involving the inspection of the entrails of sacrifices.
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Harvard College is a famous University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It was founded by the general court at Boston on the 28th October 1636, and chartered in 1650 by the General Court. Harvard derived its name from John Harvard, the clergyman formerly of Emmanuel College, Cambridge who bequeathed to it his library and a sum of money in 1638.
Harvard is the oldest college in the United States. Its first class, consisting of nine, was graduated in 1642. It received State aid, in addition to private benefactions, until 1814, but its official connection with the commonwealth continued until 1865, after which time the control of the university was vested in its alumni. Besides its academic department it has schools of theology, law, medicine, science and dental surgery, founded respectively in 1819, 1817, 1782, 1848 and 1868.
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Hashish is the resinous form of cannabis.
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The Hats and Caps were names given to two political parties in Sweden during 1737 to 1772. The Hats under Tessin came into power in 1738, and remained supreme for twenty-seven years. The Caps succeeded them in 1766, were overthrown in 1769, but recovered power in 1771. Both parties were abolished by Gustavus III.
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Properly a haversack is a bag used for carrying oats. The term haversack was mainly used to describe the small canvas bag in which soldiers carried their rations and personal effects.
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Hawking is the pursuit of birds by the use of a tame bird of prey.
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The Haymarket Massacre was an Anarchist riot in Chicago, USA. The troubles originated in labour troubles which culminated in an open-air meeting in Haymarket Square, Chicago on May the 4th, 1886. Violent speeches were made by the Anarchists Spies, Parsons and Fielden. A bomb was thrown among the police, causing great loss of life. Spies, Parsons, Fischer, Engel, Schwab, Lingg and Neebe were arrested and tried. The first four were hanged on November 11, 1887. Fielden and Schwab were imprisoned for life. Lingg committed suicide. Governor Altgeld, of Illinois, pardoned Fielden and Schwab in 1893.
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Head is the unit of measurement of cattle. Thus a herd of 100 cattle is referred to as 100 head.
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In a water wheel, a headrace is a channel above the wheel.
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The Health and Safety Commission is a commission appointed by the Secretary of State for Employment to look after the health, safety, and welfare of people at work; to protect the public from risks arising from work activities; and to control the use and storage of explosives and other dangerous substances. It is composed of representatives from trade unions, employers, and local authorities with a full-time chairman. The Health and Safety Executive is a statutory body that advises the Commission and carries out its policies through 20 area offices. It includes HM Factory Inspectorate and a Medical Division, which itself includes the Employment Medical Advisory Service.
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Hecatomb was an ancient sacrifice of a hundred oxen, particularly observed by the Lacedaemonians when they possessed a hundred cities. The sacrifice was subsequently reduced to twenty-three oxen and goats and lambs were substituted.
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The hectare is the metric unit of area equal to 10,000 square meters (2.47 acres), symbol ha.
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Hedonism is the ethical theory according to which pleasure is held to be the chief good.
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The Hegelian dialectic is an interpretive method developed by the German philosopher Georg Hegel, in which the contradiction between a proposition (thesis) and its antithesis is resolved at a higher level of truth (synthesis).
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The Heidelberg Catechism was a religious catechism first published at Heidelberg in 1563, drawn out by Zechariah Ursinus for the use of the Reformed Church, and published in the Palatinate. It was received beyond this limit, was approved by the Synod of Dort, and was the model on which the Westminster Assembly framed the Shorter Catechism.
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An heir-apparent is someone who 'are such whose right of inheritance is indeafsible provided they outlive the ancestor; as the eldest son, who must be heir to the father when ever he happens to die'. Blackstone. That is, someone whose right of inheritance cannot be superseded by the birth of another, unlike an heir-presumptive whose right of inheritance can be superseded by the birth of another.
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A helix is a circular spiral with all the turns the same diameter.
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Hening's Statutes was the first complete collection ever published of the laws of any colony and State, with inclusion of those obsolete and repealed. Hening's 'Statutes at Large of Virginia' was published, beginning in 1809, by W W Hening, largely at the instance of President Jefferson. It's thirteen volumes are of great value as a source of history.
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Hepatoscopy is divination by reading the marks on the liver of a slaughtered animal.
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Hepburn vs Griswold was one of the 'legal-tender cases' in the US Supreme Court, decided 1864. In 1860 Mrs. Hepburn promised to pay Griswold on February 20th, 1862, $11,250, legal tender at that time (1860) being gold and silver only. In 1862, during the American Civil War, the United States issued $150,000,000 of its own notes to be received as lawful money in payment of public and private debts within the United States. Mrs. Hepburn's note being overdue, suit was brought by Griswold in the Court of Chancery of Kentucky in 1864. Mrs. Hepburn tendered United States notes in payment, which were refused, though the court declared the debt absolved. The Court of Appeals reversed this judgment, and, it being brought to the US Supreme Court, that body confirmed the judgment of the Court of Appeals of Kentucky, on the ground that the Act of 1862 was not intended to impair contracts made prior to its passage. This decision was reversed in Knox vs Lee and Julliard vs Greenman.
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The Heptarchia Mystica was a book written by the Elizabethan astrologer and mystic John Dee in 1582. He described the work as documenting the divine laws of creation itself. The book notes supposed appearances of various angels and holy spirits to John Dee, and the information they passed on to him regarding the laws of creation and the universe, including the names and seals of numerous angels and divine spirits, the days of the week they governed and the human actions controlled by them.
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The Herald Of Freedom was the first newspaper of Kansas, USA. The Herald Of Freedom was first issued on October 21st 1854 at Wakarusa, Kansas, but was printed in Pennsylvania. In 1855 the Herald Of Freedom was established at Lawrence but was suspended for a while following destruction of the newspaper's office by a fire and in 1859 was finally suspended.
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Heritable-jurisdiction was old criminal jurisdiction possessed by certain powerful families in Scotland. It was abolished in 1748.
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Hessian is a coarse cloth made of hemp and jute.
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The Hickey Plot was a conspiracy in 1776 to assassinate General George Washington at New York. Thomas Hickey, one of the general's life guards, was the ringleader. He was hanged in June, 1776, David Matthews, mayor of New York, was implicated, and Governor Tryon was suspected. Matthews was imprisoned.
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Hickory Dickory Dock is a Romany children's nursery rhyme. 'Hickory' deriving from the Romany 'Ik Ore', meaning one o'clock.
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A hickory-broom is a type of broom, once popular in America, comprised of a thick hickory-wood handle which is shaved down, the long thin shavings still attached at one end of the stick being bent over and bound into a besom head.
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Hieroglyphics are signs comprising the picture writing of the ancient Egyptians.
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Hieroscopia is divination from the entrails of a sacrificial victim. It was at one time popular in ancient Greece for mantike.
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Hinterland is a country lying immediately behind a coast, river or frontier.
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Hobbism is the name given to the philosophy and teachings of Thomas Hobbes.
Hobbism was the precursor of later Sensationalism, in his book Leviathan, Hobbes wrote 'There is no conception in a man's mind, which hath not at first totally or by parts been begotten upon the organs of sense.'
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Hocktide is an old term for the Monday and Tuesday in the week following the second Sunday after Easter. It is a common legal term in mediaeval documents and local festivities were held at hocktide up to the start of the 20th century.
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A hog's back is a particular form of ridge, where both slopes are uniform.
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A hog-ring is a nose ring for a pig. A hog-ring is fitted to a pig's nose to stop it from grubbing.
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Hogget is a diminutive of hog, and is a term used to describe a two-year-old sheep, a two-year-old bear or a two-year-old colt.
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The hogshead was a British measure of tobacco ranging from 12 to 18 cwt and of liquid, applied to beer being equal to six firkins and to wine 63 gallons (fixed in 1423). A hogshead of brandy varied between 45 and 60 gallons during the 19th century.
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Holland was a closely woven white, or natural-coloured linen cloth with a glazed surface formerly used for linings, window-blinds and furniture covers. It was imported to Britain from Holland, and named after its country of origin.
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The Holland patent was the first land-grant in the present county of Orange, New York, USA. It was made to six Dutch patentees by Governor Dongan, of New York, in 1686. The land was to be held in free and common socage of King James II.
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The case of Holmes vs Walton was the first instance of an American court's assuming the authority to pronounce upon the constitutionality of an act of the Legislature. The Legislature of New Jersey had, in 1779, passed an act making lawful a trial before a jury of six men. In the case of Holmes vs Walton the constitutionality of this act was questioned, and upon its being decided unconstitutional by the Court of Appeals, the act was repealed and a constitutional jury of twelve men substituted.
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The Holmfirth Flood occurred on the 5th of February 1852 when the Bilberry reservoir above Holmfirth near Huddersfield in Yorkshire, England, burst its banks. The flood destroyed four mills and many other buildings and claimed the lives of 90 people.
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Holy Orders are the state of those who have entrusted to them, the power of exercising certain functions in the Christian Church. Thus the Anglican Church recognizes three orders: bishops, priests, and deacons. The Roman Catholic Church calls these (with the sub-deaconate) the
major orders. The minor orders being: acolytes, exorcists, readers, and doorkeepers, but these are
now only preliminaries to the priesthood. The Eastern Churches have the same major orders, but
only readers besides. The Armenian hierarchy is the same as the Roman.
There has been much controversy between Roman and Anglican theologians as to the validity of Anglican orders. In the bull Apostolicce Curae of 1896 the pope declared them to be invalid. In the Greek Church, however, Anglican orders were recognized.
The early history of orders in the Christian Church is much disputed. Some deny the Catholic claim that the threefold ministry existed from the beginning. Presbyterians defend their Church government on historic grounds. It is probable that at first (e.g., in the New Testament) bishops and presbyters were not differentiated. In the early 2nd century the monarchical episcopate was evolved.
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The holy virtues are the first three seven virtues of the Christian faith; faith, hope and charity.
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The holy-alliance was an alliance formed at Paris on September 26th 1815, between the Emperors of Russia and Austria and the King of Prussia. On December 25th 1816 the Emperor of Russia, who was believed to be the real author of the alliance, made its character known publicly. These sovereigns undertook in future to act on the principal of the Gospel, and to support each other's authority. Other sovereigns were invited to join the alliance. The king of England declined the invitation declaring that the constitution of England did not allow him to sign such documents. Ultimately it became apparent that the object of the alliance was to support absolutism against popular aspirations for constitutional government, and when in 1821, the allied sovereigns invited the cooperation of other countries in putting down the revolution at Naples, Lord Castlereagh sent an unfavourable reply. The alliance subsequently interfered in the 19th century Spanish Revolution and then disappeared.
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Home and Away is an Australian television soap-opera, first aired in 1988, chronicles the lives, and loves of the residents of fictional 'Summer Bay', a small coastal town set in New South Wales. Home and Away was very obviously inspired by the earlier Australian soap-opera 'Neighbours' and has very similar characters, story lines and similarly appeals particularly to teenagers.
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The Homestead Law was an American law securing to any citizen the right to enter upon 160 acres of unappropriated lands at $1.25 an acre, and after five years' actual residence to own it. The law was passed on May the 20th, 1862 and proved of immense value in stimulating the settlement of the West.
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The Homestead Riots was a bloody industrial dispute in American in 1892. On the final refusal of the workingmen's association to accept certain changes in the wage scale, the proprietors of the Carnegie Steel Mills, at Homestead, Pennsylvania, closed the works on July the 1st, 1892. The employees declared a strike about the same time. A mob prevented the sheriff from placing pickets in the mills. On July the 6th a body of 300 Pinkerton detectives arrived. A bloody fight between these men and the strikers immediately took place, resulting in considerable loss on both sides. The Pinkertons surrendered. The Pennsylvania militia was then ordered out and remained at Homestead until September to protect the mills. Many of the strikers were arrested and indictments were found against them.
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Homicide is the term for the murder of a person.
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Honeymoon is traditionally the thirty days following marriage. The term originates from the Teutonic tradition of drinking honey-wine (hydromel) for thirty days after marriage. In modern times the term refers to a short holiday taken by the couple following their marriage.
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The hookah (narghileh) is an Oriental pipe, having the bowl attached to a vase containing water, through which the smoke passes with the purpose of cooling it, before entering a long flexible tube conveying it to the mouthpiece.
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The term hooliganism derives from Hooley Gang, and has been used since 1900 to describe street ruffians and rowdiness. It was originally applied chiefly to the East-end of London, and conferences were held between 1900 and 1902 in London to try to combat the problem by encouraging clubs and brigades for the boys.
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Hopkinsianism was the doctrine advocated by Samuel Hopkins, minister at Newport, USA from 1770, as an addition to Calvinism, that holiness consisted in pure, disinterested benevolence, and that all self-seeking was necessarily sinful. It exerted a liberalizing influence on the theology of the day.
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The Horeb Jewish Society is a group of non-denominated Jewish missionaries, active around the world, who accept people from around the world from different religions and convert them to Judaism.
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A hornbook was a piece of wood, with a handle, onto which was pasted or placed a piece of paper containing the alphabet, nine digits and the Lord's Prayer. The paper was covered with a thin film of transparent horn (whence the name). This device was formerly used by children to learn to read, and were used in education in England from early times to the 18th century.
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In carpentry, a horse is a wooden frame used as a work bench. There are various types of carpenter's horses including the saw-horse, a frame used for supporting timber while it is sawn and the shave-horse which is a frame with a clamp or vice used for holding timber while it is shaved with a plane or draw-knife.
In military terminology, a horse was a wooden frame with a sharp ridge formerly used in armies as a punishment for delinquent soldiers who were forced to sit upon it. Similar items are used today in SM sex games.
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Horse hair is hair obtained from the mane or tail of a horse and used in the manufacture of brushes. Horse hair is inferior to bristle, and used to make cheap brushes.
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Horse latitudes are regions of calms and variable winds between latitudes 25 and 40 degrees North and South so- called because becalmed sailors whose food was running out used to throw their horses overboard.
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Hospiticide is the murdering of one's guest.
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A hostess bar is a bar typified by employing attractive women, usually but not necessarily prostitutes, whose job is to entertain customers. Customers entering such a bar are required to purchase drinks, and if they require the companionship of a hostess, they are required to purchase her drinks also - usually a very expensive cocktail or glass of champagne. To retain the companionship of the hostess the client is required to buy more drinks for her. These drinks hostesses can consume at an alarming rate. Hostess bars are found in major Western cities, such as London and Paris. During the 1990s a variation on the hostess bar evolved, that of the table or lap dancing bar. At these venues clients can pay a female performer to perform a naked or more usually semi-naked striptease, at their table or on their lap. Often table or lap dancers will also double as hostesses, mingling with the customers and encouraging the purchase of drinks from the bar. Often hostesses and also dancers, are not employed by the bar, but pay the bar owner a rent in order to
work on the premises, receiving back a percentage of monies earned and earning tips from customers.
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The House of Burgesses was the lower branch of the Colonial Legislature of Virginia. The first House of Burgesses was summoned in 1619. The House met at Jamestown during the seventeenth century and at Williamsburg during the eighteenth century. The House of Burgesses consisted of two burgesses from each county, and one from each of the three towns and William and Mary College. The forms of procedure of the House of Burgesses was those of the House of Commons. The last session of the House of Burgesses occurred in 1774.
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The House of Tudor was an English dynasty descended on the male side from Owen Tudor, a Welsh knight who married Catherine, widow of Henry V, and was the grandfather of Henry VII; and on the female side from Edward III through the Beauforts and John of Gaunt. The Tudor monarchs were Henry VII, Henry VII, Edward VI, Mary, and Elizabeth I.
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A howdah is a canopy, or seat fixed on the back of an elephant.
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Huckaback is a former type of linen cloth having raised figures on it somewhat resembling damask. It was used in England during the 19th century for table-cloths and towelling.
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The Hudson Bay Company was chartered by Charles II on May the 16th, 1670, for the discovery of a new passage to the South Sea, and for the finding of some trade for furs, minerals and other considerable commodities. Adopting the suggestion of Sir Alexander Mackenzie, it combined with the Northwest Company in 1821, and obtained a more extensive charter. It was ever the most formidable rival of the United States as a claimant of the northwest regions. Despite the treaty of 1783, which granted that territory to the United States, the company persisted in making settlements, and, being on the disputed ground, it had the advantage of the US Government. Every possible means was employed, and for a long time successfully, to prevent immigration from the United States. The Selkirk settlement in Oregon was made in 1811-12, and later it was decided to seize and hold Oregon by force, turning over the Indians to the Jesuits and furnishing troops to protect the priests and repel intruders. The boundary settlement of 1846 finally excluded the company.
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Humbug is old English for a cheat, a confidence trick, a hoax, a deception. Hence in Dickens' 'A Christmas Carol' Scrooge refers to Christmas as 'humbug' he means Christmas is a confidence trick.
Humbug is old English for false pretence.
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Humbugger is old English for a cheat, a confidence trickster, a hoaxer.
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Humhum was a plain, coarse, cotton fabric made in India during the 19th century.
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A Hundred was a former division of an English, and later Irish, county having its own court. In America, during the 18th century, the Hundred was a territorial and political division of a county, borrowed from England, and instituted in some of the colonies, notably in Maryland and Virginia. It was also to be found in Maine and Delaware, and was based upon the old Hundred system of the English counties. In Virginia the Hundred was in some instances synonymous with the parish or the plantation, and again it was subdivided into parishes. The chief officer of the Hundred was usually the constable.
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The hundredweight (cwt) is a unit of measurement of the avoirdupois scale equivalent to 4 quarters, 112 pounds or 50.8 kilograms. Twenty hundredweights make one ton.
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Hunting is the pursuit of four-footed beasts of game. Hunting differs from shooting birds or netting birds which is termed 'fowling', while the pursuit of birds by the use of birds of prey is known as 'hawking'.
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Hurds is the name given to the coarse or refuse parts of flax.
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Hydromancy is divination by water.
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The case of Hylton vs United States was a legal action in the US. In 1795 Hylton, of Virginia, was presented by the District Attorney before the Circuit Court for refusing to pay duty upon certain carriages, which, he averred, were kept for his own private use. The decree was against the defendant, and the case was transferred to the Supreme Court of the United States. The argument turned entirely upon the question of the tax being direct or indirect. The court decided it to be
indirect since it must be incapable of apportionment and could not be uniform. Accordingly judgment was affirmed for the defendant.
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A hyperbola is a plane curve, one of the conic sections, formed by a plane that cuts both nappes of a right circular cone but does not pass through the vertex of the cone. A hyperbola has two U- shaped non-intersecting branches, identical in form, with the open parts facing in opposite directions; the arms of each branch separate as they recede. A hyperbola is also defined as the locus of all points, such that the difference between the distances from any point on the hyperbola to two fixed points, called the foci, is equal to a constant. Each branch contains one focus in its interior area; the line joining the foci intersects each branch in a point called a vertex. This line, or the segment between the vertices, is called the transverse axis. The line perpendicular to the transverse axis and passing through the point midway between the vertices, midway between the foci, is the conjugate axis. The two axes meet at the centre of the hyperbola, which is symmetric with respect to each axis and the centre.
A hyperbola has two asymptotes passing through the centre; an asymptote of a curve is a straight line with the property that the distance between it and the curve approaches zero as the curve recedes to infinity. A rectangular or equilateral hyperbola has asymptotes that are perpendicular to each other. The hyperbola has useful and important properties. In particular, the angle formed at a point on the hyperbola by the lines joining the point to the foci is bisected by the tangent to the hyperbola at that point. In astronomy, some orbits are hyperbolic in shape. The modern navigational device the loran also uses
hyperbolas.
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Hypnosis was developed in 1843 by Braid, a surgeon of Manchester, from the study of mesmerism.
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Hypoxyphilia is sexual arousal from the limiting or withholding of oxygen.
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