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E E Ellsworth was an American soldier. He was born in 1837 and died in 1861. In 1861 he was appointed colonel of a regiment of volunteer Union soldiers (known at the time as Zouaves), and was shot by the proprietor of a hotel in Alexandria, Virginia, while tearing down a Confederate flag from the hotel.
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E B Dudley was an American politician. He was a Whig governor of North Carolina from 1836 until 1841.
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Ernest Howard Shepard was an English artist and cartoonist. He was born in 1879 at London and died in 1976. He worked for Punch magazine and became renowned for his illustrations for children's books including A A Milne's 1926 'Winnie the Pooh' and Kenneth Grahame's 1931 'The Wind In The Willows'.
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E M Baerlein was a British amateur rackets and tennis player for Eton College, Cambridge University, and Manchester. He was born in 1880 and died in 1971. He won the British amateur singles title at rackets nine times over a period of twenty years between 1903 and 1923.
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E Y Sarles was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Dakota from 1905 until 1907.
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Eadbald was king of the Heptarchy in 616 and a son of St Ethelbert.
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Eadbert was king of the Heptarchy in 725. He was a son of Wihtred.
Eadbert was king of Northumberland in 737 until he retired to a monastery.
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Eadmer was an English monk and the friend and biographer of St Anselm. In 1120 he was chosen Bishop of St Andrews; but as the Scottish king refused to recognize the right of the Archbishop of Canterbury to consecrate him, he returned to England and died a simple monk about 1124. Besides the life of St Anselm, Eadmer wrote biographies of St Wilfrid, St Dunstan, St Odo, and other English saints, as well as a valuable history (Historia Novorum) of events in England and the English Church from 1066 to 1122.
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Eadweard Muybridge (born Edward James Muggeridge) was a British photographer of animal locomotion. His photographs proved for the first time that when a horse trots there are times when all its feet are off the ground. He was born in 1830 and died in 1904.
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Eamon De Valera is an Irish national leader. He commanded an insurgent battalion during the uprising of Easter 1916. He established the independent state of Eire in 1937.
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Eanfrid was king of Bernicia in 634.
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Eanred was king of Northumberland in 809.
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Earl is now the third order in the nobility, but originally the first. The rank was introduced into Britain by the Danes, and the earl became a district administrator appointed by the king. For several centuries it was customary for earls to take their titles from the counties they administered, and for the king to make grants of land in the counties. The premier earldom is really that of Arundel, but as this is now united with the dukedom of Norfolk the senior earldom is that of Shrewsbury, which was created in 1442. The earl's mantle has three rows of ermine on the cape. His coronet is a circle of silver gilt, with eight silver balls on points and golden strawberry leaves between the points. The cap is the same as for the senior ranks.
When William the Conqueror invaded Britain he tried to replace the rank of Earl with that of Count, but was unsuccessful though the wife of an earl does bear the title of countess.
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Earl Godwin was Earl of the west Saxons. He died in 1053.
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Earl K Long was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Louisiana from 1939 until 1940.
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Earl L Brewer was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Mississippi from 1912 until 1916.
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Earl Marshal is one of the chief British officers of State. The Earl Marshal anciently had several courts under his jurisdiction, as the court of chivalry and the court of honour. He is head of the Herald's College, and controls the ceremonial arrangements for coronations, royal marriages, the opening of Parliament and other State occasions. In feudal times he was judge at the Courts of Chivalry.
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James Hepburn, the earl of Bothwell, was a Scottish nobleman. He was born about 1526 and died in 1576. It is believed that he was deeply concerned in the murder of Lord Darnley, Queen Mary's husband, and that he was even supported by the queen. He was charged with the crime and tried, but, appearing along with 4000 followers, was readily acquitted. He was now in high favour with the queen, and with or without her consent he seized her at Edinburgh, and carrying her a prisoner to Dunbar Castle prevailed upon her to marry him after he had divorced his own wife. But by this time the mind of the nation was roused on the subject of Bothwell's character and actions. A confederacy was formed against him, and in a short time Mary was a prisoner in Edinburgh, and Bothwell had been forced to flee to Denmark, where he died in 1576.
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Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, was an Elizabethan courtier and English soldier. He was born in 1532 and died in 1588. He was introduced to court life at an early age, and was companion to Edward VI and Princess Elizabeth, and in 1550 married the ill-fated Amy Robsart. On Edward's decease he promoted the claims of his sister-in-law, Lady Jane Grey, as queen, was brought to trial, but ultimately pardoned. With Elizabeth's accession his influence increased. He was considered by many as a lover of the Queen, who made him an earl in 1564.
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Robert Walpole, Earl of Orford was one of Britain's greatest statesmen. He was born in 1676 in Norfolk and died in 1745. He was a Whig politician who sought to bring the court and the House of Commons into working alliance.
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Earl Of Southampton is an English title granted successively to the Fitzwilliam and the Wriothesley families. The first creation was in 1537, in favour of Sir William Fitzwilliam, keeper of the privy seal. Upon his death in 1542 the title became extinct, but was revived five years later when Thomas Wriothesley was made Earl Of Southampton. He was succeeded by his son, Henry Wriothesley and further children, all called Henry, until the fourth earl who held considerable property in London, still associated with his name, for example 'Southampton Row'. The fourth earl died in 1667, and with him the title became extinct.
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The Earl of Stirling (William Alexander) was a Scottish poet and statesman. He was born in 1567 at Menstrie, near Stirling and died in 1640. Educated at Glasgow and Leiden he became tutor to Archibald the 7th earl of Argyll and afterwards to the young king James, whom he accompanied to England in 1603. In 1621 he was rewarded with the grant of Nova Scotia and a vast hinterland and in 1631 he received the monopoly for printing the new version of the Psalms. From 1626 onwards he was secretary of state for Scotland, and on the coronation of Charles I was made Earl of Stirling.
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The Earl of Surrey (Henry Howard) was an English poet and soldier. He was born in 1517 and died in 1547. He introduced blank verse into English poetry. He fought in the French wars in 1543 and was wounded at Montreuil in 1544. In 1547 he was charged with plotting against the crown and was beheaded.
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Earl Snell was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Oregon from 1943 until 1947.
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Earl Van Dorn was an American soldier/ he was born in 1820 and died in 1863. He was promoted for gallant service at Cerro Gordo, Contreras and Churubusco, and aided in the capture of the City of Mexico. In 1856 he commanded an expedition against the Comanches. In 1861 he joined the Confederacy and succeeded Jefferson Davis as major-general of the Mississippi forces. He captured the steamer 'Star of the West', and received the surrender of Major Sibley and Colonel Reeve. In 1863 he commanded the trans-Mississippi Department. He was defeated at Pea Ridge and Corinth. He captured valuable stores at Holly Springs in 1862.
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Earl Warren was an American lawyer and politician. He was chief justice of the US Supreme Court from 1953 to 1969 and three times the Republican governor of California between 1943 until 1953.
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Earle C Clements was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Kentucky from 1947 until 1950.
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Ebe W Tunnell was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Delaware from 1897 until 1901.
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The Ebelians were a German sect originating at Konigsberg in 1836 under the leadership of Archdeacon Ebel. They professed what they called spiritual marriage. In 1839 their leaders were condemned for unsound doctrine and impure lives.
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The Ebellians were a German revivalist sect, which began at Konigsberg about 1836, its leaders being archdeacon Ebel and Dr Diestel, who were tried and condemned for unsound doctrine and impure lives in 1839. The sentence was annulled in 1842 by Royal Influence. The sect was popularly termed ' Mucker', which is German for hypocrite.
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Eben S Draper was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Massachusetts from 1909 until 1911.
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Ebenezer Elliott (known as the 'Corn-law Rhymer') was an English poet and Chartist agitator. He was born in 1781 near Rotherham in Yorkshire and died in 1849. At the age of seventeen he published his first poem, the Vernal Walk, which was soon followed by others. In 1829 the Village Patriarch, the best of Ebenezer Elliott's larger pieces, was published. From 1831 to 1837 he carried on business as an iron merchant in Sheffield. His Corn-law Rhymes, periodically contributed to a local paper on behalf of the repeal of these laws, attracted attention, and were afterwards collected and published with a longer poem entitled The Banter. Commercial losses compelled him in 1837 to contract his business, and in 1841 he retired from it altogether. In 1850 two posthumous volumes appeared, entitled More Prose and Verse by the Corn-law Rhymer.
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Ebenezer Erskine was the founder of the Secession Church in Scotland. He was born in 1680 and died in 1756. He studied at Edinburgh, and was ordained minister of Portmoak, in Fife, in 1703, in which situation he continued for twenty-eight years, when he removed to Stirling. His attitude towards patronage and other abuses in the church led to his being deposed, when, in conjunction with his brother and others he founded the Secession Church. He was the author of several volumes of sermons.
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Ebenezer J Ormsbee was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Vermont from 1886 until 1888.
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The Ebionites were a sect of the 1st century, so called from their leader, Ebion. They held several dogmas in common with the Nazarenes, united the ceremonies of the Mosaic institution with the precepts of the gospel, and observed both the Jewish Sabbath and Christian Sunday. They denied the divinity of Christ and rejected many parts of the New Testament.
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Ecbert was king of the Heptarchy in 664.
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An ecdysiast is a striptease artist.
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Ecfrid was king of Northumberland in 670.
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Ed Jackson was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Indiana from 1925 until 1929.
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Edbert was king of the Heptarchy in 794.
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Edgar was King of Scotland from 1097 to 1107.
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Edgar Allan Poe was an American writer. He was born in 1809 at Boston and died in 1849. He wrote a number of horror and crime novels.
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Edgar Atheling was an English noble of the 11th century. He was the grandson of Edmund Ironside and son of Edward the Outlaw. He was born in Hungary, where his father had been conveyed in infancy to escape the designs of Canute. After the battle of Hastings, Edgar (who had been brought to England in 1057) was proclaimed king of England by the Saxons, but made peace with William I and accepted the Earldom of Oxford. Having been engaged in some conspiracy against the king he was forced to seek refuge in Scotland, where bis sister Margaret became the wife of Malcolm Canmore. Edgar subsequently was reconciled with William and was allowed to live at Rouen, where a pension was assigned to him. Afterwards with the sanction of William Rufus he undertook an expedition to Scotland for the purpose of displacing the usurper Donald Bane, in favour of his nephew Edgar, son of Malcolm Canmore, and in this object he succeeded. He afterwards took part in Duke Robert's unsuccessful struggle with Henry I, but was allowed to spend the remainder of his life quietly in England.
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Edgar D Whitcomb was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Indiana from 1969 until 1973.
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Edgar Degas was a French painter. He was born in 1834 at Paris and died in 1917.
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Edgar J Herschler was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Wyoming from 1975 until 1987.
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Edgar the Peaceful) was King of England from 959 to 975. He was born in 944 and died in 975.
Edgar was a son of Edmund I, and was elected king by the northern insurgents against his brother Eadwig and on his brother's death in 959 became also king of the West Saxons.
Edgar was a firm and capable ruler, whose power was acknowledged by other rulers in Britain, as well as Welsh and Scottish kings. Edgar's late coronation in 973 at Bath was the first to be recorded in some detail; his queen Aelfthryth was the first consort to be crowned queen of England. Edgar was the patron of a great monastic revival which owed much to his association with Archbishop Dunstan. New bishoprics were created, Benedictine monasteries were reformed and old monastic sites were re-endowed with royal grants, some of which were of land recovered from the Vikings. In the 970s and in the absence of Viking attacks, Edgar - a stern judge - issued laws which for the first time dealt with Northumbria (parts of which were in the Danelaw) as well as Wessex and Mercia. Edgar's coinage was uniform throughout the kingdom. A more united kingdom based on royal justice and order was emerging; the Monastic Agreement passed around 970 praised Edgar as 'the glorious, by the grace of Christ illustrious king of the English and of the other peoples dwelling within the bounds of the island of Britain'. After his death on 8 July 975, Edgar was buried at Glastonbury Abbey, Somerset.
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Edgar Wallace was a British novelist. He was born in 1875 and died in 1932.
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Ediles were Roman officers with responsinbility for the streets, bridges, aqueducts, temples and city buildings generally.
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Edilwald was king of Northumberland in 759 until he was killed by Alred.
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Edith Louisa Cavell was an English nurse who helped allied soldiers to escape from occupied territory during the Great War. She was caught and shot by the Germans. She was born in 1865 in Norfolk and died in 1915.
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Edmond F Noel was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Mississippi from 1908 until 1912.
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Edmond C Genet was a French politician. He was born in 1765 and died in 1834. He was appointed Minister to the United States in 1792, and arrived in Charleston, South Carolina in 1793. He immediately took steps to induce the United States to aid France in her troubles with Great Britain, and unlawfully commissioned privateers from American ports. The executive had determined upon neutrality. Genet succeeded for a time in arousing enthusiasm among the people of the United States, and acted so imprudently that George Washington's administration requested his recall in 1794. He was afterward naturalized and became a citizen of the United States.
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Edmond Rostand was a French poet and dramatist. He was born in 1868 and died in 1918.
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Edmond Warre was an English scholar and educationist. He was born in 1837 and died in 1920. He held various posts at Eton, including assistant master from 1850 to 1884, headmaster from 1884 to 1905 and provost from 1909 to 1918. He was also honorary chaplain to the royalty from 1885 to 1920.
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Sir Edmund Andros was an English soldier and colonial Governor. He was born in 1637 at London and died in 1714. After being a soldier and bailiff of Guernsey he moved to a post as Governor of New York in 1674, holding the position until 1681. In 1680 he seized New Jersey. In 1686 James II appointed Sir Edmund Andros as Governor of the northern colonies, including New England and New York. The overthrow of James II led to the people of Boston deposing Sir Edmund Andros in 1689 and he was sent back to England. In 1692 he returned to America as Governor of Virginia, holding that post until 1698.
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Edmund Beaufort (2nd duke of Somerset) was an English statesman and soldier. A son of John Beaufort, earl of Somerset, and the younger brother of the duke of Somerset, Edmund Beaufort won military successes in France and succeeded his brother as earl of Somerset in 1444, and as a Beaufort and a favourite of the king was made lieutenant of France in 1447, with the disastrous result that Henry VI lost the whole of Normandy in 1450. Edmund Beaufort returned to England and was appointed high constable in 1452. Popular discontent spread against the king and his supporters and when the Duke of York became protector during the king's temporary incapacity, Edmund Beaufort was sent to the Tower of London. After his release in 1455 the duke of York raised an army against Edmund Beaufort and fought the first battle of the Wars of the Roses at St Albans on May the 23rd 1455, at which Edmund Beaufort was killed.
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Edmund Bonner was an English prelate. He was born about 1495 of obscure parentage and died in 1569. He took a doctor's degree at Oxford in 1525, and, attracting the notice of Cardinal Wolsey, received from him several offices in the church. On the death of Wolsey he acquired the favour of Henry VIII, who made him one of his chaplains, and sent him to Rome to advocate his divorce from Queen Catharine. In 1540 he was consecrated Bishop of London, but on the death of Henry VIII in 1547, having refused to take the oath of supremacy, he was deprived of his see and thrown into prison. On the accession of Mary he was restored to his bishopric, and he distinguished himself during this reign by a persecution of the Protestants, 200 of whom he was instrumental in bringing to the stake. After Elizabeth I succeeded he remained unmolested until his refusal to take the oath of supremacy, on which he was committed to the Marshalsea in 1560, where he remained a prisoner until his death in 1569.
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Edmund Burke was an Irish writer and statesman. He was born in 1729 at Dublin and died in 1797. After studying at Trinity College in Dublin, he moved to London and studied law at the Temple. He applied himself more to literature than to law, and in 1756 published his Essay on the Sublime and the Beautiful, which attracted considerable attention, and procured him the friendship of some of the most notable men of the time.
In 1761 he was appointed private secretary to W.G. Hamilton, secretary for Ireland. On his return he was rewarded with a pension of 300 pounds per annum, and obtained the appointment of private secretary to the Marquis of Buckingham, then First Lord of the Treasury, and in 1765 entered Parliament as member for Wendover. as a member of Parliament he advised badly on the question of taxing the American colonies. He was absent from Parliament from 1770, returning in 1774 as member for Bristol, advocating a policy of justice and conciliation towards the colonies. In 1782 he was appointed Paymaster-General of the Forces, shortly afterwards passing his bill for economic reform.
The chief feature in the latter part of Burke's life was his resolute struggle against the ideas and doctrines of the French revolution. His attitude on this question separated him from his old friend Fox, and the Liberals who followed Fox. His famous Reflections on the Revolution in France, a pamphlet which appeared in 1790, had an unprecedented sale, and gave enormous impetus to the reaction which had commenced in England. From this time most of his writings are powerful pleadings on the same side. We may mention An Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs; Letter to a Noble Lord; Letters on a Regicide Peace; etc. In 1794 he withdrew from parliament. Three years after, on July the 8th, 1797, he died, his end being hastened by grief for the loss of his only son.
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Edmund Calamy was an English Presbyterian divine. He was born in 1600 at London and died in 1666. He engaged warmly in the religious disputes of the day, and was one of the writers of the famous treatise against Episcopacy, entitled Smectymnuus, a title furnished from the initial letters of the authors' names.
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Edmund Campian was an English Jesuit. He was born in 1540 and died in 1581. He was educated at Oxford, and distinguished himself greatly. Though at first a Roman Catholic, he adopted nominally the Reformed faith, and took deacon's orders in the Church of England; but he afterwards recanted, became a Jesuit, and attacked Protestantism, especially in his work Decem Rationes (Ten Reasons). In 1581 he was found guilty on a trumped-up charge of conspiring to raise sedition, and was accordingly executed.
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Edmund Cartwright was an English cleric and inventor. He was born in 1743 at Marnham and died in 1823. He invented a mechanical weaving machine and took out four patents for a wool-combing machine. He was educated at Oxford, and took orders in the church. In 1785, he brought his first power-loom into action. Although much opposed both by manufacturers and workmen, it made its way, and in a developed and improved form is now in universal use. Edmund Cartwright spent much of his means in similar inventions, and fell into straitened circumstances, from which a parliamentary grant of l0,000 pounds relieved him.
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Sir Edmund Dudley was an English statesman. He was born in 1462 and died in 1510. He is noted in English history as an instrument of Henry VII in the arbitrary acts of extortion by the revival of obsolete statutes and other unjust measures practised during the latter years of his reign. On the accession of Henry VIII. he was arrested for high treason, and died on the scaffold with his associate Sir Richard Empson.
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Edmund Fanning was an American soldier. He was born in 1737 and died in 1818. At first a clerk of the North Carolina Supreme Court and a legislator. In 1777 he commanded a corps of loyalists, and fled to Nova Scotia at the close of the American War of Independence, having been notorious for his barbarity as a leader in partisan warfare.
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Edmund G Brown was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of California from 1959 until 1967.
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Edmund G Brown Jr was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of California from 1975 until 1983.
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Edmund P Games was an American soldier. He was born in 1777 and died in 1849. He served during the War of 1812, and was promoted major-general for services in defense of Fort Brie in 1814. He was commissioner to the Seminole Indians in 1816, and took command against them in 1817.
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Edmund Halley was Astronomer Royal from 1720. He was born in 1656 and died in 1742. He calculated the orbit of the comet named after him.
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Edmund I (the Elder or the Magnificent) was a king of England. He was born in 926 and died in 946. He succeeded his half-brother Athelstan as King of England in 940 and reigned until his death in 946. He conquered Cumbria, which he bestowed on Malcolm, king of Scotland, on condition of doing homage for it to himself. He was slain at a banquet on May the 26th, 946.
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Edmund II (known as Edmund Ironside from his iron armour) was a son of Ethelred and King of England from 1016 until 1017. He was born in 989 and died in 1917. He was chosen king in 1016, Canute having been already elected king by another party. He won several victories over Canute, but Was defeated at Assandun in Essex, and forced to surrender the midland and northern counties to Canute. He died after a reign of only seven months.
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Sir William Edmund Ironside was a Scottish military commander and first Baron Ironside. He was born in 1880 at Ironside, Aberdeenshire and died in 1959. After entering the Royal Artillery in 1899 he served as a Secret Agent during the Second Boer War of 1899 to 1902 disguised as a railwayman. During the Great War he held staff appointments and commanded the Archangel expedition against the Bolsheviks in 1918, and commanded the Allied contingent in North Persia in 1920, before being made Chief of the Imperial General Staff and promoted to field marshal in 1940 and placed in charge of the home defence forces.
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Edmund J Davis was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Texas from 1870 until 1874.
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Edmund Kirby Smith was an American soldier. He was born in 1824 and died in 1893. He distinguished himself at Cerro Gordo and Contreras during the Mexican War. He was appointed brigadier-general in the Confederate army, fought at Bull Run in 1861, led the advance in General Bragg's Kentucky campaign, defeated the National forces at Richmond, Kentucky, and fought at Perryville and Murfreesboro. In 1863 he received command of the Trans-Mississippi Department, where he organized a government, established factories for supplying the troops with munitions of war, and rendered the district self-supporting. His forces were the last to surrender in the American Civil War.
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Edmund Needham Morrill was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Kansas from 1895 until 1897.
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Edmund O'Callaghan was a Canadian historian. He was born in 1797 and died in 1880. He went to New York from Canada in 1837. He was author of a 'History of New Netherland, and editor of 'Documentary History of New York', and other historical reference works.
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Edmund Pendleton was an American revolutionary. He was born in 1721 at Virginia and died in 1803. He served in the House of Burgesses and as a member of a Committee of Correspondence, and was a delegate to the first Continental Congress. As president of the Virginia Convention, he was the head of the State Government from 1775 to 1776, and afterward president of the Committee of Safety. He drew up the resolutions instructing the State representatives in Congress to agitate for independence. He was also Speaker of the Legislature and President of the Court of Appeals. His most important service was in 1788, when he was one of the leaders of the Federalist phalanx in the convention. called to ratify the Federal Constitution.
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Edmund Jennings Randolph was an American politician. He was born in 1753 at Williamsburg, Virginia and died in 1813. Educated at William and Mary college, he was a member of Congress from 1779 until 1782 and governor of Virginia from 1786 until 1788. At the Constitutional Convention of 1787 he proposed what is known as the Virginia Plan, a scheme to establish two Houses on a population basis, and expressed himself strongly against a single executive. Although he refused to sign the final draft, he recommended Virginia to accept it rather than endanger the Union. While Secretary of State between 1794 and 1795, being suspected of attempting to obtain money from France in exchange for stirring up ill-feeling against Great Britain, re resigned.
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Edmund S Muskie was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Maine from 1955 until 1959.
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Edmund Spenser was an English poet. He was born in 1552 in London and died in 1599. Born of humble parentage he was educated at Merchant Taylors' School and at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, graduating in 1576 before spending some months living in Lancashire learning the local dialect before returning to London where he was introduced to the earl of Leicester and his nephew Philip Sidney, with whom Edmund Spenser became firm friends. Spenser became famous as a poet following the publication of 'The Shepheardes Calender' in 1579.
In 1580 Spenser went to Ireland as secretary to Lord Grey de Wilton, the new lord deputy, whose remorseless methods of imposing order Spenser admired. After filing various posts, Spenser was awarded with an estate of 3000 acres of County Cork, including Kilcolman Castle, and after flattering Elizabeth in the first of three books entitled 'The Faerie Queen', was further awarded a pension of fifty pounds by the queen. In 1597 Edmund Spenser's home, Kilcolman Castle, was burned down during an insurrection against the English occupation and persecution of the Irish, and one of his children was killed in the fire. As a result Spenser returned to London where he died a broken man.
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Edmund Clarence Stedman was an American poet and critic. He was born in 1833 at Hartford, Connecticut and died in 1908. Educated at Yale, from 1859 until 1861 he was on the staff of The New York Tribune and from 1861 until 1863 was correspondent in the American Civil War for The New York World.
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Edmund Waller was an English poet and Royalist politician. He was born in 1606 and died in 1687.
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Edouard Daladier was a French politician. He was born in 1884 at Carpentras and died in 1970. He became leader of the radical socialists in 1927 and in 1933 was Minister of War and Prime Minister. In 1934 he was again Prime Minister and in 1936 he was War Minister and in 1939 once again Prime Minister and supported appeasement towards Hitler and the Nazis. In 1940 with the German occupation of France he was arrested and interned until 1945.
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Edouard Drouyn de Lhuys was a French statesman and diplomat. He was born in 1805 and died in 1881. He entered the diplomatic service in 1831, and was charge-d'affaires at the Hague during the events which led to the separation of Belgium from Holland. In 1840 he was head of the commercial department under the minister of foreign affairs. Opposition to Guizot caused his dismissal in 1845. He became minister for foreign affairs in 1848, ambassador to London in 1849; and again foreign minister in 1851, and in 1863. On the fall of the empire he fled to Jersey, but subsequently returned to France.
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Edouard Lalo was a French composer. He was born in 1823 and died in 1892. He composed Symphonie Espagnole.
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Edouard Manet was a French painter. He was born in 1832 at Paris and died in 1883.
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Edouard Rod was a Swiss psychological novelist. He was born in 1857 and died in 1910.
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Edred was a King of England. He succeeded to the throne on tha murder of his brother, Edmund I in May, 946 and ruled until his death in 955. He quelled a rebellion of the Northumbrian Danes.
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Edric was king of the Heptarchy in 685. He was slain in 687.
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Edris Hapgood was an English Association Football player. He was born in 1907 and died in 1973. He played for Arsenal, first in 1926, and England, first in 1933 against Italy, both of whom he captained for many seasons with dignity and distinction.
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Eduard Douwes Dekker was a Dutch writer. He was born in 1820 at Amsterdam and died in 1887. He wrote the novel 'Max Havelaar' in 1860 and Minnebrieven/ Love Letters in 1861. Although born in Holland, he moved to Lebak in Java.
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Eduard Gerhard was a German archseologist. He was born in 1795 and died in 1867. Having travelled in Italy, he devoted himself to archaeology, and in 1829 took part in founding the Archaeological Institute at Home. Returning to Germany in 1837, he became archaeologist at the Royal Museum at Berlin, and afterwards professor at the university. Among his numerous works are the following: Antike Bildwerke; Auserlesene Griechische Vasenbilder; Etruskische und Campanische Vasenbilder, Griechische Mythologie, etc.
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Edvard Munch was a Norwegian painter. He was born in 1863 and died in 1944.
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Edward A Perry was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Florida from 1885 until 1889.
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Edward Goodrich Acheson was an American chemist and inventor. He was born in 1856 at Washington, Pennsylvania, and died in 1931. From 1880 to 1881 he did research on electric lamps as an assistant to Thomas Edison. After 1884 he worked independently to develop the electric furnace for the conversion of carbon into diamonds, without success. In 1891 he invented carborundum (silicon carbide) and artificially prepared graphite.
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Edward Agar was an English stock-market speculator, investment manager and safe-cracker. He was born in 1816 and died in 1881. In 1855 he planned and took part in the Great Train Robbery of 1855 in which a fortune in gold ingots were stolen from a South Eastern Railway train heading for Folkestone.
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Edward Franklin Albee III is an American playwright. He was born in 1928 at Washington DC and adopted by a family living in New York. Among his more famous plays are the 1962 'Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf'.
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Edward Armitage was an English historical painter. He was born in 1817 and died in 1896. He studied under Paul Delaroche at the L'Ecole des Beaux Arts, Paris, was one of the ablest pupils of that painter, and in 1842 exhibited at the Salon (in the Louvre) a picture of Prometheus Bound. At the exhibition of cartoons for historical pictures in Westminster Hall in 1843 he obtained a premium of 300 pounds for his design of Caesar's First Invasion of Britain. Other similar premiums were gained by his Spirit of Religion (1845), and Battle of Meeanee (1847). He then went to study at Rome, and exhibited at the Academy in 1848 his Henry VIII and Katherine Parr, and his Trafalgar (Death of Nelson). He had pictures in most of the subsequent Academy exhibitions up nearly to the time of his death. In 1867 he was elected an associate, and in 1872 a full academician. He did much for the restoration of fresco painting in England. A large number of his pictures were biblical in subject, such as Ahab and Jezebel, Esther's Banquet, The Remorse of Judas, Joseph and Mary, Herod's Birthday Feast, etc. As professor of painting to the Royal Academy he delivered lectures, which were published in 1883.
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Edward Asbury O'Neal was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Alabama from 1882 until 1886.
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Edward Hodges Baily was an English sculptor. He was born in 1788 at Bristol and died in 1867. He became a pupil of Flaxman in 1807, gained the Academy Gold Medal in 1811, and was elected R.A. in 1821. His principal works are: Eve at the Fountain; Eve Listening to the Voice; Maternal Affection; Girl Preparing for the Bath; The Graces, etc. The bas-reliefs on the south side of the Marble Arch, Hyde Park, the statue of Nelson on the Trafalgar Square monument, and other public works, were by him.
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Edward Bellamy was an American writer. He was born in 1850 and died in 1898. He is known chiefly by a romance entitled Looking Backward: 2000-1887, published in 1888, giving an attractive picture of a state of society that he thought might be realized in the future by well - directed communistic or socialistic efforts. The book had an extraordinary sale in various forms, and was translated into a great many languages.
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Edward Bickersteth was an English clergyman of the Church of England. He was born in 1786 and died in 1850. He was in business as a solicitor in Norwich for a time, but took orders and went to Africa in 1816 to reorganize the stations of the Church Missionary Society. Returning to England he was chosen secretary to that society. In 1830 he became rector of Watton in Hertford, and was one of the founders of the Evangelical Alliance. His publications, which had an immense circulation, included the Christian Student, A Treatise on the Lord's Supper, A Treatise on Prayer, The Signs of the Times, The Restoration of the Jews, A Practical Guide to the Prophecies, besides sermons and tracts without number.
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Edward Bird was an English painter. He was born in 1772 at Wolverhampton and died in 1819. He became an academician in 1815. He excelled in historical and genre subjects. Among his chief pictures are the Surrender of Calais, Death of Eli, and Field of Chevy Chase.
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Sir Edward Boscawen was a British admiral. He was born in 1711 and died in 1761. He was the third son of the first Viscount Falmouth. In 1741 he distinguished himself at the taking of Porto Bello. In 1744 when in command of the Dreadnought, he assisted in the capture of the French ship Medee. In 1747, after commanding the Namur, in the action off Finisterre, where he was wounded, he became a rear-admiral. Having subsequently rendered useful service in India, he became a lord of the Admiralty in 1751, and a vice- admiral in 1755. He effected the reduction of Louisburg and Cape Breton Island in 1758, and in the following year chased and destroyed a French squadron under De La Clue off Lagos. In 1758 he reached the rank of admiral, and in 1760 was made general of marines.
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Edward Braddock was a Scottish soldier. He was born in 1695 at Perthshire and died in 1755. He arrived in Virginia, on February 20th 1755, to assume command in the campaign against the French settlers, being appointed major-general and commander of the British army in the expedition against the French on the river Ohio, in 1755. Having organised an army of regulars and provincials, among whom was George Washington, Edward Braddock marched against Fort Duquesne. After crossing the Monongahela with 1,200 chosen men, the army was ambushed by the French supported by Indians and was defeated with nearly half his troop killed, Edward Braddock himself being mortally wounded dying four
days later.
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Edward Bruce was a brother of Robert I, who, after distinguishing himself in the war of independence, crossed in 1315 to Ireland to aid the native septs against the English. After many successes he was crowned king of Ireland at Carrickfergus, but fell in battle near Dundalk in 1318.
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Sir Edward Burne-Jones was an English painter. He was born in 1838 at Birmingham and died in 1898. He was educated at Birmingham and at Exeter College, Oxford. He early adopted the profession of artist, and came under the influence of D. G. Bossetti He painted in water-colour and in oil, and his works are marked by richness of colouring, and by poetical, ideal, and mediaeval characteristics.
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Edward C Smith was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Vermont from 1898 until 1900.
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Edward C Stokes was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Jersey from 1905 until 1908.
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Edward Caird was professor of moral philosophy at Glasgow. He was born in 1835 and died in 1908.
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Edward R S Canby was an American soldier. He was born in 1819 at Kentucky and died in 1873. He served in the Florida War from 1839 until 1842, and received a brevet of lieutenant-colonel for his services during the Mexican War. In 1858 he served in the so-called Mormon War. In 1863 he commanded the United States troops in the New York draft riots; assisted by David Farragut's fleet he captured Mobile in 1865. In 1873 he was treacherously murdered by Modoes while negotiating a peace treaty.
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Edward Capell was a Shakespearean commentator. He was born in 1713 at Throston and died in 1781. He was appointed deputy inspector of plays in 1737 and devoted himself to the study of Shakespeare, producing in 1768 a ten volume work of Shakespeare which took twenty years to write.
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Edward Cardwell (Viscount Cardwell) WAS AN English statesman. He was born in 1813 and died in 1886. He entered parliament in 1842, became a follower of Peel, and was secretary to the treasury in 1845-46. Under Lord Aberdeen he became president of the Board of Trade in 1853, and was the chief agent in carrying the great Merchant Shipping Act of 1854. In Palmerston's cabinet of 1859 he became secretary for Ireland, and under Palmerston and Russell he was colonial secretary in 1864-1866. As war secretary under Mr. Gladstone, in 1868-1874, he introduced great reforms in the army, including the short service and reserve system, and abolition of the purchase of commissions. He was created a peer in 1874, and henceforth took no great part in public affairs.
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Edward Cave was an English printer and the founder of the 'Gentleman's Magazine'. He was born in 1691 at Newton near Rugby and died in 1754. Apprenticed to a printer he went to London and wrote newsletters, and in 1731 opened a printing office at St John's Gate, Clerkenwell. Here he started the Gentleman's Magazine, for which his friend Dr Johnson wrote the parliamentary debates and Edward Cave edited the magazine under the pseudonym of Sylvanus Urban.
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Edward Daniel Clarke was an English traveller and mineralogist. He was born in 1769 at Sussex and died in 1822. He entered Jesus College, Cambridge, in 1786; and was made a fellow in 1798. In 1799 he set out on an extensive tour through Europe, Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, etc, securing for English institutions many valuable objects, such as the celebrated manuscript of Plato's works, with nearly 100 others, a colossal statue of the Greek goddess Demeter (Ceres), and the famous sarcophagus of Alexander the Great. In 1807 he commenced a course of lectures on mineralogy at Cambridge, and in 1808 a professorship of mineralogy was instituted there in his favour. A complete edition of his works appeared in 1819-24, under the title of Travels in Various Countries of Europe, Asia, and Africa.
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Edward Clodd was an English banker, anthropologist and agnostic. He was born in 1840 and died in 1930. He was the author of 'The story of creation' published in 1888 and many other works.
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Edward Cocker was an English engraver and teacher of writing and arithmetic. He was born about 1631. His work, Cocker's Arithmetic, upon which many succeeding treatises were framed, was published in 1677.
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Sir Edward Codrington was a British admiral. He was born in 1770 and died in 1851. He entered the navy in 1783, and commanded the Orion at the Battle of Trafalgar, winning a gold medal for his services, and served in the second war with America, 1814. As commander of the Allied Mediterranean Fleet in 1827 he defeated the Turkish and Egyptian navies at Navarino and secured the evacuation of the Morea in 1828. From 1832 to 1837 he was member of parliament for Devonport.
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Sir Edward Coke was an English judge. He was born in 1552 and died in 1634. He was known as the greatest common lawyer of all time. The son of a Norfolkshire gentleman, after finishing his education at Cambridge he went to London, and entered the Inner Temple. His reputation and practice rapidly increased. He was chosen recorder of the cities of Norwich and of Coventry, knight of the shire for his county, and, in spite of the rivalship of Bacon, attorney-general. As such he conducted the prosecutions for the crown in all great state cases, notably those of Essex and Sir Walter Raleigh, which Edward Coke conducted with great rancour and asperity. In 1613 he became Chief-justice of the Court of King's Bench; but his rough temper and staunch support of constitutional liberties brought him into disfavour with King James and his courtiers. In 1621 he was committed to the Tower, and soon after expelled from the privy-council.
In 1628 he was chosen member of parliament for Buckinghamshire, and greatly distinguished himself by his vindication of the rights of the Commons, and by proposing and framing the famous Petition of Rights. This was the last of his public acts. On the dissolution of the parliament he retired to his seat in Buckinghamshire, where he died. His principal works are Reports, from 1600 to 1615; Institutes of the Laws of England, in four parts; the first of which contains the celebrated commentary on Littleton's Tenures ('Coke upon Littleton'); A Treatise of Bail and Mainprise, Complete Copyholder.
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Edward Coles was an American politician. He was a Democratic-Republican governor of Illinois from 1822 until 1826.
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Lord Edward Hyde Cornbury was a British aristocrat. He was born in 1661 and died in 1724. The cousin of Queen Mary and Queen Anne, he was made Governor of New York by William III in 1702. In 1708, after six years of severe rule, he was removed, but for a long time was imprisoned for debt.
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Sir Edward Shepherd Creasy was an English historian. He was born in 1812 and died in 1878. He was educated at Eton, and at King's College, Cambridge, of which he was elected a fellow in 1834. He was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1837, and was for about twenty years a member of the home circuit. In 1840 he was appointed professor of history at the London University, and in 1860 was made Chief-justice of Sri Lanka, receiving also a knighthood. His principal works are: The Rise and Progress of the British Constitution, and The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World.
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Edward Estlin Cummings was an American writer and painter. He was born in 1894 and died in 1962.
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Edward D Di Prete was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Rhode Island from 1985 until 1991.
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Edward D White was an American politician. He was a Whig governor of Louisiana from 1835 until 1839.
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Edward Donaldson was an American sailor. He was born in 1816 and died in 1889. A rear-admiral, he served in the US navy from 1835 to 1876. In the American Civil War he took part in the capture of New Orleans and in the passage of Vicksburg, and at the battle of Mobile Bay commanded the 'Seminole'.
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Edward Dowden was an English critic and historian. He was born in 1843 at Cork and died 1913. His early education was private, he afterwards studied at Queen's College, Cork, and Trinity College, Dublin, where he gained great distinction, especially in English and Philosophy; and in 1867 he was elected to the professorship of English literature in the university. He was the first Taylorian lecturer at Oxford University in 1889, and held the dark lecturership in English literature at Trinity College, Cambridge, from 1893 to 1896. Besides contributing to periodicals, Edward Dowden published various works on literary subjects, in particular Shakespeare: His Mind and Art (1875); Shakespeare Primer; Studies in Literature; Southey; Southey's Correspondence with Caroline Bowles; Life of Shelley (published in two volumes in 1886), the chief authority on the poet's life, being founded on papers in the possession of the Shelley family; Wordsworth's Poetical Works (1892-93); Introduction to Shakespeare (1893); New Studies in Literature (1895); The French Revolution and English Literature (lectures delivered at Princeton College, New Jersey, in 1896); History of French Literature (1897); Robert Browning (1904). A volume of poems by him appeared in 1876.
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Edward Eggleston was an American novelist and miscellaneous writer. He was born in 1837 and died in 1902. He entered the ministry of the Methodist Church, and was engaged in pastoral work for a number of years, latterly as pastor of an independent church founded by himself. He wrote and edited much, among his books being The Hoosier Schoolmaster (1871), The End of the World: A Love Story; Roxy, a highly popular novel (1878); The Hoosier Schoolboy; The Graysons;
Household History of the United States; The Faith Doctor. His novels are marked by abundance of incident, skilful handling of dialect, and realistic portraiture.
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Sir Edward Elgar was a British composer. He was born in 1857 at Broadheath, Worcestershire and died in 1934. Self-taught, for some time he acted as conductor of the Worcester Instrumental Society, and as organist at St. George's, Worcester, but when later he turned to composition he resigned both these positions. In 1892 he produced the Black Knight, and this was followed by several oratorios, cantatas, and other works, including The Light of Life, a short oratorio (Worcester Festival, 1896); King Olaf, a cantata (North Staffordshire Festival, 1896);' Imperial March (1897); Te Deum (Hereford Festival, 1897); Caractacus (Leeds Festival, 1898); and Orchestral Variations later known as 'Enigma Variations' in 1899, an orchestral work based on an unheard theme, which brought him worldwide acclaim. In 1900 his famous sacred cantata, The Dream of Gerontius, was produced at the Birmingham Festival (repeated at Dusseldorf in 1901 and at the Niederrheinische Musik Fest in 1902), and added immensely to his already considerable reputation. He went on to compose other works including 'Pomp and Circumstance', and in 1904 was knighted.
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Edward Everett was an American politician. He was born in 1794 at Dorchester, Massachusetts and died in 1865.The brother of Alexander Everett, he was educated at Harvard, he draduated when he was seventeen and in 1813 was ordained pastor of a church in Boston. After spending two years as a Unitarian minister he left the post to become professor of Greek Literature at Harvard College, a post he held from 1819 until 1829 when he became editor of the North American Review, and president of Harvard from 1846 until 1849. He was a member of congress from 1824 until 1835, a Whig governor of Massachusetts from 1836 until 1840, minister to Great Britain from 1841 until 1845 and a senator from 1853 until 1854 when he abandoned public life.
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Edward John Eyre was a British colonial governor. He was born in 1815 at Yorjshire and died in 1901. He explored the north part of the newly colonised South Australia and in 1839 he discovered Lake Torrens, in 1840 explored its eastern shores and the adjacent Flinders Range. He then commenced his perilous journey along tlie shores of the Great Australian Bight, and reached King George's Sound, in Western Australia, a distance of 1200 miles, with a single native boy, having left Adelaide more than a year before.His report published in 1845 resulted in the opening up of the land route between Adelaide and Western Australia. Lake Eyre in South Australia was named after him. He was Governor of St Vincent from 1854 to 1860 and was made Governor of Jamaica in 1864. He vigorously suppressed a Negro revolt in Jamaica in 1865 and was as a result was recalled to England, suspended and retired. On his return to England John Stuart Mill and others took measures to try him for murder resulting from the severity with which he handled the revolt, but failed. Carlyle was one of his moat strenuous defenders.
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Edward F Arn was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Kansas from 1951 until 1955.
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Edward F Dunne was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Illinois from 1913 until 1917.
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Edward F Noyes was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Ohio from 1872 until 1874.
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Edward Fairfax was an English translator. He was born in in the last quarter of the 16th century and died in 1635. He translated into English verse Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered He settled at Newhall in the parish of Fuyistone, Yorkshire, to a life of studious leisure. The first edition of his translation bears the date of 1600. One or two eclogues by him also remain.
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Edward Fitzgerald was an Irish soldier and patriot. He was born in 1763 and died in 1798. He served in America and explored part of Canada in 1789. In 1796 he joined the United Irishmen, and was arrested for conspiring with the French for a Dublin uprising and following being shot and wounded during his arrest - in which he stabbed two of the arresting officers - he died in Newgate prison before he could be brought to trial.
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Edward Forbes was a British naturalist. He was born in 1815 at Douglas, Isle of Man and died in 1854. He devoted himself to science at an early age, and having made scientific journeys in Norway, Sweden, France, Germany, etc, he was attached to a scientific expedition to the Mediterranean, the result of which appeared in a report presented to the British Association, and in Travels in Lycia. In 1842 he became professor of botany at King's College, London. On the opening of the School of Mines Edward Forbes was appointed lecturer on natural history as applied to geology and the arts. He still retained his professorship of botany at King's College, and continued to contribute annually some of his most valuable memoirs to the British Association, besides writing for scientific and literary journals.
In 1853 he was appointed to the chair of natural history in Edinburgh. Among his more important works, which include a great number of valuable papers on zoological, botanical, and literary subjects, are a History of the Star-fishes and History of British Mollusca.
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Edward Morgan Forster was an English novelist. He was born in 1879 and died in 1970. He wrote Howard's End and A Passage To India.
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Edward Augustus Freeman was an English historian and archaeologist. He was born in 1823 and died in 1892. Educated at Trinity College, Oxford, of which he was scholar and fellow, he received various academical distinctions, and in 1884 became Regius professor of modern history at Oxford.
His works, which are very voluminous, include History of Architecture, 1849; History and Conquests of the Saracens, 1856; History of Federal Government, 1863; Old English History, 1869; Growth of the English Constitution, 1872; Historical Essays, 1872-79; History of the Norman Conquest, 1867-76; Historical Geography of Europe, 1881; the Reign of William Rufus, 1882; History of Sicily (unfinished), 1891-92; etc.
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Sir Edward German was an English composer. He was born in 1862 at Whitchurch and died in 1936. He produced light operas including 'Merrie England' and 'Tom Jones'.
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Edward Gibbon was an English writer. He was born in 1737 at Putney and died in 1794. He wrote the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.
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Edward Grey was a British statesman. He was born in 1862 and died in 1933. He was Foreign Secretary in 1905.
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Edward Hagerup Grieg was a Norwegian composer. He was born in 1843 at Bergen and died in 1907. He composed Peer Gynt Suite, Concerto in A minor for piano.
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Edward Halifax was a British statesman. He was born in 1881 and died in 1959. He was British Ambassador to the USA from 1940 until 1944.
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Edward Hammond Hargraves was an English gold miner. He was born in 1815 at Gosport, Hampshire and died in 1891. After travelling to California in 1849 for gold, he noticed similarities in the geological formations with those in Australia and deduced that gold could also be found in Australia. He discovered gold in the Blue Hills of New South Wales in 1851 and was appointed commissioner of Crown lands and awarded a government reward of 10,000 pounds for his discovery.
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Sir Edward Richard George Heath (Ted Heath) was an English politician. He was born in 1916 at Broadstairs, Kent and died in 2005. He entered parliament in 1950 and became leader of the Conservative party and in 1970 became Prime Minister. He was ousted from leadership of the Conservative party in 1975 by Margaret Thatcher following widespread industrial disputes across the country, and particularly dissatisfaction among the coal miners. After his removal as leader of the Conservative Party the Conservative Party became far more dictatorial and moralist. Until the day he died, Edward Heath opposed the extreme and oppressive policies of the Thatcherite Conservatives. He is remembered as the British Prime Minister who negotiated Britain's entry into the European Common Market, and as an international statesman who successfully negotiated the release of British prisoners held in Iraq following the Gulf War - a position that was in stark contrast to the swaggering gun-ho posture of his successors.
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Edward Hitchcock was an American geologist. He was born in 1793 at Deerfield, Massachusetts and died in 1864. He became a Congregational minister, and afterwards, devoting himself to science, was elected professor of natural science, and president at Amherst College.
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Edward Hopkins was an English colonist. He was born in 1600 and died in 1657. He went to America from England in 1637. He was Governor of Connecticut in the even years from 1640 to 1654. He aided in forming the union of the New England colonies in 1643.
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Edward Hyde (first earl of Clarendon) was an English statesman and historian. He was born in 1609 at Dinton, Wiltshire and died in 1674. After studying at Oxford and at the Middle Temple he married, in 1629, the daughter of Sir George Ayliffe, and, in 1632, Frances, daughter of Sir Thomas Aylesbury. He entered the Short Parliament in 1640 as member for Wootton-Basset, and was again returned to the Long Parliament in November, 1640 by the borough of Saltash, at first acting with the more moderate of the popular party, but gradually separating himself from the democratic movement until, by the autumn of 1641, he was recognized as the real leader of the king's party in the house.He supported the King's authority, but opposed violence and assisted in the impeachment of Stafford in 1641.
In 1642 he became the King's adviser with Colepepper and Falkland. Upon the outbreak of the English Civil War he joined the king at York, was knighted, made privy-councillor, and appointed chancellor of the exchequer. After vainly attempting to bring about a reconciliation between the contending parties he accompanied Prince Charles to Jersey, where he began his History of the Rebellion, and wrote answers in the king's name to the manifestoes of the parliament.
In September, 1649, he rejoined Charles at the Hague, and was sent by him on an embassy to Madrid. Soon after his return he resumed the business of the exiled court, first at Paris, and afterwards at the Hague, where, in 1657, Charles II appointed him lord-chancellor. After Oliver Cromwell's death he contributed more than any other man to promote the Restoration, when he was placed at the head of the English administration.
In 1660 he was elected Chancellor of the University of Oxford, and in 1661 was created Baron Hyde, Viscount Cornbury, and Earl of Clarendon. The marriage of the Duke of York with his daughter, Anne Hyde, confirmed for a time his power, but in 1663 Lord Bristol made an unsuccessful attempt to impeach him, his influence with the king declined, and his station as primeminister made the nation regard him as answerable for the ill success of the war against Holland, the sale of Dunkirk, etc.
The king's displeasure deepened when his plan of repudiating his wife and marrying the beautiful Lady Stuart was defeated by Edward Hyde, who effected a marriage between this lady and the Duke of Richmond. The king deprived him of his offices, an impeachment for high treason was commenced against him, and he was compelled to seek refuge in Calais. He lived six years at Montpellier, Moulins, and Rouen, where he died in 1674. His remains were afterwards removed to Westminster Abbey.
During his second exile he completed his History of the Rebellion in autobiographical form, wrote a biographical Continuation in defence of his administration, and sought to vindicate Lord Ormonde by a History of the Rebellion in Ireland.
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Edward I was King of England from 1272 to 1307. He was born in 1239 at Winchester and died in 1307. Edward I was the son of Henry III and an able administrator and law-maker. He re-established royal power, investigating many of the abuses resulting from weak royal government and issuing new laws. Edward was an effective soldier, gaining experience from going on crusade to Syria before he became king. In 1277 Edward I invaded Wales where Llewelyn ap Gruffydd, prince of Wales, had built up considerable power. In a series of campaigns Edward I gained control of Wales, building strong castles to secure his conquests. Llewelyn was subdued before his death, by the 1277 treaty of Conway. In 1284, the Statute of Wales brought Wales under Edward I's rule. In 1301, he created his eldest surviving son, Edward, the first English Prince of Wales. Wanting to unite the country behind him and to raise money for his campaigns in Wales and Scotland and another war in France, in 1295 Edward called what became known as the 'Model Parliament'. To this meeting he summoned the aristocracy, bishops and abbots, and the knights of the shires, burgesses from the towns and the junior clergy.
In 1296 Edward I invaded Scotland, successfully seizing the Stone of Scone; the king John Baliol abdicated and surrendered to Edward I. However, a guerrilla war broke out and the English were defeated by the Scottish under William Wallace at the Battle of Stirling Bridge in 1297. William Wallace was finally captured and executed in 1305. Edward I died in 1307, when he was about to start another campaign against the Scots and their leader, Robert the Bruce.
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Edward I Edwards was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of New Jersey from 1920 until 1923.
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Edward II was King of England from 1307 to 1327. Edward II had few of the qualities that made a successful medieval king. Edward surrounded himself with his favourites, and the barons, feeling excluded from power, rebelled. Throughout his reign, different baronial groups struggled to gain power and control the King. The nobles' ordinances of 1311, which attempted to limit royal control of finance and appointments, were counteracted by Edward. Large debts - many of them inherited - and the Scots' victory at Bannockburn by Robert the Bruce in 1314 made Edward more unpopular. Edward's victory in the civil war of 1321 to 1322 and such measures as the 1326 ordinance which was a protectionist measure which set up compulsory markets or staples in fourteen English, Welsh and Irish towns for the wool trade, did not lead to any compromise between the King and the nobles.
Edward was a homosexual, and neglected his wife, Isabella the sister of the king of France, and finally, in 1326, Isabella led an invasion against her husband which was widely supported by the English aristocracy which had little time for the homosexual Edward. In 1327 Edward was made to renounce the throne in favour of his son Edward III (the first time that an anointed king of England had been dethroned since Ethelred in 1013). Edward II fled to Wales where he was imprisoned in Berkelet castle. While there Edward II was attacked by Isabella's men, and was murdered by having a red hot poker thrust into his anus - a death deemed suitable for a sodomite. Edward's champion, and probable lover, had earlier been arrested in England by the victorious Isabella, his penis and testicles cut off, and then executed for having homosexual relations with the king.
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Edward III was the son of Edward II and King of England from 1327 to 1377. Edward III was crowned King at the age of fourteen and assumed government in his own right in 1330. In 1337, Edward created the Duchy of Cornwall to provide the heir to the throne with an income independent of the sovereign or the state. An able soldier, and an inspiring leader, Edward founded the Order of the Garter in 1348. At the beginning of the Hundred Years War in 1337, actual campaigning started when the King invaded France in 1339 and laid claim to the throne of France. Following a sea victory at the Battle of Sluys in 1340, Edward overran Brittany in 1342 and in 1346 he landed in Normandy defeating the French King, Philip IV, at the Battle of Crecy and his son Edward (the Black Prince) repeated his success at Poitiers in 1356. By 1360 Edward controlled over a quarter of France. His successes consolidated the support of the nobles, lessened criticism of the taxes, and improved relations with Parliament.
However, under the 1375 Treaty of Bruges the French King, Charles V, reversed most of the English conquests; Calais and a coastal strip near Bordeaux were Edward's only lasting gain. Failure abroad provoked criticism at home. The Black Death plague outbreaks of 1348 to 1349, 1361 to 1362 and 1369 inflicted severe social dislocation (the King himself losing a daughter to the plague) and caused deflation; severe laws were introduced to attempt to fix wages and prices. In 1376, the 'Good Parliament' attacked the high taxes and criticised the King's advisers. The ageing King withdrew to Windsor for the rest of his reign, eventually dying at Sheen Palace, Surrey.
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Edward IV was King of England from 1461 to 1483. He was born in 1442 and died in 1483. Edward IV was very probably the illegitimate son of the his mother, the Queen, and an archer in the royal garrison - his 'father', Richard, duke of York, the king, being away at battle in France at the time when Edward IV was conceived. As an illegitimate child, Edward IV had no claim to the throne, and as such the English entire royal line since has been flawed.
When Edward IV became the first Yorkist king he was able to restore order, despite the temporary return to the throne of Henry VI from 1470 to 1471, during which time Edward fled to the Continent in exile, supported by the Earl of Warwick, 'the Kingmaker', who had previously supported Edward and who was killed at the Battle of Barnet in 1471. Edward also made peace with France; by a shrewd display of force to exert pressure, Edward reached a profitable agreement with Louis XI at Picquigny in 1475. At home, Edward relied heavily on his own personal control in government, reviving the ancient custom of sitting in person 'on the bench' (i.e. in judgement) to enforce justice. He sacked Lancastrian office-holders and used his financial acumen to introduce tight management of royal revenues to reduce the Crown's debt.
Building closer relations with the merchant community, Edward IV encouraged commercial treaties; he successfully traded in wool on his own account to restore his family's fortunes and enable the King to ' live of his own', paying the costs of the country's administration from the Crown Estates profits and freeing him from dependence on subsidies from Parliament. Edward rebuilt St George's Chapel at Windsor (possibly seeing it as a mausoleum for the Yorkists, as he was later buried there) and a new great hall at Eltham Palace. Edward collected illuminated manuscripts - his is the only intact medieval royal collection to survive - and patronised the new invention of printing. Edward died in 1483, leaving by his marriage to Elizabeth Woodville a 12-year-old son Edward to succeed him.
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Edward J King was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Massachusetts from 1979 until 1983.
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Edward J Thye was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Minnesota from 1943 until 1947.
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Sir Edward Jenner was a British physician. He was born in 1749 at Berkeley and died in 1823. After graduating in 1792 Jenner started experimenting with possible cures for smallpox, and in 1796 removed some blister fluid from a milkmaid suffering from cowpox and injected it into a boy. Two months later the boy was injected with smallpox, but didn't develop the disease. Jenner repeated the experiment and in 1798 published his work coining the term vaccination (substance derived from a cow). Jenner subsequently spent the rest of his life promoting vaccination, despite its dangers and the lack of evidence as to its effectiveness. Indeed subsequent events - not least the smallpox epidemic of 1871 in which more people who have been vaccinated against the disease contracted smallpox than those who had not - have shown that far from being a medical genius, Jenner was a brilliant self-publicist and charlatan who exploited the basic human fears for his own financial means.
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Edward Kavanagh was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Maine from 1843 until 1844.
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Edward Kent was an American politician. He was born in 1802 and died in 1877. He was a member of the Maine Legislature from 1829 to 1833. He was Governor of Maine in 1838 and 1840, being chosen by the Whigs. From 1849 to 1853 he was US Consul at Rio Janeiro. From 1859 to 1873 he was a Justice of the Maine Supreme Court.
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Edward Law (Lord Ellenborough) was an English lawyer and Lord Chief-justice of the King's-bench. He was born in 1750 at Great Salkeld, Cumberland and died in 1818. Educated at the Charter House and at Cambridge, he was called to the bar in 1780. He early obtained a silk gown, and at the trial of Warren Hastings, in 1785, acted as leading counsel. The defence did not come on until the fifth year of the trial, but after eight years Warren Hastings was acquitted and Edward Law's success assured. In 1801 he was made attorney-general, and in 1802 became Lord Chief-justice of the King's-bench, and was created baron. He held the office of chief-justice for fifteen years, resigning in 1818.
Edward Law was an English politician, and the Earl of Ellenborough. He was born in 1790 and died in 1871. The son of Lord Chief-justice Edward Law, he was educated at Eton and Cambridge, and in 1818, having succeeded his father as second baron, he entered the House of Lords. He took office in 1818 as lord privy-seal, and became president of the board of control in 1828-30, and again in 1834. In 1841 he accepted the governor-generalship of India, and arrived in Calcutta in 1842, in time to bring the Afghan war to a successful issue. The annexation of Scinde in 1843 was followed by the conquest of Gwalior, but the conduct of the governor-general gave dissatisfaction at home, and he was recalled early in 1844. On his return, however, he was defended by Wellington, and received the thanks of parliament, an earldom, and the Grand Cross of the Bath. He then held the post of first lord of the admiralty from 1845 to 1846, and was president of the board of control from February to June, 1858. His despatch censuring the policy of Lord Canning as Governor-general of India led to his resignation, and he never resumed office.
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Edward Lear was an English painter and writer of verse. He was born in 1812 at London and died in 1888. He taught drawing to Queen Victoria, but he is remembered for his work A Book of Nonsense, published in 1846.
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Edward Livingston was an American jurist. He was born in 1764 and died in 1836. A brother of Robert R Livingston, he graduated at Princeton, and reached early in life a commanding position at the New York bar. From 1795 to 1801, he was a Democratic Congressman. While district attorney in the following years he became entangled in business, was deeply indebted to the Government, and removed to Louisiana to retrieve his fortunes. He was Congressman from Louisian in 1823 to 1839, US Senator 1829 to 1831, Secretary of State from 1831 to 1833, and Minister to France from 1833 until 1835. His rank as a lawyer was very high, and his influence, by his codes and legal writings, was profound upon law in America and in Europe.
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Edward Lloyd was an American politician. He was a Democratic-Republican governor of Maryland from 1809 until 1811.
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Edward George Bulwer Lytton was an English writer and statesman. He was born in 1803 at London and died in 1873. He wrote The Last Days Of Pompeii.
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Edward MacDowell was an American composer. He was born in 1861 and died in 1908. He composed To a Wild Rose.
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Edward G Malbone was an American painter. He was born in 1777 at Newport, Rhode Island and died in 1807. He was an eminent painter of miniatures and pursued his art in Providence, Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and from 1800 in Charleston, South Carolina.
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Edward Marjoribanks, 2nd Baron Tweedmouth, was a British politician. He was born in 1849 and died in 1909. Educated at Harrow and Christ Church, Oxford, he entered the House of Commons in 1880 as the Liberal MP for Berwick, and remained there until he succeeded to the peerage in 1894. In 1886 he was made controller of the household, and in 1892 parliamentary secretary to the treasury. In 1894 he became lord privy seal and chancellor of the duchy and when, in 1905, the Liberals returned to power, he was chosen first lord of the admiralty, only to be transferred in 1908 to the office of lord president following a controversial letter he wrote to the German emperor.
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Edward Martin was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Pennsylvania from 1943 until 1947.
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Edward Miall was an English politician. He was born in 1809 at Portsmouth and died in 1881. An independent minister, in 1840 he gave up his charge to campaign against the establishment of the Church. In 1841 he founded a weekly newspaper, 'The Nonconformist', which he edited for the rest of his life. Edward Miall represented Rochdale in Parliament from 1852 until 1867 and Bradford from 1868 until 1874.
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Edward O C Ord was an American soldier. He was born in 1818 and died in 1883. He commanded the national forces at Dranesville in 1861. He led the left wing of Grant's army at Iuka and Hatchie in 1862. He led a corps at Vicksburg, Jackson, Richmond and Fort Harrison. In 1865 he commanded the Department of Virginia and the Army of the James at Petersburg and in the subsequent battles ending at Appomattox Court House.
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Edward P Carville was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Nevada from 1939 until 1945.
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Sir Edward Pakenham was an English soldier. He was born in 1778 and died in 1815. He served in the Peninsular War and in the South of France under the Duke of Wellington. He succeeded General Ross in command of a British force employed against New Orleans in 1814. His troops were defeated by General Jackson on January the 8th, 1815, and he was killed during the battle.
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Edward Henry Palmer was a British Orientalist. He was born in 1840 and died in 1882. His works include ' Oriental Mysticism' published in 1867.
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Edward Pellew (Viscount Exmouth) was a British naval officer. He was born in 1757 and died in 1833. He went to sae at the age of thirteen, served as midshipman in the frigate 'Blonde' during the American War of Independence, and distinguished himself at Lake Champlain. In 1782 he was made a post-captain for a brilliant action in the 'Pelican', and on the outbreak of the war in 1793 was appointed to the command of the frigate 'La Nymphe', serving until peace in 1802. In 1804, on the redemption of hostilities, he was sent to take the chief command on the East India station, in the 'Culloden', of seventy-four guns; and there he remained until 1809, when he had attained the rank of vice-admiral. His next appointment was the command of the fleet blockading the Scheldt. In 1814 he was made Baron Exmouth with a pension of 2000 pounds per annum. In 1816 he was sent with a fleet to punish the Dey of Algiers for outrages committed, and to force him to give up his Christian captives and abolish Christian slavery. Along with some Dutch vessels he bombarded the city for eight hours, and inflicted such damage that the Dey had to agree to the demands, three thousand Christian slaves were henceforth freed. Lord Exmouth was made a viscount and received honours from several of the European sovereigns and the Freedom of The City of London. He retired in 1821.
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Sir Edward John Poynter was an English painter. He was born in 1836 at Paris. He was educated at Westminster School and Ipswich, and received his art training at the Royal Academy and under Gleyre in Paris. He was knighted in 1896 and created a baronet in 1902. He was Slade professor of art in University College, London from 1871 to 1875 and director of the National Gallery from 1894 to 1905.
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Edward Preble was an American sailor. He was born in 1761 and died in 1807. He joined a privateer in 1777. In 1779 he engaged in the attacks of the Protector on the British privateer, Admiral Duff. He served on the Winthrop when that vessel captured an armed brig. He was commissioned lieutenant in 1798, and in 1799 commanded the Essex. In 1803 he commanded the Constitution and the squadron against the Barbary States. His operations resulted in the treaty of 1805, by which tribute by the United States and the slavery of Christian captives was abolished.
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Edward Randolph was a British commissioner. He was born in 1620 and died some time after 1694. He went to New England in 1675 as a commissioner of the British Government. He returned with exaggerated accounts of the population and wealth of the colonies, and urged measures of taxation and oppression. By his efforts the charter of Massachusetts was conditionally forfeited. He was secretary of New England and a member of the Governor's council from 1686 to 1689.
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Edward Rutledge was an American politician. He was born in 1749 and died in 1800. He was a delegate from South Carolina to the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1777. He signed the American Declaration of Independence. He was a member of the first Board of War in 1776, and a member of the committee to draw up Articles of Confederation. He was a commissioner to confer with Lord Howe in 1776. He commanded a company of artillery during the siege of Charleston. He was a member of the South Carolina Legislature from 1783 to 1798, and Governor of South Carolina from 1798 to 1800.
*Edward Sabine
Sir Edward Sabine was a British physicist. He was born in 1788 at Dublin and died in 1883. He acted as astronomer in the Ross and Parry expedition of 1819 to 1820 in search of the North-West Passage. He was engaged from 1821 to 1827 in experiments connected with the determination of pendulum vibrations and was president of the Royal Society from 1861 to 1871.
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Edward Salomon was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Wisconsin from 1862 until 1864.
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Sir Edward Schafer was a British physiologist. He was born in 1850. He worked at Edinburgh university and gave a famous address on the origin of life at Dundee in 1912. He was knighted in 1913.
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Edward Scofield was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Wisconsin from 1897 until 1901.
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Edward Seymour (duke of Somerset) was an English statesman. He was born in 1506 and died in 1552. A son of Sir John Seymour, his early years were passed at court where he was attendant upon Henry VIII and Wolsey. In 1536 he was made a viscount, and in 1537 earl of Hertford, his sister Jane, having just been married to the king. In charge of the forces sent to Scotland in 1544, he took Edinburgh, and he gained further military experience on the borders and in France. In 1547, on the accession of Edward VI, Edward Seymour was a member of the council of regency. Almost at once he was chosen protector and made duke of Somerset, and for two years he governed England. He gained the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh in 1547 and carried through a moderate reformation of the Church, and made an attempt to stop the enclosure of common lands. His policy and position, however, created enemies and foreign affairs started to go badly for England. This resulted in his fall secured by his rival the Duke of Northumberland who managed to have Edward Seymour tried and subsequently executed for treason in 1552.
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Edward Somerset was an English engineer and inventor. He was born in 1601 and died in 1667. He was the second Marquis of Worcester and later Earl of Glamorgan and Earl and Marquis of Worcester. He invented the steam-engine and erected water works at Vauxhall.
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Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley (Fourteenth Earl Of Derby) was an English statesman. He was born in 1799 at Knowsley Park, Lancashire and died in 1869. In 1820 he was returned to the House of Commons as member for Stockbridge. At first inclining to the Whig party he joined Canning's ministry in 1827, and in 1830 became chief secretary for Ireland in Lord Grey's government, greatly distinguishing himself by his speeches in favour of the Reform Bill in 1831-1832. The opposition led by O'Connell in the House of Commons was powerful and violent, but Edward Stanley, while supporting a bill for the reform of the Irish Church and the reduction of ecclesiastical taxation, was successful in totally defeating the agitation for the repeal of the Union.
He warmly advocated the abolition of slavery, and passed the act for this purpose in 1833; but in the following year a difference of opinion with his party as to the diversion of the surplus revenue of the Irish Church led him to join the Tories.
In 1841 he became colonial secretary under Sir Robert Peel, but resigned on Robert Peel's motion for repeal of the corn-laws. In 1851 and 1858 he formed ministries which held office only for a short period; and again in 1866, when his administration signalized itself by the reform of the government in India, the conduct of the Abyssinian war, and the passing of a bill for electoral reform in 1867. Early in 1868, owing to failing health, he resigned office, recommending Benjamin Disraeli as his successor. Edward Stanley joined to great ability as a statesman, and brilliant oratorical powers, a high degree of scholarly culture and literary ability. Among other works he published a successful translation of Homer's Iliad in 1864.
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Edward Jean Steichen was an American photographer. He was born in 1879 at Luxembourg and died in 1973. Taken to the USA as a child he grew up in Michigan and studied art at Milwaukee from 1894 to 1898 before working as a painter and photographer in Europe until 1914. He specialised in nude photography, and was a pioneer in obtaining recognition for photography as an art form.
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Edward Stillingfleet was an English divine. He was born in 1635 at Cranborne, Dorset and died in 1699. Educated at St John's College, Cambridge, he was ordained and was successively rector of Sutton, Bedfordshire and St Andrew's, Holborn and canon of St Paul's. In 1678 he was chosen dean of St Paul's and in 1689 bishop of Worcester.
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Edward James Stone was an English astronomer. He was born in 1831 at London and died in 1897. In 1860 he became chief assistant at Greenwich observatory. In 1870 he went to the Cape as astronomer-royal, and prepared the Cape Catalogue of stars which appeared in 1880. He also made very notable observations of eclipses. In 1879 he returned to England as Radcliffe observer at Oxford, and organized several astronomical expeditions for observations in distant parts of the earth.
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Edward T Breathitt was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Kentucky from 1963 until 1967.
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Edward Telfair was an American politician. He was a governor of Georgia from 1786 until 1787.
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Edward the Black Prince, Prince of Wales, was the eldest son of Edward III and Philippa of Hainault. He was born in 1330 and died in 1376. He first distinguished himself at the Battle of Crecy in 1346 where he commanded part of
the forces, and it was on this occasion that he adopted the motto Ich dien (I serve), used by all succeeding princes of Wales. In 1355 he commanded the army which invaded France from Gascony, and in 1356 won the Battle of Poitiers and in 1360 the peace of Bretigny was made by which the provinces of Poictou, Saintonge, Perigord, Limousin were annexed to Guienne and formed into a sovereignty for the prince under the title of the Principality of Aquitaine.. In 1367 he went to the aid of Pedro the Cruel, king of Castile and defeated Henry of Trastamare at Najera. To recoup his expenses incurred in Spain Edward levied a hearth tax on his Gascon subjects, who rebelled and appealed to the French king, Charles V. War was declared in 1369 and the English suffered disaster, Edward retreating to England. He was the first duke created, in 1337 being made duke of Cornwall.
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Edward the Confessor was a son of Ethelred and King of England from 1042 to 1066. With few rivals, since Canute's line was extinct and Edward's only male relatives were two nephews in exile, Edward was undisputed King; the threat of usurpation by the King of Norway rallied the English and Danes in allegiance to Edward.
Brought up in exile in Normandy, Edward lacked military ability or reputation. His Norman sympathies caused tensions with one of Canute's most powerful earls, Godwin of Wessex, whose daughter, Edith, Edward married in 1045 (the marriage was childless). These tensions resulted in the crisis of 1050 to 1052, when Godwin assembled an army to defy Edward. With reinforcements from the earls of Mercia and Northumberland, Edward banished Godwin from the country and sent Queen Edith from court. Edward used the opportunity to appoint Normans to places at court, and as sheriffs at local level. William duke of Normandy may have been designated heir. However, the hostile reaction to this increased Norman influence brought Godwin back. Edward subsequently formed a closer alliance with Godwin's son Harold, who led the army as the King's deputy (he defeated a Welsh incursion in 1055) and whom Edward may have named as heir on his deathbed. Warding off political threats, England during the last 15 years of Edward's reign was relatively peaceful. Prosperity was rising as agricultural techniques improved and the population rose to around one million. Taxation was comparatively light, as Edward was not an extravagant king and lived off the revenues of his own lands (approximately 5,500 pounds a year) - nor did he have to pay for expensive military campaigns. Deeply religious, Edward was responsible for building Westminster Abbey (in the Norman style) and he was buried there after his death in 1066.
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Edward the Elder was king of England. He was the son of Alfred the Great and was born about 870 and crowned king of England in 902 and spent his reign warring against the Danes, from whom he regained most of central England and in 924 his overlordship of Britain was recognised by the king of the Scots by the English of Bernicia and by the Britons of Strathclyde. He died in 924.
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Edward the martyr was son of Edgar and succeeded him as King of England. He was born about 960 and died in 978. He became king in 975 and reigned until his murder in 979. His reign was chiefly distinguished by ecclesiastical disputes. He was treacherously slain in 979 by a servant of his stepmother, at her residence, Corfe Castle. The pity caused by his innocence and misfortune induced the people to regard him as a martyr.
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Philip Edward Thomas was a British poet and nature writer. He was born in 1878 at London and died in 1917 during the Great War. Educated at St Paul's School, and at Lincoln College, 0xford, in 1897 first book appeared. The Woodland Life, and he engaged in journalism and 1iterary work of varied nature. His volumes of essays include Horae Solitariae written in 1902; Rest and Unrest, written in 1910; and Light and Twilight written in 1911. Among his biographies are those of Richard Jefferies published in 1909; Swinburne published in1912; and Walter Pater published in 1913. He edited various works of natural history. His most distinctive work. however, is in verse, to which he turned only in his later years. Influenced by the American poet, Robert Frost, he produced two remarkable volumes of verse, Poems in 1917; and Last Poems published after his death in 1918; a collected edition of his poems was published in 1920.
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Edward Thring was an English school teacher. He was born in 1821 and died in 1887. The son of the rector of Alford, Somerset, he was educated at Eton and King's College, Cambridge of which he became a fellow. In 1846 he was ordained and spent some time as a curate at Gloucester and other places before in 1853 being chosen as headmaster of Uppingham, where he remained until his death. Under Edward Thring, Uppingham became one of the great English public schools, increasing its admission from 25 buys to 300. Edward Thring widened the school's interests and placed great emphasis upon moral values.
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Edward Thurlow (first Baron Thurlow) was lord chancellor of England. He was born in 1731 at Bracon Ash, Norfolk and died in 1806. In 1754 he was called to the bar, and made some reputation for himself by conducting famous cases, such as that deciding the succession to the Douglas estates. He was made solicitor- general in 1770 and lord chancellor in 1778. He held the great seal during the ministries of North, the Marquis of Rockingham and Pitt, but was forced to retire by Pitt in 1792.
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Edward Tiffin was an American politician. He was born in 1766 at England and died in 1829. He went to America from England in 1784. He was Governor of Ohio from 1803 to 1807, and represented Ohio in the US Senate as a Democrat from 1807 to 1809.
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Edward John Trelawny was an English adventurer and mercenary. He was born in 1792 at Cornwall and died in 1881. After joining the navy he deserted after a short time and travelled the world, meeting Shelley and Lord Byron in Italy in 1822, and becoming close friends with them. After Shelley's death he went to Greece with Lord Byron, whom he left there in order to join a group of insurgents fighting for Greek independence.
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Edward V was a King of England. He was born in 1470 and died in 1483. Edward V was the eldest son of Edward IV and reigned from April to June 1483, but was a minor, and his uncle Richard, Duke of Gloucester, was made Protector. Richard had been loyal throughout to his brother Edward IV including the events of 1470 to 1471, Edward's exile and their brother's rebellion (George Clarence, the Duke of Clarence, who was executed in 1478 by drowning, supposedly in a barrel of Malmsey wine). However, he was suspicious of the Woodville faction, possibly believing they were the cause of George Clarence's death. In response to an attempt by Elizabeth Woodville to take power, Richard and Edward V entered London in May, with Edward's coronation fixed for 22 June. However, in mid-June Richard assumed the throne as Richard III. Edward V and his younger brother Richard were declared illegitimate, taken to the Royal apartments at the Tower of London which was then a Royal residence, and never seen again.
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Edward Vernon was an English admiral. He was born in 1684 and died in 1757. He obtained command of the expedition against Spanish South American possessions and took Porto Bello with a squadron of six ships. In 1740 he attacked Cartagena without success and in 1746 he was dismissed from service.
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Edward VI was king of England from 1547 to 1553. He was born in 1537 at Hampton Court and died in 1553. He was the son of Henry VIII by Jane Seymour. Being only nine at his accession a council of regency was formed under his uncle the Earl of Hertford. Edward VI was intellectually precocious (fluent in Greek and Latin, he kept a full journal of his reign) but not physically robust. His short reign was dominated by nobles using the Regency to strengthen their own positions. The King's Council, previously dominated by Henry, succumbed to existing factionalism. On Henry's death, Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford and soon to be Duke of Somerset, the new King's eldest uncle, became Protector. Edward Seymour was an able soldier; he led a punitive expedition against the Scots, for their failure to fulfil their promise to betroth Mary, Queen of Scots to Edward, which led to Edward Seymour's victory at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh in 1547 - although he failed to follow this up with satisfactory peace terms.
During Edward VI's reign, the Church of England became more explicitly Protestant - Edward VI himself was fiercely Protestant. The Book of Common Prayer was introduced in 1549, aspects of Roman Catholic practices (including statues and stained glass) were eradicated and the marriage of clergy allowed. The imposition of the Prayer Book (which replaced Latin services with English) led to rebellions in Cornwall and Devon.
Despite his military ability, Edward Seymour was too liberal to deal effectively with Kett's rebellion against land enclosures in Norfolk. Edward Seymour was left isolated in the Council and the Duke of Northumberland subsequently overthrew him in 1551. Edward Seymour was executed in 1552, an event which was briefly mentioned by Edward VI in his diary: 'Today, the Duke of Somerset had his head cut off on Tower Hill.'
Northumberland took greater trouble to charm and influence Edward VI; his powerful position as Lord President of the Council was based on his personal ascendancy over the King. However, the young King was ailing. Northumberland hurriedly married his son Lord Guilford Dudley to Lady Jane Grey, one of Henry VIII's great-nieces and a claimant to the throne. Edward VI accepted Lady Jane Grey as his heir and, on his death from tuberculosis in 1553, Lady Jane Grey assumed the throne.
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Edward VII was King of England from 1901 to 1910. He was brought up strictly under a very rigorous educational regime by his parents, who had unrealistic expectations of his abilities. During his mother's reign, he undertook public duties (including working on Royal Commissions in the field of social issues), but he was excluded by his mother from acting as her deputy until 1898. He was 59 when he became king, having been heir apparent for longer than anyone else in British history. Criticised for his social life, Edward' s main interests lay in foreign affairs, and military and naval matters. Fluent in French and German, Edward made a number of visits abroad (in 1904, he visited France - a visit which helped to create the atmosphere which made the subsequent Anglo-French entente cordiale possible); he was related to nearly every Continental sovereign and came to be known as the 'Uncle of Europe'.
Edward also played an active role in encouraging military and naval reforms, pressing for the reform of the Army Medical Service and the modernisation of the Home Fleet. In the last year of his life he was involved in the constitutional crisis brought about by the refusal of the Conservative majority in the Lords to pass the Liberal budget of 1909. The King died before the situation could be resolved by the Liberal victory in the election in 1910.
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Edward VIII was a King of England. He was born Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David in 1894 at Richmond and died in 1972. He was Prince of Wales from 1910 until he became king in 1936, when he abdicated in the same year to marry Mrs Wallis Simpson, and was then given the title Duke of Windsor. As the Prince of Wales, Edward VIII had successfully carried out a number of regional visits (including areas hit by economic depression) and other official engagements. These visits and his official tours overseas, together with his good war record and genuine care for the underprivileged, had made him popular. The first monarch to be a qualified pilot, Edward created The King's Flight (now known as 32 (The Royal) Squadron) in 1936 to provide air transport for the Royal family's official duties.
During the Second World War, Edward, then the Duke of Windsor escaped from Paris, where he was living at the time of the fall of France, to Lisbon in 1940. The Duke of Windsor was then appointed Governor of the Bahamas, a position he held until 1945. He lived abroad until the end
of his life dying in 1972 in Paris (though he is buried at Windsor). Edward was never crowned; his reign lasted 325 days. His brother Albert became King, using his last name George.
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Edward Vogel von Falckenstein was a Prussian soldier. He was born in 1797 and died in 1885. In 1813 he entered the Prussian army, distinguishing himself at the battles of Katzbach and Montmirail, In 1848 he served in the Holstein campaign, and he acted as colonel and chief of staff in the war with Denmark in 1864. In the war of 1866 he commanded the Seventh Army Corps. On the outbreak of the Franco-German war in 1870 he was appointed military governor of the maritime provinces.
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Edward Gibbon Wakefield was a British colonial statesman. He was born in 1796 and died in 1862. He was imprisoned for abducting an heiress from 1826 to 1829 and emigrated to Australia in 1831 where he developed a plan of systematic colonization. In 1853 he settled in New Zealand.
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Edward Wallis Hoch was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Kansas from 1905 until 1909.
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Edward Matthew Ward was an English painter. He was born in 1816 at London and died in 1879. He studied at the Royal Academy and at Rome and Munich. His chief works are eight frescoes in the House of Commons.
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Sir Edward William Watkin was an English railway manager. He was born in 1819 and died in 1901. As chairman of the Manchester and Sheffield, of the South Eastern and of the Metropolitan railways he strove to organize a continuous service from the South Coast (Dover) to the north of England. He also campaigned for a railway tunnel between Dover and Calais.
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Edward Whalley was an English parliamentarian. He was born in 1620 and died in 1676. He joined the Parliamentary party in 1642. He led the horse at Bristol, Banbury, Worcester and elsewhere, and was entrusted with the custody of the king at Hampton Court. He sat in the high court of justice that condemned King Charles I and signed the death warrant. He was a member of Oliver Cromwell's second and third Parliaments and the House of Lords. He fled to America with Goffe in 1660.
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Edward Winslow was one of the leaders of the Pilgrim Fathers. He was born in 1595 and died in 1655. He joined Robinson's congregation at Leyden in 1617, and was one of the prominent members of the 'Mayflower' band. He was the diplomatist and commercial head of the colony. The first year he negotiated a lasting treaty with Massasoit, whose life he saved two years later. He conducted an exploring expedition into the interior, and visited England several times in the interests of the settlement. Edward Winslow was often chosen assistant, and was three times Governor. In 1633 he dispatched a vessel up the Connecticut whose crew built a house on the site of Hartford, in rivalry with the Dutch claims. He represented his colony in the New England Confederation, and by Oliver Cromwell was appointed head commissioner of an expedition against the Spanish West Indies, which was, however, unsuccessful; Edward Winslow died during its course.
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Edward Frederick Lindley Wood was first earl of Halifax (second creation, the earlier fist earl of Halifax having been Charles Montagu, an ancestor of Edward Wood) and Viscount Halifax of India was an English Conservative politician. He was born in 1881 at Powderham, Castle, Devon and died in 1959. From 1926 to 1931 he was Viceroy of India and from 1938 to 1940 was foreign secretary in Neville Chamberlain's government, implementing the policy of appeasement towards Hitler. From 1941 to 1946 he was ambassador to the USA, being created an earl in 1944.
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Edwards Pierrepont was an American politician. He was born in 1817 and died in 1892. He was a member of the Union Defence Committee in New York. In 1864 he was active in organizing the War Democrats. He was appointed prosecutor of John H Surratt, one of the conspirators against President Abraham Lincoln. He was active in destroying the Tweed ring. He was Attorney-General in Grant's Cabinet from 1875 to 1876, and Minister to England from 1876 to 1878.
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Edwin was a son of Ella, king of Deira in 590 and king of Northumberland in 617. He was killed in a battle with Penda of Mercia.
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Edwin Austin Abbey was an American painter and illustrator. He was born in 1852 at Philadelphia and died in 1911. He was the staff illustrator from 1871 at Harper's Weekly and in 1878 moved to London. He illustrated ' Selections from the Poetry of Robert Herrick', 'Old Songs', 'comedies of Shakespeare'. Between 1890 and 1902 he executed panels, illustrating the Quest of the Holy Grail, for Boston Public Library. In 1902 he painted a coronation portrait for Edward VII and in 1911 executed a group of murals at Pennsylvania State Capitol.
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Sir Edwin Arnold was a British scholar and poet. He was born in 1832 and died in 1904. After studying at Oxford he became a schoolmaster and principle at a college in Poona before in 1861 joining the 'Daily Telegraph' newspaper. His best known poem is his 1879 'Light of Asia' which is a rendering on the life and teaching of the Buddha.
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Edwin B Winans was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Michigan from 1891 until 1892.
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Edwin C Burleigh was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Maine from 1889 until 1893.
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Edwin C Johnson was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Colorado from 1933 until 1937.
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Edwin Croswell was an American journalist. He was born in 1797 and died in 1871. From 1824 to 1854 he was editor of the Albany Argus, which became the official organ of the Democratic party, and by which the Albany Regency advanced its interests.
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Edwin Davis was an American physician. He was born in 1811 and died in 1888. A physician from 1838 until 1850, he made extensive exploration of ancient mounds, the report of which was the first scientific publication of the Smithsonian Institute.
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Edwin Denison Morgan was an American politician. He was born in 1811 and died in 1883. He was a member of the New York Senate from 1850 to 1863. He was chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1856 to 1864. He was Governor of New York from 1858 to 1863, and commanded the Department of New York during the American Civil War. He was a US Senator from 1863 to 1869.
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Edwin Dunkin was an English astronomer. He was born in 1821 and died in 1898. He was educated at private schools, and in 1838 joined the staff of the Royal Observatory at Greenwich. He became chief assistant in 1881, but resigned the post three years later. During his period of service he represented the astronomer-royal in many important expeditions, being sent to Christiania in 1851 to observe the total eclipse of that year, and having charge of the pendulum experiments undertaken in 1854 near South Shields to determine the mean density of the earth. He was president of the Royal Astronomical Society from 1884 to 1886. Among his published works are: On the Movement of the Solar System in Space determined from the Proper Motions of 1167 Stars (1863); On the Probable Error of Transit Observations (1860-64); The Midnight Sky: Familiar Notes on the Stars and Planets (1869); Obituary Notices of Astronomers (1879); and many papers in scientific journals.
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Edwin Bissell Holt was an American psychologist and philosopher. He was born in 1873 at Winchester, Massachusetts and died in 1946. A student of Harvard University, after receiving his degree in 1901 Holt stayed at Harvard to teach until 1918 when he retired to concentrate on writing. In 1926, however, he went to Princeton University to teach.
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Edwin L Mechem was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Mexico from 1961 until 1963.
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Edwin L Norris was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Montana from 1908 until 1913.
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Sir Edwin Henry Landseer was an English painter. He was born in 1802 at London and died in 1873. He was knighted in 1850. Typically he painted pictures of animals, with particular interest in dogs.
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Edwin Muir was a Scottish poet. He was born in 1887 on Orkney and died in 1959.
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Edwin P Morrow was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Kentucky from 1919 until 1923.
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Edwin S Stuart was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Pennsylvania from 1907 until 1911.
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Sir Edwin Sandys was a British colonist. He was born in 1561 and died in 1629. He was an active member of the first London Company for Virginia. He was made treasurer of the company in 1619. He established representative government in Virginia, and contributed largely to its prosperity. He aided the Pilgrims in securing a charter.
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Edwin McMasters Stanton was an American lawyer and politician. He was born in 1814 and died in 1869. Known as the great War Secretary of the American Civil War, built up a large legal business in Ohio and Pennsylvania before the Rebellion, but held no offices except reporter to the Ohio Supreme Court. President Buchanan called him to his Cabinet as Attorney-General in
1860. In 1862 President Abrajam Lincoln selected him to succeed Cameron as Secretary of War. His conduct of this department was very energetic; he was, however, embroiled at times with politicians and officers; especially notable were his controversies with McClellan and Sherman. Continuing in Johnson's Cabinet, He differed seriously with the President, and was suspended in August, 1867. This action brought to a head the quarrel between Congress and the President. Edwin Stanton was restored in January, 1868, removed in February. The President's impeachment followed. By President Grant Edwin Stanton was nominated as Justice of the Supreme Court, but he died soon afterward.
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Edwin V Sumner was an American general. He was born in 1797 and died in 1863. He led the cavalry charge at Cerro Gordo in 1847, commanded the reserves at Contreras and Churubusco and led the cavalry at Molino del Rey. He was Governor of New Mexico from 1851 to 1853. He succeeded General Johnston in command of the Pacific Department from 1861 to 1862. He commanded the left wing at the siege of Yorktown, led a corps at Fair Oaks, was twice wounded during the Seven Days' battles, and commanded a corps at Antietam. He led a division at Fredericksburg and retired in 1863.
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Edwin W Edwards was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Louisiana from 1972 until 1980.
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Edwin Warfield was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Maryland from 1904 until 1908.
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Edwin Waugh was an English poet. He was born in 1817 at Rochdale and died in 1890. He devoted himself to literature, writing poems in the Lancashire dialect.
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Edwy was a king of England. The son of Edmund the Elder, he succeeded his uncle Edred as King of England in 955 and reigned until 959. Taking part with the secular clergy against the monks, he incurred the confirmed enmity of the latter. The papal party, headed by Dunstan, was strong enough to excite a rebellion, by which Edwy was driven from the throne to make way for his brother Edgar. He died in 959, probably not more than eighteen or nineteen years old.
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Eugenius III was a pope. He was born at Pisa and was a disciple of St. Bernard of Olairvaux. He was raised to the popedom in 1145, was obliged to quit Rome in 1146 in consequence of the commotions caused by Arnold of Brescia. He returned by the help of King Roger of Sicily in 1150, and died in 1153.
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Effendi is a Turkish title which signifies lord or master. It is particularly applied to the civil, as aga is to the military officers of the sultan. Thus the sultan's first physician was called Hakim effendi, the priest in the seraglio Iman effendi, etc.
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