|
Amadeus, Duke of Aosta, was for a short time King of Spain. He was born in 1845 and died in 1890. He was the second son of Victor Emanuel of Italy, and brother of Humbert I, King of Italy. He was chosen by the Cortes King of Spain in 1870, Queen Isabella having had to leave the country in 1868. He made his entrance into Madrid as king on January the 2nd, 1871, and took the oath to the constitution. His position was far from comfortable, however, and having little hope of becoming acceptable to all parties, he abdicated on the llth of February 1873.
 Research Amadeus
The Amakosa (Ama-Xosa) are a branch of the Bantu people inhabiting the Transkei and practising an animistic religion.
Research Amakosa
Amalasuntha was the daughter of Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, and after his death regent of Italy for her son Athalarich, whom Theodoric had designated as his successor. Athalarich died in 534, after which Amalasuntha married her cousin Theodahad, but retained the power in her own hands. Mainly on this account she was put to death by her second husband, in 535.
Research Amalasuntha
The Amalekites were a nomadic Arab people, descendants of Amalek, grandson of Esau, brother of Jacob, who attacked the Israelites in 1491 BC when perpetual war was denounced against them. They were subdued by Saul about 1079 BC, by David in 1058 BC and 1056 BC and by the Simeonites about 715 BC.
Research Amalekites
An amanuensis is a secretary employed to take dictation or to copy manuscripts.
Research Amanuensis
Amasa J Parker was an American jurist and politician. He was born in 1807 and died in 1890. He represented New York in the US Congress as a Democrat from 1837 to 1839. He was a Judge of the New York Supreme Court from 1847 to 1855.
Research Amasa Parker
Amasa Walker was an American politician and economist. He was born in 1799 and died in 1875. He was a member of the Massachusetts Senate in 1849. He was Secretary of the State from 1851 to 1853. He represented Massachusetts in the US Congress as a Republican from 1863 to 1863. He was prominent in advocating new and reformatory measures, and was an authority on questions of finance. He published 'Nature and Uses of Money and Mixed Currency' and 'Science of Wealth, a Manual of Political economy'.
Research Amasa Walker
Amasis was king of Egypt from 569 to 526 B.C. He obtained the throne by rebelling against his predecessor Apries, and is chiefly known from his friendship for the Greeks, and his wise government of the kingdom, which, under him, was in the most prosperous condition.
Research Amasis
The Amatis were a family of celebrated violin makers of Cremona in the 16th and 17th centuries. Andrea Amati, who lived about 1540 until 1600, was the founder of the business, which was carried on by his sons Geronimo and Antonio, and by Niccolo the son of Geronimo. Most of the violins made by them are of comparatively small size and flat model, and the tone produced by the fourth or G string is somewhat thin and sharp. Many of Niccolo Amati's violins are, however, of a larger size and have all the fulness and intensity of tone characteristic of those manufactured by Stradivario and Guarnerio.
Research Amati
Ambrose Everett Burnside was an American soldier, gunsmith and politician. He was born in 1824 and died in 1881. A graduate of West Point in 1847 he was commander of the Army of the Potomac, before inventing a breech-loading rifle and retiring from the army to engage in business before becoming a Republican governor of Rhode Island from 1866 until 1868 and a US Senator for Rhode Island from 1875 until 1881. During the American Civil War he led a brigade at the first battle of Bull Run and in 1862 was placed in command of an expedition to North Carolina.
Research Ambrose E. Burnside
Sir Ambrose Fleming was an English scientist. He was born in 1849 and died in 1945. In 1904 he invented the thermionic valve.
Research Ambrose Fleming
Ambrose P Hill was an American soldier. He was born in 1825 and died in 1865. He graduated from the US Military Academy in 1847 and served during the Mexican War. At the outbreak of the American Civil War he was appointed a colonel in the Virginia volunteers and fought at Bull Run. He was promoted brigadier-general for bravery and commanded at Williamsburg, and was afterward promoted major-general. He took a prominent and aggressive part in the battles around Richmond, had important commands at Antietam, Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, and was brevetted lieutenant-general. He led a corps at Gettysburg, and met his death in defence of Petersburg.
Research Ambrose Hill
Ambrosio Spinola (Marquis de Los Balbasses) was a Spanish soldier. He was born in 1569 at Genoa and died in 1630. He entered the Spanish service in 1602, seized Ostend in 1603, and in 1604 became commander-inc-chief in Flanders, conducting a campaign which, though successful from a military point of view, ruined him financially. The capture of Breda in 1625 was his greatest exploit and marked the end of his military career. In 1629 he was sent to Italy, where he died the following year.
Research Ambrosio Spinola
Amedeo Modigliani was an Italian painter. He was born in 1884 at Leghorn and died in 1920.
Research Amedeo Modigliani
Amelia Elizabeth Caroline was the queen of George IV of England. She was born in 1768 and died in 1821. She was a daughter of Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick. After a defective education she was married in 1795 to the Prince of Wales, who forsook her immediately after the birth of their child in 1796.
Research Amelia Caroline
Amenophis III (Amenhotep III) was a king of ancient Egypt about 1500 BC. He warred successfully against the Syrians and Ethiopians, built magnificent temples and palaces at Thebes, where the so-called Memnon statue is a statue of this king.
Research Amenophis III
From 1688 on, there was in every American colony a party favourable to the English crown. When the Revolutionary movements began, this party became more active. In no colony was there an overwhelming majority in favour of revolution. In some the majority was unfavourable. The loyalists in New England and the Middle States comprised a large part of the most respectable and eminent men. It is now recognized that a large number of them were patriotic in their resistance to the efforts to overturn the existing government. As the Revolution progressed they were treated. with increasing harshness.
Tories were ostracized, and in some cases tarred and feathered. Acts banishing them and confiscating their property were passed by most of the colonial conventions and legislatures. During the British occupation of New York, Philadelphia and the Southern States, loyalist regiments and more irregular organizations were formed and took part in the war, often with great bitterness. Exasperation against them was so great that at the end of the war most of them felt obliged to go into exile when the British troops withdrew. Thousands from the North went to New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Canada. From the South many went to the Bahamas and West Indies. In the Treaty of 1783 the British endeavoured to have articles inserted which should provide compensation for the dispossessed loyalists, but no more was secured than a promise to recommend the matter to the States. The States refused to do anything in the matter, though subsequently some ameliorations of their hardships were secured.
Research American Loyalists
The American Whigs were the first political party of America. They came into existence in the struggles preceding the American War Of Independence and resisted the arbitrary measures of George III and declared independence of him. They opposed the Tories who supported the English crown in America, and after independence confiscated the property of the banished Tories.
Research American Whigs
Amerigo Vespucci was an Italian explorer. He was born in 1451 or 1454 at Florence and died in 1512. He discovered the Amazon River in 1499. The continent of America was named after him.
Research Amerigo Vespucci
Amilcare Ponchielli was an Italian composer. He was born in 1834 and died in 1886. He composed La Gioconda.
Research Amilcare Ponchielli
Ammianus Marcellimis was a Roman historian. He was born about 320 at Antioch in Syria and died about 390. He wrote in thirty-one books (of which the first thirteen are lost) a history of the Caesars, from Nerva to Valens, which was highly thought of by Gibbon for its fidelity.
Research Ammianus Marcellimis
The Ammonites were an ancient people who lived in the area which is now southern Jordan in the Middle East. They were said to be descended from Lot, who appears in the Old Testament. They were infamous for their ritual sacrifice of their own children which took place by burning at Yophet, a place constructed for the purpose in the valley of Hinnom.
Research Ammonite
Ammonius Saccas was a Greek philosopher who lived about 175-250. Originally a porter in Alexandria, he derived his epithet from the carrying of sacks of corn. The son of Christian parents, he abandoned their faith for the polytheistic philosophy of Greece. His teaching was historically a transition stage between Platonism and Neo-Platonism. Among his disciples were Plotinus, Longinus, Origen, etc.
Research Ammonius Saccas
Amos Bronson Alcott was an American philosopher. He was born in 1799 and died in 1888. He was the father of Louisa May Alcott.
Research Amos Alcott
Amos Ellmaker was an American politician. He was born in 1787 and died in 1851. He served in the Pennsylvania Legislature from 1812 to 1814, was State Attorney-General from 1816 to 1819 and in 1833 was the Anti-Masonic candidate for Vice-President of the United States.
Research Amos Ellmaker
Amos Kendall was an American politician. He was born in 1789 Massachusetts and died in 1869. He earnestly supported Andrew Jackson in 1834. In 1829 he was appointed an auditor in the Treasury Department. He was one of the chief men in Andrew Jackson's administration, guiding-the anti-bank policy, and advising and directing the President in all his duties. He was Postmaster-General of the United States from 1835 to 1840 in the Cabinets of Andrew Jackson and Van Buren. He was an ardent anti-slavery advocate and, though a Jackson Democrat, earnestly supported the administration during the American Civil War.
Research Amos Kendall
Amos W Barber was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Wyoming from 1890 until 1893.
Research Amos W. Barber
Amru was originally an opponent, and subsequently a zealous supporter of Mohammed, and one of the ablest of the Mohammedan warriors. He brought Egypt under the power of the Caliph Omar in 638, and governed it wisely until his death in 663. The burning of the famous Alexandrian Library has been generally attributed to him, though only on the authority of a writer who lived six centuries later.
Research Amru
Amy Johnson was an English aviator. She was born in 1903 at Hull, Humberside and died in 1941. She became a pilot in 1929 and in 1930 flew solo from England to Australia in a second-hand De Havilland DH 60 Gipsy Moth aircraft (christened Jason Wanderer) which her father bought for her, setting a new speed record, breaking the record held by Bert Hinkler - despite losing two days after hitting a ditch while landing at Insein which caused considerable damage to the plane - for which she won a prize of £10,000 awarded by the London Daily Mail newspaper. During the Second World War she was a pilot with the Air Transport Auxiliary and died after bailing out over the Thames estuary.
Research Amy Johnson
Anacreon was a Greek lyric poet. He was born in 569 BC and died in 475 B. A native of Teos, in Ionia, only a few fragments of his works have come down to us; the collection of odes that usually passes under the name of Anacreon is mostly the production of a later time.
Research Anacreon
Anastasius I was Emperor of the East. He was born in 431 and died in 518. Hes ucceeded Zeno in A.D. 491. He was a member of the imperial life-guard, and owed his elevation to Ariadne, widow of Zeno, whom he married. He distinguished himself by suppressing the combats between men and wild beasts in the arena, abolishing the sale of offices, building the fortifications of Constantinople, etc. His support of the heretical Eutychians led to a dangerous rebellion and his anathematization by the pope.
Research Anastasius I
Anatole France (real name Anatloe Francois Thibaut) was a French author. He was born in 1844 at Paris and died in 1924. He won the Nobel prize for literature in 1921.
Research Anatole France
Anatoly Mikhailovitch Stossel was a Russian soldier. He was born in 1848 and died in 1915. He entered the army in 1866 and in 1899 was made a general. During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904 to 1905 he commanded the fortress of Port Arthur, and during the siege of the fort was praised for his heroism. However, after the fall of Port Arthur questions were asked about his leadership and in 1908 he was tried by court-martial, sentenced to death, but his sentence was commuted to ten years' imprisonment, and after fifteen months was released due to ill health.
Research Anatoly Stossel
Anaxagoras was an Ionian philosopher. He was born in 488 BC at Clazomense and died in 428 BC. When only about twenty years of age he settled at Athens, and soon gained a high reputation, and gathered round him a circle of renowned pupils, including Pericles, Euripides, Socrates, etc. At the age of fifty he was publicly charged with impiety and condemned to death, but the sentence was commuted to perpetual banishment. Thereupon he went to Lampsacus, where he died. Anaxagoras belonged to the atomic school of Ionic philosophers. He held that there was an infinite number of different kinds of elementary atoms, and that these, in themselves motionless and originally existing in a state of chaos, were put in motion by an eternal, immaterial, spiritual, elementary being, Nous (Intelligence), from which motion the world was produced. The stars were, according to him, of earthy materials; the sun a glowing mass, about as large as the Peloponnesus;
the earth was flat; the moon a dark, inhabitable body, receiving its light from the sun; the comets wandering stars.
Research Anaxagoras
Anaximander was an ancient Greek philosopher. He was born in 611 BC at Miletus and died 547. The fundamental principle of his philosophy is that the source of all things is an undefined substance infinite in quantity. The firmament is composed of heat and cold, the stars of air and fire. The sun occupies the highest place in the heavens, has a circumference twenty-eight times larger than the earth, and resembles a cylinder, from which streams of fire issue. The moon is likewise a cylinder, nineteen times larger than the earth. The earth has the shape of a cylinder, and is placed in the midst of the universe, where it remains suspended. Anaximander occupied himself a great deal with mathematics and geography. To him is credited the invention of geographical maps and the first application of the gnomon or style fixed on a horizontal plane to determine the solstices and equinoxes.
Research Anaximander
Anaximenes was an ancient Greek philosopher. He lived about 550 BC. According to him, air was the first principle of all things. Finite things were formed from the infinite air by compression and rarefaction produced by eternally existent motion; and heat and cold resulted from varying degrees of density of the primal element.
Research Anaximenes
According to Caesar, the Ancalites were a people inhabiting parts of Berkshire and Wiltshire at the time of the Roman invasion of Britain.
Research Ancalites
Anchorites or Anchorets were, in the early church, a class of religious persons who generally passed their lives in cells, from which they never removed. Their habitations were, in many instances, entirely separated from the abodes of other men, sometimes in the depth of wildernesses, in pits or caverns; at other times several of these individuals fixed their habitations in the vicinity of each other, but they always lived personally separate. The continual prevalence of bloody wars, civil commotions, and persecutions at the beginning of the Christian era must have made retirement and religious meditation agreeable to men of quiet and contemplative minds. This spirit, however, as might have been expected, soon led to fanatical excesses; many anchorites went without proper clothing, wore heavy chains, and we find at the close of the fourth century Simeon Stylites passing thirty years on the top of a column without ever descending from it, and finally dying there. In Egypt and Syria, where Christianity became blended with the Grecian philosophy and strongly tinged with the peculiar notions of the East, the anchorets were most numerous; in Europe there were comparatively few, and on the development and establishment of the monastic system they disappeared completely.
Research Anchorites
Ancus Marcius was the fourth king of Rome, reigning from 638 when he succeeded Tullus Hostilius until his death in 614 BC. He conquered many Latin towns and transplanted their inhabitants to Rome. He is reputed to be the founder of Ostia and to have built the wooden bridge across the Tiber known as the Sublician, and built the first Roman prison.
Research Ancus Marcius
Anders Celsius was a Swedish astronomer. He was born in 1701 and died in 1744. He invented the centigrade scale for measuring temperature.
Research Anders Celsius
Anders Leonhard Zorn was a Swedish artist. He was born in 1860 and died in 1920.
Research Anders Zorn
Andocides was an Athenian orator. He was born in 467 BC and died about 393 BC. He took an active part in public affairs, and was four times exiled; the first time along with Alcibiades, for profaning the Eleusinian mysteries. Several of his orations are extant.
Research Andocides
Andre Marie Ampere was a French scientist and the founder of the science of electrodynamics. He was born in 1775 at Lyons and died in 1836. A genius in mathematics, his best known work was in establishing the nature of the connexion between electricity and magnetism and working out the theory of electrodynamics.
Research Andre Ampere
Andre B Roman was an American politician. He was a Whig governor of Louisiana from 1831 until 1835.
Research Andre B. Roman
Andre Campra was a French composer. He was born in 1660 at Aix and died in 1744. From 1679 to 1694 he was conductor at the cathedrals of Toulon, then Arles and afterwards Toulouse before going to Paris in 1694 and becoming conductor at the Notre-Dame, a post he resigned in 1700 to devote himself to composition. He wrote some twenty operas including 'L'Europe Galante' and 'Le Carnaval de Venise'.
Research Andre Campra
Andre Hercule de Fleury was a French cardinal and prime minister. He was born in 1653 and died in 1743. In 1698 Louis XIV gave him the bishopric of Frejus, and shortly before his death appointed him instructor to Louis XV. After the death of the regent in 1723 he proposed the Duc de Borbon as first minister, but in 1726 he overturned the government which he himself had set up, and from then on directed affairs himself, in the same year being made a cardinal.
Research Andre de Fleury
Andre Paul Guillaume Gide was a French writer. He was born in 1869 and died in 1951.
Research Andre Gide
Andrea Amati was the founder of the Amati violin making business. He was born in 1540 and died in 1600.
Research Andrea Amati
Andrea Appiani was an Italian painter. He was born in 1754 at Milan and died in 1817. As a fresco-painter he excelled every contemporary painter in Italy. He displayed his skill particularly in the cupola of Santa Maria di S. Celso at Milan, and in the paintings representing the legend of Cupid and Psyche, prepared for the walls and ceiling of the villa of the Archduke Ferdinand at Monza in 1795. Napoleon appointed him royal court painter, and portraits of almost the whole of the imperial family were painted by him.
Research Andrea Appiani
Andrea Del Sarto (Andrea D'Agnolo) was a Florentine artist born in 1487, he died in 1531 of the plague. He was a pupil of Giovanni Barile and Piero di Cosimo and was influenced by Leonardo Da Vinci and Michelangelo. He painted the picture 'Charity' which hangs in the Louvre.
Research Andrea Del Sarto
Andrea del Verrocchio was an Italian sculptor, painter, silversmith and engineer. He was born in 1435 in Florence and died in 1488. He was a teacher of Leonardo Da Vinci.
Research Andrea Del Verrocchio
Andrea di Cione (also known as Orcagna and Arcaonuolo) was an Italian painter, sculptor and architect. He was born in 1316 at Florence and died in 1376. He painted frescoes of Santa Maria Novella and was the architect of Or San Michele.
Research Andrea di Cione
Andrea Mantegna was an Italian painter and engraver. He was born in 1431 and died in 1506.
Research Andrea Mantegna
Andrea Palladio was an Italian architect. He was born in 1518 at Vicenza and died in 1580. He studied under Trissino and at Rome, and became the chief exponent of the new Roman as opposed to the Renaissance architecture.
Research Andrea Palladio
Andrea Sansovino (properly Andrea Contucci) was an Italian sculptor and architect. He was born in 1460 near Montepulciano and died in 1529. After working at Florence and Portugal from 1491 to 1500 he was, in 1505, called by Pope Julius II to Rome where he executed the funeral monuments of Cardinals Basso and Sforza for Santa Maria del Popolo. From 1513 he was engaged on the decoration of the cathedral church of Santa Croce at Loreto.
Research Andrea Sansovino
Andrea Solario was an Italian painter. He was born in 1460 at Milan and died in 1530. Among his works are the decoration of the Chateau Gaillon carried out for the Cardinal d'Amboise in 1507.
Research Andrea Solario
Andreas Caesalpinus was an Italian botanist. He was born in 1519 at Arezzo and died in 1603. He became professor of botany at Pisa and was the first to attempt a comprehensive classification of plants upon a natural system.
Research Andreas Caesalpinus
Andreas Hudde was a Dutch colonial governor. He was born in 1600 and died in 1663. He went to America from Holland in 1629, and was employed in New Netherlands by the Dutch West India Company. He was Governor of the Dutch colony on the Delaware from 1645 to 1655.
Research Andreas Hudde
Andreas Schluter was a German sculptor and architect. He was born in 1664 at Hamburg and died in 1714. He was for a time architect to the Sobieskis and worked at Warsaw. In 1694 he was appointed court architect at Berlin, and in 1695 co-director of the academy.
Research Andreas Schluter
Andreas Vesalius was a Belgian physician and founder of the science of anatomy. He was born in 1514 and died in 1564. He wrote 'On the Fabric of The Human Body'.
Research Andreas Vesalius
Andres Bello was a Venezuelan poet and polymath. He was born in 1781 and died in 1865. He is regarded as the intellectual father of Latin America, a friend and teacher of the patriot Simon Bolivar, he translated the Romantics Byron and Hugo but defended Neo-Classicism in literature. In the service of the new republic of Chile he was an enormously influential educational and legal reformer; he also published an important grammar of the Spanish language in 1847 which is still in use.
Research Andres Bello
Andrew Aagesen was a Danish jurist. He was born in 1826 and died in 1879. He studied law at Kristianshavn and Copenhagen, and interrupted his studies in 1848 to take part in the first Schleswig war, in which he served as the leader of a reserve battalion. In 1855 he became professor of jurisprudence at the university of Copenhagen and in 1870 was appointed a member of the commission for drawing up a maritime and commercial code, and the navigation law of 1882 is mainly his work. In 1879 he was elected a member of the Landsthing; but it is as a teacher at the university that he won his reputation. He also wrote numerous papers and conducted ground breaking research into Roman Law.
Research Andrew Aagesen
Sir Andrew Bartholemew Balfour was a Scotch botanist and physician. He was born in 1630 at Fifeshire in 1630 and died in 1694. After completing his studies at St Andrews and London, and travelling on the Continent, he settled at Edinburgh, where he planned, with Sir Robert Sibbald, the Royal College of Physicians, and was elected its first president. He also laid the foundation of a hospital in Edinburgh, which expanded into the Royal Infirmary. His familiar letters were published in 1700.
Research Andrew Balfour
Andrew Barry Moore was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Alabama from 1857 until 1861.
Research Andrew Barry Moore
Andrew Barton was a Scottish sailor. He was born abour 1470 and died in 1512. He was one of Scotland's first great naval commanders, and belonged to a family which for two generations had produced able and successful seamen. In 1497 he commanded the escort which accompanied Perkin Warbeck from Scotland. After doing considerable damage to English shipping he was killed in an engagement with two ships which had been specially fitted out against him in 1512.
Research Andrew Barton
Andrew Carnegie was an American industrialist and philanthropist. He was born at Dunfermline in 1835 and died in 1919. In May 1848 his parents left Dunfermline for America, settling in Pittsburgh. His prosperity began with the formation of the Pullman Palace Car Company which received a large contract from the Union Pacific Railroad; while Carnegie himself became manager of the Pittsburgh division of the Pennsylvania Railroad, a position he held until after the civil war. After a visit to Scotland in 1868 he broke new ground by founding the Union Mills, Pittsburgh, for the manufacture of steel rails, which he noted were being preferred to those of iron. He also acquired the Edgar Thomson Steel Works, and in 1875 all the concerns in which he was interested were amalgamated under the title of 'Carnegie Brothers and Co'. In 1883 the Homestead Steel Works were acquired, and along with several other works, were formed into one concern under the title 'The Carnegie Steel Company Limited'. Carnegie became very popular through his
benevolence, assisting the establishment of local libraries and church organs, paying class fees for students at Scottish universities and making donations to other universities and technical schools. In April 1905 he presented two million pounds sterling to provide pensions for teachers in American universities and colleges.
Research Andrew Carnegie
Andrew Jackson Donelson was an American politician. He was born in 1800 and died in 1871. A nephew of General Andrew Jackson, he was private secretary to his uncle during the latter's Presidency, Minister to Prussia and the German Confederation from 1846 to 1849, and in 1856 was nominated for the Vice-Presidency by the American party on the ticket with Fillmore.
Research Andrew Donelson
Andrew E Lee was an American politician. He was a Populist governor of South Dakota from 1897 until 1901.
Research Andrew E. Lee
Andrew Ellicott was an American surveyor. He was born in 1754 at Pennsylvania and died in 1820. He surveyed and laid out the city of Washington in 1790, and was surveyor-general of the United States in 1792. In 1796 he was appointed a commissioner to determine the boundary between the United States and the Spanish possessions on the south.
Research Andrew Ellicott
Andrew F Schoeppel was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Kansas from 1943 until 1947.
Research Andrew F. Schoeppel
Andrew Fisher was an Australian politician. He was born in 1862 and died in 1928. He emigrated from Scotland and in 1893 entered the Queensland Parliament and the Commonwealth Parliament in 1900, going on to be Prime Minister three times.
Research Andrew Fisher
Andrew H Foote was an American sailor. He was born in 1806 and died in 1863. He entered the navy in 1822, and from 1849 to 1852 was active in suppressing the African slave trade. At the beginning of the American Civil War he was placed in command of the western flotilla. In 1863, in connection with the army of General Grant, he compelled Fort Henry to surrender and aided in a combined attack upon Fort Donelson. He succeeded in capturing Island No. 10 from the Confederates, and in 1863 was promoted rear-admiral.
Research Andrew Foote
Andrew G Magrath was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of South Carolina from 1864 until 1865.
Research Andrew G. Magrath
Andrew Geddes was a Scottish etcher and painter. He was born in 1783 at Edinburgh and died in 1844. He settled in London in 1823, before moving to the continent in 1828 for two years before returning and being elected to the ARA in 1832.
Research Andrew Geddes
Andrew H Reeder was an American politician. He was born in 1807 at Pennsylvania and died in 1864. He was appointed Governor of Kansas in 1854, but was removed in 1855 for not exerting official influence against the Free-State movement. When chosen US Senator under the Topeka constitution in 1856 he was not allowed his seat.
Research Andrew H Reeder
Andrew H Burke was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Dakota from 1891 until 1893.
Research Andrew H. Burke
Andrew H Longino was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Mississippi from 1900 until 1904.
Research Andrew H. Longino
Andrew Hamilton was an American jurist. He was born in 1676 ar Scotland and died in 1741. He emigrated from Scotland to America in 1697, was Attorney-General of Pennsylvania from 1717 to 1724, an Assemblyman from 1729 to 1739, and in the 'Zenger' libel suit first advanced the doctrine that in such cases evidence of the truth of the libel might be presented in defence.
Research Andrew Hamilton
Andrew A Humphreys was an American soldier. He was born in 1810 and died in 1883. He was assigned to the corps of topographical engineers in 1838 and engaged in the coast survey. He served on the staff of General McClellan in 1862. He commanded a division at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville and a corps at Gettysburg. In 1863 he became chief of staff to General George Meade. He was chief of engineers from 1866 to 1879, when he retired.
Research Andrew Humphreys
Andrew I was king of Hungary from 1046 to 1058. He succeeded Peter the German and engaged in war with Germany until 1052. He attempted to introduce Christianity into his kingdom, but was dethroned and killed by his brother Bela in 1058.
Research Andrew I
Andrew II was king of Hungary from 1205 to 1236. He conducted a crusade to the Holy Land at the instigation of the Pope in 1217. On his return in 1222 he issued his Golden Bull which became the basis of the Hungarian nobles.
Research Andrew II
Andrew III was king of Hungary from 1290 to 1301. He succeeded to the throne after the murder of Ladislaus III, but was opposed by the Duke of Austria and by the Pope, who claimed Hungary as a fief of the church, and put forward Charles Martel, son of Charles II, king of Naples as his nominee. Andrew defeated them both in 1291. The son of Charles Martel later seized a portion of Hungary, and held it until the death of Andrew in 1301.
Research Andrew III
Andrew J Hamilton was an American politician. He was a Conservative governor of Texas from 1865 until 1866.
Research Andrew J. Hamilton
Andrew Jackson was the seventh president of the USA. He was born in 1767 and died in 1845. He began his military career at the early age of thirteen at the Battle of Hanging Rock; occupations of a miscellaneous nature followed, and in 1788 he was public prosecutor in the western district of North Carolina, now Tennessee. He was in 1796-1797 the first Congressman from the State of Tennessee, and in 1797-1798 was US Senator. From 1798 to 1804 he was a Judge of the State Supreme Court. His life as a planter, not infrequently chequered with disputes and duels, was broken by the War of 1812. Jackson, 'Old Hickory', as he was called, commanded the Southwestern troops against the Creeks, whom he overwhelmed at the Horse-Shoe Bend of the Tallapoosa, on March the 27th, 1814. He was made a major-general, stormed Pensacola, and held New Orleans against Pakenham's invasion. The sweeping victory, on January the 8th, 1815, of his riflemen over the flower of the Peninsular army, made Jackson for all time an American hero of the country in general and of the Democratic party in particular. General Jackson's actions in Florida, the capture of St. Marks in 1818, and summary execution of two British subjects, led to considerable discussion.
He was appointed Governor of Florida in 1821, and became US Senator in 1823. In 1824 he received ninety-nine electoral votes for President, but was beaten in the House of Representatives. Elected in 1828 over the President, he entered office in 1829, the first Representative of the new West and of the masses. In his Cabinet, outside of Van Buren, there were few names of note; Jackson's real advisers were a coterie of practical politicians, Lewis, Amos Kendall and others of the so-called 'Kitchen Cabinet'. In 1831 he reorganized his Cabinet, and the next year was re-elected over Clay. The chief features of his eight years, 1829-1837, were his vigorous opposition to nullification and to the United States Bank, his censure by the Senate, his introduction of the " Spoils System," his settlement of the French spoliation dispute, and his 'Specie Circular' of 1836. After his retirement he continued to be regarded as the leader of the party, and died at the 'Hermitage', near Nashville. Jackson was of heroic character, but headstrong, arbitrary, vindictive and subject to the influence of politicians.
Research Andrew Jackson
Andrew Jackson Montague was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Virginia from 1902 until 1906.
Research Andrew Jackson Montague
Andrew Johnson was the seventeenth president of the USA from 1865 to 1869. He was born in 1808 at Raleigh, North Carolina and died in 1875. Apprenticed as a tailor at the age of ten, and with no formal education,
Andrew Johnson taught himself to read before moving with his mother and stepfather to Tennessee in 1826 and there opening his own tailor's shop. In 1827 he married Eliza McCardle, who being comparatively well educated taught him how to write and also arithmetic. He then turned to politics and before the age of 21 had organised a working man's party. Between 1835 and 1843 he served two terms in the Tennessee house of representatives and one in the state senate, joining the Democrats and became a popular champion of public education and the rights of mountaineers and small farmers, supporting slavery but rejecting the South's secession from the Union, and refusing to join the Confederacy leading to him being appointed military Governor of Tennessee by President Abraham Lincoln in 1862. Following Abraham Lincoln's assassination, Andrew Johnson became president.
Research Andrew Johnson
Andrew L Harris was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Ohio from 1906 until 1909.
Research Andrew L. Harris
Andrew Marvell was an English poet. He was born in 1621 at Winstead and died in 1678. In 1650 he was chosen to tutor Mary, daughter of Lord Fairfax. In 1653 he was introduced by Milton to Bradshaw, and became a member of the most enlightened and philosophic party in the politics of the commonwealth. After serving as tutor to a nephew of Oliver Cromwell he was chosen to assist Milton in the Latin secretaryship. In 1659 he was elected member for Hull, and succeeded in holding his seat until his death. He was thus able to protect Milton from royalist reprisals. In 1663 he accompanied Lord Carlisle on an embassy to Russia, Sweden and Denmark. In 1667 he began to write his powerful satires against the king, the Duke of York, Lord Danby, the Papists, and the high Churchmen.
Research Andrew Marvell
Andrew Oliver was an American politician. He was born in 1706 and died in 1774. A loyalist, he was a member of the Massachusetts Council from 1746 to 1765, provincial secretary from 1756 to 1770 and Lieutenant-Governor from 1771 to 1774. Mob violence compelled him to resign the appointment as stamp officer in 1765.
Research Andrew Oliver
Andrew Parsons was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Michigan from 1853 until 1854.
Research Andrew Parsons
Andrew P Peabody was an American journalist, philosopher and teacher. He was born in 1811 and died in 1893. He was editor of the North American Review from 1854 to 1863, and professor of Christian morals at Harvard from 1860 to 1881. He won esteem as a profound thinker, facile writer and lovable teacher.
Research Andrew Peabody
Andrew Pickens was an American soldier and politician. He was born in 1739 and died in 1817. He served in the Cherokee War in 1761. In 1779 he defeated the British under Colonel Boyd at Kettle Creek and was active at the Battle of Stono. He commanded the militia at Cowpens, captured Augusta and led the Carolina militia at Eutaw Springs. He served in the South Carolina legislature from 1783 to 1794, and was a US Congressman from 1793 to 1795. He was again in the South Carolina Legislature from 1801 to 1813. He negotiated numerous treaties with the Southern Indians.
Research Andrew Pickens
Andrew R McGill was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Minnesota from 1887 until 1889.
Research Andrew R. McGill
Andrew Stevenson was an American politician. He was born in 1784 and died in 1857. He was a member of the Virginia Legislature from 1804 to 1820. He represented Virginia in the US Congress as a Democrat from 1823 to 1834, when he resigned. He served as Speaker of the House from 1827 to 1834. He was Minister to England from 1836 to 1841.
Research Andrew Stevenson
Andrew Stoddart was an English cricketer and rugby union player. He was born in 1864 at South Shields and died in 1915. In 1885 he joined Hampstead CC and made his first appearance for Middlesex. Andrew Stoddart was renowned as a batsman, scoring 485 of the 814 total runs Hampstead scored against the Stoics on August the 4th 1886, as well as a batsman he was also a change bowler, though not of any merit. As a rugby union player, he was one of the finest of his time and played in ten international matches.
Research Andrew Stoddart
Andronicus I was emperor of Constantinople. He was born in 1110 and died in 1185.
Research Andronicus I
Andonicus II was emperor of Constantinople. He was born in 1258 and died in 1332. His reign is celebrated for the invasion of the Turks.
Research Andronicus II
Andonicus II known as Palaeologus the Younger was emperor of Constantinople. He was born in 1296 and died in 1341.
Research Andronicus III
Andronicus IV was emperor of Constantinople. He reigned in the absence of John IV. In 1373 he gave way to his brother Manuel, and died a monk.
Research Andronicus IV
The Androphagi were an ancient nation of cannibals living north of Scythia, probably in the forests between the upper waters of the Dnieper and the Don. They were most likely Finns and perhaps the ancestors of the Mordvinians.
Research Androphagi
Andy Warhol was an artist famous for his pop art. He was born in 1926 and died in 1987.
Research Andy Warhol
Aneurin was a Britsih poet and prince. He was prince of the Cambrian Britons who flourished about 600 A.D. He was the author of an epic poem, the Gododin, relating the defeat of the Britons of Strathclyde by the Saxons at the battle of Cattraeth.
Research Aneurin
Aneurin Bevan was a British socialist politician. He was born in 1897 and died in 1960. He devised the national health service which came into operation in 1948.
Research Aneurin Bevan
Baroness Angela Burdett-Coutts was an English philanthropist. She was born in 1814 and died in 1906. Her name was taken for the London Cockney rhyming slang for boots - Burdett-Coutts.
Research Angela Burdett-Coutts
Angelica Catalani was an Italian singer. She was born in 1779 at Sinigaglia and died in 1849. She made her debut as a soprano at Venice in 1795 and for some thirty years was almost unrivalled. Her voice was of great power, sweetness and flexibility with a compass which extended to G in altissimo. After singing at Lisbon from 1801 to 1806 she went to London and remained there until 1814 when she went to Paris and assumed the direction of the Italian Opera. In 1816 she made a tour through Europe. In 1822 she appeared again in London.
Research Angelica Catalani
Angelica Kauffman was a Swiss painter. She was born in 1741 and died in 1807.
Research Angelica Kauffman
Angelo Secchi was an Italian astronomer. He was born in 1818 at Reggio in the Emilia and died in 1878. He entered the Jesuit order in 1833 and was driven into exile by the revolution of 1848, to find refuge in Washington. On his return he was appointed director of the Roman College Observatory by Pius IX. He made an extensive series of double-star observations and successfully photographed the total eclipse of the sun in Spain in 1860. In 1863 he established the present system of classifying stellar spectra, which he completed by the discovery of carbon stars in 1867.
Research Angelo Secchi
Angevins are natives of Anjou. The name is often applied to the race of English sovereigns called Plantagenets. Anjou became connected with England by the marriage of Matilda, daughter of Henry I, with Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou. The Angevin kings of England were Henry II, Richard I, John, Henry III., Edward I, Edward II., Edward III, and Richard I.
Research Angevins
The Angles were a Low German tribe who in the earliest historical period had their seats in the district about Angein, in the duchy of Sleswig, and who in the fifth century and subsequently crossed over to Britain along with bands of Saxons and Jutes (and probably Frisians also), and colonized a great part of what from them has received the name of England, as well as a portion of the Lowlands of Scotland. The Angles formed the largest body among the Germanic settlers in Britain, and founded the three kingdoms of East Anglia, Mercia, and Northumbria.
Research Angles
Anglo-Saxons is the name commonly given to the nation or people formed by the amalgamation of the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, who settled in Britain in the fifth and sixth centuries, the Anglo-Saxons being simply the English people of the earlier period of English history. The tribes who were thus the ancestors of the bulk of the English-speaking nationalities came from north Germany, where they inhabited the parts about the mouths of the Elbe and Weser, and the first body of them who gained a footing in Britain are said to have landed in 449, and to have been led by Hengist and Horsa. From the preponderance of the Angles the whole country came to be called Engla-land, that is, the land of the Angles or English.
The whole Anglo-Saxon community was frequently spoken of as consisting of the eorls and the ceorls, or the nobles and common freemen. The former were the men of property and position, the latter were the small landholders, handicraftsmen, etc, who generally placed themselves under the protection of some nobleman, who was hence termed their hlaford or lord. Besides these there was the class of the serfs or slaves (theowas), who might be either born slaves or freemen who had forfeited their liberty by their crimes, or whom poverty or the fortune of war had brought into this position. They served as agricultural labourers on their masters' estates, and were mere chattels, as absolutely the property of their master as his cattle.
The king (cyning, cyng) was at the head of the state; he was the highest of the nobles and the chief magistrate. He was not looked upon as ruling by any divine right, but by the will of the people, as represented by the witan (wise men) or great council of the nation. The new king was not always the direct and nearest heir of the late king, but one of the royal family whose abilities and character recommended him for the office. He had the right of maintaining a standing army of household troops, the duty of calling together the witan, and of laying before them public measures, with certain distinctions of dress, dwelling, etc, all his privileges being possessed and exercised by the advice and consent of the witenagemot or parliament (literally meaning meeting of the wise). Next in rank and dignity to the king were the ealdormen, who were the chief witan or counsellors, and without whose assent laws could not be made, altered, or abrogated. They were at the head of the administration of justice in the shires, possessing both judicial and executive authority, and had as their officers the scir-gerefan or sheriffs. The ealdormen led the fyrd or armed force of the county, and the ealdorman, as such, held possession of certain lands attached to the office, and was entitled to a share of fines and other moneys levied for the king's use and passing through his hands. The whole executive government may be considered as a great aristocratical association, of which the ealdormen were the members, and the king little more than the president. The ealdorman and the king were both surrounded by a number of followers called thegnas or thanes, who were bound by close ties to their superior. The king's thanes were the higher in rank, they possessed a certain quantity of land, smaller in amount than that of an ealdorman, and they filled offices connected with the personal service of the king or with the administration of justice. The scir-gerefa (shire-reeve or sheriff) was also
important functionary. He presided at the county-court along with the ealdorman and bishop, or alone in their absence; and he had to carry out the decisions of the court, levy fines, collect taxes, etc. The shires were divided into hundreds and tithings, the latter consisting of ten heads of families, who were jointly responsible to the state for the good conduct of any member of their body. Eor the trial and settlement of minor causes there was a hundred court held once a month. The place of the modern parliament was held by the witena-gemot. Its members, who were not elected, comprised the gethelings or princes of the blood royal, the bishops and abbots, the ealdormen, the thanes, the sheriffs, etc.
One of the peculiar features of Anglo-Saxon society was the wergyld, which was established for the settling of feuds. A sum, paid either in kind or in money, was placed upon the life of every freeman, according to his rank in the state, his birth, or his office. A corresponding sum was settled for every wound that could be inflicted upon his person; for nearly every injury that could be done to his civil rights, his honour, or his domestic peace, etc. From the operation of this principle no one from king to peasant was exempt.
Agriculture, including especially the raising of cattle, sheep, and swine, was the chief occupation of the Anglo-Saxons. Gardens and orchards are frequently mentioned, and vineyards were common in the southern counties. The forests were extensive, and valuable both from the mast they produced for the swine, and from the beasts of the chase which they harboured. Hunting was a favourite recreation among the higher ranks, both lay and clerical. Fishing was largely carried on, herrings and salmon being the principal fish caught; and the Anglo-Saxon whaling vessels used to go as far as Iceland. The manufactures were naturally of small moment. Iron was made to some extent, and some cloth, and salt works were numerous. In embroidery and working in gold the English were famous over Europe. There was a considerable trade at London, which was frequented by Normans, French, Flemings, and the merchants of the Hanse towns. Our Anglo-Saxon forefathers were notorious for their excess in eating and drinking, and in this respect formed a strong contrast to the Norman conquerors. Ale, mead, and cider were the common beverages, wine being limited to the higher classes. Pork and eels were favourite articles of food. The houses were rude structures, but were often richly furnished and hung with fine tapestry. The dress of the people was loose and flowing, composed chiefly of linen, and often adorned with embroidery. The men wore their hair long and flowing over their shoulders. Christianity was introduced among the Anglo-Saxons in the end of the sixth century by St Augustine, who was sent by Pope Gregory the Great, and became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. Kent, then under King Ethelred, was the first place where it took root, and thence it soon spread over the rest of the country. The Anglo-Saxon Church long remained independent of Rome, notwithstanding the continual efforts of the popes to bring it under their power. It was not until the tenth century that this result was
t about by Dunstan. Many Anglo-Saxon ecclesiastics were distinguished for learning and ability, but the Venerable Bede holds the first place.
The Anglo-Saxon language, which is simply the earliest form of English, claims kinship with Dutch, Icelandic, Danish, Swedish, and German, especially with the Low German dialects (spoken in North Germany). It was not called Anglo-Saxon by those who spoke it, but Englisc (English), and many condemn the former name as a misnomer. The existing remains of Anglo-Saxon literature show different dialects, of which the northern and the southern were the principal. The former was the first to be cultivated as a literary language, but afterwards it was supplanted in this respect by the southern or that of Wessex. It is in the latter that the principal Anglo-Saxon works are written. The Anglo-Saxon alphabet was substantially the same as that which we still use, except that some of the letters were different in form, while it had two characters either of which represented the sounds of th in thy and in thing. Nouns and adjectives are declined much as in German or in Latin. The pronouns of the first and second person had a dual number, 'we tw' or 'us two' and 'you two', besides the plural for more than two. The infinitive of the verb is in -am, the participle in -ende, and there is a gerund somewhat similar in its usage to the Latin gerund. The verb had four moods - indicative, subjunctive, imperative, and infinitive, but only two tenses, the present (often used as a future) and the past. Other tenses and the passive voice were formed by auxiliary verbs. Anglo-Saxon words terminated in a vowel much more frequently than the modern English, and altogether the language is so different that it has to be learned quite like a foreign tongue. Yet notwithstanding the large number of words of Latin or French origin that our language now contains, and the changes it has undergone, its framework, so to speak, is still Anglo-Saxon. Many chapters of the New Testament do not contain more than four per cent of non-Teutonic words, and as a whole it averages perhaps six or seven.
The existing remains of Anglo-Saxon literature include compositions in prose and poetry, some of which must be referred to a very early period, one or two perhaps to a time before the Angles and Saxons emigrated to England. The most important Anglo-Saxon poem is that called Beowulf, after its hero, extending to more than 6000 lines. Beowulf is a Scandinavian prince, who slays a fiendish cannibal, after encountering supernatural perils, and is at last slain in a contest with a frightful dragon. Its scene appears to be laid entirely in Scandinavia. Its date is uncertain; parts of it may have been brought over at the emigration from Germany, though in its present form it is much later than this. The poetical remains include a number of religious poems, or poems on sacred themes; ecclesiastical narratives, as lives of saints and versified chronicles; psalms and hymns; secular lyrics; allegories, gnomes, riddles, etc. The religious class of poems was the largest, and of these Caedmon's (about 660) are the most remarkable. His poems consist of loose versions of considerable portions of the Bible history, and treat of the creation, the temptation, the fall, the exodus of the Israelites, the story of Daniel, the incarnation, and the harrowing of hell, or release of the ransomed souls by Christ. Other most interesting poems are those ascribed to Cynewulf, the Christ, Elene, and Juliana, the subjects respectively being Christ, the finding of the cross by the Empress Helena, and the life of Juliana. Rhyme was little used in Anglo-Saxon poetry, alliteration being employed instead, as in the older northern poetry generally. The style of the poetry is highly elliptical, and it is full of harsh inversions and obscure metaphors.
The Anglo-Saxon prose remains consist of translations of portions of the Bible, homilies, philosophical writings, history, biography, laws, leases, charters, popular treatises on science and medicine, grammars, etc. Many of these were translations from the Latin. The Anglo-Saxon versions of the Gospels, next to the Moeso-Gothic, are the earliest scriptural translations in any modern language. The Psalms are said to have been translated by Bishop Aldhelm (who died in 709), and also under Alfred's direction; and the Gospel of St John by Bede; but it is not known who were the authors of the extant versions. A translation of the first seven books of the Bible is believed to have been the work of Aelfric, who was Abbot of Ensham and lived in the beginning of the eleventh century. We have also eighty homilies from his pen, several theological treatises, a Latin grammar, etc. King Alfred was a diligent author, besides being a translator of Latin works. We have under his name translations of Boethius De Consolatione Philosophise, the Universal History of Orosius, Bede's Ecclesiastical History, the Pastoral Care of Gregory the Great, etc. The most valuable to us of the Anglo-Saxon prose writings is the Saxon Chronicle, as it is called, a collection of annals recording important events in the history of the country, and compiled in different religious houses. The latest text comes down to 1154. A considerable body of laws remains, as well as a large number of charters.
Research Anglo-Saxons
The Angry Brigade were a British anarchist group of at least three men and two women who carried out anti-establishment bomb attacks in London, Birmingham and Manchester in 1970 and 1971. Three men and two women, believed to be responsible for the attacks were arrested in August 1971.
Research Angry Brigade
Angus Wilton McLean was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of North Carolina from 1925 until 1929.
Research Angus Wilton McLean
Aniello Falcone was an Italian painter of the Neapolitan school, renowned as a painter of battle scenes. He was born in 1600 and died in 1665.
Research Aniello Falcone
Ann Lee (known as Mother Ann) was the founder of the American Society of Shakers. She was born in 1736 at Manchester and died in 1784. Imprisoned for Sabbath breaking in 1770 she received a supposed vision of Christ and emigrated to America in 1774, founding the first American Shaker settlement at Niskenna in 1776.
Research Ann Lee
Anna was king of the East Angles in 635.
Research Anna
Anna Letitia Barbauld was an English poet and general writer. Shewas born in 1743 at Leicestershire and died in 1825. She was the daughter of a Presbyterian minister named Aikin. She published a small volume of miscellaneous poems in 1772, and in 1773, in conjunction with her brother, Dr. John Aikin, a collection of pieces in prose. In 1774 she married the Reverend Rochemont Barbauld. Her Early Lessons and Hymns for Children, and various essays and poems, won considerable popularity. She edited a collection of English novels, with critical and biographical notices; a selection from the British essayists of the reign of Anne, and another from Richardson's correspondence. Her last long poem, Eighteen Hundred and Eleven, appeared in 1812.
Research Anna Barbauld
Anna Comnena was the daughter of Alexius Comnenus I, Byzantine emperor. She was born in 1083 and died in 1148. After her father's death she endeavoured to secure the succession to her husband, Nicephorus Briennius, but was baffled by his want of energy and ambition. She wrote (in Greek) a life of her father Alexius, which, in the midst of much fulsome panegyric, contains some valuable and interesting information. She forms a character in Sir Walter Scott's Count Robert of Paris.
Research Anna Comnena
Anna Ivanovna was Empress of Russia from 1730 to 1740. She was born in 1693 and died in 1740. She was the daughter of Ivan, the elder half-brother of Peter the Great. She was married in 1710 to the Duke of Courland, in the following year was left a widow, and on the death of Peter II in 1730 she succeeded to the throne on the condition proposed by the senate, that she would limit the absolute power of the czars, and do nothing without the advice of the council composed of the leading members of the Russian aristocracy. However she declared herself autocratic, and gave supreme power to her favourite, Biron, who ruled her empire with intolerable tyranny and oppression. Several of the leading nobles were executed, and many thousand men exiled to Siberia. On her death, Anna Ivanovna left the throne to Ivan, son of her niece, Anna Carlovna.
Research Anna Ivanovna
Anna Pavlova was a Russian ballerina. She was born in 1881 and died in 1931 of pneumonia. After training at the Ballet School in St Petersburg she became prima ballerina with the Russian Imperial Ballet in 1906, danced with Diaghilev's company in 1909 and afterwards performed and toured independently with her own company.
Research Anna Pavlova
Anna Swanwick was an English writer. She was born in 1813 at Liverpool and died in 1899. Educated at home and in Berlin, she produced a number of translations including a translation of Faust which appeared in two parts in 1878, she also helped to found Girton College, Cambridge and Somerville College, Oxford.
Research Anna Swanwick
Anne (known as Brandy Nan after her fondness for brandy) was Queen of Great Britain and Ireland from 1702 to 1714. She was born in 1664 at Twickenham and died in 1714. She was the second daughter of James II, then Duke of York and his wife Anne, daughter of the Earl of Clarendon. With her father's permission she was educated according to the principles of the English Church. In 1683 she was married to Prince George, brother to King Christian V. of Denmark. On the arrival of the Prince of Orange in 1688, Anne wished to remain with her father; but she was prevailed upon by Lord Churchill (afterwards Duke of Marlborough) and his wife to join the triumphant party. She ascended the throne in 1702 following the death of William III. Her character was essentially weak, and she was governed first by Marlborough and his wife, and afterwards by Mrs. Masham. Most of the principal events of her reign are connected with the war of the Spanish Succession. The only important acquisition that England made by it was Gibraltar, which was captured in 1704. Another very important event of this reign was the union of England and Scotland under the name of Great Britain, which was accomplished in 1707. She seems to have long cherished the wish of securing the succession to her brother James, but this was frustrated by the internal dissensions of the cabinet. Grieved at the disappointment of her secret wishes, she fell into a state of weakness and lethargy, and died, on July the 20th, 1714. The reign of Anne was distinguished not only by the brilliant successes of the British arms, but also on account of the number of admirable and excellent writers who flourished at this time, among whom were Pope, Swift, and Addison. Anne bore her husband many children, all of whom died in infancy except one son, the Duke of Gloucester, who died at the age of twelve.
Research Anne
Anne Askew was an English victim of religious persecution. She was born in 1521 and died in 1546. She was a daughter of Sir William Askew of Lincolnshire, and was married to a wealthy neighbour named Kyme, who, irritated by her Protestantism, drove her from his house. In London, whither she went probably to procure a divorce, she spoke against the dogmas of the old faith, and being tried was condemned to death as a heretic. Being put to the rack to extort a confession concerning those with whom she corresponded, she continued firm, and was then taken to Smithfield, chained to a stake, and burned.
Research Anne Askew
Anne Boleyn (Anne Bullen) was the second wife of Henry VIII. She was born in 1507 and died in 1536. She was an arrogant, flirty and voluptuous woman, and the King, disappointed at her bearing him a daughter, rather than a son got tired of her and had her imprisoned in the Tower Of London on charges of immorality and subsequently beheaded on May 19th 1536 at Tower Green. Five hundred years later demands were made for her to be granted a royal pardon on the grounds that charges against her were obviously fabricated by the king who simply wanted to be rid of her.
Research Anne Boleyn
Anne Bradstreet was an American poet. She was born in 1612 at Massachusetts and died in 1672. She was the first female poet of New England.
Research Anne Bradstreet
Anne Frank was a German-Jewish girl who wrote a vivid and tender diary while hiding from the Nazis during the Second World War. She was born in Frankfurt in 1929 and died in Belsen concentration camp in 1945. She and her family moved to the Netherlands in 1933 after the Nazis began to persecute Jews. In 1942, during the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands, the family hid in a secret annexe behind the Amsterdam office of her father's business. Two years later, the family was betrayed to the Nazis and arrested.
Research Anne Frank
Anne Hathaway was reputedly the wife of Shakespeare. She was born in 1556 and died in 1623.
Research Anne Hathaway
Anne Hilarin de Cotentin (Comte de Tourville) was a French sailor. He was born in 1642 and died in 1701. He entered the French navy in 1667. On the outbreak of the Dutch War he commanded a vessel attached to the English fleet, was present at the Battle of Sole Bay in 1672, and later fought against the Dutch in the Mediterranean, distinguishing himself at the Battle of Palermo in 1676. Commander-in-Chief of the French navy in 1689, he prosecuted the war against England and gained a barren victory over the earl of Torrington at the Battle of Beachy Head in June 1690.In 1692 he unsuccessfully engaged the English fleet at the Battle of La Hogue. In 1693 he was again serving in the Mediterranean, but crippled by a lack of resources he saw no further action.
Research Anne Hilarin de Cotentin
Anne Hutchinson (born Anne Marbury) was an English colonist. She was born in 1600 and died in 1643. She went to America from England in 1634. She was expelled from the Massachusetts colony for preaching Antinomian doctrines and accusing the authorities of being under a 'covenant of works'. She had won a large following and founded Portsmouth, Rhode Island on the island of Aquidneck, which she purchased from the Indians. She was afterward murdered by the Indians near Manhattan, where she settled.
Research Anne Hutchinson
Anne of Austria was Queen of France. She was born in 1602 at Madrid and died in 1666. She was the daughter of Philip III of Spain and in 1615 was married to Louis XIII of France. Richelieu, fearing the influence of her foreign connections, did everything he could to humble her. In 1643 her husband died, and she was left regent, but placed under the control of a council. But the Parliament overthrew this arrangement, and intrusted her with full sovereign rights during the minority of her son Louis XIV. She, however, brought upon herself the hatred of the nobles by her boundless confidence in Cardinal Mazarin, and was forced to flee from Paris during the wars of the Fronde. She ultimately quelled all opposition, and was able in 1661 to transmit to her son unimpaired the royal authority. She spent the remainder of her life in retirement, and died on January the 20th, 1666.
Research Anne of Autria
Anne of Cleves was the fourth wife of Henry VIII. She was born in 1515 the daughter of John, Duke of Cleves and she died in 1557. She married Henry VIII in January 1540, however, Henry VIII finding her unattractive had the marriage declared null in the following July, and she was granted Richmond Palace and 3000 pounds a year until her death.
Research Anne of Cleves
Anne Louise Germaine Stael (Baronne de Stael) was a French writer. She was born in 1766 at Paris and died in 1817. She left France during the French Revolution, she retired to her father's estate at Coppet near Geneva, only to return to Paris in 1797 and to be subsequently exiled by Napoleon, before returning to France upon the fall of the Empire.
Research Anne Stael
Anne Joseph Theroigne de Mericourt was a French revolutionary. She was born in 1762 at Luxembourg and died in 1817. The daughter of a farmer, she was living in Paris at the time when the French Revolution occurred, and took part in the storming of the Bastille, and attended public meetings dressed in the costume of an Amazon. Following a speech she gave to an assembled crowd in the Tuileries gardens in 1793 she was attacked by a mob and publicly whipped. Towards the end of her life she supposedly became insane and was an inmate of the Saltpetriere until she died.
Research Anne Theroigne de Mericourt
Ansel Adams was an American photographer. He was born in 1902 and died in 1984. He is known for his black and white landscape photographs of the American West and as a founder of the group F/64.
Research Ansel Adams
Ansel Briggs was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Iowa from 1846 until 1850.
Research Ansel Briggs
Anselm Feuerbach was a German painter. He was born in 1829 and died in 1880. He worked at Paris under a pupil of Ingres, and later in Italy.
Research Anselm Feuerbach
Anselm J McLaurin was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Mississippi from 1896 until 1900.
Research Anselm J. McLaurin
Ansgar, or Anshar, called the Apostle of the North, was a British missionary. He was born in 801 at Picardy and died in 864 or 865. He took the monastic vows while still in his boyhood. In the midst of many difficulties he laboured as a missionary in Denmark and Sweden;. He had the reputation of having undertaken, if not the first, the most successful attempts for the propagation of Christianity in the North.
Research Ansgar
Anson Burlingame was an American lawyer and politician. He was born in 1820 and died in 1870. From 1855 until 1861 he was Republican Congressman for Massachusetts and in 1861 was sent as US Minister to China. His diplomatic services in China were so important that in 1868 he was appointed by the Chinese Government a special envoy to the USA and Europe. In 1868 he negotiated the Burlingame Treaty with China, and effected treaties with England, Prussia, Holland and other European countries.
Research Anson Burlingame
Anson Jones was a Texan politician. He was born in 1798 and died in 1858. He was prominent in gaining the independence of Texas. He was Minister from Texas to the United States from 1837 to 1839. He was Secretary of State in Texas from 1841 to 1844 and President in 1845, at the time of the annexation.
Research Anson Jones
Anson P Morrill was an American politician. He was born in 1803 and died in 1887. He was elected Governor of Maine by the Legislature in 1855. He represented Maine in the US Congress as a Republican from 1861 to 1863.
Research Anson P. Morrill
Antar was an Arabian warrior and poet of the 6th century. He was author of one of the seven Moallakas (poems) hung up in the Kaaba at Mecca; hero of a romance analogous in Arabic literature to the Arthurian legend of the English. The romance of Antar, which has been called the Iliad of the Desert, is composed in rhythmic prose interspersed with fragments of verse, many of which are attributed to Antar himself, and has been generally ascribed to Asmai who lived between 740 and 830, preceptor to Harun-al-Rashid.
Research Antar
Antenor was the Trojan counsellor who urged the Trojans to restore Helen to Menelaus.
Resea | 
Abbreviations
People
