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The Small Angle Shades (Euplexia lucipara) is a moth of the family Noctuidae with a wing span of between 27 and 32 mm found in Europe, Asia and North America. It lives mostly in damp biotopes with an abundance of vegetation. One or two generations are produced flying from May to August.
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The Small Apollo (Parnassius phoebus) is a mountain butterfly of the Swallowtails family (Papilionidae) found at high altitudes in the Alps, Urals, Rocky Mountains, China and Siberia.
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The Small Argent and Sable (Epirrhoe tristata) is a moth of the family Geometridae with a wing span of between 20 and 23 mm found in temperate Europe and Asia flying in two generations from April to September.
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The Small Blue (Cupido minimus) is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae found across Europe and temperate Asia as far east as the Amur. It lives in both dry steppe and damp mountain localities up to an altitude of 3000 metres.
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The Small Brindled Beauty (Apocheima hispidaria) is a moth of the family Geometridae with a wing span of between 28 and 35 mm found in temperate parts of Europe, Asia and the Far East, flying from March to May.
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The Small China-mark (Cataclysta lemnata) is a moth of the family Pyralidae with a wing span of between 15 and 22 mm found in Europe. The male moth is much smaller than the female and almost white in colour, while the larger female is brownish in colour. The adult moths fly throughout summer near stagnant water.
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The Small Chocolate-tip (Clostera pigra) is a moth of the family Notodontidae with a wing span of between 22 and 27 mm found in non-polar Europe, mainly in mountains to an altitude of 2500 metres. Two generations are produced flying from May to August.
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The Small Clover Case-bearer (Coleophora frischella) is a moth of the family Coleophoridae with a wing span of between 10 and 13 mm found in Europe, Asia Minor and Afghanistan flying from June to September.
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The Small Copper (Lycaena phlaeas) is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae found throughout the Palaearctic region and North America, mainly in dry, flowery places, open spaces and forest steppes.
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The Small Dark Yellow Underwing (Anarta cordigera) is a small moth of the family Noctuidae with a wing span of between 20 and 25 mm found in Europe, Asia and North America, flying from May to July on sunny days.
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The Small Dotted Buff (Photedes minima) is a moth of the family Noctuidae with a wing span of between 20 and 23 mm found in northern and central Europe in damp meadows and peat bogs flying from June to August.
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The small Eggar (Eriogaster lanestris) is a moth of the family Lasiocampidae with a wing span of between 30 and 40 mm found in Europe and Asia flying in early spring.
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The Small Elephant Hawkmoth (Deilephila porcellus) is a moth of the family Sphingidae with a wing span of between 40 and 45 mm found in Europe and Asia flying from May to June and sometimes a second generation in August.
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The Small Emerald (Hemistola chrysoprasaria) is a moth of the family Geometridae with a wing span of between 28 and 32 mm found in central and southern Europe, and across Asia flying from June to August.
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The Small Fan-footed Wave (Idaea biselata) is a moth of the family Geometridae with a wing span of between 15 and 20 mm found mainly in warmer parts of Europe and in Asia Minor flying from June to September.
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The Small Heath Butterfly (Coenonympha pamphilus) is a butterfly of the family Satyridae found in north Africa, Europe and Asia.
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The Small Lappet (Phyllodesma ilicifolia) is a rare moth of the family Lasiocampidae with a wing span of between 35 and 40 mm found in central and northern Europe and colder parts of Asia flying from April to May.
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The Small Magpie (Eurrhypara hortulata) is a moth of the family Pyralidae with a wing span of between 24 and 28 mm found in scattered localities across the Palaearctic region, generally in damp biotopes, forests and overgrown places, flying from June to August.
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The small nettle (Urtica urens) is similar to the common nettle, but smaller and the lower leaves have blades shorter than their stalks, and male and female flowers are borne on the same plant.
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The Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary (Clossiana selene) is a widely distributed butterfly of the brush-footed butterflies family (Nymphalidae) found throughout temperate Europe, Asia and North America.
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The Small Phoenix (Ecliptopera silaceata) is a moth of the family Geometridae with a wing span of between 23 and 27 mm found in open woods, especially those near water, in Europe, Asia and North America flying from April to August.
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The Small Quaker (Orthosia cruda) is a moth of the family Noctuidae with a wing span of between 25 and 30 mm found in Europe flying from March to April.
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The Small Rivulet (Perizoma alchemillata) is a moth of the family Geometridae with a wing span of between 14 and 18 mm distributed throughout temperate Europe and Asia flying from May until September.
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The Small Square-Spot (Diarsia rubi) is a moth of the family Noctuidae found in meadows and open woodland in non-polar Europe and Asia. Two generations are produced flying from May to June and the second from August to September.
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The Small Tortoiseshell (Aglais urticae) is the most abundant European butterfly of the brush-footed butterflies (Nymphalidae) family, also found across Asia often found flying when there is still snow on the ground. The adult butterfly has a wing span of 47 mm and the caterpillars are spiky and live gregariously feeding upon nettles.
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The Small White Wave (Asthena albulata) is a moth of the family Geometridae with a wing span of between 14 and 18 mm found in Europe and northern Asia flying from May to July.
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The Small Yellow Wave (Hydrelia flammeolaria) is a moth of the family Geometridae with a wing span of between 14 and 20 mm found in Europe and Asia flying from May to August.
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The Small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata) is a tall deciduous tree of the family Tiliaceae native to Britain and Europe, with a domed crown and downward- curving branches. The bark is smooth and grey, turning rough and fissured with age. The leaves are stalked, alternate and cordate, slightly asymmetrical, sharply serrate and dark green and shiny above, greyish green below. The flowers are yellowish-white in colour and arranged in clusters of between three and fifteen in a stalked erect or spreading cyme. The fruit is an ovoid, hairy achene, the bracht acting as a wing.
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The smelt is a genus of small European fish allied to the Salmon which live in the salt water around the mouths of rivers. The common smelt (Osmerus eperlanus) is around ten to twenty centimeters long and silvery-white in colour with a greenish back. During May to August the smelt comes up river to spawn in fresh water before then returning to the sea.
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The smew (Mergus albellus) also known as the Smee or Nun is a small sawbill duck found in winter along the British coast, where it visits from the Arctic. It is about 38 to 45 centimeters long. The male has a white underside and black-coloured back plumage. The wings are black and white. The female is red-brown with grey tints in colour.
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Smicrus is a genus of featherwing beetles, Ptiliidae, found chiefly in decaying plant material.
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Smilaceae are a tribe of plants of the family Liliaceae. They are mostly climbing plants with woody stems and small unisexual flowers.
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Smilax is a genus of shrubs of the family Liliaceae with umbels of small, dioecious flowers. The roots of several species furnish sarsaparilla.
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Smilodon (Machaerodus neogaeus) also known as the Sabre-Toothed tiger was a prehistoric large cat, about the size of a modern tiger with tusks projecting some eighteen centimeters from its jaw.
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Smith's Milk Snake (Lampropeltis triangulum smithi) is a species of Milk snake named after Dr Hobart M Smith found in a small area of southern Mexico.
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A smolt is a young, silvery salmon over two years old, but still living in a river and leaving for the sea in the Spring.
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Smooth rupturewort (Herniaria glabra) is an annual or biennial, rarely a perennial, herb of the order Caryophyllaceae with a mat-forming, branched, densely leaved, more or less glabrous prostrate stem. The leaves are small, oval, sessile and yellow-green. The flowers are small, white and borne in racemes from the leaf axils. The fruit is a nutlet with one shiny black seed.
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Smuck is the collective noun for a group of jellyfish..
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Smut (Ustilago) is a genus of zygomycetous fungi parasitic upon herbs and grasses. Several species of the genus are pests upon cultivated cereals, producing the conditions known as 'smut', 'black-ball' and 'chimney-sweeper'. The mycelial threads run between the cells of the deeper tissues and break through to the surface, where they produce their masses of microscopic brown spores which appear in the mass like soot. The flowers when attacked produce no grain; where the assault is made upon the seeds these are largely converted into spore-masses.
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The snail is an air breathing gastropod mollusc with an external shell. Snails are of world-wide distribution, found everywhere except the polar regions. There are many thousands of species, with more than 120 British species, some terrestrial and some aquatic living in fresh water. There are also marine snails, of which the Periwinkle is a familiar specimen. Snails vary in size from tiny, smaller than the head of a pin, to tropical species with shells more than twenty centimetres long.
Snails love damp spots and are most active after rain. In continued dry weather they retire underground or to sheltered spots, close the orifice of the shell with a film or epiphragm of dried mucus, and aestivate (remain dormant) until the damp weather returns. During the winter most snails hibernate.
The great majority of snails are vegetarian, though several British species are more or less carnivorous. Some snails possess a remarkable homing instinct, the common snail (Helix aspersa) returning to the same spot to sleep for the entire course of its life unless displaced by an accident.
Almost all snails are nocturnal, only roaming during daylight in the rain. Snails travel slowly, by way of wave-like ripples in their muscular foot. The lifespan of snails varies greatly with species, most British species living between two and five years. Snails are mostly hermaphrodites, and lay eggs. The edible snail lays eggs about the size of a pea with a white chalky shell. Some large species lay eggs as large as a bird's egg.
All terrestrial snails are edible, and were widely eaten in Britain before the Industrial revolution.
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A snake is an elongated, limbless reptile of the suborder Serpentes of the order Squamata. Because of their 160 to 435 vertebrae, snakes are extremely flexible in their movements.
Snakes crawl along with their belly scales by pushing bends in their body against the surface over which they are moving. The tail is usually quite short, while the head is either indistinctly or clearly delineated from the body. Most snakes kill their prey either by suffocation (the constrictors) or by injecting venom (Venomous snakes), and then waiting for the prey to die, following it by scent. Smooth prey such as new-born mice, fish, amphibians and earthworms are swallowed alive. Snakes can dislocate their bottom jaw from the top, which combined with a bulging windpipe and 'floating ribs' enables them to swallow large prey.
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Snake's-head or Common Fritillary (Fritillaria meleagris) is a bulbous perennial herb of the natural order Liliaceae, native to Europe and Western Asia. The small bulb consists of only a few swollen scales, and the long leaves are very narrow. The large, drooping flowers are produced singly at the top of the leafy stem, and are similar to those of the tulip in shape. They are of a dull purple colour spotted with oval patches of a paler tint, or occassionally entirely white.
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Snake-flies (also called camel-flies, Raphidiadae) are a family of neuropterous insects so named on account of their neck-like elongation of the head and thorax.
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Snake-wood is the wood of the Strychnos colubrina, of the family Loganiaceae. It is a tree found in India and Java.
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Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) is a perennial herb of the natural order Scrophulariaceae, native to Europe. The variable leaves are more or less lance-shaped. The tubular flowers, which resemble a dragon's snout, are closed by the compression of the rounded upper lip, and are of various colours, purple, white, yellow and crimson.
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Sneeze-wood is the popular name of the South African tree Pteroxylon utile. It is of the family Sapindaceae and yields a strong durable timber which is dusty to work with, and causes sneezing.
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Sneezewort or sneeze-wort (Achillea ptarmica) is a British perennial composite herb of the milfoil genus. It has a woody, creeping rhizome and erect, angled, leafy stems, which are hairy at the top but not at the base. It flowers between July and August. Sneezewort is also native to Europe, Asia Minor and Siberia. The name derives from the former practise of drying and pulverising the rootstock into a powder which was once used as an alternative to snuff.
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The snipe isa genus of birds of the plover tribe. The common snipe (Gallinago gallinago) is a European marsh bird found in Britain. It is dumpy with a rounded body, mottled black and brown plumage on the upper parts, white bars on the flanks and white under parts, short legs and a very long, straight bill with which it probes downwards into soft mud for food, the food comprising worms and insects.
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Snout Beetles or True Weevils are the Curculionidae family of insects of the order Coleoptera, with over 416 British species. The head is produced into a rostrum of variable length. The larvae of the species live in plants, have a short cylindrical body and propel themselves by means of thick ridges on the under side of their body.
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The Snout Moth (Hypena proboscidalis) is a moth of the family Noctuidae with a wing span of between 25 and 38 mm found in forests. Two generations appear flying from May to September, the winter being passed as a caterpillar.
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The Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia) is an endangered species of Leopard found in the higher, colder, snow-covered mountains of parts of Mongolia, Russia, China, Bhutan, northern India, Pakistan, Nepal and Afghanistan. The Snow Leopard is has long thick fur, yellowish grey in colour, marked with dark blotches or rosettes and a long tail that affords some protection against the cold, being wrapped over the face when the animal sleeps. A generally solitary animal, Snow Leopards may be seen hunting in pairs and feed on mountain goats, ibex, gazelle, boar and smaller mammals and birds which they hunt at night and in the early morning. Because of the scarcity of prey, when they have a big kill Snow leopards will gorge themselves so as to survive until the next successful hunt.
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The Snow-Bunting (Emberiza, Plectrophanes or Plectrophenax nivalis) also known as the snow- fleck is a gregarious, Passerine bird belonging to the bunting family. It is a native of arctic regions and a winter visitor to Britain and other temperate regions. It is a white bird with black on its back, tail and wings. The nest is built of grass, moss, roots, hair and feathers in a cranny in rocks or boulders.
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The snow-goose is a species of goose which lives in arctic regions.
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Snowberry (Symphoricarpus racemosus) is a North American shrub of the natural order Caprifoliaceae. It has slender, upright, branching stems with opposite, oval leaves, and spikes of small, pink coloured, bell-shaped flowers, succeeded by large, opaque, white coloured berries, each containing two seeds.
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The snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) is a bulbous perennial herb of the natural order Amaryllidaceae. It is native to Europe and Western Asia. The small oval-shaped bulb produces a solitary, drooping and elegant white flower on a long stalk that appear in February.
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Snowdrop tree is a popular name for two ornamental American trees (Halesia tetraptera and Halesia diptera) belonging to the Styrax family (Styracaceae). They have alternate, oval lance-shaped leaves and are so named from bearing snowy-white bell-shaped flowers in sprays that look like snowdrops.
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The Snowy Egret (Egretta thula) is a small, all-white American heron of the order Grallae, family Ardeidae, with a black bill, black legs which have a yellow stripe down their back and yellow feet. When aroused it may raise long feathers on its crown. It hunts small fish and crustaceans in marshes, estuaries, along rivers and in lakes.
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The Snowy Owl is a diurnal bird of the owl family Strigidae, found in the arctic tundra areas of northern Europe and North America. The Snow Owl is about 65 cm tall and white in colour, with black-brown markings, sometimes pure white in colour. The Snow Owl feeds mainly on lemmings and also other samll rodents, wandering the tundra seeking food supplies rather than staying each year in one place. The nest is a small hollow on the ground, the female staying on the nest while the male fetches food for his mate and offspring.
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Soapberry (Sapindus saponaria) is a tropical American tree of the natural order Sapindaceae. The soapberry has alternate leaves and small greenish-white flowers. The fruit is fleshy and contains hard, black, round seeds that have been used as beads and buttons. The outer covering of the seeds when soaked in water produce a lather, and have been used as a natural soap. The root may also be used as a soap but is less effective.
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Soapwort (Saponaria) is a genus of plants of the family Caryophyllaceae. Fuller's Herb (Saponaria officinalis) is a perennial herb native to central and southern Europe where it grows in damp waste land, hedges and by streams. It has a branched, orange coloured, creeping rhizome and a tuft of erect or ascending downy stems, which are branched at the top. The leaves are opposite, ovate to elliptic, three-veined and sessile. The flowers are pinkish, tubular and arranged in terminal panicles. The fruit is an ovoid capsule, which opens by means of four or five teeth to release the small black seeds. Soapwort is so named because the bruised leaves produce a lather like soap when agitated in water.
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The Soko is a herbivorous mammal closely allied to the chimpanzees. It was discovered living near Lake Tanganyika by David Livingstone.
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The Sokoke scops owl (Otus ieneae) is a small African owl thought to be entirely confined to the threatened Arabuko Sokoke Forest in Kenya. Only discovered in 1965, the owl is typical of many of the continent's little- known species, confined to a few limited and specialized habitats and thus extremely vulnerable to change.
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The Sokolsky or Sokolka is a Polish breed of heavy horse developed around the 19th century. They stand between 15 and 16 hands high and are chestnut, bay or brown in colour. They are a tough breed of horse with great stamina and a forward-going gait.
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Solanaceae is a family of monopetalous exogenous plants, composed of herbs or shrubs, natives of most parts of the world, and especially within the tropics. They have alternate leaves, terminal or axillary inflorescence, and regular, or nearly regular, monopetalous flowers. They are generally narcotic, tonic and poisonous, although some parts of the plants are cultivated for food (such as the potato, aubergine, chililies and tomato) and others for smoking, such as tobacco.
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Solaster is an asteroidea.
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Soldanella is a genus of plants of the family Primulaceae. the species are small herbs native to alpine districts.
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Dover Sole (Solea vulgaris) is a marine flat fish. Sole is an important food fish. It grows to about thirty centimetres in length and is dark brown in colour on the right or upper side, and greyish-white beneath. Sole is found on the sandy shores from the Mediterranean to northern Denmark.
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Solenodontidae is a family of mammals belonging to the order Insectivora.
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Solidungula is a division of the Ungulata mammals which includes the horse and donkey.
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The solitaire (Pezophaps solitaria) is an extinct flightless pigeon, nearly allied to the dodo, which lived in the island of Rodriguez in the Indian Ocean until about 1761. It had longer legs than the dodo, the male standing almost one metre high.
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Solomon's Seal is a British liliaceous plant (Polygonatum multiflorum) occasionally found in woodlands. It is a tall-growing plant with a thick, branched, creeping rootstock, round stem and elliptical leaves all pointing one way. It bears green-tipped white, tubular, bell-shaped flowers, shaped somewhat after the manner of round seals, whence the name is derived.
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The Somali is a breed of long-haired cat renowned for its playful attentiveness and for its keen abilities as a mouser and hunter of small game. It has a lush and slightly shaggy coat, each individual hair carrying ten or more colour tickings, giving the coat a very rich colour density. The ears are large, pointed, and set wide apart, the tail is full and brushy and held over the back when the cat is moving. The eyes are hazel, amber, or green and almond-shaped. It has a lively and shrewd demeanour and is suited to a life indoors, although it needs space to run and play.
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The Somali Wild Ass (Equus asinus somalicus) is the only surviving subspecies of the African Wild Ass. The Somali Wild Ass stands about 130 centimetres tall, has a large head in proportion to its body, and is a uniform light grey in colour. The Somali Wild Ass resembles the domestic donkey (Equus asinus), but is not actually a donkey. Rather, domestic donkeys are descended from the now extinct Nubian Wild Ass which was very similar to the Somali Wild Ass. The
Somali Wild Ass is now on the verge of extinction and is one of the rarest animals left in the world, with just a few hundred remaining in Ethiopia and Somalia.
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Sonchus (Sow-Thistle) is a genus of tender herbs with milky juice of the natural order Compositae, characterized by all the florets being bisexual and strap-shaped. The flowers have an imbricated involucre, and the fruit is flattened. The species are natives of the temperate regions and have brittle, hollow stems and the pappus is hairy. There are four British species. The corn sow-thistle (Sonchus arvensis) is a fine perennial with stout creeping rootstock, stems about 150 cm tall, ending in yellow flower-heads about five centimetres across. The common sow-thistle (Sonchus oleraceus) is an annual and smaller.
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The Song Thrush or Mavis (Turdus musicus) is a British bird with brown upper parts, tinged with olive, a throat which is white in the middle, white flanks and abdomen which are spotted with oval dark brown markings. The Song Thrush feeds on worms, insects and snails which it picks up and breaks their shell by dashing the snail against a stone, using the same stone repeatedly returning to it as it finds snails to eat. In the spring caterpillars are also eaten and in summer berries also. The nest is built of grass and twigs, lined with mud and rotten wood.
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The Sonoran coral snake (Micruroides euryxanthus) is a small, red, white or yellow and black banded venomous snake growing to about 6 centimetres long. Two subspecies of Sonoran coral snake are found in Mexico and a third in Arizona, USA.
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The Sonoran Mountain Kingsnake (Lampropeltis pyromelana) is a species of King snake that grows to a length of about 104 centimetres. It has the common red colour with white bands sandwiched between thin black bands and a snout of a white colour with black and white flecking, or pale yellow. The Sonoran Mountain Kingsnake occurs in Utah, Nevada, Arizona and northern Mexico.
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The soosoo is a cetaceous mammal similar to a dolphin. It is found in the Ganges and grows to about four metres in length.
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The Sooty Copper (Heodes tityrus) is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae found in the south of the Palaearctic region in steppes and dry mountain meadows. Two or three generations are produced in a year between April and August.
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Sophora is a genus of plants of the family Leguminosae. The species are ornamental shrubs and trees found chiefly in central and tropical Asia, and the tropical and sub-tropical parts of South America. The leaves are broken up into two rows of paired leaflets, and the purple, yellow or cream-coloured pea-like flowers are borne in racemes or panicles. A popular species of Sophora is the Chinese Pagoda-tree (Sophora japonica).
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Sord is the collective noun for a group of wildfowl.
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Sorghum is a genus of grasses of the natural order Gramineae. They are the tall grasses with succulent stems, flowers in panicles and each glume containing two flowers, and are found in the tropical parts of Asia and other warm regions. Indian Millet is one of the chief species of the genus.
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Soricidae is a family of mammals belonging to the order Insectivora which includes the shrews and musk-rats.
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The Sorraia is a breed of Iberian pony which developed around the Spanish-Portuguese border. They stand 13 hands high and have a good natured temperament. They occur in dun, grullo and dark palomino colours, have a heavy head with a convex profile and quite large ears.
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Sorrel (Rumex) is a genus biennial and perennial herbs of the family Polygonaceae that includes the Docks. The two smallest of the British species have leaves that are used in salad. The stems are upright and grow to about 0.5 metres. An Italian species, Rumex patientia is sometimes grown as a herb.
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The Sorrel-tree or sourwood (Oxydendron arboreum) is a tree belonging to the family Ericaceae, native to North America. It inhabits the range of the Alleghanies from Virginia to Georgia. The leaves are rectangular, lanceolate, sour tasting and ten to twelve centimetres long. The flowers occur as clustered sprays of white flowers.
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A sorus (plural sori) is a cluster of sporangia found on the under-surface of certain fern leaves.
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Sounder is the collective noun for a group of swine.
Sounder is the collective noun for a group of boars.
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The South Devon is a breed of cattle.
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South Sea Arrowroot (Tacca pinnatifida) is a perennial herb of the natural order Taccaceae native to the East Indies and Society Islands. It has a tuberous root stock, which like that of the potato and rice is rich in starch. The leaves are large and cut into oval segments, the flowers are purplish in colour, funnel-shaped and clustered in a dense umbel and succeeded by large, pear-shaped, ribbed fruits. Strips of the leaves are plaited into hats, but mainly the plant is grown for the starch which is obtained by rasping the tubers and macerating the material in water, the resulting deposit being a fine form of arrowroot.
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The Southern Black Racer (Coluber constrictor priapus) also known as the Southern Racer, Black Racer, Black Snake and Pilot Snake is a typical snake of the subfamily Colubrinae, family Colubridae found in North America that feeds on small mammals and reptiles and grows to an average length of 150 centimetres.
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The Southern Comma is a Mediterranean species of butterfly of the brush- footed butterflies (Nymphalidae) family, found extending to Asia Minor and Iran.
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The Southern Festoon (Parnalius polyxena) is a European butterfly of the Swallowtail family (Papilionidae) found mainly in the eastern Mediterranean region. Despite protection under law in some countries, the
Southern Festoon is becoming rarer due to coastal developments and the use of insecticides.
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The Southern White Admiral (Limenitis reducta) is a species of butterfly of the brush-footed butterflies (Nymphalidae) family, found in southern Europe from Spain to Iran.
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Southernwood (Artemisia abrotanum) also known as Old Man, Boy's Love, and Old Woman, is a shrubby perennial plant of the order Compositae, native to Europe. The flowers are insignificant, but the plants are popular on account of their feathery, hair-like foliage.
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The Soviet Heavy Draft is a Russian breed of heavy horse developed at the end of the 19th century and start of the 20th century. The Soviet Heavy Draft stands 15.3 hands high and is chestnut, bay or roam in colour with a massive build and good agility. They do however suffer from a relatively poor resistance to disease and are prone to pigeon toes in the front feet and sickle hocks behind.
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Sow-bread is a species of Cyclamen so called from its being the favourite food of the Sicilian wild boars.
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Soya bean (Glycine max) or soybean as it is also known, is a cultivated annual herb native to eastern Asia, with an erect hairy stem and large trifoliate leaves. The flowers are white or violet-tinged and grow in clusters from the leaf axils. The fruit is a slightly curved and hairy pod containing the seeds.
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In botany, a spadix is a form of inflorescence in which many small flowers are clustered around a fleshy spike, often enclosed by a spathe.
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Spaerosoma is a genus of tiny beetles of the family Enfomychidae.
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A spaie is a three-year old red deer.
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The spaniels are a sub-species of dogs characterized by great intelligence and an affectionate disposition.
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The Spanish is a breed of chicken.
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Spanish Broom, or spart (Spartium junceum) is an ornamental flowering shrub of the broom family found growing in Africa, Italy and Spain and the south of France.
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The Spanish Lynx (Lynx pardinus) is the rarest of Europe's wild cats and is an endangered species. Formerly hunted almost to extinction, the Spanish Lynx exists only in few mountainous areas of Portugal and Spain. The Spanish Lynx is a small Lynx, weighing about 13 kg, reddish-brown in colour with black spots, the tail is short and stubby, the ears tufted, and the cheeks have long hairs giving the impression of a beard. The Spanish Lynx hunts by stalking its prey, often for considerable distances. The favourite prey are rabbit and hares, but birds and young deer will also supplement its diet.
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Sparassis Crispa is a fine, edible fungus of the natural order Hymenoyceteae that grows upon the roots of pine trees in woods. From a thick, fleshy base the fungus repeatedly branches, the ultimate divisions taking the form of brittle plates more or less twisted, and of a cream or pale brownish colour. The entire mass is ordinarily the size of a small football, but may be as much as 46 centimetres in diameter. In its raw state, Sparassis Crispa has a nutty flavour.
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Sparaxis is a genus of bulbous or tuberous perennials of the natural order Iridaceae, native to South Africa. They have a few sword-shaped or lance-shaped leaves, and rather large tubular flowers of yellow, white, or purple colour, variously spotted or mottled. One variety, Sparaxis bulbifera, has edible tubers.
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Sparidae is a family of acanthopterygious, teleostean fishes. They form the genus Sparus.
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Sparrow is a popular name for a genus of finches, of which the best known is the house sparrow (Passer domesticus). The house sparrow is a small, black-streaked brown finch found across the world, though once very common during the later part of the 20th century the sparrows declined rapidly for reasons unknown.
The house sparrow builds a bulky, untidy nest of whatever materials are available, such as hay, straw, roots, rag, string, bits of paper, but it is always lined with soft feathers. The eggs are white in colour with a blue or green tinge and variously streaked or spotted with brown or purple. The house sparrow eats insects. House sparrows have been seen carrying a young offspring on their back, though this behaviour is very rarely witnessed, and the reason for it is unknown.
The tree sparrow (Passer montanus) is slightly smaller than the house sparrow, has brown plumage and a white collar around the throat and two white bars on the tail. The tree sparrow nests in hollow trees, under the thatch of old buildings and in holes in rocks.
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The Sparrow Hawk (Accipiter nisus) is a British bird of prey, found in mostly country districts. The plumage is bluish grey on the upper parts, and reddish-white, barred with dark brown on the under parts. The tail is barred with grey and black, and the beak is blue. The female is about eight centimetres longer than the male and has brown upper parts, while the under parts are barred with light and dark grey.
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Spartan is a variety of apple produced in 1936 by Agriculture Canada breeders in British Columbia who crossed McIntosh with Newtown Pippin. It is firmer and crisper than McIntosh but has many of its qualities, including rich flavour and excellent juiciness. It is strongly aromatic even before being cut. It is an all-around apple for eating fresh and for use in pies and applesauce. Many cider pressers include Spartan in their blends as part of their special formulas for superb taste.
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Spatangus is a genus of sea-urchins, popularly called the heart-urchins from their shape.
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In botany, the spathe is the sheathing bract, enclosing one or several flowers. A fleshy spike of flowers covered by a spathe is called a spadix. The purpose of the spathe is to protect the young flowers, and after they bloom the spathe usually withers or falls off.
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Spatularia is a genus of fishes of the sturgeon tribe which are remarkable for their long, leaf-like snouts.
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The Spear-thistle (Carduus lanceolatus) is a species of thistle with long spines on its lance-shaped leaves and purple flowers.
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Spearmint (Mentha viridis or Mentha spicata) is a European and North American species of mint cultivated for its flavouring properties. It is a perennial herb of the natural order Labiateae with a creeping, underground stem, and erect, aerial stems, with opposite, oval-lanced shaped leaves which have a pungent odour. The stems end in spikes of whorled purplish coloured flowers.
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Spearwort is a plant of the genus Ranunculus. There are two species, the great (Ranunculus lingua) and the lesser spearwort (Ranunculus flammula). Both are native to Europe and temperate Asia and are found in Britain chiefly in marshes and ditches. Great spearwort has a hollow stem about one metre tall, with large, stalkless lanceolate undivided leaves that clasp the stem at their base. The flowers are golden yellow in colour, fine and about three centimetres across. The lesser spearwort is similar but smaller, with the lower leaves stalked and oval, the upper leaves stalkless and lance-shaped.
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Species is a biological term for related individuals with very similar general structure.
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The Speckled Beauty (Fagivorina arenaria) is an endangered moth of the family Geometridae with a wing span of between 25 and 30 mm found in central Europe in old oak forests, and once found in Britain but is now extinct there. The moth flies from May to July.
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The Speckled Wood (Pararge aegeria) is a brown-coloured butterfly with creamy-yellow spots, of the family Satyridae found in north Africa, Europe and Asia in open deciduous woods, oak and beech forests and in woodland glades. The Speckled wood does not feed from flowers, like many butterfiles, but rather feeds on the honeydew secreted by aphids.
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The Speckled Yellow (Pseudopanthera macularia) is a moth of the family Geometridae with a wing span of between 23 and 28 mm found in Europe flying from April to July.
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The Spectacle Moth (Abrostola triplasia) is a moth of the family Noctuidae with a wing span of between 27 and 30 mm distributed throughout the temperate zone of Europe and Asia. Two generations appear flying from May to September.
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Heath or Common Speedwell (Veronica officinalis) is a perennial herb of the Figwort family Scrophulariaceae, native to Britain and Europe where it grows in woods, dry grassland and heaths.
Speedwell has creeping, branched, often mat-forming stems which root at the nodes, and ascending flowering shoots. The leaves are opposite, short- stalked, sessile, oval and bluntly serrate. The flowers are small, white, bright blue or lilac in colour, shortly tubular and divide into four lobes of which the upper and lower are broader than the side pair, and are arranged in dense, slender, erect, spike-like racemes that grow from the upper leaf axils.
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Spelt (Triticum sativum spelta) is a prehistoric cereal formed around 1000 BC from a crossing of Emmer wheat and a goat grass. Spelt was grown by the lake-dwellers of Switzerland and the ancient Romans, and was still being cultivated in central and Southern Europe at the start of the 20th century. Spelt has a brittle ear which easily breaks into short pieces, each of which bears a spikelet, and the grain cannot be properly threshed. Spelt produces a yield not so high as Emmer, but is an ancestor of modern wheat.
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Spergula is a genus of plants of the knot grass family, natural order Caryophyllaceae. They are natives of temperate regions. One species, Spergula arvensis, the corn spurrey, grows in Britain. It has stalks between fifteen and thirty centimeters long, swollen at the joints, and bears panicles of white flowers. It is frequently grown as a sheep fodder.
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The Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus) is the largest of the toothed whales, with a long and massive head comprising roughly one third of its total length.
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In botany, spermatophytes are the term for seed plants, comprising one of the two primary divisions of plant-life. They include all those species which produce true seeds, containing an embryo which develops directly into a plant resembling its parent. The spermatophytes comprise two groups: the Angiosperms, or higher flowering plants, whose seeds are enclosed in fruits, and the Gymnosperms, whose seeds are not enclosed, but borne on special leaves or branches, as in the cone-bearing pine trees.
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Spermatozoon (frequently shortened to 'sperm') are the male germ cells. In the lowest forms of life the spermatozoon and the female cell, or egg, are very similar, but in the higher forms the spermatozoon becomes a highly specialised active locomotor cell, and the female egg, or ovum, becomes a larger, more passive cell. The spermatozoon is provided with a head, body and tail, the head containing a nucleus of chromatin, the body the centrosome, and the tail is a cytoplasmic thread. The tail provides the cell with the power required for movement.
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Spermophagus is a genus of Seed Beetles (Bruchidae).
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Sphaericus is a genus of small Spider Beetle (Ptinidae).
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Sphaeridium is a genus of water scavenger beetles of the family Hydrophilidae. They live in fresh cow dung.
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Sphaeriidae is a family of a single genus of beetle (Sphaerius).
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Sphaerius is a genus of beetle comprising the family Sphaeriidae, and containing 18 species worldwide. The antennae have a three-jointed club, and the wings are fringed with hair. One species,
Sphaerius acaroides occurs in Britain but is extremely rare.
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Sphagnum is a genus of mosses commonly known as bog-moss from their unusual habitat. They have erect stems several centimetres long, and bear the male organs on lateral stems, somewhat resembling catkins, and the female organs on shorter lateral stems, resembling buds.
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Sphecoidea is the Digger Wasps super-family of insects of the sub-order Apocrita, order Hymenoptera. The members have various colourings, often yellow and black or red and black.
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The Sphenisciformes are an order of birds. These are the penguins. They comprise a single family, Spheniscidae. They are water birds with a streamlined body and elongated head. The beak is stout and ends in a sharp point. They are incapable of flight, instead their wings have adapted as short powerful paddles.
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Sphenoptera is a genus of jewel beetle (Buprestidae). The larvae, which take two years to develop, live chiefly in the roots of milk-vetch and sainfoin.
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Sphindidae is a family of beetles of the order Coleoptera.
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Sphindus is a genus of small beetle of the family Sphindidae that lives on slime moulds.
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Sphingidae is the Hawkmoths family of insects of the order Lepidoptera. The members have thick antennae which is nearly always hooked, a robust spindle or torpedo-shaped body. Of the 1000 known species about 20 live in Europe, the rest in the tropics.
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Spider (Araneidae) is an order of animals of the class Arachnida, all having eight legs. Most spiders are terrestial, but some live in fresh water.
The spiders have a body that is divided into two parts: the head and breast, fused into one piece; and the abdomen, usually all in one piece, and only in rare cases with hints of segmentation. Between these two parts there is typically a narrow waist. The region corresponding to the head bears two pairs of mouth parts: a pair of two-jointed poison-jaws or chelicerae; and a pair of sensitive, usually six-jointed pedipalps.
All spiders have a poisonous bite, but the bite is not severe except in a few tropical forms. The poison of the bird-catching spider (Mygale) kills a bird in a few minutes. In male spiders the tip of the pedipalp is complicated, it becomes a reservoir for spermatozoa at the mating season, and is used to transfer them into the female, where they fertilise the eggs just prior to the eggs being laid. In the main the pedipalps are organs of touch, with very sensitive tactile qualities.
On the top of the head are several pairs of simple short-sighted eyes. From the region corresponding to the thorax there arise four pairs of seven-jointed legs, ending in minute curved claws, by means of which spiders grip the surface on which they creep. At the end of the abdomen there are between four and six minute appendages transformed into spinnerets, from which the silken threads emerge. Each spinneret resembles the rose of a watering-can, and contains numerous minute tubes known as spinning-spools through which the silk issues. There may be hundreds of these spinning-spools and each is connected with an internal gland which produces the silk. The gland is enclosed in a muscular envelope, the contraction of which acting like a syringe, forces the liquid silk down a duct and out at the spinning-spool. There are sometimes three kinds of glands, producing different kinds of silk, and it rests with the spider to use more or fewer at one time, thereby adjusting the thickness of the thread produced. The thread is a fusion of many jets of liquid silk, which solidifies instantly it is exposed to the air.
A small minority of spiders breathe by two pairs of lung-books; all the rest breathe by two lung-books and by two or four tracheae like those of insects. The air enters the compartments of the lung-books through an external slit flush with the skin. In the partitions between the compartments of the lung-books the blood circulates and is purified.
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Spider Beetles is the common name for insects of the family Ptinidae, order Coleoptera, so named from their appearance which resembles a spider with three pairs of long legs. The adults frequently live on dry substances, while the larvae develop chiefly in grain, cereal products and dried plant material before tunnelling into harder material to pupate.
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The Spider Monkey (Ateles) is a genus of American monkeys of the family Cebidae. The Spider Monkeys are notable for their attenuated limbs, slender bodies, and long prehensile tails. Marvellously agile, they swing from bough to bough, making use of their prehensile tail. There are a number of species found between Mexico and Uruguay, and in Brazil they are a traditional part of the diet of the natives.
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In botany, a spike is a form of inflorescence in which the flowers are all stalkless, and attached to a common, elongated axis.
Spike was an old alternative name for the plant lavender.
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Spikenard or nard (Nardostachys jatamansi) is a perennial herb of the natural order Valerianaceae, native to the Himalayas. It has a short, thick, very fragrant, spindle-shaped rootstock. The leaves are lance-shaped or spoon-shaped and tufted. The flowers are small, rosy-purple in colour and gathered into dense heads.
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Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) is an annual herb of the natural order Chenopodiaceae native to the Orient, and introduced into Britain around 1568. Spinach is cultivated as a vegetable, the leaves being eaten.
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The Spinach moth (Eulithis mellinata) is a moth of the family Geometridae with a wing span of between 27 and 30 mm found locally throughout the whole Palaearctic flying from June to July.
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The Spindle Ermine (Yponomeuta cagnatella) is a moth of the family Yponomeutidae with a wing span of between 20 and 25 mm found in Europe flying from June to July in sparse deciduous forests and shrubby undergrowth, on wastelands, shrubby hillsides and beside roads.
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The spindle tree or wahoo tree (Euonymus eruopaeus) is a small tree of the natural order Celastraceae native to Europe, western Siberia and north Africa. It grows to a height of about six meters, and has smooth grey bark and four-angled twigs. The opposite, lance-shaped leaves have obscurely toothed edges, and the flowers are minute and greenish-white in colour. The fruit is a four-lobed capsule of a crimson hue, which opens to disclose the orange jackets of the few large seeds. The timber is hard and used for making small articles.
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Spinifex (Porcupine Grass, Triodia irritans) is a coarse Australian grass growing in tufts to around one metre high.
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Spinney is the collective noun for a group of trees.
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Spinosaurus was a dinosaur of the Cretaceous period. Spinosaurus was about twelve metres long, a carnivore with straight, serrated teeth and a 'sail' that ran down its back supported by spines up to two metres long.
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Spiraea isa large genus of perennial herbs and shrubs of the natural order Rosaceae, natives of the northern temperate and cold regions. The British species include dropwort and meadow sweet.
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The Spiti is an Indian breed of pony developed in the Spiti Valley of Himachal Pradesh. The Spiti stands 12 hands high, may be grey, dun, chestnut or brown and is of a good-natured but spirited temperament. The Spiti has stamina and endurance and is used as a packhorse.
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Spleenwort (Ceterach officinarum) also known as rusty-back, scale-fern, finger-fern and milt-waste is a fern of the family Aspleniaceae, natural order Polypodiaceae. Most of the species are tropical, but some are native to Europe and western Asia. The fronds grow in a tuft from rocks and masonry, each being narrow-lanced-shaped, the two sides cut into semi-elliptic lobes. They are of a leathery consistencw, the upper side green and smooth, the underside shaggy with long chaffy scales, which are silvery on the younger frond, red-brown on the mature. The fern curls up and appears withered in dry weather, but expands again in moisture.
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Spondias are a genus of tropical trees belonging to the family Anacardiaceae. They bear small flowers, followed by fleshy drupes. The principal species are Spondias lutea, the so called golden apple or Jamaican plum and Spondias dulcis, the sweet Tahiti Apple or Otaheite apple.
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Spondylis is a genus of comparatively small longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae), up to about 25 mm long, and active at night.
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Sponges (Porifera) are a group of simple animals. They possess a porous ' spongy' texture and no definite external organs or form. They vary in shape and hardness. The sponge body consists of a mass of cells of various kinds forming a delicate tissue, and this is supported on a skeleton of minute rods, or spicules, of calcite, silica or of a horny organic substance.
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The spongilla is a member of the demospongia class.
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The spoonbill (Plataleidae) is a family of stork-like wading birds with very wide and flat bills. They are found near shallow, fresh water in most parts of the world except northern Europe, Asia and America.
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A spore is a reproductive cell that can develop into an individual without first fusing with another reproductive cell. Plants, fungi, bacteria, and some Protozoa produce spores. A spore may develop into an organism resembling the parent or into another stage in the life cycle, either immediately or after a period of dormancy. In plants showing alternation of generations, spores are formed by the sporophyte generation and give rise to the gametophyte generation. In ferns, the rows of brown reproductive structures on the under-surface of the fronds are spore producing bodies.
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Sporozoa are a class of Phylum Protozoa. They are parasitic Protozoa propagated by spores.
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Spots (formerly known as spotted swine) is a breed of domestic swine. The present day Spots descend from the Spotted hogs which trace a part of their ancestry to the original Poland China, which consisted of six separate breeds and was referred to as the 'Warren County Hog' of Ohio. One such breed imported into Ohio in the early 1880's was a breed called the 'Big China', which was mostly white in colour, but having some black spots. They were good feeders, matured early, were very prolific and produced these characteristics in their offspring. Three men from Indiana, brought boars and sows back from Ohio to cross with their own good hogs; and thus developed a breed all their own from this background which kept the characteristic colour of large black and white spots.
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The Spotted Clover (Protoschinia scutosa) is a moth of the family Noctuidae with a wing span of between 30 and 35 mm found in warmer parts of Europe and Asia and also as a migrant visitor to other parts.
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The spotted eagle (Aquila naevia) is an eagle found in south and east Europe, Egypt and other parts of Africa. The plumage is light or dark brown, brighter towards the tail and thighs. The beak is black and the cere and feet yellow. The spotted eagle is about sixty centimetres in length and feeds on water-fowl, snakes, fish and larger insects as well as occasionally rabbits and hares.
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The Spotted Fritillary (Melitaea didyma) is a species of brush-footed butterfly (Nymphalidae) found in northern Africa, across Europe to central Asia.
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The Spotted Sulphur (Emmelia trabealis) is a moth of the family Noctuidae with a wing span of between 18 and 20 mm distributed across the Palaearctic zone in treeless areas such as meadows and steppes. Two generations are produced flying from May to June and the second from July to August.
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The sprat (Clupea sprattus) is an edible fish of the herring family found around the coast of Britain. They are about ten centimetres long and similar to the herring, but are distinguished by having seven rays in the pelvic fin in place of the herring's nine, the edge of the belly being narrow instead of blunt, and bearing strong sharp spines.
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Spring is the collective noun for a group of teals.
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The Spring Usher (Agriopis leucophaeria) is a moth of the family Geometridae with a wing span of between 23 and 28 mm found in warmer parts of Europe and in Asia Minor and Asia flying during the spring.
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The springbok (Gazella euchore) is a species of gazelle found in South Africa. The springbok stands about 75 cm high, and has cinnamon-yellow coloured hair with white under parts and a line of white hair along its back. The horns are lyre-shaped and about 35 cm long. The springbok is noted for its high bounds when running.
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Spruce is a popular name in Britain for the Norway Spruce (Picea excelsa). The Norway Spruce was introduced into Britain some time prior to 1548. It attains a height in excess of thirty meters, and while it is farmed for timber in some countries, in Britain it is generally grown for ornamentation.
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The Spruce Carpet (Thera variata) is a moth of the family Geometridae with a wing span of between 18 and 25 mm found in Europe and Asia in spruce forests. One or two generations are produced flying from May to September.
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Spurge is a genus of plants of the order Euphorbiaceae. They are natives of all except the extremely cld climates. The British spurges are all herbaceous, and remarkable for the singular structure of their flowers which are green, and their milky juice. Many spurges are succulent like cacti. A few have conspicuous flowers, but in some species, notably Poinsettia, they have yellow blossoms surrounded by brilliant red coloured bracts.
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The Spurge Hawkmoth (Hyles euphorbiae) is a species of moth of the family Sphingidae with a wing span of between 55 and 75 mm found in central and southern Europe, and western Asia east to India. Once an abundant moth, the species has now become extinct in many areas and now only really survives in the south, migrating northwards. One or two generations are produced each year flying from May to August.
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A squab is a young bird, especially a young pigeon.
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The Squamata is the lizards, amphibaenians and snakes order of reptiles. The lower border of the lower temporal vacuity is incomplete and the body is covered by horny scales. These animals live in warmer climates.
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The Square-Spot Dart (Euxoa obelisca) is a moth of the family Noctuidae found mainly in dry, sandy and limestone biotopes flying in August and September.
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The Square-Spotted Rustic (Xestia xanthographa) is a moth of the family Noctuidae with a wing span of about 35 mm found in the warmer regions of central Europe, southern Europe Asia Minor and Iran in steppes and forest-steppes where it flies from August to September.
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Squash (Cucurbita Melopepo) is a gourd cultivated in America as an article of food.
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Squid (formerly calamary) is the popular name for various a carnivorous marine molluscs of the class Cephalopoda of the order Teuthoidea having two gills, eight arms bearing suckers arranged in a ring around two longer contractile tentacles with spatulate tips around the mouth at the front, an elongated body with two stabilizing fins at the back and a reduced internal horny shell. The long contractile arms are used to seize prey, which is then held by the sucker-bearing arms while the strong jaws which are shaped like a parrot's beak tear it apart.
Squid swim very fast by squirting water out of the mantle cavity by a directable outlet shaped like a funnel. When attacked, squid emit an inky dye which hides them while they swim rapidly away from the predator. Squids have blue blood which is less efficient at carrying oxygen than red blood, and restricts their ability to survive to colder water below ten degrees Celsius.
Squids vary in size, common squid (Loligo vulgaris) being about 40 centimetres long, and the mysterious giant squid (Architeuthis) in excess of 18 metres long, though no live specimens of the giant squid have been seen by scientists, their remains have been found in the stomachs of sperm whales.
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Squill or the sea onion (Drimia maritima) is a plant of the Lily family native to the Mediterranean area, characterised by a long spike of white flowers. Extracts from the bulb are used both as a medicine and, in larger doses, as a rat poison.
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Squirrel is a popular name for the many rodents of the family Sciuridae, which also includes the woodchuck, chipmunk , and prairie dog . the genus Sciurus includes many common species of what are generally known as
squirrels, such as the red squirrel and grey squirrel so common in Britain. The subfamily Sciurinae includes the tree and ground squirrels, with about 225 species; and the subfamily Petauristinae includes the so-called flying- squirrels, with about 35 species.
Squirrels range in size from the pygmy squirrels (Myosciurus) of Africa, which are about 13 centimetres long, to the giant squirrels (Ratufa) of Asia, which are about 90 centimetres long. Squirrels are found in all parts of the world except Australia. Except for the ground squirrels, the animals live mainly in trees, and their food is largely vegetable (especially nuts, seeds, and buds), although they occasionally eat insects. Their habit of storing seeds helps in the dispersion of trees and other plant forms. In colder climates, ground squirrels commonly hibernate; tree squirrels do not.
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The Squirting Cucumber (Ecbalium elaterium) is an annual herb of the natural order Cucurbitaceae, native to the Mediterranean region. It has trailing stems and heart-shaped leaves with toothed margins. The flowers are yellow, and the fruit is a small, green, prickly gourd. When the fruit is ripe, it parts from its stalk and violently ejects its seeds, together with the thin pulp surrounding them, through the base.
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The St Bernard is a Swiss breed of large dog, first shown in Britain in 1866. It has a massive head and somewhat pendulous lips. They were bred by the monks at the hospice of St Bernard to track out and succour travellers caught in snow-storms or avalanches. At the start of the 19th century all the females died, and the monks had to cross-breed them with Newfoundlands, and the modern St Bernard is still of this cross. A friendly and affable breed, they do require considerable household space.
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The St Helena Mountain Kingsnake (Lampropeltis zonata zonata) is a subspecies of King snake found in woodlands growing to about 102 centimetres in length. The black rings often touch along the median keel and the snout and most of the head are uniformly black in colour, with the first white ring starting at the posterior margin of the mouth.
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St John's Wort (Hypericum) is a genus of plants of the family Hypericineae. They have yellow flowers and leaves which emit a lemon-like smell when crushed. St John's Wort was once worn as a charm against evil.
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Stachys or sand clover is a genus of hardy herbaceous plants of the family Labiate.
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A stag or stagon is a four-year old red deer.
Stag is the name given to a male deer.
Stag is the name given to a male turkey.
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The stag beetles (Lucanidae) are a family of beetles of the superfamily Scarabaeidae, found in rotting wood, and characterized by their long jaws which are often branched like the antlers of a stag, from whence their popular name derives.
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Stagshorn moss (Lycopodium clavatum) or common clubmoss is an evergreen, perennial, flowerless, moss-like plant of the family Lycopodiaceae related to the ferns. It has long, branched creeping stems densely covered with alternate, bright-green, linear leaves which taper to a long, hair-like white tip.
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A stallion is a non-castrated male adult horse.
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The stamen is the male reproductive organ of a flower.
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The Standardbred is an American breed of fast trotting horse first developed during the 18th century. The Standardbred stands 15.3 hands high and is bay, brown or chestnut in colour. The Standardbred is similar to the English Thoroughbred, but more robust and sturdy with hard, strong feet and legs.
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Staphylinidae is the rove beetles family of insects of the order Coleoptera. The rove beetles form the largest beetle family in Europe, with almost 2000 species, and nearly 1000 species in Britain. They generally have a short elytra, well developed membranous wings enabling them to fly, Most genera are predators, but some feed on fungi, algae, decaying plant matter or parasitise other insects.
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Staphylinus is a genus of rove beetles, Staphylinidae, found in woods and forests.
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Staphylococcus is a genus of spherical nonmotile Gram-positive bacteria that occur widely as saprophytes or parasites, the cells occurring in grape-like clusters. Many species inhabit the skin and mucous membranes, and some cause disease in humans and animals. Staphylococcus aureus infection can lead to boils and abscesses in humans; this species also produces toxins that irritate the gastrointestinal tract and result in staphylococcal food poisoning.
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A star is the name given to an area of light or white colouration, like a spot, on the forehead between a horse's eyes.
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Star Apple (Chrysophyllum cainito) is an evergreen tree of the natural order Sapotaceae, native to the West Indies. Its branches are clothed with rusty down, and the juice milky. The Star Apple has alternate, rectangular leaves covered with rusty hairs on the underside, and small white flowers. The edible fruit is similar to a largish apple, yellowish-green in colour with a pink tint. When cut across, the fruit can be seen to be divided into ten cells each containing a seed.
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Star of Bethlehem (Ornithogalum umbellatum) is a plant of the order Liliaceae. It has a scaly bulb about two and a half centimetres across and flowers in May, bearing a corymb of satiny white and greenish flowers about three centimetres across. The leaves are long and narrow with a white stripe down the centre.
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Starfish is a popular name for the members of the order Asteroidea of the echinoderms.
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Starking is a variety of eating apple that originated in the USA in the 1920' s and is a mutation of Red Delicious. The Starking is in full blossom in mid- October and is harvested in early March. It is a medium to large apple with red stripes on a green-yellow background. The stripes are sometimes poorly developed. Russeting often occurs at the stem-end. The flesh is cream and the texture is crisp. It is sweet and juicy and a very popular eating apple, but is poorly suited to baking.
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Like Starking, Starkrimson is a variety of apple that was found in the USA and is a Red Delicious mutation. It is in full bloom from early to mid- October and is harvested in early March. It is a medium to large apple. The skin has a full red colour with conspicuous lenticels. The skin sometimes has a muddy, brown hue to it. The flesh is cream, the texture is crisp and the taste is sweet.
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The starling (Sturnus) is a genus of British Conirostral birds of the family Sturnidae. They are very social birds, feeding together in the morning and evening on the ground, and roosting together, the whole time keeping up an inane chatter as though talking to one another. The plumage is of a dark colouration with reflections of green and purple. During spring, Starlings pair off to mate, later appearing in family groups which in turn join up to form large flocks.
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Starwort (Stitchwort, Stellaria) is a genus of plants of the family Caryophyllaceae having five sepals, five deeply cleft petals, ten stamens and three styles. The stems are brittle, four-angled and jointed and give off rigid, grass-like leaves in pairs from the joints, the flowers are generally white.
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Staurikosaurus was a dinosaur of the Triassic period. It was a small animal, about two metres long that walked on its hind legs and had five fingers and toes on each foot and hand.
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The steenbok (Raphicerus) is a genus of antelope found in open or thinly wooded and hilly places from the Cape of Good Hope to the Zambezi River in Africa. They stand about 61 centimetres tall at the shoulder, have a long neck, short, ringed horns that curve forward, and are very swift and active.
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Steer is a name for a male ox of any age. The term is synonymous with bullock, and is especially applied to a castrated male ox reared for beef production.
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Stegobium is a genus of beetle of the family Anobiidae. One species - the Bread Beetle - is a serious pest.
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Stegoceras was a dinosaur of the Cretaceous period. It was about two metres long, walked on its hind legs and had short arms and a heavy, thick skull covered with horny lumps and knobs. The top of the skull was furnished with a high crest that grew taller with age.
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Stegosaurus was a dinosaur of the Jurassic period. A herbivore, it was about seven metres long, walked on all fours and had a large bulky body and a small tubular head at the end of a longish neck. Stegosaurus had small, blunt, leaf-like teeth at the back of the jaws, the front of the mouth being toothless. It had diamond shaped spiny plates on its back and four long spikes on its tail probably for defence against predators.
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The steinbok (Nanotragus campestris) is a small antelope found in south and east Africa. The horns of the male are notable in rarely exceeding ten centimetres and the animals stand under 60 centimetres tall.
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The stelleroidea are a class of Phylum echinodermata. They are the starfishes and brittle stars. They have a five-rayed symmetry clearly indicated by 'arms' which radiate out from the centre of the body. The mouth is on the lower side of the flattened body.
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Stenichnus is a genus of beetles of the family Scydmaenidae. Most are black in colour with an elongate body. They live in ground litter, in moss, in rotting and powdered wood and a few with ants.
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Stenocorus (formerly Stenochorus) is a genus of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae). The larvae develop in the damaged wood of various deciduous trees, the adults are to be found on shrubs and flowers.
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Stenolophus is a genus of brightly coloured beetles of the ground beetle family, Carabidae, living mostly in wet, marshy localities or in waterside detritus. They are now becoming rare due to the reclamation of marshlands.
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Stenomax is a genus of darkling beetles (Tenebrionidae) about fifteen millimetres long.
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Stenonychosaurus was a dinosaur of the Cretaceous period. It was about two metres long, walked on its long, thin, hind legs and had long thin arms with long thin fingers. A carnivore, Stenonychosaurus had four toes, one very short and spur-like similar to a bird's foot, and three toes used for walking. The middle toe was short and equipped with an articulated claw. The head was quite large with a large brain cavity and large eyes.
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Stenopterus is a genus of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) found on wild flowers, such as Milfoil and wild carrot.
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Stenostola is a genus of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae).
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Stentor is a member of the order of Heterotricha.
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Stenus is a genus of rove beetles, Staphylinidae. There are 72 species of the genus living in Britain, and 114 in Europe, all of a similar appearance with large eyes and a generally dark colouration.
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Stephanoidea is a super-family of insects of the sub order Apocrita of the order Hymenoptera. They are widespread in Africa, and have a few European genera.
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Stephanopachys is a genus of False Powder-post Beetles (Bostrychidae) found on conifers, especially pine trees.
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Stephanotis is a genus of tropical twining shrubs belonging to the family Asclepiadaceae. They are grown for their fragrant white flowers.
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Stercorrius is a genus of skuas.
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Sterculiaceae is a family of tropical trees, shrubs and herbs. They have mostly alternate leaves and regular flowers. They are mucilaginous and the bark of the woody species contains bitter and astringent principles used in medicine.
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Stereum hirsutum is a leathery, dull-yellow or pale grey coloured, fan-shaped fungus of the natural order Thelephoraceae. It is common on the trunks and branches of trees. The faintly zoned upper side is covered with a coarse velvet, and the bright coloured underside is smooth. The upper side may be almost wholly attached to the tree, only a portion of the margin being free and growing out. Occasionally it may be growing quite free and assuming a funnel shape. The spores are produced on the smooth underside. When Stereum hirsutum grows on oak it produces a condition known as 'piped' or 'flywood' in the timber.
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Stethorus is a genus of ladybird (Coccinellidae). They feed on the plant mite red spider.
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Stick Insects or Walking-Stick Insects are orthopterous insects belonging to the family Phasmidae. The body is greatly elongated and is very slender, giving the insect the appearance of a piece of stick, while the wings are either absent, or when present are leaf-like. The members are common in the tropics where some species attain a length of 33cm and some four or five species are found in Europe.
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Sticklebacks (Gastrosteus) are a group of small fishes so called from the spines on their back. Three species occur in Great Britain, and are known as the three-spined, ten-spined and fifteen-spined, the first two being freshwater species and the third marine. The three-spined stickleback being the most common. In the breeding season the male stickleback becomes resplendent with blue and red, and builds a nest in which the female deposits her eggs. The marine stickleback is about 15 cm long, it builds a pear-shaped nest of seaweed and has been known to guard the nest for three weeks.
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Sticta is a genus of lichens of the family Parmeliaceae. They are mainly tropical in distribution, leaf-like in growth, with a leathery texture. Dyes are obtained from many of the species.
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In flowering plants, the stigma is the summit of the ovary or of the style, which, if present, is a prolongation of the ovary. It is specifically adapted to retain the pollen-grains which are carried to it by insects, the wind or in self-fertilised species by the action of the stamens. The stigma is generally rough owing to a coating of short hairs or nipple-like points, which secrete a sticky fluid that holds the pollen-grains.
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Stilbus is a genus of beetle of the family Phalacridae.
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The stilt (Himantopus) is a genus of extremely long-legged wading birds found in marshes of the sandpiper group related to the avocets. The first toe is absent and the other three are slightly webbed. The bill is elongated, and is slightly curved up at the tip, while the slit-like nostrils are placed at its base. They breed in southern Europe, Africa and India.
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Sting-ray or stingray is the name given to the members of the fish families Dasyatidae and Urolophidae which hava a flattened, rhombic-shaped body and a tapering tail. Most of the species bear a strong, poisonous, serrated spine on the tail, which is capable of inflicting a dangerous wound.
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Stinkhorn or wood-witch (Phallus impudicus) is a British fungus of the family Phalloidaceae, of the order Gasteromycetes. It is at first about the size of a small egg, attached to the ground by a slender radicle. The egg contains a jelly, in which is the nucleus of the phallus. When the egg is ripe the skin breaks, and within a few hours the phallus rises. It consists of a lattice-work structure to allow quick development, most of which takes place in half-an-hour, and is surmounted by a cap covered with mucus, at first sweet smelling, but later becoming revolting. This mucus attracts flies which disseminate the fungus spores.
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Stinkwood (Foetidia mauritiana) is an evergreen tree of the natural order Myrtaceae native to the Mauritius and Madagascar. It grows to a height of ten metres and has a tough, bitter, and astringent bark. The ;eaves are alternate and oval in shape. The flowers are solitary and without petals, and are succeeded by four-sided nuts.
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In botany, a stipule is a small leaf-like appendage to a leaf, commonly situated at the base of the petiole in pairs, one on each side, and either adhering to it or standing separate. They are usually of a more delicate texture than the leaf, but vary in this respect as well as in form and colour. They are not found in all plants, but where they occur they frequently characterise a whole family, as in Leguminosae, Rosaceae and others.
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The stoat (Mustela Erminea) is a carnivorous mammal of the weasel family Mustelidae found over temperate Europe, but common only in the north,. Stoats are quick, strong and adept hunters. In winter, the stoat's reddish-brown above coat turns a white colour. In both states the tip of the tail is black. A stoat with a white winter coat is called an ermine. The stoat has a body about 25 cm long, with a tail about 10 cm long. The female is smaller than the male, about 20 cm long in the body. Stoats live in hollow trees and in holes in banks, where they build a nest of grass and leaves for the young which are born around April. Stoats feed on mice, rats, voles, hares and rabbits. Like many other species of this genus the stoat has the faculty of ejecting a fluid of a musky odour. Its fur is short, soft, and silky; the best skins being brought from Russia, Sweden, and Norway. Stoat fur and particularly ermine were formerly in great demand; it was formerly one of the insignia of royalty, and is still used by judges. When used as linings of cloaks the black tuft from the tail is sewed to the skin at irregular distances.
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Stomis is a genus of beetles of the ground beetle family, Carabidae. One species, Stomis pumicatus is found in Britain; it has a long, slim, black or dark-brown coloured body with red legs and antennae. It lives in damp places, chiefly on clay soil, and is to be found under boards and stones especially in the spring.
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The stone-chat (Pratincola rubicola) is a resident British bird. It is about 12 centimetres long and has a black head and throat, the back is black with brown markings, the breast rufous, the sides of the neck are white and it has a distinct white patch on the wing. The nest is built among herbage on the ground. Between five and six eggs are laid. The stone-chat feeds on worms, insect larvae and beetles as well as some seeds.
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The stonechat (Pratincola rubicola or Saxicola torquata) is a small British bird of the thrush tribe, about 12.5 cm long, often found on commons. In the male the plumage of the head, back, wings and tail is black and white with a bright reddish breast; while the female has a dusky brown head and back, and a black throat speckled with white and red. The Stonechat eats mainly insects and spiders which it finds on the ground, and also worms and grubs and the occasional lizard. The call of the Stonechat sounds like two pebbles being lightly tapped together two or three times.
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Stonecrop (Sedum) is a name for a group of succulent herbaceous plants of the family Crassulaceae. There are 120 species of which eleven are British. Most are perennial and very small.
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The stork (Ciconiidae) is a family of large carnivorous wading birds with long necks and long legs belonging to the heron tribe, but distinguished by many minor features of construction. The storks have long, straight, sharp beaks. The white stork (Ciconiidae alba) is common in central Europe and occasionally seen in the eastern counties of England. It has white plumage with a few black feathers on the wings, a red beak, red legs and grows to about 110 cm long. The white stork is migratory, spending winter in Africa. In Sweden the stork is held as a sacred bird from a legend that a stork flew around the cross at Jesus' crucifixion.
The white stork frequently builds its nest on a chimney on a roof, using the same nest year after year, each year adding to the nest until it often reaches a great size. The diet includes reptiles, small mammals, insects and the remains of dead animals, the stork being a useful scavenger.
The black stork (Ciconiidae nigra) is smaller than the white stork, less common, and builds its nest in trees in swamps.
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Stork's-Bill (Erodium cicuyatium) is an annual or biennial herb of the family Geraniaceae, native to Europe, west Asia and north Africa. It has rectangular leaves divided into many acutely lobed segments. The flowers are pink and clustered in small umbels. The fruit is long and tapering, and when ripe splits into five segments each lined with hairs, each segment forming a tail to a seed. The segment coils into a spiral and when the seed falls to the ground, the spiral shape of the tail helps to force the seed into the ground under the influence of dryness and moisture in the earth.
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The Storm Petrel (Hydrobates pelagicus) is a small sea bird, about 15 centimetres long, predominantly brown in colour with webbed feet and a round head. They are found in the eastern North Atlantic and western Mediterranean areas, in winter flying to the west and south coasts of Africa.
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Strangalia is a genus of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae). There are six British species, all very slim-bodied with the elytra usually tapering off to a point, and with a liking for flowers.
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The stratiotes are a genus of aquatic herbs belonging to the family Hydrocharidaceae. The one species is the water-soldier (Stratiotes aloides), a native of Britain. It has great prickly leaves, not unlike those of the aloe, and bears in summer a flower-stalk, surmounted by a sheaf containing several attractive white flowers.
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The Straw Belle (Aspitates gilvaria) is a moth of the family Geometridae with a wing span of between 25 and 30 mm found in central Europe, south-east Europe and western Asia in drier biotopes such as steppes and fields flying from July to August.
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The Straw Dot (Rivula sericealis) is a moth of the family Noctuidae with a wing span of between 18 and 22 mm widespread throughout the Palaearctic in damp meadows. One or two generations are produced flying from May to September. The caterpillars feed on the withered and decaying leaves of various plants.
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The strawberry (Fragaria) is a genus of low growing perennials of the Rosaceae family. The bright red fruit is the swollen and fleshy base of the flower, and has numerous achenes embedded on the surface, and are rich in vitamin C. The leaves are trefoil, rough, and toothed, hairy on the underside. The flowers are white or yellow, five-petalled and unisexual. Strawberries propagate themselves by way of fast-growing runners. There are eight species, of which Fragaria vesca is native to Great Britain.
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The Strawberry Blossom Weevil (Anthonomus rubi) is a species of Snout Beetle (Curculionidae) that live chiefly on strawberries and raspberries, but also on other species of Rubus. The larvae eat parts of the flowers and prevent the formation of fruit.
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The Strawberry Tree (Arbutus unedo) is a small evergreen tree of the natural order Ericaceae native to the Mediterranean region and Ireland. It grows to a height of three metres and has a red-tinged scaly bark. The leaves are alternate, leathery and have toothed edges. The flowers are creamy coloured, bell-shaped and drop in clusters. The fruit is a round, orange-red berry whose entire surface is raised into little points and takes over a year to fully develop and ripen, when it is edible and used as a preserve.
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The Streak (Chesias legatella) is a moth of the family Geometridae with a wing span of between 30 and 35 mm found in the warmer parts of Europe in open pine forests and on hillsides rich in broom. It flies from September to October.
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Streprocarpus is a genus of tropical and South African herbaceous plants of the family Gesneraceae. They are usually woolly or hairy, and often stemless, with a leaf or leaves spreading close to the ground. The flowers are showy.
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Streptococcus is a genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring widely in nature, typically as chains or pairs of cells. Many are saprophytic and exist as usually harmless commensals inhabiting the skin, mucous membranes, and intestine of humans and animals. Others are parasites, some of which cause diseases, including scarlet fever (Streptococcus pyogenes; group A streptococci) , endocarditis (Streptococcus viridans), and pneumonia (Streptococcus pneumoniae).
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Strigidae is the Owl family of the Accipitres order of birds. They are characterised by a large, feathered head with large eyes, dilated and projecting, each surrounded by a concave disk formed of stiff diverging feathers, concealing the cere and nostrils. The ears are large and of elaborate construction. The plumage is lax and downy, adapted for slow and quiet flight.
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The Striginoe are a sub-family of the Strigidae family of birds including the White Owl. They are characterised by a somewhat elongated beak bending at the top only; egrets wanting; the nostrils oval and oblique; the facial disk is large and complete; the ears are large and covered by an operculum; the wings are long, the second primary longest; the tarsi is long and feathered to the toes which are strangely furnished with hair-like feathers. The claws are long, the middle one serrated beneath.
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String is the collective noun for a group of race horses.
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The striped dolphin or Euphrosyne dolphin or blue-white dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) is a pelagic mammal of the family Delphinidae, order Cetacea widely distributed across all temperate, subtropical and tropical seas where they are often seen playing around boats. They may be distinguished from the common dolphin by a pale grey V-shaped should blaze originating above and behind the eye and narrowing to a point below and behind the dorsal fin.
Striped dolphins eat fish, squid and decapod crustaceans, hunting and navigating using echolocation. They are social animals, congregating in schools of between five and several hundred animals.
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The Striped Hawkmoth (Hyles lineata) is a species of moth of the family Sphingidae with a wing span of between 60 and 80 mm found throughout the topical and subtropical parts of the world in North America, Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia. When a population explosion occurs, the moths will migrate great distances in search of space, such an occurrence happened in 1952 when a large number were seen in central Europe. Two generations are produced flying from May to June and August to September.
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The striped polecat (Ictonyx striata) is an African polecat found south of the Sahara in most areas except the Guinea and in rain forests. It has small eyes and ears, and the claws of the front feet are very long and strong. Three long brownish-black stripes run along the back from the neck to the root of the tail. The striped polecat hunts at dusk and by night, resting during the day in burrows which it digs itself or takes over from other animals, or in rock crevices, under piles of stones, in barns or stables and in other places. The striped polecat feeds on small mammals up to the size of a small hare, birds, eggs, reptiles and insects and will kill fair sized snakes and take poultry.
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The Striped Wainscot (Mythimna pudorina) is a moth of the family Noctuidae with a wing span of between 35 and 38 mm found in central and northern Europe and western Asia. A single generation is produced flying from May to July.
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The Striped wrasse or red wrasse or cook wrasse (Labrus mixtus) is a British edible fish of the wrasses family occurring in rock pools.
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Strophanthus is a genus of plants of the family Apocynaceae growing chiefly in equatorial Africa and in India.
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Strophosoma is a genus of Snout Beetles (Curculionidae) represented by six British species that live mostly on heather and trees.
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Struthiomimus was a dinosaur of the Cretaceous period. Struthiomimus was shaped similar to an ostrich, was about four metres long and walked on its hind legs. The head was small, furnished with a horny beak and devoid of teeth.
Struthiomimus had a long neck and tail, probably for balance, and had powerful hind legs and clawed, three-fingered hands at the end of shorter arms.
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Struthionidae is the Bustard family of birds of the order Gallinae. They are devoid of a hind toe, have unarmed tarsi and very short wings.
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Struthiosaurus was a dinosaur of the Cretaceous period. It was a small, armoured dinosaur about 180 centimetres long, that walked on all fours. Struthiosaurus had a small head and five different kinds of bony armour including plates with a big spine and a pair of long spines on the shoulders. Remains of Struthiosaurus have been found in Europe, particularly in the Transylvania region of Romania.
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Strychnos is a genus of tropical evergreen trees of the family Loganiaceae.
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Strychnos nux vomica is a tree of the genus Strychnos. Its nuts contain strychnine.
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Stuart's Milk Snake (Lampropeltis triangulum stuarti) is a species of Milk snake described in 1978 and distinguished by a white coloured 'V' marking on the black coloured snout. Stuart's Milk Snake occurs in the dry forests and coastal plains of El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and north-west Costa Rica.
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Stud is the collective noun for a group of mares.
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The sturgeon (Acipenser) is a large ganoid fish of the order Palaeonisciformes, family Acipenseridae. The species are exclusively inhabitants of the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere, found both sides of the Atlantic, and live either in fresh water or pass a part of the year in rivers to spawn. They are large sluggish fishes reaching a length of three meters, and live on worms, crustaceans and molluscs which they rout out from the bottom with their snout which projects far in advance of the small, toothless mouth.
The skeleton is gristly, not bony, which is partly compensated by the head being encased in hard, bony plates which continue in five longitudinal rows along the body. The tail is heterocercal, the upper lobe being much longer than the lower. The Sturgeon has a single dorsal fin placed far back, only a little in advance of the tail.
The sturgeon is a 'royal fish' in Great Britain, as decreed by an Act of Parliament of Edward II, but the lord mayor of London has claim to those fish taken above London Bridge.
About twenty species of sturgeon are known, half of which occur in Europe. The largest species is Acipenser huso which is found in the Caspian Sea, the Sea of Azov, the Black Sea, the Danube and surrounding areas.
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Sturmer Pippin is a modern species of apple which grows in warmer temperate climates.
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Sturnidae is the starling family of Conirostral birds. They are characterized by a nearly straight beak which is short at the base and diminishes regularly to a sharp point, which is not distinctly notched. The ridge of the upper mandible ascends the forehead, dividing the plumage of that part. The members are generally about the size of Passerine birds and are in general social, ground feeders with robust legs and feet and a generally dark colouration to the plumage which is lustrous with reflections of blue, purple or green.
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Stylaster is a member of the order Stylasterina.
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Stylasterina is an order of marine hydrozoa similar to milleporina but with branched corallum.
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Stylonichia is a member of the order of Hypotricha.
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Styracosaurus was a dinosaur of the Ceratopids family, living in the mid-Cretaceous period. Styracosaurus was about five and a half metres long, with a bulky body supported by four stout legs. The head was long and had six spines that that pointed back over the neck in a frill and a long horn on the nose. Remains of Styracosaurus have been found in North America.
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The Sub-Phylum Acrania group of animals are simple or aberrant chordates without a true brain, heart or kidneys.
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The Sub-Phylum Cnidaria are coelenterates which have nematocysts and nearly perfect symmetry.
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Sub-Phylum Craniata are the vertebrate group of animals. They are chordates which show a very definite advance in complexity of structure and activity. A proper head region can be identified. Organs of special sense are prominently developed and there is a definite brain enclosed in a cranium.
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The Sub-Phylum Ctenophora are a family of solitary, free swimming animals. They have characteristic locomotor structures formed of rows of fused cilia.
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Subcoccinella is a genus of vegetarian ladybird (Coccinellidae).
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In botany, succulent refers to a leaf, shoot or fruit which is swollen owing to storing a large quantity of water. Succulent plants refers to those whose plants whose leaves and shoots, sometimes the entire plant, are swollen owing to their tissues storing up a great quantity of fluid. A good example of a succulent plant is a Cactus, which stores fluid to enable it to survive long periods of drought in its natural, desert, habitat.
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Suctoria are a subclass of Ciliophora. The adult form has suctorial tentacles.
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The sudd is a floating mass of vegetable matter that forms in the White Nile and obstructs navigation.
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The Suffolk Down is a large and heavy breed of English sheep with a black head and no horns. It is notable for producing many twins.
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The Suffolk Punch is a British breed of heavy horse which originated in Suffolk some time before the 16th century when they were known as 'the Old Breed'. The Suffolk Punch is different from the other British heavy horses in being shorter, standing 16 hands high, and having minimal feathering to the legs. They are chestnut in colour and were traditionally used for agricultural work in the heavy clay soil of East Anglia.
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The Suffolk is a breed of sheep. The original Suffolks were the result of crossing Southdown rams on Norfolk Horned ewes. Apparently the product of this cross was a great improvement over either one of the parents. Although the Suffolk was a recognized breed as early as 1810, the flock book was not closed until much later. In 1930, Southdowns were described as large sheep without horns, dark faces and legs, fine bones and long small necks. They were low set in front with high shoulders and light forequarters; however, their sides were good, rather broad in the loin, and were full in the thigh and twist. Today's Suffolk derives its meatiness and quality of wool from the old original British Southdown. The Norfolk Horned sheep, now rare, were a wild and hardy breed. They were blackfaced, light, fleeced sheep. Both sexes were horned. The upland regions of Suffolk, Norfolk and Cambridge on the south-eastern coast of England are very rugged and forage is sparse. It was this dry, cold and windy area in which the Norfolk breed adapted itself to travelling great distances for food, thereby developing a superbly muscular body. It was said at that time of the Norfolk Horned, 'their limbs are long and muscular, their bodies are long and their general form betokens activity and strength.' This breed and its crosses were valued highly both by farmers and butchers. However, sheepmen of that day did not like the long legs, flat sides, nor wild nature of the Norfolk Horned. They noted that Southdowns crossed with Norfolk produced a progeny that reduced most of the criticisms of both breeds. In 1886, the English Suffolk Society was organized to provide registry service and to further develop the use of the breed.
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The Sugar Glider (Petaurus breviceps) is a small nocturnal Australian marsupial. They measure about six inches in the body with the same length in the tail. Sugar Gliders have a mink-like coat that is grey, with a black stripe that goes up the body and an excessive skin between the front and rear legs used for gliding. Sugar Gliders weigh between 90 and 130 grams.
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Sugar-Beet is a type of beet from which sugar is obtained. Sugar was extracted from beet in Germany since the 18th century, but cultivation only started in England in 1912.
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Sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum) is a perennial grass of the natural order Gramineae, native to the tropics.
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The Sulawesi Crested Macaque (Macaca nigra) is an endangered species of monkey of the large Macaca genus that also includes the Rhesus Monkey and the Barbary Ape, found only in the tropical rainforests of Sulawesi where it is active during the day, living mainly in the trees but coming to ground in order to travel longer distances. The Sulawesi Crested Macaque is black in colour, with a prominent pink or red coloured bottom which in the female becomes brighter and more swollen as a signal to the male that she is ready to mate, no tail and a stiff crest of hair on the head. The Sulawesi Crested Macaque lives in troops of several dozen animals including numerous adult males. The troop have a social structure, with a dominant older male in charge and mating with the females.
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Sulcacis is a genus of tiny beetles of the family Cisidae.
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The Sultan is a breed of chicken.
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The Sumatra Game is a breed of chicken.
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The Sumba is a breed of pony from the Indonesian island of Sumba. They grow to 12 hands high and are mostly dun coloured with a dark dorsal stripe. Typically the breed is quiet and willing with good stamina and endurance, fast and agile and are used in sport and dance.
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The Sumbawa is a breed of pony from the Indonesian island of Sumbawa. They grow to 12 hands high and are mostly dun coloured with a dark dorsal stripe. Typically the breed is quiet and willing with good stamina and endurance, fast and agile and are used in sport and dance.
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Sumbul is a herbaceous plant belonging to the family Umbelliferae. It is a native of Turkestan, but is cultivated in Britain. The root is used in medicine as a stimulant.
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The Summer Chafer (Amphimallon solstitiale) is a chafer beetle of the family Scarabaeidae.
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The Summer Fruit Tortrix (Adoxophyes orana) is a moth of the family Tortricidae with a wing span of between 14 and 22 mm found in warmer parts of Europe and Asia flying from June to September.
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Summer Savory (Satureja hortensis) is an annual bushy herb of the family Labiatae, native to the Mediterranean region, widely grown as a seasoning herb for cooking. It has erect, branched square stems with opposite, greyish coloured, lanceolate to linear entire leaves. The flowers are small, purplish or white in colour, bell-shaped, two-lipped and grow on short stalks in the upper leaf axils. The fruit consists of four smooth nutlets.
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Sun birds (Nectariniidae) are attractive Passerine birds characterised by glowing, metallic coloured plumage, long slender bills and an extensile tongue. They occur throughout Africa, south Asia and northern Australia where they feed on insects, larvae, spiders and honey. The nest is built from grass, moss etc and decorated with cobwebs, cloth, bark and the like.
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The Sun Bittern (Eurypyga helias) is a south American bird with a long pointed beak and a long thin neck. The body is striped in white brown and black transverse stripes and is about 40 centimetres long.
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Sun fish (Orthagoriscus) are a genus of large fishes notable for their very short and laterally compressed bodies, which are so short that the fish seem to consist of just a large head with a tail attached to it. The depth of the fish is almost the same as the length, so the fish produce an outline approaching a circle. The rough sun fish (Orthagoriscus mola) occasionally occurs in British seas and grows to a length of 213 cm.
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The sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is a tall (sometimes over two meters) annual herb of the family Compositae with an erect, sometimes branched hairy stem. The leaves are numerous, large and cordate, opposite below and alternate and long-stalked above. The large, terminal showy flowerheads are composed of yellow ray-florets. The fruit is a slightly flattened achene, often streaked with white and black and eaten when roasted in the Mediterranean like peanuts. Sunflower is native to the western USA and was introduced to Europe around the 16th century and was first cultivated as a food plant in Russia.
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Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) is an annual herb of the family Leguminosae native to India. It has downy, furrowed stems, and lance-shaped leaves clothed with silvery-white hairs. The yellow flowers resemble those of the broom plant, and form long sprays at the end of the branches. The flowers are succeeded by pods containing kidney-shaped seeds.
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The Surinam toad (Pipa americana) is a tongueless and toothless toad of the genus Pipa found living in water in Guiana and Brazil. The Surinam toad is of a distinctive form, having a triangular-shaped head and small eyes. The upper side is blackish-brown studded with spine-bearing pimples, and the underside is smooth and of a whitish colour. The tips of the fingers in the forelimbs have star-like expansions, while the three inner toes of the webbed hind feet are provided with claws.
During the breeding season the skin of the female's back becomes thickened and softened. The eggs first extruded cling to the back and are pushed forward by those following, until the upper side is covered by about 100 eggs. The soft skin rises between and around the eggs so that they become embedded in the skin and the tadpoles develop on the mother's back, emerging as completely formed toads from their capsules after about twelve weeks. The pitted skin of the mother is then shed. During dry seasons the Surinam toad aestivates by burying itself in the mud.
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The Surninoe are a sub-family of the Strigidae family of birds including the Snowy Owl. They are characterised by a beak curved from the base; egrets wanting; a small cere; oval nostrils; a small and incomplete facial disk; and the legs and toes covered with feathers.
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Sus cristatus is the Indian wild boar.
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Sus scrofa is the European wild boar. Wild boar disappeared from the British Isles during the 18th century, but reappeared at the start of the 21st century, escaping from farms and establishing small communities. Wild boar live in deciduous woodlands where they perform a unique and important form of agriculture, turning over the top soil as they search for the acorns and beech nuts that they love to eat. Wild boar are a particularly good form of pork and are hunted and reared for their flesh. Like domestic pigs, wild boar are intelligent, inquisitive and social animals, the young staying within sight and hearing of their mother as they snuffle the ground, ready to race over to a source of food or escape a threat, and communicating by squeals and grunts.
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The Sussex is a breed of chicken.
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The Sussex Emerald (Thalera fimbrialis) is a moth of the family Geometridae with a wing span of between 25 and 30 mm found in temperate Europe and western Asia flying in one or two generations from May to September.
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The Sussex or Southdown is a breed of English short-woolled sheep. It has fine close curled wool and a brown or grey face and short legs.
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The Sussex Spaniel is a British breed of spaniel developed in Sussex during the 1790s as a gundog and companion breed. They have a golden-liver coloured silky coat and stand 40 centimetres tall. A placid and hard-working breed, they need plenty of exercise.
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Sute is the collective noun for a group of bloodhounds.
Sute is the collective noun for a group of wildfowl.
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The Swallow (Hirundo rustica) is a migratory bird of the family Hirundinidae native to Europe, Asia and Africa, visiting Britain in April and staying until late September. The upper parts of the Swallow are uniformly blue-black in colour, with a patch of red on the forehead. The chin is also red, and the underside a general cream colour with a deep collar of a blue-black colour across the throat. The bill is broad and flat, and the tail forked, more deeply in the male than the female. The wings are very long. Swallows are insectivorous, and generally take food on the wing. The nest is saucer-shaped and made of mud and grass and straw, lined with fine grass and feathers, and usually built upon a rafter or other shelf in a barn or out-house.
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The Swallow Prominent (Pheosia tremula) is a moth of the family Notodontidae with a wing span of between 45 and 55 mm found in temperate and warmer Europe and western Asia in damp vegetation bordering rivers and brooks, in woods and in deciduous forests. Two generations are produced flying from April to June and the second from July to August. The caterpillar feeds on poplar, willow and birch.
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The Swallow-tailed Moth (Ourapteryx sambucaria) is a moth of the family Geometridae with a wing span of between 40 and 50 mm found in the western part of the Palaearctic sub region flying in July and August.
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Swallow-wort (Asclepias) is a genus of perennial herbs of the order Asclepiadaceae, native to the Americas. They are also known as milkweed and silkweed. The plants have a milky juice, and the leaves are usually opposite or in whorls. The flowers have the corolla deeply divided into five segments. Attached to the tube of the stamens are five hooded bodies, each with a hollow horn. Many of the species possess powerful medicinal qualities. Asclepias decumbens is diaphoretic and sudorific, and has the singular property of exciting general perspiration without increasing in any sensible degree the heat of the body.
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The Swamp Spider (Dolomedes fimbriatus) is an impressive British spider growing to 25 mm long found in damp heathland and beside boggy pools in southern England. The Swamp Spider sits with its front legs touching the surface of the water and waits to detect the vibrations of insects trapped in the water's surface film, whereupon the spider skates with ease to the insect and devours it. When alarmed the Swamp Spider can submerge in the pool.
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The swan (Cygnus) is a genus of large, long necked birds of the goose sub- family (Anscrinae) of the duck family (Anatidae). They differ from geese in the bill being of equal breadth throughout and furnished with a knob at the base; medial nostrils; short legs and a very long neck. The commonest species seen in Britain is the mute swan, although the Whooper Swan and the Bewick's Swan also visit.
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The Swan Mussel (Anodonta cygnea) is a freshwater bivalve mollusc of the family Unionidae, found in sluggish rivers, canals, and large ponds throughout most of Great Britain. The Swan Mussel typically grows to about 15 cm long, it has a thin, oval shell with a straight edge where the two sides are hinged on the upper side. The outside of the Swan Mussel is greenish-yellow in colour and marked with dark growth lines, inside it is coated with mother-of-pearl. The animal is greyish in colour with a yellow foot which it uses to move.
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Swarm is the collective noun for a group of ants.
Swarm is the collective noun for a group of gnats,
Swarm is the collective noun for a group of bees.
Swarm is the collective noun for a group of flies.
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The Swede or Swedish turnip (Brassica campestris) is a biennial cruciferous plant of the same genus as cabbage, rape and kale. The root is hard, yellow, crisp, and sweet-tasting and is eaten as a vegetable.
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The Swedish Landrace is the leading breed of pig in Sweden, originating from importations from neighbouring countries, particularly from Denmark. The heavy drooping ears found on the Landrace strains in other countries are also typical of the Swedish breed, as is the white colour and high proportion of lean meat.
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The Swedish Red-and-White is a breed of cattle.
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The Swedish Warmblood is a Swedish breed of horse that originated during the 17th century with a breeding programme with no set objective, but which produced a useful riding horse which was subsequently used by the military as a cavalry horse. The Swedish Warmblood is a large horse, standing 16.2 hands high, generally used as a sports horse today in dressage, show jumping and eventing. They are usually bay, brown, chestnut or grey in colour.
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Sweet Briar or Eglantine (Rosa eglanteria) is a shrub of the natural order Rosaceae, native to Europe, north Asia and West Asia. It forms a small bush with erect prickly stems, clothed also with gland-tipped bristles. The leaves are divided into five or seven roundish leaflets with toothed edges. The underside of the leaves is covered with glands that give off a sticky and sweet smelling excreta. The flowers are small, and rose-pink in colour, the fruit is a scarlet and egg- or pear-shaped.
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Sweet Gale or bog myrtle (Myrica gale) is a shrub of the natural order Myricaceae.
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Sweet Marjoram (Origanum majorana) or knotted Marjoram is an annual, sometimes biennial herb or sub shrub of the family Labiatae with an erect, branched, square, slightly hairy stem. The leaves are small, opposite, oval and greyish in colour and short-stalked. The flowers are small, white or purplish in colour and two-lipped and are arranged in roundish clusters in the leaf axils.
Sweet Marjoram is used in cooking as a flavouring herb and in medicine for its mildly sedative, choleretic, carminative and antispasmodic properties.
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The Sweet Pea (Lathyrus odoratus) is an annual plant of the family Leguminosae native to southern Europe from whence it was introduced to Britain in 1700. Sweet pea has a long, flattened and winged stem which is too weak to stand, and the plant supports itself by numerous tendils. The flowers are fragrant and are produced in clusters of two or three at the end of long stalks. It is easy to grow in any garden soil and is a popular garden plant in Britain.
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The Sweet Potato (Batatas) is a genus of plants of the family Convolvulaceae native to South America and grown as a food crop in most warm countries. It has a long, slender stem, which sometimes climbs by twining large lobed or angular leaves about 15 cm long, and funnel-shaped flowers which are white outside and purple within. The sweet potato forms underground a large spindle-shaped tuber as a reservoir of starchy and saccharine matter. If left in the ground these tubers can grow to as much as 15 kg in weight, but are usually cultivated and dug up at about 1 kg to 5 kg in size, and more recently even smaller.
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Sweet Violet (Viola odorata) is a creeping downy perennial herb, with a rosette of kidney-shaped leaves and long rooting stolons. The stipules are ovate. There are white, blue and purple varieties, and of these there are double sub-varieties.
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Sweet-William (Dianthus barbatus) is a biennial plant of the pink genus of the family Caryophyllaceae native to southern and eastern Europe from where it was introduced to Britain around 1573 as a garden plant. Sweet-William has a stiff, jointed stem that bears lance-shaped leaves in pairs, and divides at the top into a cluster of flower-stalks. The natural colours of the flowers are white or pink, but under cultivation other colours occur.
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The Swift (Cypselidae) is a family of about 100 species of Picarian birds. They are similar to the Swallow, with long, narrow wings, forked tail, and a beak slit to the level of the eyes.
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The Swiss Warmblood or Einsiedler is a Swiss breed of versatile horse used for riding and driving. The Swiss Warmblood stands between 15.2 and 16,2 hands high and occurs in any colour.
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The Sword Bean (Canavalia ensiformis) is a climbing herb of the natural order Leguminosae native to India, Africa and tropical America. Its leaves are divided into three large oval leaflets, and the flowers are purple in colour and resemble those of the pea, and are borne in long sprays. The flowers are succeeded by scimitar-shaped pods, 30 cm long, containing a number of beans.
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The Sword-fish (Xiphiidae) is a family of six species of bony fish remarkable on account of their having an enormous prolongation of the upper jaw which forms a sword-like weapon of attack.
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The Sword-grass (Xylena exsoleta) is a moth of the family Noctuidae, with a wing span of between 55 and 65 mm found in the temperate region of Europe flying from April to June, and on occasional sunny winter's days when the moth awakes from hibernation.
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The sycamore (Sycomorus) also known as the great maple or false plane, is a genus of trees of the family Moraceae native to Europe and western Asia, introduced into Britain around 1551. They have a straight, erect, smooth trunk, large, spreading, symmetrical branches and large five-lobed, irregularly toothed leaves. In early spring the greenish flowers appear in long, drooping clusters, and are followed by winged seeds known as samaras of a reddish-green colour. The wood is used for making violins as well as furniture, dairy utensils and mangle rollers etc.
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The Sycamore Moth (Acronicta aceris) is a moth of the family Noctuidae with a wing span of between 35 and 45 mm found in the mild zone of Europe and western and central Asia in deciduous forests and parks where it can be seen flying from May to August.
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Sycon is a member of the Calcarea class.
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Sylviadae is the warbler family of birds. They have a slender bill, tapering to a point, both of the mandibles having in most cases the vertical outline slightly arched, and the lateral outline slightly incurved. The upper mandible is notched near the tip. They are small and delicately formed birds, most of which are migratory, living in summer groves and woods and feeding principally on small insects which they collect among herbage, on the bark of trees, or on the ground.
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Symbiosis is the association of two organisms each helping the other.
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Symphyta is a sub-order of the order Hymenoptera. These are the oldest order of the Hymenoptera, hymenopterous insects whose abdomen is joined to the thorax along its whole width and height. Males and females differ in the shape and colour of the body, the shape of the antennae and in other ways. The wings always have well-developed venation. They are reluctant, heavy, and sometimes noisy fliers. The females have ovipositors of varying length.
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The synapsida are a subclass of mammal-like reptiles now extinct.
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Synapta is a type of holothuroidea.
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Synaptus is a genus of click beetle (Elateridae).
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Syncarida is an order of Malacostraca in which the carapace is absent and the thoracic appendages have exopodites.
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The syndactyla are an order of Metatheria in which the second and third toes are bound together in a common mass of tissue.
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Synharmonia is a genus of ladybird (Coccinellidae).
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Syntarsus was a dinosaur of the Triassic period. It was a medium sized animal, about three metres long, walked on its hind legs and was a carnivore. The arms were short and each had three fingers on the hand, each finger armed with a curved claw.
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Syntomium is a genus of rove beetles, Staphylinidae, characterised by a short, bulky body, whose head and thorax have a pronounced metallic sheen.
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Synuchus is a genus of beetles of the ground beetle family, Carabidae. Unusually, mating occurs in autumn and the larvae hibernate.
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The Syrian Arab is an ancient breed of small horse originally from Syria, standing 15 hands high and occurring in chestnut or grey colour. Like the Arabian horse they are spirited and have presence.
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Syringa is a genus of shrubs of the family Oleaceae, the best known species being the lilac.
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The Syrniinoe are a sub-family of the Strigidae family of birds including the Tawny Owl. They are characterised by the beak bending from the base, the egrets more or less conspicuous or wanting; the facial disk is complete; the ears large and covered by an operculum. The legs are feathered to the claws.
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Abbreviations
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