E E Ellsworth was an American soldier. He was born in 1837 and died in 1861. In 1861 he was appointed colonel of a regiment of volunteer Union soldiers (known at the time as Zouaves), and was shot by the proprietor of a hotel in Alexandria, Virginia, while tearing down a Confederate flag from the hotel. Research E E Ellsworth
Ernest Howard Shepard was an English artist and cartoonist. He was born in 1879 at London and died in 1976. He worked for Punch magazine and became renowned for his illustrations for children's books including A A Milne's 1926 'Winnie the Pooh' and Kenneth Grahame's 1931 'The Wind In The Willows'. Research E. H. Shepard
Eadweard Muybridge (born Edward James Muggeridge) was a British photographer of animallocomotion. His photographs proved for the first time that when a horse trots there are times when all its feet are off the ground. He was born in 1830 and died in 1904. Research Eadweard Muybridge
Eamon De Valera is an Irish national leader. He commanded an insurgent battalion during the uprising of Easter 1916. He established the independent state of Eire in 1937. Research Eamon De Valera
Earl is now the third order in the nobility, but originally the first. The rank was introduced into Britain by the Danes, and the earl became a district administrator appointed by the king. For several centuries it was customary for earls to take their titles from the counties they administered, and for the king to make grants of land in the counties. The premier earldom is really that of Arundel, but as this is now united with the dukedom of Norfolk the senior earldom is that of Shrewsbury, which was created in 1442. The earl's mantle has three rows of ermine on the cape. His coronet is a circle of silver gilt, with eight silver balls on points and golden strawberryleaves between the points. The cap is the same as for the senior ranks.
Earl Marshal is one of the chief British officers of State. The Earl Marshal anciently had several courts under his jurisdiction, as the court of chivalry and the court of honour. He is head of the Herald's College, and controls the ceremonial arrangements for coronations, royal marriages, the opening of Parliament and other State occasions. In feudal times he was judge at the Courts of Chivalry. Research Earl Marshal
James Hepburn, the earl of Bothwell, was a Scottish nobleman. He was born about 1526 and died in 1576. It is believed that he was deeply concerned in the murder of Lord Darnley, Queen Mary's husband, and that he was even supported by the queen. He was charged with the crime and tried, but, appearing along with 4000 followers, was readily acquitted. He was now in high favour with the queen, and with or without her consent he seized her at Edinburgh, and carrying her a prisoner to DunbarCastle prevailed upon her to marry him after he had divorced his own wife. But by this time the mind of the nation was roused on the subject of Bothwell's character and actions. A confederacy was formed against him, and in a short time Mary was a prisoner in Edinburgh, and Bothwell had been forced to flee to Denmark, where he died in 1576. Research Earl of Bothwell
Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, was an Elizabethan courtier and English soldier. He was born in 1532 and died in 1588. He was introduced to court life at an early age, and was companion to Edward VI and PrincessElizabeth, and in 1550 married the ill-fated Amy Robsart, daughter of a Devonshiregentleman, and is said to have been accessory to her murder in 1560. Elizabeth I created him Earl of Leicester and privy-councillor, and bestowed titles and estates on him lavishly. Her fondness for him caused his marriage with her to be regarded as certain. He, however, excited the violent anger of the queen by his marriage with the Countess of Essex in 1578. He successfully commanded an army in the Low Countries, and when England was threatened by the Spanish Armada, in 1588, he was appointed lieutenant-general. On Edward's decease he promoted the claims of his sister-in-law, Lady Jane Grey, as queen, was brought to trial, but ultimately pardoned. Research Earl of Leicester
James Stuart, Earl of Moray, (also known as the Earl of Murray) was the half-brother of Mary Queen of Scots. He was born in about 1533 and died in 1570. The natural son of James V of Scotland and Margaret Erskine he joined the Lords of the Congregation in 1558, and was soon recognized as the head of the reformers' party. On Mary's return from France the earl of Moray became her favoured adviser, but her marriage with Darnley and subsequent events caused a breach between them which constantly widened. On the deposition of Mary he was appointed regent, defeated her forces at Langside on her escape from Lochleven in 1568, and appeared as evidence against her at her trial in England. He consequently incurred the bitterhatred of the queen's party, but earned from the people the title of 'Good Regent.' In 1570 he was shot in the streets of Linlithgow by Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh, who was actuated by private grievances. Research Earl of Moray
Robert Walpole, Earl of Orford was one of Britain's greatest statesmen. He was born in 1676 in Norfolk and died in 1745. He was a Whig politician who sought to bring the court and the House of Commons into working alliance. Research Earl of Orford
Earl Of Southampton is an English title granted successively to the Fitzwilliam and the Wriothesley families. The first creation was in 1537, in favour of Sir William Fitzwilliam, keeper of the privy seal. Upon his death in 1542 the title became extinct, but was revived five years later when Thomas Wriothesley was made Earl Of Southampton. He was succeeded by his son, Henry Wriothesley and further children, all called Henry, until the fourth earl who held considerable property in London, still associated with his name, for example 'Southampton Row'. The fourth earl died in 1667, and with him the title became extinct. Research Earl Of Southampton
The Earl of Surrey (Henry Howard) was an English poet and soldier. He was born in 1517 and died in 1547. He introduced blankverse into English poetry. He fought in the French wars in 1543 and was wounded at Montreuil in 1544. In 1547 he was charged with plotting against the crown and was beheaded. Research Earl of Surrey
Earl Van Dorn was an American soldier/ he was born in 1820 and died in 1863. He was promoted for gallant service at Cerro Gordo, Contreras and Churubusco, and aided in the capture of the City of Mexico. In 1856 he commanded an expedition against the Comanches. In 1861 he joined the Confederacy and succeeded Jefferson Davis as major-general of the Mississippi forces. He captured the steamer 'Star of the West', and received the surrender of Major Sibley and ColonelReeve. In 1863 he commanded the trans-Mississippi Department. He was defeated at Pea Ridge and Corinth. He captured valuable stores at Holly Springs in 1862. Research Earl Van Dorn
Earl Warren was an American lawyer and politician. He was chief justice of the US Supreme Court from 1953 to 1969 and three times the Republican governor of California between 1943 until 1953. Research Earl Warren
The Ebelians were a German sect originating at Konigsberg in 1836 under the leadership of Archdeacon Ebel. They professed what they called spiritual marriage. In 1839 their leaders were condemned for unsound doctrine and impure lives. Research Ebelians
The Ebellians were a German revivalist sect, which began at Konigsberg about 1836, its leaders being archdeacon Ebel and Dr Diestel, who were tried and condemned for unsound doctrine and impure lives in 1839. The sentence was annulled in 1842 by Royal Influence. The sect was popularly termed ' Mucker', which is German for hypocrite. Research Ebellians
Ebenezer Elliott (known as the 'Corn-law Rhymer') was an English poet and Chartist agitator. He was born in 1781 near Rotherham in Yorkshire and died in 1849. At the age of seventeen he published his first poem, the Vernal Walk, which was soon followed by others. In 1829 the Village Patriarch, the best of Ebenezer Elliott's larger pieces, was published. From 1831 to 1837 he carried on business as an ironmerchant in Sheffield. His Corn-law Rhymes, periodically contributed to a local paper on behalf of the repeal of these laws, attracted attention, and were afterwards collected and published with a longer poem entitled The Banter. Commercial losses compelled him in 1837 to contract his business, and in 1841 he retired from it altogether. In 1850 two posthumous volumes appeared, entitled More Prose and Verse by the Corn-law Rhymer. Research Ebenezer Elliott
Ebenezer Erskine was the founder of the SecessionChurch in Scotland. He was born in 1680 and died in 1756. He studied at Edinburgh, and was ordained minister of Portmoak, in Fife, in 1703, in which situation he continued for twenty-eight years, when he removed to Stirling. His attitude towards patronage and other abuses in the church led to his being deposed, when, in conjunction with his brother and others he founded the Secession Church. He was the author of several volumes of sermons. Research Ebenezer Erskine
Ebenezer Prout was an English writer on musical theory and composer. He was born in 1835 and died in 1909. He was professor at the Crystal Palace School of Arts from 1860 to 1884, and at the National Training School for Music from 1876 to 1882. He was a professor in the Royal Academy of Music and the Guildhall School of Music, and he was musical critic to the Academy and the Athenaeum. After 1894 he occupied the chair of music in Dublin University. His compositions included cantatas, concertos, symphonies, etc, among cantatas being Hereward, Alfred, Red Gross Knight, and Damon and Phintias. His theoretical works include: Harmony; Counterpoint; Double Counterpoint and Canon; Fugue; Musical Form; Applied Forms; and The Orchestra (published in two volumes, 1898-99). Research Ebenezer Prout
Eberhard Schrader was a German biblical critic and Orientalist. He was born in 1836 at Brunswick. He was appointed ordinary professor of theology at Zurich in 1863, at Giessen in 1870, and at Jena in 1873. In 1875 he went to Berlin, where he became professorof Oriental Languages and member of the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences. His publications include: Studies in Criticism and Interpretation of Early BibleHistory (1863); a new edition of De Wette's Introduction to the Old Testament (1869); The Assyrian-Babylonian Cuneiform Inscriptions (1872); The Cuneiform Inscriptions and the Old Testament (1872; Cuneiform Inscriptions and Historical Investigation (1878); and The Origin of the Ancient Babylonian Civilization (1884). Research Eberhard Schrader
The Ebionites were a sect of the 1st century, so called from their leader, Ebion. They held several dogmas in common with the Nazarenes, united the ceremonies of the Mosaic institution with the precepts of the gospel, and observed both the Jewish Sabbath and Christian Sunday. They denied the divinity of Christ and rejected many parts of the New Testament. Research Ebionites
Edgar Allan Poe was an American writer. He was born in 1809 at Boston and died in 1849. His father and mother were actors, and being left an orphan when a merechild, he was adopted by a Mr Allan, a wealthy Richmondmerchant, who resided in England from 1815 until 1820, and sent the young Edgar Allan Poe to school at Stoke-Newington, On his return to America he attended a school at Richmond, Virginia, and finally entered the University of Virginia in 1826. Here he displayed great talents, but also contracted a taste for fast living which occasioned quarrels with his benefactor, and caused him to run away to Boston, where he published a booklet containing Tamerlane and other poems.
He was next a private soldier for over a year. In 1829 a reconciliation with Mr. Allan took place, and he was sent as cadet to the military academy at West Point. Further irregularities brought about his expulsion, and also a complete rupture with Mr. Allan.
His literary career may be said to have begun in 1833, when he gained the prize offered by the Baltimore Saturday Visitor for a tale. He then became successively editor of the newly founded Southern Literary Messenger at Richmond, contributor to the New York Review at New York, and editor of Burton's Gentleman's Magazine and Graham's Magazine at Philadelphia. For these periodicals he wrote a number of tales, exhibiting a weird yet fascinating imagination.
While at Richmond, in 1836, he married his cousin, Virginia Clemm, a beautiful and amiable girl. The great event in Edgar allan Poe's life was the publication at New York in 1845 of his poem The Raven, which spread his fame to the whole English-speaking world. He was subsequently connected with The Home Journal and The Broadway Journal (at New York). Other poems, of this or a later period, were The Bells, Ulalume, Annabel Lee, and To Annie. In 1847 his wife died.
Passing through Baltimore in 1849, on his way to New York to make preparations for a second marriage, he was led to excessive drinking, and died from its effects at the hospital. Among his most noteworthy tales are The Gold Bug (i.e. beetle), The Fall of the House of Usher, The Murders in the Rue Morgue, and The Descent into the Maelstrom. Edgar Allan Poe's career is sad enough, and his faults were sufficiently numerous, but the public were led to believe by Rufus Griswold, his first biographer, that his character was blacker than it really seems to have been. Research Edgar Allan Poe
Edgar Atheling was an English noble of the 11th century. He was the grandson of Edmund Ironside and son of Edward the Outlaw. He was born in Hungary, where his father had been conveyed in infancy to escape the designs of Canute. After the Battle of Hastings, Edgar (who had been brought to England in 1057) was proclaimed king of England by the Saxons, but made peace with William I and accepted the Earldom of Oxford. Having been engaged in some conspiracy against the king he was forced to seek refuge in Scotland, where his sister Margaret became the wife of Malcolm Canmore. Edgar subsequently was reconciled with William and was allowed to live at Rouen, where a pension was assigned to him. Afterwards with the sanction of William Rufus he undertook an expedition to Scotland for the purpose of displacing the usurperDonald Bane, in favour of his nephew Edgar, son of Malcolm Canmore, and in this object he succeeded. He afterwards took part in Duke Robert's unsuccessful struggle with Henry I, but was allowed to spend the remainder of his life quietly in England. Research Edgar Atheling
Edgar Quinet was a French philosopher, poet, historian, and politician. He was born in 1803 and died in 1875. He first attracted attention by a translation of Herder's Philosophie der Geschichte in 1825. In 1828 he accompanied a scientific commission to the Morea; and in 1839 he became professor of foreign literature at Lyons, a position he changed in 1841 for a similar chair in the College of France. As a result of the strongly democratic tone of the lectures delivered there from 1843 to 1846, his classroom was in the latter year closed by the government, and was not reopened until after the revolution of 1848. After the election of Napoleon as president Quinet was expelled from France, and refusing all Napoleon's amnesties, his exile lasted until after the revolution of 1870. His works, which number about thirty volumes, include poems, dramas, histories, religious mystical books, etc. Research Edgar Quinet
Edgar the Peaceful) was King of England from 959 to 975. He was born in 944 and died in 975. Edgar was a son of Edmund I, and was elected king by the northern insurgents against his brother Eadwig and on his brother's death in 959 became also king of the West Saxons.
Edgar was a firm and capable ruler, whose power was acknowledged by other rulers in Britain, as well as Welsh and Scottish kings. Edgar's late coronation in 973 at Bath was the first to be recorded in some detail; his queen Aelfthryth was the first consort to be crowned queen of England. Edgar was the patron of a great monastic revival which owed much to his association with ArchbishopDunstan. New bishoprics were created, Benedictine monasteries were reformed and old monastic sites were re-endowed with royal grants, some of which were of land recovered from the Vikings. In the 970s and in the absence of Viking attacks, Edgar - a sternjudge - issued laws which for the first time dealt with Northumbria (parts of which were in the Danelaw) as well as Wessex and Mercia. Edgar's coinage was uniform throughout the kingdom. A more united kingdom based on royal justice and order was emerging; the Monastic Agreement passed around 970 praised Edgar as 'the glorious, by the grace of Christ illustrious king of the English and of the other peoples dwelling within the bounds of the island of Britain'. After his death on 8 July 975, Edgar was buried at GlastonburyAbbey, Somerset. Research Edgar The Peaceful
Edith Louisa Cavell was an English nurse who helped allied soldiers to escape from occupied territory during the Great War. She was caught and shot by the Germans. She was born in 1865 in Norfolk and died in 1915. Research Edith Cavell
Edme Mariotte was a French mathematician and natural philosopher. He was born in 1620 at Burgundy and died in 1684. He served as priest at St. Martin-sous-Beaune and became a member of the Academy of Sciences in 1666. He followed closely in the steps of Galileo and Torricelli, and made many important discoveries in hydrostatics and hydraulics. The law according to which the density of the atmosphere is regulated was discovered by him and Boyle independently. Research Edme Mariotte
Edmond de Goncourt was a French novelist and writer on social history, art, etc. He was born in 1822 and died in 1896. As a novelist he, like his brother Jules, belonged to the realistic school, but depicted life and character in a less coarse fashion than Zola. His historical and biographical works dealt chiefly with the 18th century, and especially the period of the revolution. On his death he left a fund for the establishment of an academie of men of letters. Research Edmond de Goncourt
Edmond C Genet was a French politician. He was born in 1765 and died in 1834. He was appointed Minister to the United States in 1792, and arrived in Charleston, South Carolina in 1793. He immediately took steps to induce the United States to aid France in her troubles with Great Britain, and unlawfully commissioned privateers from American ports. The executive had determined upon neutrality. Genet succeeded for a time in arousing enthusiasm among the people of the United States, and acted so imprudently that George Washington's administration requested his recall in 1794. He was afterwards naturalized and became a citizen of the United States. Research Edmond Genet
Edmond Pressense was a French Protestant minister. He was born in 1824 at Paris and died in 1891. After studying under Vinet at Lausanne, and at Halle and Berlin, he became pastor of Taitbout Chapel, Paris, where he gained a high reputation as a preacher. He sat in the National Assembly from 1871 to 1875, and was made life senator in 1883. He was the author of many religious works - historical, evangelical, etc, some of which, including his Life of Christ, have been translated into English. Research Edmond Pressense
Edmond Henri Adolphe Scherer was a French critic. He was born in 1815 at Paris and died in 1889. He studied theology and in 1843 became professor of exegesis at Geneva, a post which he resigned in 1850, and henceforward was a leading spirit in the liberal movement in Protestanttheology. He was elected to the Assembly in 1871, and four years later he became a senator, but it is as a critic of the literature of the 18th and 19th centuries that he excelled. He contributed largely to the Temps, the London Daily News, etc, and his collected studies gave him the position of literary successor to Saint-Beuve. Research Edmond Scherer
Edmond Warre was an English scholar and educationist. He was born in 1837 and died in 1920. He held various posts at Eton, including assistantmaster from 1850 to 1884, headmaster from 1884 to 1905 and provost from 1909 to 1918. He was also honorary chaplain to the royalty from 1885 to 1920. Research Edmond Warre
Sir Edmondbury Godfrey was the magistrate who received the depositions of Titus Oates with regard to the alleged Popish plot, on September the 28th, 1678. He was soon after found dead, pierced with his own sword, though evidently not by his own hand. His death was imputed to the resentment of the Papists, and the excitement aroused was the actual cause of the Popish Plot agitation. Research Edmondbury Godfrey
Sir Edmund Andros was an English soldier and colonial Governor. He was born in 1637 at London and died in 1714. After being a soldier and bailiff of Guernsey he moved to a post as Governor of New York in 1674, holding the position until 1681. In 1680 he seized New Jersey. In 1686 James II appointed Sir Edmund Andros as Governor of the northern colonies, including New England and New York. The overthrow of James II led to the people of Boston deposing Sir Edmund Andros in 1689 and he was sent back to England. In 1692 he returned to America as Governor of Virginia, holding that post until 1698. Research Edmund Andros
Edmund Beaufort (2nd duke of Somerset) was an English statesman and soldier. A son of John Beaufort, earl of Somerset, and the younger brother of the duke of Somerset, Edmund Beaufort won military successes in France and succeeded his brother as earl of Somerset in 1444, and as a Beaufort and a favourite of the king was made lieutenant of France in 1447, with the disastrous result that Henry VI lost the whole of Normandy in 1450. Edmund Beaufort returned to England and was appointed high constable in 1452. Popular discontent spread against the king and his supporters and when the Duke of York became protector during the king's temporary incapacity, Edmund Beaufort was sent to the Tower of London. After his release in 1455 the duke of York raised an army against Edmund Beaufort and fought the first battle of the Wars of the Roses at St Albans on May the 23rd 1455, at which Edmund Beaufort was killed. Research Edmund Beaufort
Edmund Bonner was an English prelate. He was born about 1495 of obscure parentage and died in 1569. He took a doctor's degree at Oxford in 1525, and, attracting the notice of Cardinal Wolsey, received from him several offices in the church. On the death of Wolsey he acquired the favour of Henry VIII, who made him one of his chaplains, and sent him to Rome to advocate his divorce from Queen Catharine. In 1540 he was consecrated Bishop of London, but on the death of Henry VIII in 1547, having refused to take the oath of supremacy, he was deprived of his see and thrown into prison. On the accession of Mary he was restored to his bishopric, and he distinguished himself during this reign by a persecution of the Protestants, 200 of whom he was instrumental in bringing to the stake. After Elizabeth I succeeded he remained unmolested until his refusal to take the oath of supremacy, on which he was committed to the Marshalsea in 1560, where he remained a prisoner until his death in 1569. Research Edmund Bonner
Edmund Burke was an Irish writer and statesman. He was born in 1729 at Dublin and died in 1797. After studying at Trinity College in Dublin, he moved to London and studied law at the Temple. He applied himself more to literature than to law, and in 1756 published his Essay on the Sublime and the Beautiful, which attracted considerable attention, and procured him the friendship of some of the most notable men of the time.
In 1761 he was appointed private secretary to W.G. Hamilton, secretary for Ireland. On his return he was rewarded with a pension of 300 pounds per annum, and obtained the appointment of private secretary to the Marquis of Buckingham, then First Lord of the Treasury, and in 1765 entered Parliament as member for Wendover. as a member of Parliament he advised badly on the question of taxing the American colonies. He was absent from Parliament from 1770, returning in 1774 as member for Bristol, advocating a policy of justice and conciliation towards the colonies. In 1782 he was appointed Paymaster-General of the Forces, shortly afterwards passing his bill for economic reform.
The chief feature in the latter part of Burke's life was his resolute struggle against the ideas and doctrines of the French revolution. His attitude on this question separated him from his old friend Fox, and the Liberals who followed Fox. His famous Reflections on the Revolution in France, a pamphlet which appeared in 1790, had an unprecedented sale, and gave enormous impetus to the reaction which had commenced in England. From this time most of his writings are powerful pleadings on the same side. We may mention An Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs; Letter to a Noble Lord; Letters on a Regicide Peace; etc. In 1794 he withdrew from parliament. Three years after, on July the 8th, 1797, he died, his end being hastened by grief for the loss of his only son. Research Edmund Burke
Edmund Calamy was an English Presbyterian divine. He was born in 1600 at London and died in 1666. He engaged warmly in the religious disputes of the day, and was one of the writers of the famous treatise against Episcopacy, entitled Smectymnuus, a title furnished from the initial letters of the authors' names. Research Edmund Calamy
Edmund Campian was an English Jesuit. He was born in 1540 and died in 1581. He was educated at Oxford, and distinguished himself greatly. Though at first a Roman Catholic, he adopted nominally the Reformed faith, and took deacon's orders in the Church of England; but he afterwards recanted, became a Jesuit, and attacked Protestantism, especially in his work Decem Rationes (Ten Reasons). In 1581 he was found guilty on a trumped-up charge of conspiring to raise sedition, and was accordingly executed. Research Edmund Campion
Edmund Cartwright was an English cleric and inventor. He was born in 1743 at Marnham and died in 1823. He invented a mechanical weaving machine and took out four patents for a wool-combing machine. He was educated at Oxford, and took orders in the church. In 1785, he brought his first power-loom into action. Although much opposed both by manufacturers and workmen, it made its way, and in a developed and improved form is now in universal use. Edmund Cartwright spent much of his means in similar inventions, and fell into straitened circumstances, from which a parliamentary grant of l0,000 pounds relieved him. Research Edmund Cartwright
Sir Edmund Dudley was an English statesman. He was born in 1462 and died in 1510. He is noted in English history as an instrument of Henry VII in the arbitrary acts of extortion by the revival of obsolete statutes and other unjust measures practised during the latter years of his reign. On the accession of Henry VIII. he was arrested for high treason, and died on the scaffold with his associate Sir Richard Empson. Research Edmund Dudley
Edmund P Games was an American soldier. He was born in 1777 and died in 1849. He served during the War of 1812, and was promoted major-general for services in defense of Fort Brie in 1814. He was commissioner to the Seminole Indians in 1816, and took command against them in 1817. Research Edmund Games
Edmund Gunter was an English mathematician. He was born in 1581 and died in 1626. He was educated at Oxford, and became professor of astronomy in Gresham College, London, in 1619. He was the first to employ the terms cosine, cotangent, etc. Research Edmund Gunter
Edmund Halley was an English mathematician and astronomer. He was born in 1656 and died in 1742. He was educated at Queen's College, Oxford, published before he was nineteen a method for finding aphelia and eccentricity of planets, and stayed two years in St Helena from 1676 to 1678 cataloguing the stars of the southern hemisphere and arranging them into constellations. In 1682 he discovered the comet which bears his name, and his prediction of its return in 1759 was the first of its kind that proved correct. He surveyed the coast of Dalmatia at the request of the German Emperor, and, returning to England, was elected Savilian professor of geometry at Oxford in 1703. In 1713 he was made secretary of the Royal Society, and astronomer-royal in 1719. Research Edmund Halley
Edmund I (the Elder or the Magnificent) was a king of England. He was born in 926 and died in 946. He succeeded his half-brother Athelstan as King of England in 940 and reigned until his death in 946. He conquered Cumbria, which he bestowed on Malcolm, king of Scotland, on condition of doing homage for it to himself. He was slain at a banquet on May the 26th, 946. Research Edmund I
Edmund II (known as Edmund Ironside from his ironarmour) was a son of Ethelred and King of England from 1016 until 1017. He was born in 989 and died in 1917. He was chosen king in 1016, Canute having been already elected king by another party. He won several victories over Canute, but Was defeated at Assandun in Essex, and forced to surrender the midland and northern counties to Canute. He died after a reign of only seven months. Research Edmund II
Sir William Edmund Ironside was a Scottish military commander and first Baron Ironside. He was born in 1880 at Ironside, Aberdeenshire and died in 1959. After entering the Royal Artillery in 1899 he served as a Secret Agent during the Second Boer War of 1899 to 1902 disguised as a railwayman. During the Great War he held staff appointments and commanded the Archangel expedition against the Bolsheviks in 1918, and commanded the Allied contingent in North Persia in 1920, before being made Chief of the Imperial General Staff and promoted to field marshal in 1940 and placed in charge of the home defence forces. Research Edmund Ironside
Edmund Kirby Smith was an American soldier. He was born in 1824 and died in 1893. He distinguished himself at Cerro Gordo and Contreras during the Mexican War. He was appointed brigadier-general in the Confederate army, fought at Bull Run in 1861, led the advance in General Bragg's Kentuckycampaign, defeated the National forces at Richmond, Kentucky, and fought at Perryville and Murfreesboro. In 1863 he received command of the Trans-Mississippi Department, where he organized a government, established factories for supplying the troops with munitions of war, and rendered the district self-supporting. His forces were the last to surrender in the American Civil War. Research Edmund Kirby Smith
Edmund Ludlow was an English revolutionary. He was born about 1620 and died in 1692. The son of Sir Henry Ludlow, he served in the parliamentary army, was one of the king's judges and signed the death-warrant, and held high command for several years in Ireland. He opposed Oliver Cromwell's protectorate, and agitated in favour of a republic. After the Restoration he escaped to Switzerland, and died at Vevay in 1692. He left valuable Memoirs. Research Edmund Ludlow
Edmund Malone was an Irish commentator and editor of Shakespeare. He was born in 1741 at Dublin and died in 1812. He was called to the London bar in 1767, but devoted himself entirely to literary pursuits. He published an edition of Shakespeare with suggestive notes in 1790; Remarks on the Rowley (Chatterton) Controversy; an Inquiry into the Ireland Shakespearian forgeries; biographical memoirs of Sir Joshua Reynolds, Dryden, W. Gerard Hamilton, etc. Research Edmund Malone
Edmund O'Callaghan was a Canadian historian. He was born in 1797 and died in 1880. He went to New York from Canada in 1837. He was author of a 'History of New Netherland, and editor of 'Documentary History of New York', and other historical reference works. Research Edmund O'Callaghan
Edmund Pendleton was an American revolutionary. He was born in 1721 at Virginia and died in 1803. He served in the House of Burgesses and as a member of a Committee of Correspondence, and was a delegate to the first Continental Congress. As president of the Virginia Convention, he was the head of the State Government from 1775 to 1776, and afterwards president of the Committee of Safety. He drew up the resolutions instructing the State representatives in Congress to agitate for independence. He was also Speaker of the Legislature and President of the Court of Appeals. His most important service was in 1788, when he was one of the leaders of the Federalistphalanx in the convention. called to ratify the Federal Constitution. Research Edmund Pendleton
Edmund Pfleiderer was a German philosopher. He was born in 1842 and died in 1902. The brother of Otto Pfleiderer, he was professor of philosophy at Tubingen from 1878, and wrote works on Leibnitz, Hume, modern pessimism, Kantian criticism, Lotze, Heraclitus, Socrates and Plato, causality, etc, besides a work describing his experiences as a field preacher during the war of 1870-1871. Research Edmund Pfleiderer
Edmund Jennings Randolph was an American politician. He was born in 1753 at Williamsburg, Virginia and died in 1813. Educated at William and Mary college, he was a member of Congress from 1779 until 1782 and governor of Virginia from 1786 until 1788. At the Constitutional Convention of 1787 he proposed what is known as the Virginia Plan, a scheme to establish two Houses on a populationbasis, and expressed himself strongly against a single executive. Although he refused to sign the final draft, he recommended Virginia to accept it rather than endanger the Union. While Secretary of State between 1794 and 1795, being suspected of attempting to obtain money from France in exchange for stirring up ill-feeling against Great Britain, re resigned. Research Edmund Randolph
Edmund Rich was an English ecclesiastic. He was born about 1170 at Abingdon and died in 1240. He studied theology at Paris, afterwards taught the Aristotelian logic and scholastic philosophy in Oxford, and was prebendary and treasurer of SalisburyCathedral 1219-1222. He preached the sixthcrusade in 1227, became archbishop of Canterbury in 1233, and exhibited great energy as a reformer. His authority was superseded by that of the legate, CardinalOtho, and being unable to obtain redress at Rome he retired to France. He was canonized in 1248. Research Edmund Rich
Edmund Spenser was an English poet. He was born in 1552 in London and died in 1599. Born of humble parentage he was educated at Merchant Taylors' School and at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, graduating in 1576 before spending some months living in Lancashire learning the local dialect before returning to London where he was introduced to the earl of Leicester and his nephew Philip Sidney, with whom Edmund Spenser became firm friends. Spenser became famous as a poet following the publication of 'The Shepheardes Calender' in 1579.
In 1580 Spenser went to Ireland as secretary to Lord Grey de Wilton, the new lord deputy, whose remorseless methods of imposing order Spenser admired. After filing various posts, Spenser was awarded with an estate of 3000 acres of County Cork, including Kilcolman Castle, and after flattering Elizabeth in the first of three books entitled 'The Faerie Queen', was further awarded a pension of fifty pounds by the queen. In 1597 Edmund Spenser's home, Kilcolman Castle, was burned down during an insurrection against the English occupation and persecution of the Irish, and one of his children was killed in the fire. As a result Spenser returned to London where he died a broken man. Research Edmund Spenser
Edmund Clarence Stedman was an American poet and critic. He was born in 1833 at Hartford, Connecticut and died in 1908. Educated at Yale, from 1859 until 1861 he was on the staff of The New York Tribune and from 1861 until 1863 was correspondent in the American Civil War for The New York World. Research Edmund Stedman
Edmund Waller was an English poet, Royalist politician and scoundrel. He was born in 1606 at Coleshill, Hertfordshire and died in 1687. He was left an orphan at a young age with a considerable estate, and was educated at Eton and at King's College, Cambridge. He entered parliament at a young age, and was for a long time long prominent in politics, sometimes inclining to one side, sometimes to the other. It is said he wrote poetry at eighteen, but his first collection of poems did not appear until 1645. As an elegant amatory and panegyrical poet, a brilliant talker and wit, he was a great favourite at court, in parliament, and in society. But his political conduct was not honourable. At heart he probably remained true to royalty, but he sang the praises of the LordProtector as well as those of the Charleses. He was sent as commissioner from parliament to the king after Edgehill. Shortly afterwards he plotted in favour of the king, and when detected he turned informer. His brother-in-law Tomkins, and the latter's friend Chaloner, were executed, while Edmund Waller by his judicious bribery got off with banishment and a fine of 10,000 pounds. After seven years of exile in France between 1644 and 1651 his sentence was revoked by parliament, and he took his usual place in society and parliament, and was afterwards welcome at the courts of Charles II and James II. Research Edmund Waller
Edouard Daladier was a French politician. He was born in 1884 at Carpentras and died in 1970. He became leader of the radical socialists in 1927 and in 1933 was Minister of War and Prime Minister. In 1934 he was again Prime Minister and in 1936 he was War Minister and in 1939 once again Prime Minister and supported appeasement towards Hitler and the Nazis. In 1940 with the German occupation of France he was arrested and interned until 1945. Research Edouard Daladier
Edouard Drouyn de Lhuys was a French statesman and diplomat. He was born in 1805 and died in 1881. He entered the diplomatic service in 1831, and was charge-d'affaires at the Hague during the events which led to the separation of Belgium from Holland. In 1840 he was head of the commercial department under the minister of foreign affairs. Opposition to Francois Guizot caused his dismissal in 1845. He became minister for foreign affairs in 1848, ambassador to London in 1849; and again foreign minister in 1851, and in 1863. On the fall of the empire he fled to Jersey, but subsequently returned to France. Research Edouard Drouyn de Lhuys
Edouard Rene Lefebevre Laboulaye was a French publicist. He was born in 1811 and died in 1883. He attained a high position as a writer of historical, social, and playfully satirical works. Among his best-known writings are History of Landed Property in Europe; History of the United States; Germany, and the Slavic States; Paris in America; The New Bluebeard; The Poodle Prince; Prince Caniche, etc. Research Edouard Laboulaye
Edouard Seguin was a French doctor. He was born in 1812 and died in 1880. He studied medicine and surgery, devoted himself specially to the study of what was then termed idiocy and the training of those who then termed 'idiots'. He settled in the United States after the revolution of 1848. He achieved what were considered at the time remarkable results in his treatment of 'idiots', and his writings on the subject held the position of text-books. Research Edouard Seguin
Edouard Leon Scott de Martinville was a 19th century French typesetter and inventor of Paris. In 1860 he produced a recording made with a hand-cranked auto recording device he called the phonautograph. This recording, a ten second piece of a man singing part of the French song 'Au Claire de Lune' was presented to the French Academy of Sciences in 1861, and was decoded by physicists at Berkeley's LawrenceLivermoreLaboratory in 2008. Until then it had been though that the American Thomas Edison had invented the phonograph, in fact it appeared he had developed the Frenchman's pioneering work and unscrupulously gained credit for it. Research Edouard Leon Scott de Martinville
Edred was a King of England. He succeeded to the throne on tha murder of his brother, Edmund I in May, 946 and ruled until his death in 955. He quelled a rebellion of the Northumbrian Danes. Research Edred
Eduard Douwes Dekker was a Dutch writer. He was born in 1820 at Amsterdam and died in 1887. He wrote the novel 'Max Havelaar' in 1860 and Minnebrieven/ Love Letters in 1861. Although born in Holland, he moved to Lebak in Java. Research Eduard Dekker
Eduard Gerhard was a German archseologist. He was born in 1795 and died in 1867. Having travelled in Italy, he devoted himself to archaeology, and in 1829 took part in founding the Archaeological Institute at Home. Returning to Germany in 1837, he became archaeologist at the Royal Museum at Berlin, and afterwards professor at the university. Among his numerous works are the following: Antike Bildwerke; Auserlesene Griechische Vasenbilder; Etruskische und Campanische Vasenbilder, Griechische Mythologie, etc. Research Eduard Gerhard
Edward Goodrich Acheson was an American chemist and inventor. He was born in 1856 at Washington, Pennsylvania, and died in 1931. From 1880 to 1881 he did research on electric lamps as an assistant to Thomas Edison. After 1884 he worked independently to develop the electric furnace for the conversion of carbon into diamonds, without success. In 1891 he invented carborundum (silicon carbide) and artificially prepared graphite. Research Edward Acheson
Edward Agar was an English stock-market speculator, investment manager and safe-cracker. He was born in 1816 and died in 1881. In 1855 he planned and took part in the Great Train Robbery of 1855 in which a fortune in gold ingots were stolen from a South Eastern Railway train heading for Folkestone. Research Edward Agar
Edward Franklin Albee III is an American playwright. He was born in 1928 at Washington DC and adopted by a family living in New York. Among his more famous plays are the 1962 'Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf'. Research Edward Albee
Edward Armitage was an English historical painter. He was born in 1817 and died in 1896. He studied under Paul Delaroche at the L'Ecole des Beaux Arts, Paris, was one of the ablest pupils of that painter, and in 1842 exhibited at the Salon (in the Louvre) a picture of Prometheus Bound. At the exhibition of cartoons for historical pictures in Westminster Hall in 1843 he obtained a premium of 300 pounds for his design of Caesar's First Invasion of Britain. Other similar premiums were gained by his Spirit of Religion (1845), and Battle of Meeanee (1847). He then went to study at Rome, and exhibited at the Academy in 1848 his Henry VIII and Katherine Parr, and his Trafalgar (Death of Nelson). He had pictures in most of the subsequent Academy exhibitions up nearly to the time of his death. In 1867 he was elected an associate, and in 1872 a full academician. He did much for the restoration of fresco painting in England. A large number of his pictures were biblical in subject, such as Ahab and Jezebel, Esther's Banquet, The Remorse of Judas, Joseph and Mary, Herod's Birthday Feast, etc. As professor of painting to the Royal Academy he delivered lectures, which were published in 1883. Research Edward Armitage
Edward Hodges Baily was an English sculptor. He was born in 1788 at Bristol and died in 1867. He became a pupil of Flaxman in 1807, gained the Academy Gold Medal in 1811, and was elected R.A. in 1821. His principal works are: Eve at the Fountain; Eve Listening to the Voice; Maternal Affection; Girl Preparing for the Bath; The Graces, etc. The bas-reliefs on the south side of the Marble Arch, Hyde Park, the statue of Nelson on the Trafalgar Squaremonument, and other public works, were by him. Research Edward Baily
Edward Bellamy was an American writer. He was born in 1850 and died in 1898. He is known chiefly by a romance entitled Looking Backward: 2000-1887, published in 1888, giving an attractive picture of a state of society that he thought might be realized in the future by well - directed communistic or socialistic efforts. The book had an extraordinary sale in various forms, and was translated into a great many languages. Research Edward Bellamy
Edward Bickersteth was an English clergyman of the Church of England. He was born in 1786 and died in 1850. He was in business as a solicitor in Norwich for a time, but took orders and went to Africa in 1816 to reorganize the stations of the Church Missionary Society. Returning to England he was chosen secretary to that society. In 1830 he became rector of Watton in Hertford, and was one of the founders of the Evangelical Alliance. His publications, which had an immense circulation, included the Christian Student, A Treatise on the Lord's Supper, A Treatise on Prayer, The Signs of the Times, The Restoration of the Jews, A Practical Guide to the Prophecies, besides sermons and tracts without number. Research Edward Bickersth
Edward Bird was an English painter. He was born in 1772 at Wolverhampton and died in 1819. He became an academician in 1815. He excelled in historical and genre subjects. Among his chief pictures are the Surrender of Calais, Death of Eli, and Field of Chevy Chase. Research Edward Bird
Sir Edward Boscawen was a British admiral. He was born in 1711 and died in 1761. He was the third son of the first Viscount Falmouth. In 1741 he distinguished himself at the taking of Porto Bello. In 1744 when in command of the Dreadnought, he assisted in the capture of the French ship Medee. In 1747, after commanding the Namur, in the action off Finisterre, where he was wounded, he became a rear-admiral. Having subsequently rendered useful service in India, he became a lord of the Admiralty in 1751, and a vice- admiral in 1755. He effected the reduction of Louisburg and Cape Breton Island in 1758, and in the following year chased and destroyed a French squadron under De La Clue off Lagos. In 1758 he reached the rank of admiral, and in 1760 was made general of marines. Research Edward Boscawen
Edward Braddock was a Scottish soldier. He was born in 1695 at Perthshire and died in 1755. He arrived in Virginia, on February 20th 1755, to assume command in the campaign against the French settlers, being appointed major-general and commander of the British army in the expedition against the French on the river Ohio, in 1755. Having organised an army of regulars and provincials, among whom was George Washington, Edward Braddock marched against Fort Duquesne. After crossing the Monongahela with 1,200 chosen men, the army was ambushed by the French supported by Indians and was defeated with nearly half his troop killed, Edward Braddock himself being mortally wounded dying four days later. Research Edward Braddock
Edward Bruce was a brother of Robert I, who, after distinguishing himself in the war of independence, crossed in 1315 to Ireland to aid the native septs against the English. After many successes he was crowned king of Ireland at Carrickfergus, but fell in battle near Dundalk in 1318. Research Edward Bruce
He early attained reputation as a poet under the pen name of 'OwenMeredith'; and wrote Olymnestra and other Poems, Lucile, Tannhauser, or the Battle of the Bards, Fables in Song, King Poppy, and Glenaveril, besidesprose works. He also published the life and letters of his father. He was appointed ambassador to Paris in 1888. Research Edward Bulwer-Lytton
Sir Edward Burne-Jones was an English painter. He was born in 1838 at Birmingham and died in 1898. He was educated at Birmingham and at Exeter College, Oxford. He early adopted the profession of artist, and came under the influence of D. G. Bossetti He painted in water-colour and in oil, and his works are marked by richness of colouring, and by poetical, ideal, and mediaeval characteristics. Research Edward Burne-Jones
Edward R S Canby was an American soldier. He was born in 1819 at Kentucky and died in 1873. He served in the Florida War from 1839 until 1842, and received a brevet of lieutenant-colonel for his services during the Mexican War. In 1858 he served in the so-called Mormon War. In 1863 he commanded the United States troops in the New Yorkdraft riots; assisted by David Farragut's fleet he captured Mobile in 1865. In 1873 he was treacherously murdered by Modoes while negotiating a peace treaty. Research Edward Canby
Edward Capell was a Shakespearean commentator. He was born in 1713 at Throston and died in 1781. He was appointed deputy inspector of plays in 1737 and devoted himself to the study of Shakespeare, producing in 1768 a ten volume work of William Shakespeare which took twenty years to write. Research Edward Capell
Edward Cardwell (ViscountCardwell) WAS AN English statesman. He was born in 1813 and died in 1886. He entered parliament in 1842, became a follower of Peel, and was secretary to the treasury in 1845-46. Under LordAberdeen he became president of the Board of Trade in 1853, and was the chief agent in carrying the great Merchant Shipping Act of 1854. In Palmerston's cabinet of 1859 he became secretary for Ireland, and under Palmerston and Russell he was colonial secretary in 1864-1866. As war secretary under Mr. Gladstone, in 1868-1874, he introduced great reforms in the army, including the short service and reserve system, and abolition of the purchase of commissions. He was created a peer in 1874, and henceforth took no great part in public affairs. Research Edward Cardwell
Edward Cave was an English printer and the founder of the 'Gentleman's Magazine'. He was born in 1691 at Newton near Rugby and died in 1754. Apprenticed to a printer he went to London and wrote newsletters, and in 1731 opened a printing office at St John's Gate, Clerkenwell. Here he started the Gentleman's Magazine, for which his friend Dr Johnson wrote the parliamentary debates and Edward Cave edited the magazine under the pseudonym of Sylvanus Urban. Research Edward Cave
Edward Daniel Clarke was an English traveller and mineralogist. He was born in 1769 at Sussex and died in 1822. He entered Jesus College, Cambridge, in 1786; and was made a fellow in 1798. In 1799 he set out on an extensive tour through Europe, Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, etc, securing for English institutions many valuable objects, such as the celebrated manuscript of Plato's works, with nearly 100 others, a colossal statue of the Greek goddess Demeter (Ceres), and the famous sarcophagus of Alexander the Great. In 1807 he commenced a course of lectures on mineralogy at Cambridge, and in 1808 a professorship of mineralogy was instituted there in his favour. A complete edition of his works appeared in 1819-24, under the title of Travels in Various Countries of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Research Edward Clarke
Edward Clodd was an English banker, anthropologist and agnostic. He was born in 1840 and died in 1930. He was the author of 'The story of creation' published in 1888 and many other works. Research Edward Clodd
Edward Cocker was an English engraver and teacher of writing and arithmetic. He was born about 1631. His work, Cocker's Arithmetic, upon which many succeeding treatises were framed, was published in 1677. Research Edward Cocker
Sir Edward Codrington was a British admiral. He was born in 1770 and died in 1851. He entered the navy in 1783, and commanded the Orion at the Battle of Trafalgar, winning a gold medal for his services, and served in the second war with America, 1814. As commander of the Allied Mediterranean Fleet in 1827 he defeated the Turkish and Egyptian navies at Navarino and secured the evacuation of the Morea in 1828. From 1832 to 1837 he was member of parliament for Devonport. Research Edward Codrington
Sir Edward Coke was an English judge. He was born in 1552 and died in 1634. He was known as the greatest common lawyer of all time. The son of a Norfolkshire gentleman, after finishing his education at Cambridge he went to London, and entered the Inner Temple. His reputation and practice rapidly increased. He was chosen recorder of the cities of Norwich and of Coventry, knight of the shire for his county, and, in spite of the rivalship of Bacon, attorney-general. As such he conducted the prosecutions for the crown in all great state cases, notably those of Essex and Sir Walter Raleigh, which Edward Coke conducted with great rancour and asperity. In 1613 he became Chief-justice of the Court of King's Bench; but his rough temper and staunch support of constitutional liberties brought him into disfavour with King James and his courtiers. In 1621 he was committed to the Tower, and soon after expelled from the privy-council.
In 1628 he was chosen member of parliament for Buckinghamshire, and greatly distinguished himself by his vindication of the rights of the Commons, and by proposing and framing the famous Petition of Rights. This was the last of his public acts. On the dissolution of the parliament he retired to his seat in Buckinghamshire, where he died. His principal works are Reports, from 1600 to 1615; Institutes of the Laws of England, in four parts; the first of which contains the celebrated commentary on Littleton's Tenures ('Coke upon Littleton'); A Treatise of Bail and Mainprise, Complete Copyholder. Research Edward Coke
Lord Edward Hyde Cornbury was a British aristocrat. He was born in 1661 and died in 1724. The cousin of Queen Mary and Queen Anne, he was made Governor of New York by William III in 1702. In 1708, after six years of severe rule, he was removed, but for a long time was imprisoned for debt. Research Edward Cornbury
Sir Edward Shepherd Creasy was an English historian. He was born in 1812 and died in 1878. He was educated at Eton, and at King's College, Cambridge, of which he was elected a fellow in 1834. He was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1837, and was for about twenty years a member of the home circuit. In 1840 he was appointed professor of history at the London University, and in 1860 was made Chief-justice of Sri Lanka, receiving also a knighthood. His principal works are: The Rise and Progress of the British Constitution, and The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World. Research Edward Creasy
Edward Donaldson was an American sailor. He was born in 1816 and died in 1889. A rear-admiral, he served in the US navy from 1835 to 1876. In the American Civil War he took part in the capture of New Orleans and in the passage of Vicksburg, and at the battle of Mobile Bay commanded the 'Seminole'. Research Edward Donaldson
Edward Dowden was an English critic and historian. He was born in 1843 at Cork and died 1913. His early education was private, he afterwards studied at Queen's College, Cork, and Trinity College, Dublin, where he gained great distinction, especially in English and Philosophy; and in 1867 he was elected to the professorship of English literature in the university. He was the first Taylorian lecturer at Oxford University in 1889, and held the dark lecturership in English literature at Trinity College, Cambridge, from 1893 to 1896. Besides contributing to periodicals, Edward Dowden published various works on literary subjects, in particular Shakespeare: His Mind and Art (1875); Shakespeare Primer; Studies in Literature; Southey; Southey's Correspondence with Caroline Bowles; Life of Shelley (published in two volumes in 1886), the chief authority on the poet's life, being founded on papers in the possession of the Shelley family; Wordsworth's Poetical Works (1892-93); Introduction to Shakespeare (1893); New Studies in Literature (1895); The French Revolution and English Literature (lectures delivered at Princeton College, New Jersey, in 1896); History of French Literature (1897); Robert Browning (1904). A volume of poems by him appeared in 1876. Research Edward Dowden
Edward Eggleston was an American novelist and miscellaneous writer. He was born in 1837 and died in 1902. He entered the ministry of the MethodistChurch, and was engaged in pastoral work for a number of years, latterly as pastor of an independent church founded by himself. He wrote and edited much, among his books being The HoosierSchoolmaster (1871), The End of the World: A Love Story; Roxy, a highly popular novel (1878); The Hoosier Schoolboy; The Graysons;
Household History of the United States; The Faith Doctor. His novels are marked by abundance of incident, skilful handling of dialect, and realistic portraiture. Research Edward Eggleston
Sir Edward Elgar was a British composer. He was born in 1857 at Broadheath, Worcestershire and died in 1934. Self-taught, for some time he acted as conductor of the Worcester Instrumental Society, and as organist at St. George's, Worcester, but when later he turned to composition he resigned both these positions. In 1892 he produced the Black Knight, and this was followed by several oratorios, cantatas, and other works, including The Light of Life, a short oratorio (Worcester Festival, 1896); King Olaf, a cantata (North Staffordshire Festival, 1896);' Imperial March (1897); Te Deum (Hereford Festival, 1897); Caractacus (Leeds Festival, 1898); and Orchestral Variations later known as 'Enigma Variations' in 1899, an orchestral work based on an unheard theme, which brought him worldwide acclaim. In 1900 his famous sacredcantata, The Dream of Gerontius, was produced at the Birmingham Festival (repeated at Dusseldorf in 1901 and at the Niederrheinische Musik Fest in 1902), and added immensely to his already considerable reputation. He went on to compose other works including 'Pomp and Circumstance', and in 1904 was knighted. Research Edward Elgar
Edward Everett was an American politician. He was born in 1794 at Dorchester, Massachusetts and died in 1865.The brother of Alexander Everett, he was educated at Harvard, he draduated when he was seventeen and in 1813 was ordained pastor of a church in Boston. After spending two years as a Unitarian minister he left the post to become professor of Greek Literature at Harvard College, a post he held from 1819 until 1829 when he became editor of the North American Review, and president of Harvard from 1846 until 1849. He was a member of congress from 1824 until 1835, a Whig governor of Massachusetts from 1836 until 1840, minister to Great Britain from 1841 until 1845 and a senator from 1853 until 1854 when he abandoned public life. Research Edward Everett
Edward John Eyre was a British colonial governor. He was born in 1815 at Yorjshire and died in 1901. He explored the north part of the newly colonised South Australia and in 1839 he discovered LakeTorrens, in 1840 explored its eastern shores and the adjacent Flinders Range. He then commenced his perilous journey along the shores of the Great Australian Bight, and reached King George's Sound, in Western Australia, a distance of 1200 miles, with a single native boy, having left Adelaide more than a year before.His report published in 1845 resulted in the opening up of the land route between Adelaide and Western Australia. LakeEyre in South Australia was named after him. He was Governor of St Vincent from 1854 to 1860 and was made Governor of Jamaica in 1864. He vigorously suppressed a Negro revolt in Jamaica in 1865 and was as a result was recalled to England, suspended and retired. On his return to England John Stuart Mill and others took measures to try him for murder resulting from the severity with which he handled the revolt, but failed. Carlyle was one of his moat strenuous defenders. Research Edward Eyre
Edward Fairfax was an English translator. He was born in in the last quarter of the 16th century and died in 1635. He translated into English verse Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered He settled at Newhall in the parish of Fuyistone, Yorkshire, to a life of studious leisure. The first edition of his translation bears the date of 1600. One or two eclogues by him also remain. Research Edward Fairfax
Edward Fitzgerald was an Irish soldier and patriot. He was born in 1763 and died in 1798. He served in America and explored part of Canada in 1789. In 1796 he joined the United Irishmen, and was arrested for conspiring with the French for a Dublin uprising and following being shot and wounded during his arrest - in which he stabbed two of the arresting officers - he died in Newgateprison before he could be brought to trial. Research Edward Fitzgerald
Edward Forbes was a British naturalist. He was born in 1815 at Douglas, Isle of Man and died in 1854. He devoted himself to science at an early age, and having made scientific journeys in Norway, Sweden, France, Germany, etc, he was attached to a scientific expedition to the Mediterranean, the result of which appeared in a report presented to the British Association, and in Travels in Lycia. In 1842 he became professor of botany at King's College, London. On the opening of the School of Mines Edward Forbes was appointed lecturer on natural history as applied to geology and the arts. He still retained his professorship of botany at King's College, and continued to contribute annually some of his most valuable memoirs to the British Association, besides writing for scientific and literary journals.
In 1853 he was appointed to the chair of natural history in Edinburgh. Among his more important works, which include a great number of valuable papers on zoological, botanical, and literary subjects, are a History of the Star-fishes and History of British Mollusca. Research Edward Forbes
Sir Edward Frankland was an English chemist and authority on sanitation. He was born in 1825 near Lancaster and died in 1899. At Lancaster he served an apprenticeship to a chemist, afterwards studying in London under Playfair, and at Marburg and Giessen under Bunsen and Liebig respectively. In 1851 he became professor at the newly founded Owens College in Manchester, and in 1852 suggested the conception of the valency of organic compounds. In 1853 he was elected FRS, and in 1857 received the society's gold medal. From 1863 to 1868 he was Professor of Chemistry in the Royal Institution, and held a similar post in the Royal School of Mines (afterwards merged in the Royal College of Science) from 1865 to 1885.
He was many years government water-analyst, and in 1868 was appointed a member of the second Royal Commission on river-pollution. He was a member of various foreign scientific academies, and was made KCB in 1897. He and Sir Norman Lockyer were the original discoverers of helium in 1868. In 1877 he published a volume of Experimental Researches in Pure, Applied, and Physical Chemistry, a work on Inorganic Chemistry (with FR Japp in 1884), and many other works and papers. Research Edward Frankland
Edward Augustus Freeman was an English historian and archaeologist. He was born in 1823 and died in 1892. Educated at Trinity College, Oxford, of which he was scholar and fellow, he received various academical distinctions, and in 1884 became Regius professor of modern history at Oxford.
Sir Edward German was an English composer. He was born in 1862 at Whitchurch and died in 1936. He produced light operas including 'Merrie England' and 'Tom Jones'. Research Edward German
Edward Gibbon was an English writer and historian. He was born in 1737 at Putney and died in 1794. He was the son of a gentleman of an ancient Kentish family. He entered Magdalen College, Oxford, where he remained for fourteen mouths. Having declared himself a Roman Catholic, his father placed him under the care of Pavillard, a learned Calvinistic minister at Lausanne, by whom he was reconverted to the Protestant faith. His residence at Lausanne was highly favourable to his progress in knowledge and the formation of regular habits of study. The belles-lettres and the history of the humanmind chiefly occupied his attention. In 1758 he returned to England, and immediately began to lay the foundation of a copious library; and soon after composed in the French language his Essai sur l'Etude de la Litterature (published in 1761).
In 1763 he visited Paris and Lausanne, and he journeyed in Italy during 1764. It was here that the idea of writing his great history occurred to him as he sat musing among the ruins of the capitol at Rome, while the barefooted friars were singing vespers in the Temple of Jupiter. In 1770 he published a pamphlet entitled Critical Observations on the Sixth Book of the AEneid. In 1774 he obtained a seat in parliament for Liskeard, and was a silent supporter of the North administration and its American politics for eight years.
In 1776 the first quarto volume of his Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire was published, and at once made a public reputation for its author. In 1778 he drew up on behalf of the English government a Memoire Justificatif in answer to the manifesto of the French court, and for this service he was made one of the lords of trade. On the retirement of North he lost his appointment, and soon after withdrew to Lausanne in 1783, where, in the course of four years, he completed the three remaining volumes of his history, which were published together in 1788.
In 1793 he returned to England, where he died on the 16th of January, 1794. His history, though not without its defects, has great merits. Its style, if at times somewhat stiff and pompous, has the energy and elevation required for so great a theme; his learning is vast and thorough, and his insight into human nature in every variety of circumstances in remote countries and epochs is that of a great and philosophical historian. In 1796 his friend LordSheffield published two quarto volumes of his miscellaneous works, of which the most valuable part is the Memoirs of his Life and Writings. Research Edward Gibbon
Edward Goodall was an English line-engraver. He was born in 1795 at Leeds and died in 1870. He was self-taught, and early in his career attracted the notice of Turner, a number of whose pictures he engraved, including the large plates of Tivoli and Cologne, and various plates in the England and Wales and Southern Coast series. He also engraved many plates for the Annuals, and the largest number of the landscapes after Turner that illustrate the elegant editions of Rogers' Italy and Poems. He engraved a number of plates for the Art Journal, several from pictures by his son, Frederick Goodall of which the Cranmer at the Traitors' Gate and the Happy Days of Charles I, both of large size, are the most important. Research Edward Goodall
Edward Hagerup Grieg was a Norwegian composer of Scottish ancestry. He was born in 1843 at Bergen and died in 1907. He received his musical education at the Leipzig Conservatorium and under Grade at Copenhagen. He lived mostly in Bergen, but during the period 1871-1880 he was conductor of a musical union founded by him in Christiania. He made himself well known beyond his native country by numerous compositions of a distinctively Scandinavian type, among them being a pianoforte concerto and various other works for the pianoforte, several violin sonatas, orchestral suites (notably Peer Gynt, based on Ibsen's drama), overtures, a string quartette, and many songs. Research Edward Grieg
Edward Halifax was a British statesman. He was born in 1881 and died in 1959. He was British Ambassador to the USA from 1940 until 1944. Research Edward Halifax
Edward Hall was an English chronicler. He was born in about 1495 at London and died in 1547. He was a lawyer by profession, and attained the rank of a serjeant, and the office of a judge in the sheriff's court. He had a seat in the House of Commons, and was a zealous Catholic. Hall's Chronicle was published in 1548, and is a curious picture of the manners and customs of the age. Research Edward Hall
Edward Hammond Hargraves was an English goldminer. He was born in 1815 at Gosport, Hampshire and died in 1891. After travelling to California in 1849 for gold, he noticed similarities in the geological formations with those in Australia and deduced that gold could also be found in Australia. He discovered gold in the Blue Hills of New South Wales in 1851 and was appointed commissioner of Crown lands and awarded a government reward of 10,000 pounds for his discovery. Research Edward Hargraves
Lord Edward Hawke was a British naval commander. He was born in 1705 and died in 1781. He entered the navy as a midshipman, in 1734 received the command of the Wolf, and in 1747 he became commander of a squadron, and defeated the French fleet at Belleisle. Edward Hawke was in consequence made a K.C.B., and vice-admiral of the blue. In 1759 he defeated the French at Quiberon. In 1765 Edward Hawke was appointed vice-admiral of Britain, and was elevated to the peerage in 1776. Research Edward Hawke
Sir Edward Richard George Heath (Ted Heath) was an English politician. He was born in 1916 at Broadstairs, Kent and died in 2005. He entered parliament in 1950 and became leader of the Conservative party and in 1970 became Prime Minister. He was ousted from leadership of the Conservative party in 1975 by Margaret Thatcher following widespread industrial disputes across the country, and particularly dissatisfaction among the coal miners. After his removal as leader of the Conservative Party the Conservative Party became far more dictatorial and moralist. Until the day he died, Edward Heath opposed the extreme and oppressive policies of the Thatcherite Conservatives. He is remembered as the British Prime Minister who negotiated Britain's entry into the European Common Market, and as an international statesman who successfully negotiated the release of British prisoners held in Iraq following the Gulf War - a position that was in stark contrast to the swaggering gun-ho posture of his successors. Research Edward Heath
Edward Herbert (LordHerbert of Cherbury, in Shropshire) was an English writer. He was born in 1581, and died in 1648/ Educated at University College, Oxford, in 1609 he distinguished himself at the siege of Juliers under the Prince of Orange, and in 1614 served again in the Low Countries under the same leader. In 1618 he was sent as ambassador to the court of France, but was recalled in consequence of a quarrel with Constable Luynes, the favourite of Louis XIII. On the death of Luynes, however, he was sent back to France as resident ambassador.
At Paris, in 1624, he printed his famous book, De Veritate, with the object of asserting the sufficiency, universality, and perfection of natural religion, In 1625 he returned from France and was created an Irish peer, and in 1631 an English baron. He joined the parliamentary party, but subsequently left it, and suffered in fortune in consequence.
The character of LordHerbert, as shown in his memoirs, was vain, punctilious, and quixotic, but open, generous, and brave. Another work of his was De Religione Gentilium. Soon after his death was published his Life and Reign of Henry VIII, and a collection of his poems was published in 1665. Research Edward Herbert
Edward Hitchcock was an American geologist. He was born in 1793 at Deerfield, Massachusetts and died in 1864. He became a Congregational minister, and four years in that post devoted himself to science, was elected professor of natural science, and president at Amherst College in 1825, and in 1845 president of the same college, and professor of natural theology and geology. He was connected with the state survey of Massachusetts, Vermont, and part of New York, valuable reports on which he published. He was author of various other works, some geological and some of miscellaneous character. These include Geology of the ConnecticutValley, a highly popular work on Elementary Geology, Illustrations of Surface Geology, Religion of Geology and its Connected Sciences, and Reminiscences, published shortly before his death. Research Edward Hitchcock
Edward Hopkins was an English colonist. He was born in 1600 and died in 1657. He went to America from England in 1637. He was Governor of Connecticut in the even years from 1640 to 1654. He aided in forming the union of the New England colonies in 1643. Research Edward Hopkins
Edward Hyde (first earl of Clarendon) was an English statesman and historian. He was born in 1609 at Dinton, Wiltshire and died in 1674. After studying at Oxford and at the Middle Temple he married, in 1629, the daughter of Sir George Ayliffe, and, in 1632, Frances, daughter of Sir Thomas Aylesbury. He entered the Short Parliament in 1640 as member for Wootton-Basset, and was again returned to the Long Parliament in November, 1640 by the borough of Saltash, at first acting with the more moderate of the popular party, but gradually separating himself from the democratic movement until, by the autumn of 1641, he was recognized as the real leader of the king's party in the house.He supported the King's authority, but opposed violence and assisted in the impeachment of Stafford in 1641.
In 1642 he became the King's adviser with Colepepper and Falkland. Upon the outbreak of the English Civil War he joined the king at York, was knighted, made privy-councillor, and appointed chancellor of the exchequer. After vainly attempting to bring about a reconciliation between the contending parties he accompanied Prince Charles to Jersey, where he began his History of the Rebellion, and wrote answers in the king's name to the manifestoes of the parliament.
In September, 1649, he rejoined Charles at the Hague, and was sent by him on an embassy to Madrid. Soon after his return he resumed the business of the exiledcourt, first at Paris, and afterwards at the Hague, where, in 1657, Charles II appointed him lord-chancellor. After Oliver Cromwell's death he contributed more than any other man to promote the Restoration, when he was placed at the head of the English administration.
In 1660 he was elected Chancellor of the University of Oxford, and in 1661 was created BaronHyde, Viscount Cornbury, and Earl of Clarendon. The marriage of the Duke of York with his daughter, Anne Hyde, confirmed for a time his power, but in 1663 LordBristol made an unsuccessful attempt to impeach him, his influence with the king declined, and his station as primeminister made the nation regard him as answerable for the ill success of the war against Holland, the sale of Dunkirk, etc.
The king's displeasure deepened when his plan of repudiating his wife and marrying the beautiful Lady Stuart was defeated by Edward Hyde, who effected a marriage between this lady and the Duke of Richmond. The king deprived him of his offices, an impeachment for high treason was commenced against him, and he was compelled to seek refuge in Calais. He lived six years at Montpellier, Moulins, and Rouen, where he died in 1674. His remains were afterwards removed to Westminster Abbey.
During his second exile he completed his History of the Rebellion in autobiographical form, wrote a biographical Continuation in defence of his administration, and sought to vindicate Lord Ormonde by a History of the Rebellion in Ireland. Research Edward Hyde
Edward I was King of England from 1272 to 1307. He was born in 1239 at Winchester and died in 1307. Edward I was the son of Henry III and an able administrator and law-maker. He re-established royal power, investigating many of the abuses resulting from weak royal government and issuing new laws. Edward was an effective soldier, gaining experience from going on crusade to Syria before he became king. In 1277 Edward I invaded Wales where Llewelyn ap Gruffydd, prince of Wales, had built up considerable power. In a series of campaigns Edward I gained control of Wales, building strong castles to secure his conquests. Llewelyn was subdued before his death, by the 1277 treaty of Conway. In 1284, the Statute of Wales brought Wales under Edward I's rule. In 1301, he created his eldest surviving son, Edward, the first English Prince of Wales. Wanting to unite the country behind him and to raise money for his campaigns in Wales and Scotland and another war in France, in 1295 Edward called what became known as the 'Model Parliament'. To this meeting he summoned the aristocracy, bishops and abbots, and the knights of the shires, burgesses from the towns and the junior clergy.
Edward II was King of England from 1307 to 1327. Edward II had few of the qualities that made a successful medieval king. Edward surrounded himself with his favourites, and the barons, feeling excluded from power, rebelled. Throughout his reign, different baronial groups struggled to gain power and control the King. The nobles' ordinances of 1311, which attempted to limit royal control of finance and appointments, were counteracted by Edward. Large debts - many of them inherited - and the Scots' victory at Bannockburn by Robert the Bruce in 1314 made Edward more unpopular. Edward's victory in the civil war of 1321 to 1322 and such measures as the 1326 ordinance which was a protectionist measure which set up compulsory markets or staples in fourteen English, Welsh and Irish towns for the wool trade, did not lead to any compromise between the King and the nobles.
Edward was a homosexual, and neglected his wife, Isabella the sister of the king of France, and finally, in 1326, Isabella led an invasion against her husband which was widely supported by the English aristocracy which had little time for the homosexual Edward. In 1327 Edward was made to renounce the throne in favour of his son Edward III (the first time that an anointed king of England had been dethroned since Ethelred in 1013). Edward II fled to Wales where he was imprisoned in Berkelet castle. While there Edward II was attacked by Isabella's men, and was murdered by having a red hot poker thrust into his anus - a death deemed suitable for a sodomite. Edward's champion, and probable lover, had earlier been arrested in England by the victoriousIsabella, his penis and testicles cut off, and then executed for having homosexual relations with the king. Research Edward II
Edward III was the son of Edward II and King of England from 1327 to 1377. Edward III was crowned King at the age of fourteen and assumed government in his own right in 1330. In 1337, Edward created the Duchy of Cornwall to provide the heir to the throne with an income independent of the sovereign or the state. An able soldier, and an inspiring leader, Edward founded the Order of the Garter in 1348. At the beginning of the Hundred Years War in 1337, actual campaigning started when the King invaded France in 1339 and laid claim to the throne of France. Following a sea victory at the Battle of Sluys in 1340, Edward overran Brittany in 1342 and in 1346 he landed in Normandy defeating the French King, Philip IV, at the Battle of Crecy and his son Edward (the Black Prince) repeated his success at Poitiers in 1356. By 1360 Edward controlled over a quarter of France. His successes consolidated the support of the nobles, lessened criticism of the taxes, and improved relations with Parliament.
However, under the 1375 Treaty of Bruges the French King, Charles V, reversed most of the English conquests; Calais and a coastal strip near Bordeaux were Edward's only lasting gain. Failure abroad provoked criticism at home. The Black Death plague outbreaks of 1348 to 1349, 1361 to 1362 and 1369 inflicted severe social dislocation (the King himself losing a daughter to the plague) and caused deflation; severe laws were introduced to attempt to fix wages and prices. In 1376, the 'Good Parliament' attacked the high taxes and criticised the King's advisers. The ageing King withdrew to Windsor for the rest of his reign, eventually dying at Sheen Palace, Surrey. Research Edward III
Edward Irving was a Scottish divine and the founder of the sect called Irvingites. He was born in 1792, at Annan, Dumfriesshire and died in 1834. After a good education at Annan in 1805 he went to the University of Edinburgh, and having entered the ministry of the Established Church, in 1819 he was appointed assistant to the celebrated Dr Chalmers in Glasgow. In 1822 he became minister of the Caledonian Asylum Chapel, a Presbyterian place of worship in London. His impressive eloquence, combined with singularity ef appearance, and his mannerisms, soon brought him into notice, and for a time the great as well as the fashionable flocked to hear him.
In 1823 he published a work called For the Oracles of God, Four Orations, which sold extensively. About two years later he wrote an Introductory Essay to Bishop Home's Commentary on the Book of Psalms, considered one of the best products of his pen. His theological peculiarities were well set forth in a collection of Sermons, Lectures, and Occasional Discourses, in three volumes, issued at London in 1828. These attracted much attention, and brought him shortly afterwards into conflict with the presbytery, with the result, that in 1832 he was dispossessed of his living in London, and in 1833 the presbytery of Annan, which had licensed him, deposed him from the ministry. He was charged with holding Christ guilty of original and actual sin, and denying the doctrines of atonement, satisfaction, imputation, and substitution. He was a believer in the speedy coming of Christ, and held that miraculous gifts of apostolic times had not ceased to be bestowed on the Christian Church. Research Edward Irving
Edward IV was King of England from 1461 to 1483. He was born in 1442 and died in 1483. Edward IV was very probably the illegitimate son of the his mother, the Queen, and an archer in the royal garrison - his 'father', Richard, duke of York, the king, being away at battle in France at the time when Edward IV was conceived. As an illegitimate child, Edward IV had no claim to the throne, and as such the English entire royal line since has been flawed.
When Edward IV became the first Yorkist king he was able to restore order, despite the temporary return to the throne of Henry VI from 1470 to 1471, during which time Edward fled to the Continent in exile, supported by the Earl of Warwick, 'the Kingmaker', who had previously supported Edward and who was killed at the Battle of Barnet in 1471. Edward also made peace with France; by a shrewd display of force to exert pressure, Edward reached a profitable agreement with Louis XI at Picquigny in 1475. At home, Edward relied heavily on his own personal control in government, reviving the ancient custom of sitting in person 'on the bench' (i.e. in judgement) to enforce justice. He sacked Lancastrian office-holders and used his financial acumen to introduce tight management of royal revenues to reduce the Crown's debt.
Building closer relations with the merchant community, Edward IV encouraged commercial treaties; he successfully traded in wool on his own account to restore his family's fortunes and enable the King to ' live of his own', paying the costs of the country's administration from the Crown Estates profits and freeing him from dependence on subsidies from Parliament. Edward rebuilt St George's Chapel at Windsor (possibly seeing it as a mausoleum for the Yorkists, as he was later buried there) and a new great hall at Eltham Palace. Edward collected illuminated manuscripts - his is the only intact medieval royal collection to survive - and patronised the new invention of printing. Edward died in 1483, leaving by his marriage to ElizabethWoodville a 12-year-old son Edward to succeed him. Research Edward IV
Sir Edward Jenner was a British physician. He was born in 1749 at Berkeley and died in 1823. After studying at Sodbury under Ludlow, the surgeon, and at London under the celebrated anatomistJohn Hunter, he settled in Gloucestershire. After graduating in 1792 Jenner started experimenting with possible cures for smallpox, and in 1796 removed some blisterfluid from a milkmaid suffering from cowpox and injected it into a boy. Two months later the boy was injected with smallpox, but didn't develop the disease. Jenner repeated the experiment and in 1798 published his work coining the term vaccination (substance derived from a cow). Jenner subsequently spent the rest of his life promoting vaccination, despite its dangers and the lack of evidence as to its effectiveness. Indeed subsequent events - not least the smallpoxepidemic of 1871 in which more people who have been vaccinated against the disease contracted smallpox than those who had not - have shown that far from being a medical genius, Edward Jenner was a brilliant self-publicist and charlatan who exploited the basichuman fears for his own financial means. Research Edward Jenner
Edward Jesse was a British writer on natural history. He was born in 1780 and died in 1868. He became commissioner of hackney-coaches, and deputy surveyor of the royal parks and palaces. His works include Gleanings in Natural History, An Angler's Rambles, Scenes and Tales of Country Life, Anecdotes of Dogs, Favourite Haunts and Rural Studies, Lectures on Natural History, as well as editions of Walton's Angler and White's Selborne. Research Edward Jesse
Edward Kent was an American politician. He was born in 1802 and died in 1877. He was a member of the Maine Legislature from 1829 to 1833. He was Governor of Maine in 1838 and 1840, being chosen by the Whigs. From 1849 to 1853 he was US Consul at Rio Janeiro. From 1859 to 1873 he was a Justice of the Maine Supreme Court. Research Edward Kent
Edward William Lane was an English scholar of Arabic. He was born in 1801 and died in 1876. The son of Dr. Theophilus Lane, prebendary of Hereford, he was intended for the church, but formed a strong desire to visit Eastern countries, and turned his attention to the study of Oriental languages. He made two long visits to Egypt, living like an Oriental, his singular tact in accommodating himself to the Eastern character giving him great insight into the modes of Eastern life and thought. His works, which were highly valued, comprise Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians; a translation of the Arabian Nights, with valuable notes; Selections from the Koran; and an unfinished Arabic Lexicon (completed by Stanley Lane-Poole). Research Edward Lane
Edward Law (LordEllenborough) was an English lawyer and Lord Chief-justice of the King's-bench. He was born in 1750 at Great Salkeld, Cumberland and died in 1818. Educated at the Charter House and at Cambridge, he was called to the bar in 1780. He early obtained a silk gown, and at the trial of Warren Hastings, in 1785, acted as leading counsel. The defence did not come on until the fifth year of the trial, but after eight years Warren Hastings was acquitted and Edward Law's success assured. In 1801 he was made attorney-general, and in 1802 became Lord Chief-justice of the King's-bench, and was created baron. He held the office of chief-justice for fifteen years, resigning in 1818.
Edward Law was an English politician, and the Earl of Ellenborough. He was born in 1790 and died in 1871. The son of Lord Chief-justice Edward Law, he was educated at Eton and Cambridge, and in 1818, having succeeded his father as second baron, he entered the House of Lords. He took office in 1818 as lordprivy-seal, and became president of the board of control in 1828-30, and again in 1834. In 1841 he accepted the governor-generalship of India, and arrived in Calcutta in 1842, in time to bring the Afghan war to a successful issue. The annexation of Scinde in 1843 was followed by the conquest of Gwalior, but the conduct of the governor-general gave dissatisfaction at home, and he was recalled early in 1844. On his return, however, he was defended by Wellington, and received the thanks of parliament, an earldom, and the Grand Cross of the Bath. He then held the post of first lord of the admiralty from 1845 to 1846, and was president of the board of control from February to June, 1858. His despatch censuring the policy of LordCanning as Governor-general of India led to his resignation, and he never resumed office. Research Edward Law
Edward Lear was an English painter and writer of verse. He was born in 1812 at Holloway, London and died in 1888. At the age of fifteen he was cast upon his own resources, and began by making drawings for shops, hospitals, etc. In 1831 he gained employment as a draughtsman in the Zoological Gardens. In 1832 he began work for the Earl of Derby at Knowsley, drawing the plates for the book on The Knowsley Menagerie. He stayed at Knowsley for four years, after which he devoted himself to landscape-painting. In 1837 he left England, and henceforth only paid occasional visits to it. He resided for some years at Rome, and visited Greece and other parts of Southern Europe, Palestine, and India. His illustrated books of travel were very popular, but he won greater fame by his humorous Book of Nonsense (published in 1846), illustrated by himself, which was followed by similar books, such as Nonsense Songs and Stories (1871), and Laughable Lyrics (1877); he also illustrated Tennyson's poems and taught drawing to Queen Victoria. Research Edward Lear
Edward Livingston was an American jurist. He was born in 1764 and died in 1836. A brother of Robert R Livingston, he graduated at Princeton, and reached early in life a commanding position at the New Yorkbar. From 1795 to 1801, he was a Democratic Congressman. While district attorney in the following years he became entangled in business, was deeply indebted to the Government, and removed to Louisiana to retrieve his fortunes. He was Congressman from Louisian in 1823 to 1839, US Senator 1829 to 1831, Secretary of State from 1831 to 1833, and Minister to France from 1833 until 1835. His rank as a lawyer was very high, and his influence, by his codes and legal writings, was profound upon law in America and in Europe. Research Edward Livingston
Edward George Earle Lytton Bulwer-Lytton was an English writer and statesman. He was born in 1803 at London and died in 1873. The youngest son of General Bulwer of Woodalling, and ElizabethBarbaraLytton of Knebworth he entered Trinity Hall, Cambridge, graduated BA in 1826, MA in 1835, and gained the chancellor's prize medal for his English poem on Sculpture. He published poetry at an early age, but first gained reputation by the novels Pelham and the Disowned in 1828, Devereux (1829), and Paul Clifford (1830). These were followed up with the popular romances of EugeneAram, the Pilgrims of the Rhine, The Last Days of Pompeii, Rienzi, and Ernest Maltravers with its sequel Alice.
In connection with Macready's management at Covent Garden he produced his Duchess de la Valliere, which proved a failure, but this was retrieved by the instant success of the Lady of Lyons, Richelieu, and Money. When he had thus shown his quick adaptability of talent he returned to novel-writing, and published in steady succession: Night and Morning, Zanoni, The Last of the Barons, Lucretia, Harold, The Caxtons, My Novel, and What will He Do with It?
In 1845 he published a poetical satire called The New Timon, in which he attacked Tenny son, who replied more vigorously than had probably been expected. He entered parliament for St Ives in 1831, and supported the Reform Bill as a Whig; but he changed his opinions and latterly supported the Conservatives. Under Lord Derby's ministry he was colonial secretary, and in 1866 entered the House of Lords as BaronLytton. He was elected rector of Glasgow University in 1856. His later literary works were The Coming Race, published anonymously (1871), The Parisians (1872), and Kenelm Chillingly (1873). Research Edward Lytton
Edward Mannock MC, DSO, VC (known as Micky Mannock) was a British airman. He was born in 1887 at Ballincollig, County Cork and died in 1918. During the Great War he joined the Royal Flying Corps (later the Royal Air Force) from the Royal Engineers, and became one of the leading airmen on the western front, and one of Britain's greatest ever pilots, being awarded the Military Cross and bar in 1917, and the Distinguished Service Order and two bars in 1918. The commander of 85th Squadron, he was shot down and crashed in flames over the German lines on July the 26th 1918, by which time he had accounted for fifty German aeroplanes according to contemporary sources (later sources claim he shot down 73 enemy aircraft) and held the rank of major. Following his death he was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross in July 1919 for distinguished service during June and July 1918.
In July 1919 the London Gazette announced the award of Edward Mannock's Victoria Cross as follows:
"His Majesty the King has been graciously pleased to approve of the award of the Victoria Cross to the late Captain (acting Major) Edward Mannock, DSO, MC, 85th Squadron Royal Air Force, in recognition of bravery of the first order in AerialCombat:
On the 17th June, 1918, he attacked a Halberstadt machine near Armentieres and destroyed it from a height of 8,000 feet.
On the 7th July, 1918, near Doulieu, he attacked and destroyed one Fokker (red-bodied) machine, which went vertically into the ground from a height of 1,500 feet. Shortly afterwards he ascended 1,000 feet and attacked another Fokker biplane, firing 60 rounds into it, which produced an immediate spin, resulting, it is believed, in a crash.
On the 14th July, 1918, near Merville, he attacked and crashed a Fokker from 7,000 feet, and brought a two-seater down damaged.
On the 19th July, 1918, near Merville, he fired 80 rounds into an Albatross two-seater, which went to the ground in flames.
On the 20th July, 1918, East of La Bassee, he attacked and crashed an enemy two-seater from a height of 10,000 feet.
About an hour afterwards he attacked at 8,000 feet a Fokker biplane near Steenwercke and drove it down out of control, emitting smoke.
On the 22nd July, 1918, near Armentieres, he destroyed an enemy triplane from a height of 10,000 feet.
Major Mannock was awarded the undermentioned distinctions for his previous combats in the air in France and Flanders:
Bar to Military Cross. Gazetted 18th October, 1917.
Distinguished Service Order. Gazetted 16th September, 1918.
Bar to Distinguished Service Order (1st). Gazetted 16th September, 1918.
Bar to Distinguished Service Order (2nd). Gazetted 3rd August, 1918.
This highly distinguished officer, during the whole of his career in the Royal Air Force, was an outstanding example of fearless courage, remarkable skill, devotion to duty and self-sacrifice, which has never been surpassed.
The total number of machines definitely accounted for by Major Mannock up to the date of his death in France (26th July, 1918) is fifty." Research Edward Mannock
Edward Marjoribanks, 2nd BaronTweedmouth, was a British politician. He was born in 1849 and died in 1909. Educated at Harrow and Christ Church, Oxford, he entered the House of Commons in 1880 as the Liberal MP for Berwick, and remained there until he succeeded to the peerage in 1894. In 1886 he was made controller of the household, and in 1892 parliamentary secretary to the treasury. In 1894 he became lord privy seal and chancellor of the duchy and when, in 1905, the Liberals returned to power, he was chosen first lord of the admiralty, only to be transferred in 1908 to the office of lord president following a controversial letter he wrote to the German emperor. Research Edward Marjoribanks
Edward Miall was an English politician. He was born in 1809 at Portsmouth and died in 1881. An independent minister, in 1840 he gave up his charge to campaign against the establishment of the Church. In 1841 he founded a weekly newspaper, 'The Nonconformist', which he edited for the rest of his life. Edward Miall represented Rochdale in Parliament from 1852 until 1867 and Bradford from 1868 until 1874. Research Edward Miall
Edward O C Ord was an American soldier. He was born in 1818 and died in 1883. He commanded the national forces at Dranesville in 1861. He led the left wing of Grant's army at Iuka and Hatchie in 1862. He led a corps at Vicksburg, Jackson, Richmond and Fort Harrison. In 1865 he commanded the Department of Virginia and the Army of the James at Petersburg and in the subsequent battles ending at Appomattox Court House. Research Edward Ord
Sir Edward Pakenham was an English soldier. He was born in 1778 and died in 1815. He served in the Peninsular War and in the South of France under the Duke of Wellington. He succeeded General Ross in command of a British force employed against New Orleans in 1814. His troops were defeated by General Jackson on January the 8th, 1815, and he was killed during the battle. Research Edward Pakenham
Edward Henry Palmer was a British Orientalist. He was born in 1840 at Cambridge and died in 1882. He was a member of the survey expedition to Sinai in 1868-1869 and to Moab in 1869-1870, and on his return became professor of Arabic at Cambridge in 1871. In 1882 he was killed by the Arabs in the Sinaitic peninsula. Among his numerous works are Oriental Mysticism (1867), The Desert of the Exodus (1871), A History of the Jewish Nation (1874), A Persian-English Dictionary (1876). Research Edward Palmer
Edward Pellew (ViscountExmouth) was a British naval officer. He was born in 1757 and died in 1833. He went to sae at the age of thirteen, served as midshipman in the frigate 'Blonde' during the American War of Independence, and distinguished himself at LakeChamplain. In 1782 he was made a post-captain for a brilliant action in the 'Pelican', and on the outbreak of the war in 1793 was appointed to the command of the frigate 'La Nymphe', serving until peace in 1802. In 1804, on the redemption of hostilities, he was sent to take the chief command on the East India station, in the 'Culloden', of seventy-four guns; and there he remained until 1809, when he had attained the rank of vice-admiral. His next appointment was the command of the fleet blockading the Scheldt. In 1814 he was made BaronExmouth with a pension of 2000 pounds per annum. In 1816 he was sent with a fleet to punish the Dey of Algiers for outrages committed, and to force him to give up his Christian captives and abolish Christian slavery. Along with some Dutch vessels he bombarded the city for eight hours, and inflicted such damage that the Dey had to agree to the demands, three thousand Christian slaves were henceforth freed. LordExmouth was made a viscount and received honours from several of the European sovereigns and the Freedom of The City of London. He retired in 1821. Research Edward Pellew
Edward Hayes Plumptre was a Dean of Wells. He was born in 1821 and died in 1891. He graduated BA (double first class) at Oxford in 1844, MA in 1847, when he was appointed chaplain at King's College, London, and professor of pastoraltheology in 1853. He became successively prebendary of St Paul's, London (1863), rector of Pluckley, Kent (1869), vicar of Bickley, Kent (1873), principal of Queen's College, London (1875), and dean of Wells (1881). As an able theologian and preacher he was chosen a member of the Old and New Testament Revision Companies in England, select preacher at Oxford (several times), Boyle lecturer 1866-1867, Grinfield lecturer 1872-1874. He wrote a number of valuable works on theology, many of his sermons and lectures have been published, and the reviews and religious periodicals contain numerous contributions by him. We have besides from his pen several translations, including Sophocles (1866), AEschylus (1870), Dante (1887). His last important work was a Life of Thomas Ken, Bishop of Bath and Wells (1888). In 1875 he received the degree of DD from the University of Glasgow. Research Edward Plumptre
Edward Pocock was an English oriental scholar. He was born in 1604 at Oxford 1604 and died in 1691. He graduated at Oxford, and was ordained a priest in 1628. While at the university he acquired a taste for oriental literature, which he was able to gratify as chaplain to the English factory at Aleppo, 1629-1636. Laud engaged him to collect manuscripts and coins for the University of Oxford, and in 1636 chose him to fill the newly-founded Arabic professorship at that university. The years between 1637 and 40 he spent at Constantinople (Istanbul) studying and collecting Arabic manuscripts. Although a man of moderate views in church and state matters, he suffered from the troubles of his times. He was appointed to the Hebrew chair at Oxford in 1648, together with the rich canonry of Christ Church; but from 1650-1660 he was deprived of his church preferment. His works are of great value to oriental and biblical students. Research Edward Pocock
Sir Edward John Poynter was an English painter. He was born in 1836 at Paris. He was educated at Westminster School and Ipswich, and received his art training at the Royal Academy and under Gleyre in Paris. He was knighted in 1896 and created a baronet in 1902. He was Slade professor of art in University College, London from 1871 to 1875 and director of the National Gallery from 1894 to 1905. Research Edward Poynter
Edward Preble was an American sailor. He was born in 1761 and died in 1807. He joined a privateer in 1777. In 1779 he engaged in the attacks of the Protector on the British privateer, Admiral Duff. He served on the Winthrop when that vessel captured an armed brig. He was commissioned lieutenant in 1798, and in 1799 commanded the Essex. In 1803 he commanded the Constitution and the squadron against the Barbary States. His operations resulted in the treaty of 1805, by which tribute by the United States and the slavery of Christian captives was abolished. Research Edward Preble
Edward Pusey was an English theologian. He was born in 1800 and died in 1882. His father, Philip Bouverie, half-brother of the first Earl of Radnor, assumed the name of Pusey on inheriting the Pusey estates in Berkshire. He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, and became fellow of Oriel in 1824. In 1828 he was appointed to the regius professorship of Hebrew at Oxford, to which was attached a canonry of Christ Church. In 1833 the Tracts for the Times began to appear, but he was not prominently connected with the Tractarian movement until 1835-1836, when he contributed to the Tracts one on baptism, which excited much attention. He published a defence of the famous Tract No. 90, and in 1843 he was suspended by the vice-chancellor of Oxford from preaching for three years, on account of the very high sacramental doctrine inculcated in his sermon on the Eucharist, preached before the university.
The prominence thus given to him, his position in the university, his reputation for scholarship, and his thorough-going advocacy of 'Anglo-Catholic' principles, procured the general adoption of the term Pusevism as a synonym of Tractarianism; and with the secession of Newman to Rome, Pusey became the acknowledged head of the new church party and after him the Tractarian movement in the Church of England became designated Puseyism.
During the rest of his life he lived very retired, though a continual flow of books, pamphlets, etc, came from his pen. Among the more substantial of his works, in addition to his Library of English Fathers and Anglo-Catholic Library, are his Councils of the Church, from the Council of Jerusalem, AD 51, to the Council of Constantinople, AD 381 (1857); Daniel the Prophet, nine lectures (1864); and the Minor Prophets, with a commentary and introduction to the several books (1860-1877). Research Edward Pusey
Edward Bannerman Ramsay was a Scottish theologian. He was born in 1793 at Aberdeen and died in 1872. The son of Alexander Burnett, he adopted the name of his grand-uncle Sir Alex Ramsay, by whom he was educated. Educated at Cambridge he took holy orders, and came to Edinburgh in 1823 as a clergyman of the Scottish Episcopal Church, becoming dean of the diocese in 1846. He is best known by his Reminiscences of Scottish Life and Character, which has had a great popularity. Research Edward Ramsay
Edward Randolph was a British commissioner. He was born in 1620 and died some time after 1694. He went to New England in 1675 as a commissioner of the British Government. He returned with exaggerated accounts of the population and wealth of the colonies, and urged measures of taxation and oppression. By his efforts the charter of Massachusetts was conditionally forfeited. He was secretary of New England and a member of the Governor's council from 1686 to 1689. Research Edward Randolph
Sir Edward James Reed was an English naval architect. He was born in 1830. He was at one time connected with Sheerness dockyard, and having become an authority on naval architecture he was appointed chief constructor to the navy, for which he designed a number of ironclads and other vessels. He resigned this post in 1870, but held other government appointments, and represented in parliament the Pembrokeboroughs and Cardiff, and was a junior lord of the treasury under William Gladstone in 1886. He published works on shipbuilding and coast defence; and Japan Research Edward Reed
Edward Robinson was an American biblical scholar and explorer. He was born in 1794 at Southington, Connecticut and died in 1863. He graduated at Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, and in 1823-1826 was an instructor in Hebrew in Andover Theological Seminary. In 1826 he came to Europe, studied at Gottingen, Berlin, and Halle, and returned in 1830 to his native country; became a professor of biblical literature at Andover, and published several works elucidating sacredhistory and literature. In 1833 he resigned his professorship on account of ill-health, and subsequently resided some years at Boston. In 1837 he made a voyage to the Holy Land, returning to Berlin in 1838. The result of this journey was his great work entitled Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai, and Arabia Petraea (published in 1841), subsequently enlarged after a second visit to Palestine in 1852. He had been appointed to the chair of biblical literature in Union Theological Seminary, New York, but only entered on the duties in 1840, occupying the post until his death. He also wrote a Physical Geography of the Holy Land. Research Edward Robinson
Edward Rutledge was an American politician. He was born in 1749 and died in 1800. He was a delegate from South Carolina to the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1777. He signed the American Declaration of Independence. He was a member of the first Board of War in 1776, and a member of the committee to draw up Articles of Confederation. He was a commissioner to confer with LordHowe in 1776. He commanded a company of artillery during the siege of Charleston. He was a member of the South Carolina Legislature from 1783 to 1798, and Governor of South Carolina from 1798 to 1800.
*Edward Sabine
Sir Edward Sabine was a British astronomer and physicist. He was born in 1788 at Dublin and died in 1883. He was educated for the army at Woolwich, and obtained a lieutenant's commission in the Royal Artillery. Although he gained the rank of major-general in 1859, it is not to his military achievements that he owes celebrity, but to his earnest and long-continued researches in astronomy and physical geography. He acted as astronomer in the Ross and Parry expedition of 1819 to 1820 in search of the North-West Passage. He was engaged from 1821 to 1827 in experiments connected with the determination of pendulum vibrations and was president of the Royal Society from 1861 to 1871. He published his researches in the Philosophical Transactions, and the Transactions of the British Association and the Royal Society. In 1869 he was created a KCB. Research Edward Rutledge
Edward Linley Sambourne was an English black-and-white artist and cartoonist. He was born in 1815 at London and died in 1910. He was educated at the City of London School and at Chester College, and became apprenticed to a marine engineering firm. In 1867 appeared his first drawing in Punch, with which he was afterwards closely associated. For some years he provided the second weekly cartoon in that periodical, and in 1901 succeeded Sir John Tenniel as chief cartoonist. Among the many books he has illustrated is Kingsley's Water Babies. His work is distinguished by its accuracy of detail, and by its strength and grace of line. Research Edward Sambourne
Sir Edward Schafer was a British physiologist. He was born in 1850. He worked at Edinburgh university and gave a famous address on the origin of life at Dundee in 1912. He was knighted in 1913. Research Edward Schafer
Edward Seymour (duke of Somerset) was an English statesman. He was born in 1506 and died in 1552. A son of Sir John Seymour, his early years were passed at court where he was attendant upon Henry VIII and Wolsey. In 1536 he was made a viscount, and in 1537 earl of Hertford, his sister Jane, having just been married to the king. In charge of the forces sent to Scotland in 1544, he took Edinburgh, and he gained further military experience on the borders and in France. In 1547, on the accession of Edward VI, Edward Seymour was a member of the council of regency. Almost at once he was chosen protector and made duke of Somerset, and for two years he governed England. He gained the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh in 1547 and carried through a moderate reformation of the Church, and made an attempt to stop the enclosure of common lands. His policy and position, however, created enemies and foreign affairs started to go badly for England. This resulted in his fall secured by his rival the Duke of Northumberland who managed to have Edward Seymour tried and subsequently executed for treason in 1552. Research Edward Seymour
Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley (Fourteenth Earl Of Derby) was an English statesman. He was born in 1799 at Knowsley Park, Lancashire and died in 1869. In 1820 he was returned to the House of Commons as member for Stockbridge. At first inclining to the Whig party he joined Canning's ministry in 1827, and in 1830 became chief secretary for Ireland in Lord Grey's government, greatly distinguishing himself by his speeches in favour of the Reform Bill in 1831-1832. The opposition led by O'Connell in the House of Commons was powerful and violent, but Edward Stanley, while supporting a bill for the reform of the Irish Church and the reduction of ecclesiastical taxation, was successful in totally defeating the agitation for the repeal of the Union.
He warmly advocated the abolition of slavery, and passed the act for this purpose in 1833; but in the following year a difference of opinion with his party as to the diversion of the surplus revenue of the Irish Church led him to join the Tories.
In 1841 he became colonial secretary under Sir Robert Peel, but resigned on Robert Peel's motion for repeal of the corn-laws. In 1851 and 1858 he formed ministries which held office only for a short period; and again in 1866, when his administration signalized itself by the reform of the government in India, the conduct of the Abyssinian war, and the passing of a bill for electoral reform in 1867. Early in 1868, owing to failing health, he resigned office, recommending Benjamin Disraeli as his successor. Edward Stanley joined to great ability as a statesman, and brilliant oratorical powers, a high degree of scholarly culture and literary ability. Among other works he published a successful translation of Homer's Iliad in 1864. Research Edward Stanley
Edward Jean Steichen was an American photographer. He was born in 1879 at Luxembourg and died in 1973. Taken to the USA as a child he grew up in Michigan and studied art at Milwaukee from 1894 to 1898 before working as a painter and photographer in Europe until 1914. He specialised in nude photography, and was a pioneer in obtaining recognition for photography as an art form. Research Edward Steichen
Edward James Stone was an English astronomer. He was born in 1831 at London and died in 1897. In 1860 he became chief assistant at Greenwich observatory. In 1870 he went to the Cape as astronomer-royal, and prepared the Cape Catalogue of stars which appeared in 1880. He also made very notable observations of eclipses. In 1879 he returned to England as Radcliffe observer at Oxford, and organized several astronomical expeditions for observations in distant parts of the earth. Research Edward Stone
Edward the Black Prince, Prince of Wales, was the eldest son of Edward III and Philippa of Hainault. He was born in 1330 and died in 1376. He first distinguished himself at the Battle of Crecy in 1346 where he commanded part of the forces, and it was on this occasion that he adopted the motto Ich dien (I serve), used by all succeeding princes of Wales. In 1355 he commanded the army which invaded France from Gascony, and in 1356 won the Battle of Poitiers and in 1360 the peace of Bretigny was made by which the provinces of Poictou, Saintonge, Perigord, Limousin were annexed to Guienne and formed into a sovereignty for the prince under the title of the Principality of Aquitaine.. In 1367 he went to the aid of Pedro the Cruel, king of Castile and defeated Henry of Trastamare at Najera. To recoup his expenses incurred in Spain Edward levied a hearth tax on his Gascon subjects, who rebelled and appealed to the French king, Charles V. War was declared in 1369 and the English suffered disaster, Edward retreating to England. He was the first duke created, in 1337 being made duke of Cornwall. Research Edward the Black Prince
Edward the Confessor was a son of Ethelred and King of England from 1042 to 1066. With few rivals, since Canute's line was extinct and Edward's only male relatives were two nephews in exile, Edward was undisputed King; the threat of usurpation by the King of Norway rallied the English and Danes in allegiance to Edward.
Brought up in exile in Normandy, Edward lacked military ability or reputation. His Norman sympathies caused tensions with one of Canute's most powerful earls, Godwin of Wessex, whose daughter, Edith, Edward married in 1045 (the marriage was childless). These tensions resulted in the crisis of 1050 to 1052, when Godwin assembled an army to defy Edward. With reinforcements from the earls of Mercia and Northumberland, Edward banished Godwin from the country and sent Queen Edith from court. Edward used the opportunity to appoint Normans to places at court, and as sheriffs at local level. Williamduke of Normandy may have been designated heir. However, the hostilereaction to this increased Norman influence brought Godwin back. Edward subsequently formed a closer alliance with Godwin's son Harold, who led the army as the King's deputy (he defeated a Welsh incursion in 1055) and whom Edward may have named as heir on his deathbed. Warding off political threats, England during the last 15 years of Edward's reign was relatively peaceful. Prosperity was rising as agricultural techniques improved and the population rose to around one million. Taxation was comparatively light, as Edward was not an extravagant king and lived off the revenues of his own lands (approximately 5,500 pounds a year) - nor did he have to pay for expensive military campaigns. Deeply religious, Edward was responsible for building WestminsterAbbey (in the Norman style) and he was buried there after his death in 1066. Research Edward the Confessor
Edward the Elder was king of England. He was the son of Alfred the Great and was born about 870 and crowned king of England in 902 and spent his reign warring against the Danes, from whom he regained most of central England and in 924 his overlordship of Britain was recognised by the king of the Scots by the English of Bernicia and by the Britons of Strathclyde. He died in 924. Research Edward The Elder
Edward the martyr was son of Edgar and succeeded him as King of England. He was born about 960 and died in 978. He became king in 975 and reigned until his murder in 979. His reign was chiefly distinguished by ecclesiastical disputes. He was treacherously slain in 979 by a servant of his stepmother, at her residence, Corfe Castle. The pity caused by his innocence and misfortune induced the people to regard him as a martyr. Research Edward the Martyr
Philip Edward Thomas was a British poet and nature writer. He was born in 1878 at London and died in 1917 during the Great War. Educated at St Paul's School, and at Lincoln College, 0xford, in 1897 first book appeared. The Woodland Life, and he engaged in journalism and 1iterary work of varied nature. His volumes of essays include Horae Solitariae written in 1902; Rest and Unrest, written in 1910; and Light and Twilight written in 1911. Among his biographies are those of Richard Jefferies published in 1909; Swinburne published in1912; and Walter Pater published in 1913. He edited various works of natural history. His most distinctive work. however, is in verse, to which he turned only in his later years. Influenced by the American poet, Robert Frost, he produced two remarkable volumes of verse, Poems in 1917; and Last Poems published after his death in 1918; a collected edition of his poems was published in 1920. Research Edward Thomas
Edward Thring was an English school teacher. He was born in 1821 and died in 1887. The son of the rector of Alford, Somerset, he was educated at Eton and King's College, Cambridge of which he became a fellow. In 1846 he was ordained and spent some time as a curate at Gloucester and other places before in 1853 being chosen as headmaster of Uppingham, where he remained until his death. Under Edward Thring, Uppingham became one of the great English public schools, increasing its admission from 25 buys to 300. Edward Thring widened the school's interests and placed great emphasis upon moral values. Research Edward Thring
Edward Thurlow (first Baron Thurlow Lord Thurlow) was lordchancellor of England. He was born in 1731 at Bracon Ash, Norfolk and died in 1806. Educated at Cambridge, in 1754 he was called to the bar, and made some reputation for himself by conducting famous cases, such as that deciding the succession to the Douglas estates. In 1761 he attained the rank of king's counsel, and soon had one of the best practices at the bar. In 1768 he was returned to parliament for Tamworth, was made solicitor-general in 1770, attorney-general in 1771, and lord-chancellor in 1778, being raised to the peerage as BaronThurlow. He was compelled to resign office on the dissolution of the ministry in 1783, but he was still considered tlie confidential adviser of tlie king, and on the dissolution of the coalition ministry at the close of the year the great seal was restored to him by Pitt. He continued to hold office when in 1788 the king's illness rendered it necessary to consider the contingency of a regency. Pitt suspected Thurlow of intriguing with the Prince of Wales, and from this time an open disagreement took place between them. Pitt demanded his dismissal, to which the king at once agreed, and he was deprived of the great seal June 1792. After this he possessed little political influence. Research Edward Thurlow
Edward Tiffin was an American politician. He was born in 1766 at England and died in 1829. He went to America from England in 1784. He was Governor of Ohio from 1803 to 1807, and represented Ohio in the US Senate as a Democrat from 1807 to 1809. Research Edward Tiffin
Edward John Trelawny was an English adventurer and mercenary. He was born in 1792 at Cornwall and died in 1881. After joining the navy he deserted after a short time and travelled the world, meeting Shelley and Lord Byron in Italy in 1822, and becoming close friends with them. After Shelley's death he went to Greece with Lord Byron, whom he left there in order to join a group of insurgents fighting for Greek independence. Research Edward Trelawny
Edward V was a King of England. He was born in 1470 and died in 1483. Edward V was the eldest son of Edward IV and reigned from April to June 1483, but was a minor, and his uncle Richard, Duke of Gloucester, was made Protector. Richard had been loyal throughout to his brother Edward IV including the events of 1470 to 1471, Edward's exile and their brother's rebellion (George Clarence, the Duke of Clarence, who was executed in 1478 by drowning, supposedly in a barrel of Malmseywine). However, he was suspicious of the Woodville faction, possibly believing they were the cause of George Clarence's death. In response to an attempt by ElizabethWoodville to take power, Richard and Edward V entered London in May, with Edward's coronation fixed for 22 June. However, in mid-June Richard assumed the throne as Richard III. Edward V and his younger brother Richard were declared illegitimate, taken to the Royal apartments at the Tower of London which was then a Royal residence, and never seen again. Research Edward V
Edward Vernon was an English admiral. He was born in 1684 and died in 1757. He obtained command of the expedition against Spanish South American possessions and took Porto Bello with a squadron of six ships. In 1740 he attacked Cartagena without success and in 1746 he was dismissed from service. Research Edward Vernon
Edward VI was king of England from 1547 to 1553. He was born in 1537 at Hampton Court and died in 1553. He was the son of Henry VIII by Jane Seymour. Being only nine at his accession a council of regency was formed under his uncle the Earl of Hertford. Edward VI was intellectually precocious (fluent in Greek and Latin, he kept a full journal of his reign) but not physically robust. His short reign was dominated by nobles using the Regency to strengthen their own positions. The King's Council, previously dominated by Henry, succumbed to existing factionalism. On Henry's death, Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford and soon to be Duke of Somerset, the new King's eldest uncle, became Protector. Edward Seymour was an able soldier; he led a punitive expedition against the Scots, for their failure to fulfil their promise to betroth Mary, Queen of Scots to Edward, which led to Edward Seymour's victory at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh in 1547 - although he failed to follow this up with satisfactory peace terms.
During Edward VI's reign, the Church of England became more explicitly Protestant - Edward VI himself was fiercely Protestant. The Book of Common Prayer was introduced in 1549, aspects of Roman Catholic practices (including statues and stained glass) were eradicated and the marriage of clergy allowed. The imposition of the Prayer Book (which replaced Latin services with English) led to rebellions in Cornwall and Devon.
Despite his military ability, Edward Seymour was too liberal to deal effectively with Kett's rebellion against land enclosures in Norfolk. Edward Seymour was left isolated in the Council and the Duke of Northumberland subsequently overthrew him in 1551. Edward Seymour was executed in 1552, an event which was briefly mentioned by Edward VI in his diary: 'Today, the Duke of Somerset had his head cut off on Tower Hill.'
Northumberland took greater trouble to charm and influence Edward VI; his powerful position as Lord President of the Council was based on his personal ascendancy over the King. However, the young King was ailing. Northumberland hurriedly married his son Lord Guilford Dudley to Lady Jane Grey, one of Henry VIII's great-nieces and a claimant to the throne. Edward VI accepted Lady Jane Grey as his heir and, on his death from tuberculosis in 1553, Lady Jane Grey assumed the throne. Research Edward VI
Edward VII was King of England from 1901 to 1910. He was brought up strictly under a very rigorous educational regime by his parents, who had unrealistic expectations of his abilities. During his mother's reign, he undertook public duties (including working on Royal Commissions in the field of social issues), but he was excluded by his mother from acting as her deputy until 1898. He was 59 when he became king, having been heir apparent for longer than anyone else in British history. Criticised for his social life, Edward' s main interests lay in foreign affairs, and military and naval matters. Fluent in French and German, Edward made a number of visits abroad (in 1904, he visited France - a visit which helped to create the atmosphere which made the subsequent Anglo-French entente cordiale possible); he was related to nearly every Continentalsovereign and came to be known as the 'Uncle of Europe'.
Edward also played an active role in encouraging military and naval reforms, pressing for the reform of the Army Medical Service and the modernisation of the Home Fleet. In the last year of his life he was involved in the constitutional crisis brought about by the refusal of the Conservative majority in the Lords to pass the Liberal budget of 1909. The King died before the situation could be resolved by the Liberal victory in the election in 1910. Research Edward VII
Edward VIII was a King of England. He was born Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David in 1894 at Richmond and died in 1972. He was Prince of Wales from 1910 until he became king in 1936, when he abdicated in the same year to marry Mrs Wallis Simpson, and was then given the titleDuke of Windsor. As the Prince of Wales, Edward VIII had successfully carried out a number of regional visits (including areas hit by economic depression) and other official engagements. These visits and his official tours overseas, together with his good war record and genuine care for the underprivileged, had made him popular. The first monarch to be a qualified pilot, Edward created The King's Flight (now known as 32 (The Royal) Squadron) in 1936 to provide air transport for the Royal family's official duties.
During the Second World War, Edward, then the Duke of Windsor escaped from Paris, where he was living at the time of the fall of France, to Lisbon in 1940. The Duke of Windsor was then appointed Governor of the Bahamas, a position he held until 1945. He lived abroad until the end
of his life dying in 1972 in Paris (though he is buried at Windsor). Edward was never crowned; his reign lasted 325 days. His brother Albert became King, using his last name George. Research Edward VIII
Edward Vogel von Falckenstein was a Prussian soldier. He was born in 1797 and died in 1885. In 1813 he entered the Prussian army, distinguishing himself at the battles of Katzbach and Montmirail, In 1848 he served in the Holsteincampaign, and he acted as colonel and chief of staff in the war with Denmark in 1864. In the war of 1866 he commanded the Seventh Army Corps. On the outbreak of the Franco-German war in 1870 he was appointed military governor of the maritime provinces. Research Edward von Falckenstein
Edward Gibbon Wakefield was a British colonial statesman. He was born in 1796 and died in 1862. He was imprisoned for abducting an heiress from 1826 to 1829 and emigrated to Australia in 1831 where he developed a plan of systematic colonization. In 1853 he settled in New Zealand. Research Edward Wakefield
Edward Matthew Ward was an English painter. He was born in 1816 at London and died in 1879. He studied at the Royal Academy and at Rome and Munich where he studied fresco painting under Cornelius. He took part in the competition, opened in 1843, for decorating the Houses of Parliament, his designs being illustrative of events in the history of Boadicea. Eight of his designs were finally accepted, and executed by him in the corridor of the House of Commons in 1853. He was elected ARA in 1847, and RA in 1855. For his subjects he generally chose interesting historical episodes and popular characters; and many of his paintings have been reproduced by engravers. Research Edward Ward
Sir Edward William Watkin was an English railway manager. He was born in 1819 and died in 1901. As chairman of the Manchester and Sheffield, of the South Eastern and of the Metropolitan railways he strove to organize a continuous service from the South Coast (Dover) to the north of England. He also campaigned for a railway tunnel between Dover and Calais. Research Edward Watkin
Edward Whalley was an English parliamentarian. He was born in 1620 and died in 1676. He joined the Parliamentary party in 1642. He led the horse at Bristol, Banbury, Worcester and elsewhere, and was entrusted with the custody of the king at HamptonCourt. He sat in the high court of justice that condemned King Charles I and signed the death warrant. He was a member of Oliver Cromwell's second and third Parliaments and the House of Lords. He fled to America with Goffe in 1660. Research Edward Whalley
Edward Whymper was an English traveller and artist. He was born in 1840 at London and died in 1911. The son of a wood-engraver and water-colour painter he was trained in his father's profession, and at an early age directed his energy to travel, especially in mountainous regions. On July the 14th 1865, he was one of the first party to reach the summit of the Matterhorn or Mount Cervin, when several lives were lost. In 1879-1880 he visited Ecuador and ascended Ohimborano, Gotopaxi, Antisana, etc, all but Cotopaxi for the first time. In 1901-1905 he mountaineered in Canada. He was awarded the Patron's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society. His published works include: Scrambles amongst the Alps (1871), Travels amongst the Great Andes of the Equator (1892), Chamonix and Mont Blanc (1896), and Zermatt and the Matterhorn (1897). Research Edward Whymper
Edward Winslow was one of the leaders of the Pilgrim Fathers. He was born in 1595 and died in 1655. He joined Robinson's congregation at Leyden in 1617, and was one of the prominent members of the 'Mayflower' band. He was the diplomatist and commercial head of the colony. The first year he negotiated a lasting treaty with Massasoit, whose life he saved two years later. He conducted an exploring expedition into the interior, and visited England several times in the interests of the settlement. Edward Winslow was often chosen assistant, and was three times Governor. In 1633 he dispatched a vessel up the Connecticut whose crew built a house on the site of Hartford, in rivalry with the Dutch claims. He represented his colony in the New England Confederation, and by Oliver Cromwell was appointed head commissioner of an expedition against the Spanish West Indies, which was, however, unsuccessful; Edward Winslow died during its course. Research Edward Winslow
Edward Frederick Lindley Wood was first earl of Halifax (second creation, the earlier fist earl of Halifax having been Charles Montague, an ancestor of Edward Wood) and Viscount Halifax of India was an English Conservative politician. He was born in 1881 at Powderham, Castle, Devon and died in 1959. From 1926 to 1931 he was Viceroy of India and from 1938 to 1940 was foreign secretary in Neville Chamberlain's government, implementing the policy of appeasement towards Hitler. From 1941 to 1946 he was ambassador to the USA, being created an earl in 1944. Research Edward Wood
Edward Young was an English poet. He was born in 1681 and died in 765. The son of a dean of Salisbury, he was educated at Winchester and at Oxford, and obtained in 1708 a law fellowship at All Souls. Patronized and pensioned by the profligate Duke of Wharton, he wrote some poems and a couple of plays, one of which, The Revenge, was performed for a long time. His first great literary success was his production of a series of satires, issued collectively in 1728 as The Love of Fame, the Universal Passion. When nearly fifty he took orders, and in 1730 was made a royal chaplain and rector of Welwyn, Hertfordshire. Between 1742 and 1744 appeared the work by which chiefly he is remembered, the gloomy but striking Night Thoughts. Research Edward Young
Edwards Pierrepont was an American politician. He was born in 1817 and died in 1892. He was a member of the Union Defence Committee in New York. In 1864 he was active in organizing the War Democrats. He was appointed prosecutor of John H Surratt, one of the conspirators against President Abraham Lincoln. He was active in destroying the Tweed ring. He was Attorney-General in Grant's Cabinet from 1875 to 1876, and Minister to England from 1876 to 1878. Research Edwards Pierrepont
Edwin Austin Abbey was an American painter and illustrator. He was born in 1852 at Philadelphia and died in 1911. He was the staff illustrator from 1871 at Harper's Weekly and in 1878 moved to London. He illustrated ' Selections from the Poetry of Robert Herrick', 'Old Songs', 'comedies of Shakespeare'. Between 1890 and 1902 he executed panels, illustrating the Quest of the Holy Grail, for Boston Public Library. In 1902 he painted a coronation portrait for Edward VII and in 1911 executed a group of murals at Pennsylvania State Capitol. Research Edwin Abbey
Edwin A Abbott was a British scholar and schoolmaster. He was born in 1838. Educated at the City of London School and St John's College, Cambridge, Edwin Abbott was senior classic in 1861 and afterwards fellow of his college. Having been ordained, he became a schoolmaster, and during 1865 to 1889 was headmaster of his old school. He wrote sermons, works on divinity. text-books for schools, and a Shakespearean Grammar, probably his most popular work. He was of the British made a fellow Academy, 1913. Research Edwin Abbott
Sir Edwin Arnold was a British scholar and poet. He was born in 1832 and died in 1904. After studying at Oxford he became a schoolmaster and principle at a college in Poona before in 1861 joining the 'Daily Telegraph' newspaper. His best known poem is his 1879 'Light of Asia' which is a rendering on the life and teaching of the Buddha. Research Edwin Arnold
Edwin Croswell was an American journalist. He was born in 1797 and died in 1871. From 1824 to 1854 he was editor of the Albany Argus, which became the official organ of the Democratic party, and by which the Albany Regency advanced its interests. Research Edwin Croswell
Edwin Davis was an American physician. He was born in 1811 and died in 1888. A physician from 1838 until 1850, he made extensive exploration of ancient mounds, the report of which was the first scientific publication of the Smithsonian Institute. Research Edwin Davis
Edwin Denison Morgan was an American politician. He was born in 1811 and died in 1883. He was a member of the New YorkSenate from 1850 to 1863. He was chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1856 to 1864. He was Governor of New York from 1858 to 1863, and commanded the Department of New York during the American Civil War. He was a US Senator from 1863 to 1869. Research Edwin Denison Morgan
Edwin Dunkin was an English astronomer. He was born in 1821 and died in 1898. He was educated at private schools, and in 1838 joined the staff of the Royal Observatory at Greenwich. He became chief assistant in 1881, but resigned the post three years later. During his period of service he represented the astronomer-royal in many important expeditions, being sent to Christiania in 1851 to observe the total eclipse of that year, and having charge of the pendulum experiments undertaken in 1854 near South Shields to determine the mean density of the earth. He was president of the Royal Astronomical Society from 1884 to 1886. Among his published works are: On the Movement of the Solar System in Space determined from the Proper Motions of 1167 Stars (1863); On the Probable Error of Transit Observations (1860-64); The Midnight Sky: Familiar Notes on the Stars and Planets (1869); Obituary Notices of Astronomers (1879); and many papers in scientific journals. Research Edwin Dunkin
Edwin Bissell Holt was an American psychologist and philosopher. He was born in 1873 at Winchester, Massachusetts and died in 1946. A student of Harvard University, after receiving his degree in 1901 Holt stayed at Harvard to teach until 1918 when he retired to concentrate on writing. In 1926, however, he went to Princeton University to teach. Research Edwin Holt
Sir Edwin Henry Landseer was an English painter. He was born in 1802 at London and died in 1873. He began to draw animals when he was a child; at thirteen he exhibited at the Academy, and the year following became a student. Henceforward he exhibited regularly at the Academy and the British Institution. In 1826 he was elected ARA; in 1830, RA; in 1850 he was knighted, and in 1865 he declined the presidency of the Academy.
He takes the very highest rank among animal painters; and though he has been blamed for introducing too human a sentiment and expression into some of his animals, the humour and pathos of animal nature has had no finer exponent. Among his best-known works are: The Cat's Paw (1824); The Return from Deer-stalking (1827); High Life, and Low Life (1831); A Jack in Office (1833); Highland Drover Departing for the South (1835); BoltonAbbey in the Olden Time (1837);
The Return from Hawking (1837); The Shepherd's Chief Mourner (1837); A Distinguished Member of the Humane Society (1838); There's Life in the Old Dog Yet (1838); Laying Down the Law (1840); Defeat of Comus (1842); Shoeing (1844); The Stag at Bay (1846); A Dialogue at Waterloo (1850); Monarch of the Glen (1851); Titania and Bottom (1851); Swannery invaded by Sea-eagles (1869); the celebrated work of sculpture the Lions at the base of Nelson's Monument, Trafalgar Square, London, etc. Research Edwin Landseer
Edwin Lankester was an English physician and scientist. He was born in 1814 and died in 1874. He graduated at Heidelberg in 1839, and held various offices in the London medical schools and museums. He was for a long time coroner of Middlesex, and contributed largely to magazines and scientific journals. Research Edwin Lankester
Edwin Long was an English artist. He was born in 1839 and died in 1891. He gained a high reputation as a painter of historical scenes from Eastern history. Amongst his more important works we may mention, Babylonian Marriage Market (1875), An Egyptian Feast (1877), Gods and their Makers (1878), Esther and Vashti (1879), Why Tarry the Wheels of his Chariots (1882); Judith, Thisbe, Anno Domini (1884); Callista the Image Maker (1887). Edwin Long also achieved considerable success in portraiture. He was elected a member of the Royal Academy in 1882. Research Edwin Long
Edwin Norris was an English linguist, and one of the founders of Assyriology. He was born in 1795 and died in 1872. For more than twenty-five years he was secretary to the Asiatic Society, and became a great authority on cuneiform writing. His great work is his Assyrian Dictionary (1868-72), which marks an epoch in cuneiform studies. The Celtic dialects also received a share of his attention. Research Edwin Norris
Edwin Ray Lankester was an English zoologist. He was born in 1847. The son of Edwin Lankester, he was educated at Oxford, and has held several prominent posts, including professorships at University College, London, and at Oxford, and from 1898 to 1907 he was director of the Natural HistoryMuseum, South Kensington. He has published many scientific memoirs. Research Edwin Ray Lankester
Edwin Sandys was Archbishop of York. He was born in 1516 and died in 1588. He was educated at Cambridge University, where he became master of Catherine Hall, and subsequently vice-chancellor of the university. Being a partisan of Lady Jane Grey he was imprisoned in the Tower; but he was liberated at the end of four months, and crossed to Germany. On the accession of Elizabeth I he returned to England, and was made bishop of Worcester in 1559. In 1570 he was translated to London, and thence to York in 1576. Research Edwin Sandys
Sir Edwin Sandys was a British colonist. He was born in 1561 and died in 1629. A son of Edwin Sandys, he was an active member of the first London Company for Virginia. He was made treasurer of the company in 1619. He established representative government in Virginia, and contributed largely to its prosperity. He aided the Pilgrims in securing a charter. Research Edwin Sandys 2
Edwin McMasters Stanton was an American lawyer and politician. He was born in 1814 and died in 1869. Known as the great War Secretary of the American Civil War, built up a large legal business in Ohio and Pennsylvania before the Rebellion, but held no offices except reporter to the Ohio Supreme Court. President Buchanan called him to his Cabinet as Attorney-General in
1860. In 1862 President Abrajam Lincoln selected him to succeed Cameron as Secretary of War. His conduct of this department was very energetic; he was, however, embroiled at times with politicians and officers; especially notable were his controversies with McClellan and Sherman. Continuing in Johnson's Cabinet, He differed seriously with the President, and was suspended in August, 1867. This action brought to a head the quarrel between Congress and the President. Edwin Stanton was restored in January, 1868, removed in February. The President's impeachment followed. By President Grant Edwin Stanton was nominated as Justice of the Supreme Court, but he died soon afterwards. Research Edwin Stanton
Edwin V Sumner was an American general. He was born in 1797 and died in 1863. He led the cavalry charge at Cerro Gordo in 1847, commanded the reserves at Contreras and Churubusco and led the cavalry at Molino del Rey. He was Governor of New Mexico from 1851 to 1853. He succeeded General Johnston in command of the Pacific Department from 1861 to 1862. He commanded the left wing at the siege of Yorktown, led a corps at Fair Oaks, was twice wounded during the Seven Days' battles, and commanded a corps at Antietam. He led a division at Fredericksburg and retired in 1863. Research Edwin Sumner
Baron Edwin von Manteuffel was a German field-marshal. He was born in 1809 and died in 1885. He entered the army in 1827 and advanced rapidly, becoming lieutenant-general of cavalry 1861. He took part in the Danish war of 1864, and next year was appointed governor of Schleswig. During the war between Prussia and Austria he commanded the army of the Main and fought at Hemstadt, Vettingen, Rossbrunn, and Wurzburg. He played a distinguished part in the Franco-German war, especially in several actions around Metz, at Amiens, and in driving Bourbaki's army across the frontier into Switzerland. From June 1871 to July 1873 he commanded the army of occupation in France, and was made field-marshal. In 1879 he was appointed governor-general of Alsace-Lorraine. Research Edwin von Manteuffel
Edwy was a king of England. The son of Edmund the Elder, he succeeded his uncle Edred as King of England in 955 and reigned until 959. Taking part with the secular clergy against the monks, he incurred the confirmed enmity of the latter. The papal party, headed by Dunstan, was strong enough to excite a rebellion, by which Edwy was driven from the throne to make way for his brother Edgar. He died in 959, probably not more than eighteen or nineteen years old. Research Edwy
Eugenius III was a pope. He was born at Pisa and was a disciple of St. Bernard of Olairvaux. He was raised to the popedom in 1145, was obliged to quit Rome in 1146 in consequence of the commotions caused by Arnold of Brescia. He returned by the help of King Roger of Sicily in 1150, and died in 1153. Research Eeugenius III
Effendi is a Turkishtitle which signifies lord or master. It is particularly applied to the civil, as aga is to the military officers of the sultan. Thus the sultan's first physician was called Hakim effendi, the priest in the seraglioIman effendi, etc. Research Effendi
The Probert Encyclopaedia was designed, edited and programed by
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Research E E Ellsworth
