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Egbert was king of the West Saxons in 802 and later the sole monarch of England and Bretwalda. He died in 839. The son of Ealhmund, a king of Kent, he was driven into exile to the court of Charlemagne and returned to England as king of the West Saxons in 802. he then subdued West Wales or Cornwall, defeated the king of Mercia at Ellandune, annexed Kent, and in 829 became overlord of all the English kings. He was defeated by Scandinavian pirates in 836, but in 838 routed a formidable army of Northmen and west Welsh at Hingston Down, in Cornwall.
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Egfrid was king of the East Angles in 632.
Egfrid was king of Mercia in 794.
Egfrid was king of Northumberland around 673.
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An Egyptian is an inhabitant of Egypt.
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Eijiro Wakabayashi is a Japanese film director.
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El Dorado (man of gold) was identified with the zaque or ruler of the Chibehas, a South American nation overthrown by the Spanish in 1538. Manoa was supposed to be the residence, where he dwelt in a golden palace. The zaque was thought by his captors to be the veritable El Dorado, because on certain feasts he was covered with gold dust. The Spaniards between 1541 and 1545 and Sir Walter Raleigh in 1595, 1596 and 1617, attempted to reach the fabulous city.
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El Grecco (Domenico Theotocopouli) was a Spanish painter. He was born in 1541 and died in 1614.
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Elbert Lee Trinkle was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Virginia from 1922 until 1926.
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Elbert N Carvel was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Delaware from 1949 until 1953.
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Eleanor of Aquitaine was the wife of Louis VII and then, following her divorce, wife of Henry II. She was born in 1122 and died in 1204. Through her marriage to Henry II, England acquired Aquitaine which remained in England's possession for 300 years. When Henry II deserted her, she encouraged her sons in their revolt against Henry II in France in 1173. She went on to exert great influence during the reign of Richard I.
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Eleanor of Castile was the wife of Edward I whom she married in 1254, thereby giving Edward I control of Ponthieu, Montreuil and Gascony.
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Eleanor Anne Ormerod was an English entomologist and the author of 'Textbook of Agricultural Entomology' published in 1892. She was born in 1828 and died in 1901. She was a consultant to the Royal Agricultural Society from 1882 until 1892.
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Eleazar W Ripley was an American soldier. He was born in 1782 and died in 1839. He was a member of the Massachusetts Legislature from 1810 to 1812. He served in the attack on York (now Toronto), Canada, and commanded a brigade under General Brown on the Niagara frontier, fighting at Chippewa and Niagara. He was prominent in defence of Fort Erie. He represented Louisiana in the US Congress as a Jackson Democrat from 1835 to 1839.
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Eli C D Shortridge was an American politician. He was an Independent governor of New Dakota from 1893 until 1895.
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Eli Whitney was an American inventor. He was born in 1765 at Connecticut and died in 1825. He was the inventor of the cotton-gin, which so facilitated the preparation of cotton that it increased its exportation from 189,500 pounds in 1791 to 41,000,000 pounds in 1803. In 1798 he established an arms-factory near New Haven, Connecticut, which was the first one in America. He supplied the Government with arms of a superior quality.
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Elias Ashmole was an English antiquary. He was born in 1617 and died in 1692. He became a chancery solicitor in London, but afterwards studied at Oxford, taking up mathematics, physics, chemistry, and particularly astrology. He published Theatrum Chymicum in 1652. On the Restoration he received the post of Windsor herald, and other appointments both honourable and lucrative. In 1672 appeared his History of the Order of the Garter. He presented to the University of Oxford his collection of rarities, to which he afterwards added his books and manuscripts, thereby commencing the Ashmolean Museum.
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Elias Carr was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of North Carolina from 1893 until 1897.
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Elias Hicks was an American clergyman. He was born in 1748 and died in 1830. A celebrated preacher of the Society of Friends, he denied the divinity of Christ and a vicarious atonement, thereby causing a division of the Society into Orthodox and Hicksite Quakers.
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Elias Howe was an American engineer. He was born in 1819 at Massachusetts and died in 1867. He was the inventor of the first successful sewing-machine, in 1846. He served in a Connecticut regiment during the American Civil War, and aided the American Government by large loans.
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Elias M Ammons was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Colorado from 1913 until 1915.
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Elias Nelson Conway was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Arkansas from 1852 until 1860.
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Elias P Seeley was an American politician. He was a Whig governor of New Jersey during 1833.
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Elihu Burritt was an American writer and anti-slavery campaigner. He was born in 1810 and died in 1879. In 1842 he established the 'Christian Citizen' in the interests of international peace and the abolition of slavery.
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Elihu E Jackson was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Maryland from 1888 until 1892.
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Elihu Benjamin Washburne was an American jurist. He was born in 1816 and died in 1887. He was a lawyer in Illinois, Whig Congressman, and afterward Republican Congressman from 1853 to 1869. He was chairman of the Committee of Commerce and of the Impeachment
Committee of 1868. His long service and care of public expenditures earned for him the epithets of 'father of the house' and 'watch-dog of the Treasury'. President Grant appointed him Secretary of State, but he held office for a few days only. From 1869 until 1877 he was US Minister to France. He stayed in Paris through the siege of 1870-1871 and the days of the Commune, and was by the Germans intrusted with the charge of German interests also. His memoirs were published under the title 'Recollections of a Minister to France'.
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Elijah P Lovejoy was an American newspaper man and abolitionist. He was born in 1802 and died in 1837. He established the St Louis Observer in 1833, in which he ardently attacked slavery. He was compelled by violent pro-slavery sentiment to remove his paper to Alton, Illinois in 1836, where his establishment was three times sacked by a mob. At a fourth attack one of the mob was killed and Elijah Lovejoy was shot and killed by the remained of the mob.
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Eliphalet Nott was an American educator. He ws born in 1773 and died in 1866. He was president of Union College, New York, from 1804 to 1866 and one of the most distinguished of American educators. His address on the death of Alexander Hamilton became famous.
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Elisabeth von Arnim (Bettina von Arnim) was a German writer. She was born in 1785 at Frankfort-on-Main and died in 1859. She is famous for her violent love towards the much older Johann Goethe, which he did not reciprocate, and her rudeness to Johann Goethe's wife which resulted in him breaking off his friendship with Elisabeth von Arnim in 1811.
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Elisha Baxter was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Arkansas from 1873 until 1874.
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Elisha Dyer was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Rhode Island from 1897 until 1900.
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Elisha Harris was an American politician. He was a Whig governor of Rhode Island from 1847 until 1849.
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Elisha Kane was an American explorer. He was born in 1820 and died in 1857. He served in the navy as a surgeon from 1843 to 1850. He accompanied E J DeHaven in 1850 on his Arctic expedition. In 1853 to 1855 he commanded the ship the Advance in an Arctic exploring expedition. He reached latitude 80 degrees 35 minutes and made valuable and accurate scientific observations, which he published in his reports.
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Elisha Lawrence was an American politician. He was a Federalist governor of New Jersey during 1790.
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Elisha M Pease was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Texas from 1867 until 1869.
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Elisha Graves Otis was an American engineer. He invented the safety elevator in 1853 at Yonkers, New York, shortly before his death in 1861.
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Elisha P Ferry was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Washington from 1889 until 1893.
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Eliza Lynn Linton was an English novelist. She was born in 1822 at Keswick and died in 1898. Her early novels were severely criticised, but later novels proved very popular as did her column in the 'Saturday Review' entitled 'The Girl of the Period'.
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Elizabeth Garrett Anderson was the first British female doctor and the first English female mayor. She was born in 1836 at London and died in 1917. She started to study medicine in 1860 but was unable to gain admittance to any of the British medical schools. In 1865 the Society of Apothecaries gave her the degree of LSA and in 1866 she opened a dispensary in London which developed into the New Hospital for Women in Euston Road, of which she was senior physician for twenty-four years. Graduating as a medical doctor at Paris in 1870, she was for twenty-three years a lecturer and for ten years dean of the London School of Medicine for Women. She was also a member of the first London School Board, and in 1892 obtained what is considered her greatest achievement, the admittance of women to the British Medical Association (BMA). In 1898 she became mayor of Aldeburgh, Suffolk, the first woman to hold the post of mayor in England.
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Elizabeth Barton, known as the Holy Maid of Kent, was an ordinary English country girl, hanged for treason. A Roman Catholic - like every Christian of the time, she suffered from epileptic fits and was persuaded by certain priests that she was a prophetess inspired by God. Among other things she prophesied that Henry VIII, if he persisted in his purpose of divorce and second marriage, would not be king for seven months longer, and would die a shameful death, and be succeeded by Catherine's daughter. As a result she was arrested, probably tortured until she confessed to being a fraud, and alon with six others was executed on May the 5th, 1534.
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Elizabeth Blackwell was the first Anglo-American woman doctor. She was born in 1821 at Bristol in England and died in 1910. Taken to America as a child, she graduated from the College of Geneva in New York in 1849 and in 1851 settled in New York practising as a doctor until 1868 when she left America for London.
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Elizabeth Canning was an English malefactor. She was born in 1734 at London and died in 1773. She was a domestic servant in Aldermanbury, London in 1753 when she disappeared on January the 1st. After she had been publicly advertised for, she reappeared at her mother's house on January 29th in a distressed state. She claimed that she had been attacked by two men in Moorfields, robbed, stunned and finally dragged to a house on the Hertfordshire road where an old woman had kept her in close confinement because she refused to lead an immoral life. She subsequently identified an old gypsy woman, Mary Squires, as the woman and a house kept by a Mrs Wells as the place of her confinement. Mary Squires was tried, and despite an alibi was convicted and sentenced to death. Wells was convicted and sentenced to be burnt in the hand. Subsequently, the lord mayor, Sir Crisp Gascoyne, being dissatisfied with the case procured the pardon of Mary Squires, and the case of Canning v Squires divided all London. Elizabeth Canning was tried for wilful perjury, and on May the 30th 1754 was sentenced to transportation for seven years. She was sent to New England, married and became a school-mistress, but never revealed what really happened during January 1753.
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Elizabeth Carter was an English poet and Greek scholar. She was born in 1717 and died in 1806. She became a linguist, studying Portuguese and Arabic.
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Elizabeth Fry (born Elizabeth Gurney) was a British prison reformer. She was born in 1780 and died in 1845. In 1811 she was ordained as a Quaker preacher and in 1813 visited Newgate prison, where, so horrified by the conditions she saw she started to campaign for prison reform. In 1817 she formed an association for female prisoners and subsequently visited gaols in northern England and Scotland with he brother Joseph, publishing her findings in an influential report in 1819. She then went on to campaign across Europe for better conditions for prisoners and those in mental institutions.
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Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell was an English novelist. She was born in 1810 at Chelsea and died in 1865. She achieved fame with her novel 'Mary Barton', written in 1848, which described factory life.
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Elizabeth I was queen of England from 1558 to 1603. She was born in 1533 and died in 1603.
Elizabeth I was the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. She returned England to Protestantism while still managing to secure order. She refused to marry or name her successor as marriage could have created foreign alliance difficulties or encouraged factionalism at home. Her rightful heir was her cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots, who, threatened by rebellion in Scotland, fled to England. Imprisoned by Elizabeth I in 1567, Mary plotted with English Roman Catholics and with Spain, France and the Pope. The threat to the English throne which this posed resulted in Mary's execution in 1587 and led to outright war with Spain. In 1588 Philip of Spain's invasion fleet, the ' Armada', was defeated. There were two further Armadas in the 1590s, and an Irish revolt in 1595, assisted by Spain, which was eventually put down in 1601. The financial strains caused by the war against Spain (made worse by poor harvests) meant that Elizabeth did not try to put the Crown on a permanently solvent basis. In addition to sharp debates over revenue-raising measures such as monopolies, Parliament continued its pressure on the Queen to deal with the question of the succession. However, Elizabeth died in 1603 still refusing to name her successor.
To Queen Elizabeth I may be traced the origins of the English colonisation of North America .In 1578 she granted to Sir Humphrey Gilbert letters patent to conquer and possess any heathen lands not already in the hands of Christians. Humphrey Gilbert's expedition failed, but in 1584 Elizabeth granted a similar charter to Walter Raleigh. In 1585, with the Queen's assistance, Walter Raleigh sent seven vessels and 100 colonists to settle in Virginia, which had been taken in the Queen's name under the charter of 1584 and named by Elizabeth. In 1603 Gosnold named one of the Elizabeth Islands for her.
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Elizabeth Lowys was an English woman executed for being a witch. Elizabeth Lowys was the first person to be prosecuted under the 1563 statute which made being a witch a criminal offence in England. Although clearly not guilty of any crime, Elizabeth Lowys was prosecuted on the basis of being a convenient scapegoat for unexplained illnesses and accidents in the area where she lived, and was dully executed.
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Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward was an American novelist. She was born in 1844 and died in 1911.
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Elizabeth II is the queen of England. She ascended the throne in 1952. Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor was born in 1926. She became heir at the age of ten and was married in 1947.
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Elizur Wright was an American abolitionist. He was born in 1804 and died in 1885. He became secretary of the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1833. He was an editor of numerous anti-slavery publications including the 'Emancipator', 'Human Rights', 'The Massachusetts Abolitionist', the 'Chronotype' and the 'Commonwealth'. He was prominent in insurance improvements, and was Insurance Commissioner of Massachusetts from 1858 to 1866. He aided in organizing the National Liberal League and was its president for three years.
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Ella was king of Deira in 560 and afterwards sole king of Northumbria.
Ella was the founder of the kingdom of Sussex. He led the Saxon invasion of Sussex from 477 to 491, repelling the Britons, and capturing the Roman city of Anderida.
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Elliott Coues was an American ornithologist and naturalist. He was born in 1842 at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and died in 1899. After studying at Columbian College, he served as a surgeon in the US Army for 17 years. His most notable work, however, was in natural history. Coues introduced into zoology the key system used in botanical manuals, issuing in 1872 his famous 'Key to North American Birds', with short descriptions that enabled observers to identify birds accurately and quickly. From 1873 to 1880 he took part in government surveys of new territories; he drew on his experiences to edit many accounts of the earlier explorations in America, notably the Lewis and Clark expedition. While teaching anatomy at Columbian College between 1877 and 1886, Coues became one of the founders of the American Ornithologists' Union in 1883. He helped prepare the first 'Check List of North American Birds', published in 1886 and was a founder of the American Society for Psychical Research.
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Elliott W Major was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Missouri from 1913 until 1917.
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Ellis Arnall was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Georgia from 1943 until 1947.
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Ellskwatawa was a Shawnee Indian prophet. He was born about 1770. The brother of Tecumseh, he ordered the attack at Tippecanoe in 1811.
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Elmer A Benson was an American politician. He was a Farmer-Labor governor of Minnesota from 1937 until 1939.
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Elmer L Andersen was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Minnesota from 1961 until 1963.
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Elmer Rice was an American playwright. He was born in 1892 and died in 1967.
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Elmo Smith was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Oregon from 1956 until 1957.
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Elton John is the stage name of Reginald Kenneth Dwight, an English pop singer, pianist, and composer. His best-known album, Goodbye Yellow Brick Road, published in 1973, includes the hit ' Bennie and the Jets'. Among his many other highly successful songs are 'Rocket Man', 'Crocodile Rock', and ' Daniel' all produced in 1972, ' Candle in the Wind' produced in 1973, ' Pinball Wizard' produced in 1975, 'Blue Eyes' produced in 1982, 'Nikita' produced in 1985, and 'Sacrifice' produced in 1989, the latter from his album Sleeping with the Past. His output is prolific and his hits have continued intermittently into the 1990s.
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Elwald was king of Northumberland in 778.
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Emanuel L Philipp was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Wisconsin from 1915 until 1921.
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Emanuel Swedenborg (born Emanuel Svedberg) was a Swedish religious thinker. He was in 1688 at Stockholm and died in 1772. Educated at Upsala University, afterwards studying at Oxford, Utrecht and Paris in 1716 he was appointed an assessor in the royal college of mines. In 1719 the family was ennobled, assuming the name of Swedenborg. In the Upper House he promoted many reforms, but devoted himself mainly to his official work in mineralogy and engineering. In 1747 he left scientific work, claiming he had been granted insight into the spiritual world by direct revelation, spending the rest of his life in meditation and exposition, living mainly in London and Amsterdam.
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Emanuel W Wilson was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of West Virginia from 1885 until 1890.
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Emeric De Vattel was a Swiss jurist. He was born in 1714 and died in 1767. He entered the state service of Saxony and was appointed minister of the elector at Bern.
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Emerson C Harrington was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Maryland from 1916 until 1920.
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Emery J San Souci was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Rhode Island from 1921 until 1923.
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The emigres were monarchist fugitives from France who fled at the time of the Revolution in 1798, settling in Switzerland, Belgium, Holland, Germany and the USA. Their estates were confiscated though an amnesty was granted in 1800.
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Emil Fischer was a German chemist. He was born in 1852 and died in 1919. He was an authority on organic chemistry and won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1902.
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Emil Hacha was a Czechoslovakian lawyer and politician. He was born in 1872 and died in 1945. Following the annexation of Czechoslovakia in 1938 by Nazi Germany, Emil Hacha became President with the resignation of the current President, and in 1939 signed over the state to Hitler. He became president of the German protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Following the liberation of Czechoslovakia in 1945 he was arrested, and died in prison.
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Emile Augier was a French dramatist. He was born in 1820 and died in 1889. At a young age he went to Paris, entered a lawyer's office, but relinquished law for literature. He was elected an academician in 1857, and in 1868 a commander of the Legion of Honour. His first and one of his best dramas was the comedy La Gigue (1844); among his other works are L'Aventuriere, Gabrielle, Paul Forestier, Le Mariage d'Olympe, Le Gendre de M. Poirier, Les Effrontes, Le Fils de Giboyer, Les Lions et les Renards, Mattre Guerin, Les Fourchambault, etc.
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Emile Coue was a French psychotherapist. He was born in 1857 and died in 1926. A study of hypnotism led him to the belief that auto-suggestion was able to effect cures in all cases and in 1910 he opened a clinic in Nancy to put his theories to the test.
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Emile Gaboriau was a French writer of detective stories. He was born in 1835 at Saujon and died in 1873. Among his stories are 'Monsieur Lecoq', 'The Slaves of Paris', 'Other People's Money', and ' File No. 113'.
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Emile Verhaeren was a Belgian poet and dramatist. He was born in 1855 and died in 1916.
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Emile Zola was a French writer and playwright. He was born in 1840 and died in 1902. He was a major figure in Naturalism. The most well-known of his plays is Therese Raquin. Several of his novels were also adapted for the stage.
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Emiliano Zapata was a Mexican revolutionary. He was born in 1877 and died in 1919. He championed the cause of land reform against the president Porfirio Diaz and succeeding governments. By late 1911 he controlled the state of Morelos, where he chased out the estate owners and divided their land amongst the peasants. In 1919 he was assassinated by Jesus Guajardo acting under orders from General Pablo Gonzalez.
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Emilo Aguinaldo was a Philippine resistance leader. He was born in 1869 and died in 1964. He at first supported the USA in order to rid the Philippines of Spanish rule, and then broke away from the USA desiring full independence. He led the insurrection which in 1898 proclaimed the first Republic of the Philippines, was captured by the Americans and swore an oath of allegiance to them. During the Second World War he was accused of collaborating with the Japanese, but was granted a Presidential amnesty and spent the remainder of his time promoting Philippine nationalism.
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Emily Faithfull was an English philanthropist and women's rights campaigner. She was born in 1835 and died in 1895. She devoted herself to the cause of working women and women's right to employment. In 1860 she founded a printing office in London where women compositors were employed and her enterprise attracted the interest of Queen Victoria who made her Queen's printer in ordinary. In 1863 she founded the Victoria Magazine, to advocate the claims of women to remunerative employment.
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Lady Emma Hamilton (born Amy Lyon) was an English prostitute. She is best known as the mistress of Horatio Nelson. She was born in 1761 at Liverpool and died in 1815. Taken to London by her mother - her father dies before she was born - she was employed as a maid in various households before working as a prostitute in a brothel in Arlington Street. When she was sixteen she became the 'mistress' of Sir Harry Featherstone who installed her in a cottage on his estate at Uppark in Sussex. When Harry Featherstone bored of her, he passed her on to his friend Charles Greville who rented her on condition she took no other clients, and loaned her a house in the Edgware Road in London. Charles Greville, needing to marry an heiress to solve his financial difficulties passed Amy on to his uncle Sir William Hamilton, whom she married five years later in 1791 when he was 60 and she 26. In 1798 she met Horatio Nelson - then married to a devoted wife - and the two became lovers and the two had twin babies, one of which survived and was named Horatia. After Nelson's death she was so devastated that she fell into debt, drank heavily and became depressed. After being imprisoned for debt she left England for Calais to escape her creditors.
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Emmanuel Arago was a French advocate and politician. He was born in 1812 at Paris and died in 1896. The son of Dominique Arago, he was called to the bar 1837 and took part in the revolution of 1848. He renounced politics after the coup d'etat of December 1852, but continued to practise at the bar. After the fall of the empire he again took a prominent part in public affairs, and held several important offices. He was the author of a volume of poems and many theatrical pieces.
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Emmanuel Chabrier was a French composer. He was born in 1841 and died in 1894. He composed Le Roi Malgre Lui, Espana.
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Emmanuel Fremiet was a French sculptor. He was born in 1824 and died in 1910. His works include the statue of Ferdinand de Lesseps at the entrance to the Suez Canal.
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Emmet D Boyle was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Nevada from 1915 until 1923.
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Emmett Forest Branch was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Indiana from 1924 until 1925.
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Emmett O'Neal was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Alabama from 1911 until 1915.
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Emory Upton was an American soldier. He was born in 1839 and died in 1881. He commanded a battery at Yorktown and Games' Mill and an artillery brigade at South Mountain and Antietam. He led a brigade at Fredericksburg, Gettysburg and in the Rapidan campaign. He fought in the Wilderness, led a column at Spottsylvania and fought at Petersburg. He led a division at Opequan in 1864. He wrote a 'System of Infantry Tactics'.
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Emory Washburn was an American politician. He was a Whig governor of Massachusetts from 1854 until 1855.
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Empedocles was a Greek philosopher. He was born in 495 BC at Sicily and died in 435 BC. He advocated the experimental method in science.
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Emperor is a title originally borne by the heads of the Roman State and now borrowed by many other monarchs. The term emperor implies the head or ruler of an empire, and is higher than that of a king. While a king may rule a single country, an emperor rules a larger collection of lands, an empire.
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The term empress is applied to both the wife of an emperor or a woman with the rank of an emperor, and also to a woman exercising absolute power. The title of empress is generally held to be higher than that of the rank of queen, since a queen is simply the ruler or wide of the ruler of a single country, while an empress is the wife or ruler of an empire.
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The name Encyclopaedist was first given to those people who took part or assisted in the compilation of the French Encyclopedie. The term now applies generally to any person involved with the creation of an encyclopaedia.
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Endicott Peabody was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Massachusetts from 1963 until 1965.
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Engelbert Humperdinck was a German composer. He was born in 1854 and died in 1921. He composed Hansel and Gretel.
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Enoch Lincoln was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Maine from 1827 until 1829.
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Enoch Louis Lowe was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Maryland from 1851 until 1854.
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Enos T Throop was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of New York from 1829 until 1832.
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Enrici Cialdini was an Italian general. He was born in 1811 at Modena and died in 1892. As a general of the Sardinian army he went to the Crimea in 1855 and distinguished himself at Tchernaya. He defeated the papal army at Castelfidardo in 1860.
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Enrico Fermi was an Italian physicist. He was born in 1901 at Rome and died in 1954. He worked primarily in nuclear energy.
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Enver Pasha was a Turkish politician. He was born in 1881 and died in 1922 in Bokhara during a campaign against the Soviet. He joined the Young Turk party in the revolution of 1908. As war minister he promoted the alliance between Turkey and Germany during the Great War, fleeing to Russia when Turkey surrendered.
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An envoy is a diplomatic agent ranking next after an ambassador. The term is also applied to a person sent on a mission.
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Enzo Vitale is an Italian journalist and naturalist. He was born in 1960.
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Epaphroditus Ransom was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Michigan from 1848 until 1849.
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The Ephor were five annually elected magistrates of Sparta. Originally they were judges, but they finally controlled the government, controlling foreign affairs and acting as mediators between the king and the people.
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Ephrain Lopes Pereira d'Aguilar (Baron Aguilar) was an infamous miser. He was born in 1740 at Vienna and died in 1802.
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Ephraim F Morgan was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of West Virginia from 1921 until 1925.
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Epictetus was a Greek philosopher. He lived around 100BC. In his youth he was taken as a slave to Rome where he became an adherent to Stoicism. Expelled from Rome by Domitian he spent the rest of his life in Epirus.
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Epicurus was a Greek philosopher. He was born in 341 BC on the island of Samos and died in 270 BC. He opposed the teachings of Plato as mystical, stating that knowledge of the world could only come from the study of the behaviour of matter.
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An equerry was a former officer in the royal household who acted as personal attendant of the King, Queen or other member of the Royal Family, especially when riding in State, and was responsible for the horses.
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The Equites or 'horse-soldiers' were the richest class of citizens in ancient Rome, who by constitution of Servius Tullius had to serve in the cavalry.
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Erastus Fairbanks was an American politician. He was a Whig governor of Vermont from 1852 until 1853.
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Eratosthenes was an ancient Greek geographer and mathematician.
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Ercenbert was king of the Heptarchy in 640.
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Erdulf was king of Northumberland in 794 and again in 808.
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Eric Brook was an English Association Football player for Barnsley, Manchester City and England, for whom he made 18 appearances in full international matches between 1929 and 1937. He was born in 1908 and died in 1965.
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Eric Clapton is a British rock musician.
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Eric Harefoot was king of Denmark in 1135.
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Eric I was king of Denmark in 850.
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Eric II was king of Denmark in 854.
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Eric IV was king of Denmark in 1241.
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Eric Morecambe (John Eric Barthomew) was an English comedian. He was born in 1926 at Morecambe and died in 1984. He changed his name to Eric Morecambe after the town where he was born and raised, and was famous for being part of the Morecambe and Wise comedy double act.
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Eric the Good was king of Denmark in 1095.
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Eric the Lamb was king of Denmark in 1137.
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Eric the Red was a Viking who is reported to have been banished from Iceland and to have gone on a voyage of discovery about 981, in which he landed at a place previously discovered by Gunniborn. On his return three years later he called it Greenland. Thither about 985 he led an expedition and planted a colony. About 986 a vessel on its way to the settlement wandered from its course and landed on a coast nine days' sail south of Greenland, and in 1000 AD, Leif Ericson a son of Eric the Red, made a voyage of discovery to this region and named it Vinland, which is supposed to have been somewhere on the New England coast. Authorities differ as to the authenticity of this account, but the general opinion prevails that some such discoveries were made, though the details are not reliable.
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Eric V was king of Denmark in 1259.
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Eric VI was king of Denmark in 1286.
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Eric VII (Eric XIII of Sweden) was king of Denmark and Sweden in 1397, reigning jointly with Margaret until 1412, and then on his own until 1438 when he was obliged to resign both crowns.
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Eric XIV was a king of Sweden. He was born in 1533 and died in 1577. He was the son of Gustavus I and ascended to the throne in 1560. At the Arboga Riksdag in 1561 he limited the power of the royal dukes, and he was the pioneer of Sweden's Baltic policy, by acquiring Estonia. He aspired in vain to marry Elizabeth I of England, Mary of Scotland, Christina of Hesse and Renee of Lorraine, but married his mistress Katrina Mansdotter, an itinerant cherry-seller. He feared and mistrusted the nobility, and was guided by low-born councillors. His barbarous murder of the three Stures in 1567 revolted the nobility who rose under the royal dukes John and Charles in 1568 and he was deposed. After six years of confinement he was probably poisoned at Orbyhus by his brother and successor John.
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Erich Von Falkenhayn was a Prussian general. He was born in 1861 and died in 1922. After serving in China, he became general and Prussian War Minister. He hastened Germany's declaration of war in 1914 and superseded von Moltke as Chief of Staff. He precipitated the first battle of Ypres, and planned the offensives on Russia and Serbia in 1915.
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Erinna was a Greek poet. She lived around 600 BC.
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Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari was a German-Italian composer. He was born in 1876 in Venice and died in 1948.
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Ernest Alexandre Ansermet was a Swiss conductor and composer. He was born in 1883 at Nevey and died in 1969. A mathematician by trade, he gave up teaching maths in 1910 to devote himself to music, but his mathematical training enabled him to understand even the most complex musical score.
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Ernest Augustus was King of Hanover and Duke of Cumberland. He was born in 1771 and died in 1851. He was the fifth son of George III of England, and commanded the Hanoverian army against the French in 1793 - 1795 and again in 1810 - 1814. He became King of Hanover in 1837.
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Ernest Bevin was a British trade unionist. He was born in 1881 and died in 1951 . He was Minister of Labour in 1940, and foreign secretary from 1945 to 1951.
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Ernest Bloch was a Swiss American composer. He was born in 1880 and died in 1959. He composed Macbeth (opera), Schelomo, Voice in the Wilderness.
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Ernest Dowson was an English poet. He was born in 1867 and died in 1900.
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Ernest F Hollings was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of South Carolina from 1959 until 1963.
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Ernest Giles was an Australian explorer. He was born in 1839 at Bristol and died in 1897. He went to Melbourne at an early age and in 1874 to 1876 crossed from Adelaide to Perth with camels.
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Ernest Hemingway was an American novelist. He was born in 1898 at Oak Park, Illinois and died in 1961. After becoming a newspaper correspondent in Kansas City he served in a volunteer ambulance crew in Italy during the Great War, and was wounded. He then turned to writing books and wrote such titles as the 1940 'For Whom The Bell Tolls'.
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Ernest Lister was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Washington from 1913 until 1919.
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Ernest Rutherford was a British scientist. He was born in 1871 in New Zealand and died in 1937. He won the Nobel prize for chemistry in 1908 for his work with radium.
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Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton was an Antarctic explorer. He was born in 1874 at Kilkee, County Kildare, Ireland and died in 1922 of heart-failure whilst on an expedition to the south-pole. He entered the mercantile marine service in 1890 and became a sub lieutenant in the Royal Naval Reserve in 1901. In 1901 he joined Scott's British National Antarctic (Discovery) Expedition as third lieutenant and with Scott and Edward Wilson took part in the sledge journey over the Ross Ice Shelf. In January 1908 he returned to Antarctica as leader of the British Antarctic (Nimrod) Expedition. In March 1914 he led the British Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition planning to cross Antarctica from a base on the Weddell Sea to McMurdo Sound, via the South Pole, but the expedition ship Endurance was beset off the Caird coast and drifted for ten months before being crushed in the pack ice. The members of the expedition then drifted on ice floes for another five months before finally escaping in boats to Elephant Island in the South Shetland Islands. Shackleton and five others then sailed 1,300 km to South Georgia in an open whale boat, navigating by dead-reckoning, to get help. They made the first crossing of the island, across mountains and glaciers with no proper equipment. Borrowing a boat, he led three unsuccessful relief expeditions before on his fourth attempt succeeding in rescuing his men from Elephant Island, without loss of life - the men surviving on seal meat and penguins, and a teaspoon of water each morning melted from the ice. To this day, this remains one of the greatest stories of endurance ever.
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Ernest Vandiver was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Georgia from 1959 until 1963.
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Ernest W Gibson was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Vermont from 1947 until 1950.
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Ernest W Marland was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Oklahoma from 1935 until 1939.
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Ernest W McFarland was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Arizona from 1955 until 1959.
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Ernie Wise (real name Ernest Wiseman) was an English comedian. He was born in 1925 and died in 1999. He started his comedy career at the age of thirteen, being described as a 'thirteen year old Max Miller' before going on to partner Eric Morecambe.
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Ernst Karl Abbe was a German physicist. He was born in 1840 at Eisenach and died in 1905. He was a professor of physics and mathematics, a director of astronomical and meteorological observatories, and a research director at an optical works. He made a great number of improvements in the design of the microscope, introducing the apochromatic lens system in 1868, his condenser for compound microscopes in 1870, and an oil immersion lens in 1878.
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Ernst Moritz Arndt was a German patriot and poet. He was born in 1769 and died in 1860. He was appointed professor of history at Greifswald in 1806, and stirred up the national feeling against Napoleon in his work Geist der Zeit (Spirit of the Time). In 1812 to 1813 he zealously promoted the war of independence by a number of pamphlets, poems, and spirited songs, among which it is sufficient to refer to his Was ist des Deutschen Vaterland?, Der Gott, der Eisen wachsen liess, and Was blasen die Trompeten? Husaren heraus!, which were caught up and sung from one end of Germany to the other. In 1817 he married a sister of the theologian Schleiermacher, and settled at Bonn in order to undertake the duties of professor of history. He was, however, suspended until 1840 on account of his liberal opinions, when he was restored to his chair on the accession of Frederick William IV.
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Ernst Florent Friedrich Chladni was a German physicist. He was born in 1756 and died in 1827. he investigated the laws of sound and conducted important experiments into the vibration of metallic and glass plates of various forms.
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Ernst Theodor Hoffmann was a German writer and composer. He was born in 1776 and died in 1822.
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Ernst Mach was an Austrian physicist. He was born in 1838 and died in 1916. The Mach number, representing the speed of sound in aeronautics, is named after him.
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Erpwald was king of the East Angles in 624.
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Erskine Nicol was a Scottish genre painter. He was born in 1825 at Leith and died in 1904. He particularly painted Irish life and character, living at Dublin from 1845 to 1849, in 1862 settling in London.
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Erwin Neher is a German cell physiologist. He was born in 1944 at Landsberg in Germany and trained originally as a physicist in Munich and at the University of Wisconsin. While working at the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry in Munich, he took a year-long sabbatical to work with the physiologist Sakmann at Yale University. He shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1991 with Bert Sakmann for his studies on ion channels and beta-endorphin. Neher and Sakmann developed the patch-clamp technique in 1976 to measure the electrical activity of very small portions of cell membranes. This technique revolutionized the study of ion channels.
To perform the technique a glass pipette with a tip diameter of about one micrometer is pressed against a cell and slight suction is then applied to seal the cell membrane against the pipette. The technique allows the flow of ions through a single channel and transitions between different states of a channel to be monitored with a time resolution of microseconds. Using this method, Neher and Sakmann investigated the effect of beta-endorphin on the membrane of cells. Beta-endorphin is a neurohormone secreted by the pituitary gland and an opiate that has been found to play a clinical role in the perception of pain, behavioural patterns, obesity, diabetes, and psychiatric disorders. Neher and Sakmann demonstrated that beta-endorphin acts not only on nerves in the brain to regulate their secretion of neurotransmitters but also, via calcium channels, acts on the walls of arteries in the brain.
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Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel ('The Desert Fox') was a German field marshal. He was born in 1891 and died in 1944. He served in the Great War and the Second World War where he played an important part in the invasions of central Europe and France. He was commander of the North African offensive from 1941 until he was defeated at the Battle of El Alamein and he was expelled from Africa in March 1943. He was commander in chief for a short time against the Allies in Europe 1944 but, as a sympathizer with the unsuccessful Stauffenberg plot to assassinate Hitler, was forced to commit suicide in 1944.
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Esaias Tegner was a Swedish poet. He was born in 1782 at Kyrkerud and died in 1846. In 1802 he became lecturer in philosophy at Lund University. In 1811 he wrote the fervidly patriotic 'Ode Svea' which marked a turning point in Swedish literature. In 1812 he was ordained and in 1824 made bishop of Vexio, a post he held until his death.
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Escwine was king of the West Saxons in 674.
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Esek Hopkins was an American sailor. He was born in 1718 at Rhode Island and died in 1802. He was appointed commander-in-chief of the navy by the Continental Congress in 1775. In 1767, in command of the first colonial fleet, he captured the British ships Hawke and Bolton. He was retired in 1777 for neglect to appear before the Naval Committee on a charge of unnecessary delays. He afterward was prominent in Rhode Island politics.
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Eskimo is a derogatory name for an Inuit Indian.
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Originally an Esquire was a man who served an apprenticeship to knighthood as attendant on a knight, and bore his shield and armour. Today the term is used to describe and ordinary man.
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Essad Pasha was an Albanian leader. He was born in 1863 and died in 1920. He fought for the Turks against the Serbians in 1912 and was made ruler of an independent Albania in 1914.
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The Essenes were a Jewish religious body of monastic habits of life arising in the 2nd century BC. They combined strict Hebraism with asceticism and were thus marked off from the rest of the Jews.
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Essex Junto was the name applied first by John Hancock in 1781 to a group of leaders of Essex County, Massachusetts, and their adherents. They were upholders of the commercial interests of the country, and desired a stronger Federal Government. Upon the development of the Federal party they at once fell in line and were extreme members of that party. President Adams accused them of trying to force a war with France in 1798-99, and thus they acquired a national reputation. During the embargo period the name became a synonym for New England Federalism. Among its number were Fisher Ames, Cabot, the Lowells, Pickering, Theophilus Parsons, Higginson and Benjamin Goodhue.
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The Count d'Estaing was a French naval officer. He was born in 1729 and died in 1794. He commanded the fleet sent in 1778 to aid the colonies against Great Britain, and took Gerard, the first French Envoy to the United States. He planned an attack upon the British fleet in Newport harbour, but the campaign was not successful, and in 1779 with General Lincoln he attempted to take the city of Savannah by assault. He captured a number of British vessels and on his return to France he prevailed upon the Ministry to send 6000 men to America under the Comte de Rochambeau.
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Ethan Allen was an American insurgent. He was born in 1737 and died in 1789. He joined the American colonists army, was made a general and surprised and captured Ticonderoga Port in 1775; attacked Montreal, and was captured and sent to England, being exchanged in 1778. He wrote against Christianity.
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Ethan Allen Brown was an American politician. He was a Democratic-Republican governor of Ohio from 1818 until 1822.
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Ethel Mary Smyth was an English composer and suffragette. She was born in 1858 at London and died in 1944. She studied at Leipzig in 1877 and it was there that her string quartet attracted favourable attentions in 1884. She wrote several operas including 'Fantasio' written in 1898, 'Der Wald' written in 1901 and 'The Wreckers' written in 1906. She was created a DBE in 1922.
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Ethelard was king of the West Saxons in 728.
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Ethelbald was king of Mercia in 716. He was slain by his successor Beornred.
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Ethelbert was king of the East Angles in 790. He was treacherously put to death in Mercia in 792, when Offa, king of Mercia, overran the country, which was finally subdued by Egbert.
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Ethelbert II was a son of Wihtred and king of the Heptarchy in 748.
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Etheldreda was the queen of Egfrid, king of Northumberland. She built a church on Ely island, Cambridgeshire in 673 and founded a religious house which she filled with virgins and became the first abbess herself.
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Ethelfleda was queen of the Mercians. It is unknown when she was born but she died in 918. She was the daughter of King Alfred, and married Athelred, ealdorman of Mercia. As 'Lady of the Mercians', and sole ruler on her husband's death around 912 she took Derby and Leicester and finally made the Danes acknowledge her sway.
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Ethelfrid was king of the Northumbrians. He spent his life in harrying the Britons, whom he overthrew at Daegsastane (now Dawstone) in Liddesdale in 603 and at Chester in 613, but was slain in battle against Raedwald of East Anglia in 617.
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Ethelfrith (the Fierce) was king of Bernicia in 593.
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Ethelred, son of Mollo, was king of Northumberland in 774 and again in 790.
Ethelred was king of the East Angles in 749, ruling jointly with Beorna.
Ethelred was king of the East Angles in 761.
Ethelred was king of Mercia in 675.
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Ethelred I was king of the West Saxons and Kentishmen. He was a son of Athelwulf and elder brother of Alfred the Great. Along with Alfred he saved Mercia from the Danes, whom he later defeated at Reading and at Ashdown in 871, only in turn to be conquered at Merton where he received wounds from which he died in 871.
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Ethelred II (Ethelred the Unready) was a son of Edgar and succeeded Edward the Martyr as King of England from 978 to 1016. Ethelred's reign was plagued by his murdered brother becoming a posthumous rallying point for political unrest; a hostile Church transformed Edward into a royal martyr. Known as the Un-raed or 'Unready' (meaning no counsel, or that he was unwise), Ethelred failed to win or retain the allegiance of many of his subjects.
In 1002, he ordered the massacre of all Danes in England to eliminate potential treachery. Not being an able soldier, Ethelred defended the country against increasingly rapacious Viking raids from the 980s onwards by diplomatic alliance with the duke of Normandy in 991 (he later married the duke's daughter Emma) and by buying off renewed attacks by the Danes with money levied through a tax called the Danegeld. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 1006 was dismissive: 'in spite of it all, the Danish army went about as it pleased'. By 1012, 48,000 pounds of silver was being paid in Danegeld to Danes camped in London.
Eventually, in 1013, Ethelred fled to Normandy when king Sweyn of Denmark dispossessed him. Ethelred returned to rule after Sweyn's death in 1014. Ethelred's son Edmund set himself up as an independent ruler in the Danelaw. After Ethelred's death in 1015, Edmund cleared southern England of Danish marauders in a series of fiercely fought and highly mobile fighting, but he lost the battle of Ashingdon of 1016 (his Mercian allies deserted him) against Sweyn's son Canute, and died in the same year. Before his death, Edmund made an agreement with Canute giving Canute territorial concessions, including Wessex. Edmund was buried at Glastonbury.
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Ethelric was king of Bernicia in 588.
Ethelric was king of the East Angles in 654.
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Ethelwald was king of the East Angles in 655.
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Ethelwulf was king of Wessex and Kent. He was a son of Egbert and was at first successful against the Northmen, but suffered defeat at Charmouth around 842. he avenged that defeat with a naval victory off Sandwich in 851 and in a land fight at Ockley in 852. He eventually resigned to Athelbald the kingship of Wessex, retaining only that of Kent and died in 858.
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Etienne Arago was a French journalist. He was born in 1802 and died in 1892. The brother of Dominique Arago, he founded the journals La Reforme and Le Figaro. He was director of the Theatre du Vaudeville in 1829 and took part in the revolution of 1848. He was condemned to transportation in 1849; fled from France, but returned in 1859. He was mayor of Paris during the German war, and appointed archivist to the Ecole des Beaux Arts in 1878. He was the author of upwards of 100 dramas; La Vie de Moliere; Les Bleus et les Blancs, and other works.
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Etienne Baluze was a French historian and miscellaneous writer. He was born in 1630 and died in 1718. For more than thirty years he was librarian to de Colbert, and was appointed professor of canon law in the royal college, but displeasing Louis XIV with his Histoire Generale de la Maison d'Auvergne, he was thrown into prison and his property confiscated. He recovered his liberty in 1713, but did not regain his position. He left some 1500 manuscripts in the national library of Paris, besides forty-five printed works, including Regum Francorum Capitularia, 2 volumes, and Miscellanea, 7 volumes.
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Etienne Cabet was a French communist. He was born in 1788 at Dijon and died in 1856 at St Louis. He went to Paris, became an advocat, and was for some time editor of the Journal de Jurisprudence. As a result of his ideas a colony was founded at Nauvoo, Illinois of mainly Parisian working-men.
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The Etruscans were a race inhabiting Etruria, in ancient Italy. They were a powerful race, but internal rivalry of their loosely federated cities gave Rome an opportunity of destroying their power, although this took several centuries of spasmodic warfare, finally coming to a conclusion in the 4th century BC.
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Euclid was a Greek mathematician. His book the Elements of Geometry set down how geometry was to be taught for the next 2000 years. He was born in 365 BC and died in 275 BC.
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Eudora Welty is an American novelist. She was born in 1909. She won the Pulitzer Prize in 1972 for her book 'The Optimist's Daughter'.
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Eudoxus was a Greek mathematician and astronomer. He was born at Cnidus, Asia Minor around 400 BC and died in 347 BC. In his early life he attended lectures by Plato and later devised the hypothesis of concentric spheres to explain the stationary points and retrogradations in the motions of the planets. According to Pliny and Strabo it was Eudoxus who first fixed the length of the year at 365.25 days, while Vitruvius ascribes to him the invention of the sundial. He was also a philosopher and was much admired by Cicero. In mathematics Eudoxus' early success was in the removal of many of the limitations imposed by Pythagoras on the theory of proportion. He also established a test for the equality of two ratios. The model of planetary motion was published in a book called On Rates.
Further astronomical observations were included in two other works, The Mirror and Phaenomena. In a series of geographical books with the overall title of A Tour of the Earth, Eudoxus described the political, historical, and religious customs of the countries of the eastern Mediterranean. He devised the first system to account for the motions of celestial bodies, believing them to be carried around the Earth on sets of spheres. Work attributed to Eudoxus includes methods to calculate the area of a circle and to derive the volume of a pyramid or a cone. Eudoxus probably regarded the celestial spheres as a mathematical device for ease of computation rather than as physically real, but the idea was taken up by Aristotle and became entrenched in astronomical thought until the time of Tycho Brahe.
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Eugene Aram was an English linguist. He was born in 1704 at Ramsgill, Yorkshire and died in 1759. In 1745 he abandoned his wife and disappeared along with one Daniel Clarke a shoe-maker who had secured possession of valuable property by fraud. Eugene Aram was presumed dead by all but his embittered wife, who made the claim that Daniel Clarke had been murdered by Aram and one Richard Houseman in order to rob the victim of some silver plate and other valuables. Richard Houseman was arrested and claimed that Eugene Aram had murdered Clarke and hidden his body in a cave at Knaresborough. A search was conducted and a skeleton found, and Aram, then working as an Usher at the grammar school at Lyme Regis was arrested and charged with murder. Aram defended himself skilfully, insisting upon the fallibility of circumstantial evidence but was subsequently convicted and hanged for the murder of Daniel Clarke - confessing to the murder shortly before his execution but claiming that Houseman was the principal murderer.
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Eugene N Foss was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Massachusetts from 1911 until 1914.
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Eugene Schuyler was an American statesman. He was born in 1840 and died in 1890. He was US Consul at Moscow from 1866 to 1869, and at Reval from 1869 to 1870. He was secretary of the US Legation at St Petersburg from 1870 to 1876; was Consul-General at Constantinople from 1876 to 1878; Consul at Birmingham, England, from 1878 to 1879; Charge d'Affaires and Consul-General at Bucharest from 1880 to 1882 and Minister Resident and Consul-General to Greece, Roumania and Serbia from 1882 to 1884. He wrote a work on Turkestan, and 'American Diplomacy and the Furtherance of Commerce'.
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Eugene Talmadge was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Georgia from 1933 until 1937.
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Eugenie was wife of Napoleon III. She was born in 1826 and died in 1920. She was the daughter of the Spanish Count of Montijo and married Louis Napoleon in 1853. After Sedan she fled to England with her husband and settled at Chislehurst, and later at Farnborough where she had built a mausoleum in which she, her husband and her son were buried.
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