|
Egbert was king of the West Saxons in 802 and later the sole monarch of England and Bretwalda. He died in 839. The son of Ealhmund, a king of Kent, he was driven into exile to the court of Charlemagne and returned to England as king of the West Saxons in 802. he then subdued West Wales or Cornwall, defeated the king of Mercia at Ellandune, annexed Kent, and in 829 became overlord of all the English kings. He was defeated by Scandinavian pirates in 836, but in 838 routed a formidable army of Northmen and west Welsh at Hingston Down, in Cornwall.
 Research Egbert
Egfrid was king of the East Angles in 632.
Egfrid was king of Mercia in 794.
Egfrid was king of Northumberland around 673.
Research Egfrid
Egidio Forcellini was an Italian lexicographer. He was born in 1688 and died in 1768. The poverty of his parents deprived him of early advantages, and he was almost grown up when he began to study Latin in the seminary at Padua. Egidio Forcellini made rapid progress in Latin and Greek, and assisted his teacher Facciolati in his new and greatly augmented edition of Calepin's dictionary of seven languages. The two friends then resolved to publish a complete Latin dictionary. The execution of this great work, occupying nearly forty years of his life, devolved entirely upon Egidio Forcellini, though he had the counsel and supervision of his old teacher. It was published in four volumes under the title AEgidii Forcellini totius Latinitatis Lexicon, etc at Padua in 1771.
Research Egidio Forcellini
Egil Skallagrim was an Icelandic bard or poet of the 10th century. He distinguished himself by his warlike exploits in predatory invasions of Scotland and Northumberland. Having fallen into the hands of a hostile Norwegian prince, he procured his freedom by the composition and recitation of a poem called Egil's Ransom, which is still extant.
Research Egil Skallagrim
Eginhard, or Einhard was a friend and biographer of Charles the Great (Charlemagne). He was born about 779 in Maingau (East Franconia) and died in 840. He was educated in the monastery at Fulda. His capacity attracted the attention of Charles, who made him superintendent of public buildings, and of whom he became the constant companion. He also enjoyed the favour of his son Louis the Pious. His later years were passed at Muhlheim-on-the-Main, where he founded a monastery, and died in 840. There is a baseless legend that his wife was a daughter of Charlemagne. His Vita Caroli Magni is a work of great value, and his letters are also important.
Research Eginhard
An Egyptian is an inhabitant of Egypt.
Research Egyptian
Eijiro Wakabayashi is a Japanese film director.
Research Eijiro Wakabayashi
El Dorado (man of gold) was identified with the zaque or ruler of the Chibehas, a South American nation overthrown by the Spanish in 1538. Manoa was supposed to be the residence, where he dwelt in a golden palace. The zaque was thought by his captors to be the veritable El Dorado, because on certain feasts he was covered with gold dust. The Spaniards between 1541 and 1545 and Sir Walter Raleigh in 1595, 1596 and 1617, attempted to reach the fabulous city.
Research El Dorado
El Grecco (Domenico Theotocopouli) was a Spanish painter. He was born in 1541 and died in 1614.
Research El Grecco
 More information about El Grecco
El Hariri, (real name Abu Mohammed El Kasem Ben Ali), was an Arabic scholar and poet, who lived chiefly at Bassorah in the time of the Abbasside caliphs. He was born in 1054 and died in 1121 or 1123. He is best known by his Mekammat, a collection of tales narrated as incidents in the life of the hero Abu Zeid, a clever impostor who adopts every career in life, and succeeds in all to admiration.
Research El Hariri
Elbert Lee Trinkle was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Virginia from 1922 until 1926.
Research Elbert Lee Trinkle
Elbert N Carvel was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Delaware from 1949 until 1953.
Research Elbert N. Carvel
The Elcesaites were a sect of Gnostics which arose in the reign of Trajan about the beginning of the 2nd century. They were a branch of the Essenes and resembled the Ebionites. A Jew, named Elxai, or Elkesai, is their reputed founder.
Research Elcesaites
Elders are people who, on account of their age, experience, and wisdom, are selected for office, as, among the Jews, the seventy men associated with Moses in the government of the people. In the modern Presbyterian churches elders are officers who, with the pastors or ministers, compose the consistories or kirk-sessions, with authority to inspect and regulate matters of religion and discipline in the congregation. As a member of the kirk-session the elder has an equal vote with his minister, and as a member of the higher church courts, when delegated thereto, he has a right to discuss and vote on all matters under discussion in the same manner as the clergy themselves.
Research Elders
Eleanor of Aquitaine was the wife of Louis VII and then, following her divorce, wife of Henry II. She was born in 1122 and died in 1204. Through her marriage to Henry II, England acquired Aquitaine which remained in England's possession for 300 years. When Henry II deserted her, she encouraged her sons in their revolt against Henry II in France in 1173. She went on to exert great influence during the reign of Richard I.
Research Eleanor of Aquitaine
Eleanor of Castile was the wife of Edward I whom she married in 1254, thereby giving Edward I control of Ponthieu, Montreuil and Gascony.
Research Eleanor of Castile
Eleanor Anne Ormerod was an English entomologist and the author of 'Textbook of Agricultural Entomology' published in 1892. She was born in 1828 and died in 1901. She was a consultant to the Royal Agricultural Society from 1882 until 1892.
Research Eleanor Ormerod
Eleazar W Ripley was an American soldier. He was born in 1782 and died in 1839. He was a member of the Massachusetts Legislature from 1810 to 1812. He served in the attack on York (now Toronto), Canada, and commanded a brigade under General Brown on the Niagara frontier, fighting at Chippewa and Niagara. He was prominent in defence of Fort Erie. He represented Louisiana in the US Congress as a Jackson Democrat from 1835 to 1839.
Research Eleazar Ripley
Elector was the title of certain princes of the old German Empire who had the right of electing the emperors. In the reign of Conrad I, king of Germany from 912 to 918, the dukes and counts became gradually independent of the sovereign and assumed the right of choosing future monarchs. In the 13th century the number of these electors was seven - the Archbishops of Mainz, Cologne, and Treves, the King of Bohemia, the Count Palatine, the Duke of Saxony, and the Markgrave of Brandenburg. In 1648 an eighth electorate was created to make room for Bavaria, and Hanover was added as a ninth in 1692. The votes of the Palatinate and of Bavaria were merged in one in 1777. In 1802 the two ecclesiastical electors of Cologne and Treves were set aside, and Baden, Wurtemberg, Hesse - Cassel, and Salzburg declared electorates so that there were ten electors in 1806 when the old German empre was dissolved.
Research Elector
Eli was one of the Hebrew judges, the predecessor of Samuel. He was high-priest and judge for forty years, but was less successful as head of his own household. His two sons having been slain and the ark taken in battle by the Philistines, the news proved so severe a shock that he fell and broke his neck, at the age of ninety-eight. Little is really known of the history of Eli, since he is only shown to us in the weakness of old age, unable to control his sons Hophni and Phinehas, whose wickedness disgusted and alienated the people.
Research Eli
Eli C D Shortridge was an American politician. He was an Independent governor of New Dakota from 1893 until 1895.
Research Eli C. D. Shortridge
Eli Whitney was an American inventor. He was born in 1765 at Connecticut and died in 1825. He was the inventor of the cotton-gin, which so facilitated the preparation of cotton that it increased its exportation from 189,500 pounds in 1791 to 41,000,000 pounds in 1803. In 1798 he established an arms-factory near New Haven, Connecticut, which was the first one in America. He supplied the Government with arms of a superior quality.
Research Eli Whitney
Elias Ashmole was an English antiquary. He was born in 1617 and died in 1692. He became a chancery solicitor in London, but afterwards studied at Oxford, taking up mathematics, physics, chemistry, and particularly astrology. He published Theatrum Chymicum in 1652. On the Restoration he received the post of Windsor herald, and other appointments both honourable and lucrative. In 1672 appeared his History of the Order of the Garter. He presented to the University of Oxford his collection of rarities, to which he afterwards added his books and manuscripts, thereby commencing the Ashmolean Museum.
Research Elias Ashmole
Elias Carr was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of North Carolina from 1893 until 1897.
Research Elias Carr
Elias Magnus Fries was a Swedish botanist. He was born in 1794 and died in 1878. In 1824 he was appointed professor of botany at the University of Lund, and in 1836 was transferred to that of Upsala. His botanical writings are very numerous, and cover the entire field of botany. He devised a natural system of classification, based on morphology and biology, which differs in many respects from those of Jussieu and Decandolle.
Research Elias Fries
Elias Hicks was an American clergyman. He was born in 1748 and died in 1830. A celebrated preacher of the Society of Friends, he denied the divinity of Christ and a vicarious atonement, thereby causing a division of the Society into Orthodox and Hicksite Quakers.
Research Elias Hicks
Elias Howe was an American engineer. He was born in 1819 at Spencer, Massachusetts and died in 1867. He was the inventor of the first successful sewing-machine, in 1846 and was for several years involved in expensive and harassing lawsuits to establish his right to reap the benefits of his own ingenuity. Immense numbers of the Howe sewing-machine were subsequently manufactured and sold in America, Great Britain, and elsewhere at the end of the 19th century and start of the 20th century. He served in a Connecticut regiment during the American Civil War, and aided the American Government by large loans.
Research Elias Howe
Elias M Ammons was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Colorado from 1913 until 1915.
Research Elias M. Ammons
Elias Nelson Conway was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Arkansas from 1852 until 1860.
Research Elias Nelson Conway
Elias P Seeley was an American politician. He was a Whig governor of New Jersey during 1833.
Research Elias P. Seeley
Elie Catharine Freron was a French journalist. He was born in 1719 at Quimper and died 1776. In 1746 he commenced a periodical entitled Lettres de Madame la Comtesse de --; this, with various interruptions and change of name, was continued until his death. He may be called the founder of newspaper criticism in France; and had a life-long conflict with Voltaire and the encyclopedists.
Research Elie Freron
Elihu Burritt (also known as the learned blacksmith) was an American writer and anti-slavery campaigner. He was born in 1810 at New Britain, Connecticut and died in 1879. He was apprenticed to a blacksmith, but, conceiving a strong desire for knowledge, he began to read English literature, and with great diligence and perseverance at length acquired proficiency not only in the ancient, but also most of the modern languages of Europe. He afterwards came into public notice as a lecturer on behalf of temperance, the abolition of slavery and war, etc, and In 1842 he established the 'Christian Citizen' in the interests of international peace and the abolition of slavery. In 1848 the first International Peace Congress was held under his guidance at Brussels. In 1865 he was consular agent at Birmingham. In 1868 he returned to live on his farm in America, and died March 7, 1879. His best-known writings are Sparks from the Anvil; Thoughts and Things at Home and Abroad; Chips from Many Blocks; etc.
Research Elihu Burritt
Elihu E Jackson was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Maryland from 1888 until 1892.
Research Elihu E. Jackson
Elihu Vedder was an American painter. He was born in 1838 at New York and died in 1923. He studied under T. H. Mattison at Sherburne, and Picot in Paris. He went to Italy in 1857, and 10 years later settled in Rome, from whence he moved to Capri. He became a member of the New York Academy in 1865. His ideal subject pictures show imagination and originality, and he executed successful decorative undertakings.
Research Elihu Vedder
Elihu Benjamin Washburne was an American jurist. He was born in 1816 and died in 1887. He was a lawyer in Illinois, Whig Congressman, and afterward Republican Congressman from 1853 to 1869. He was chairman of the Committee of Commerce and of the Impeachment
Committee of 1868. His long service and care of public expenditures earned for him the epithets of 'father of the house' and 'watch-dog of the Treasury'. President Grant appointed him Secretary of State, but he held office for a few days only. From 1869 until 1877 he was US Minister to France. He stayed in Paris through the siege of 1870-1871 and the days of the Commune, and was by the Germans intrusted with the charge of German interests also. His memoirs were published under the title 'Recollections of a Minister to France'.
Research Elihu Washburne
Elijah was the most distinguished of the prophets of Israel. He lived in the 9th century BC, during the reigns of Ahab and Ahaziah, and until the beginning of the reign of Jehoram, his special function being to denounce vengeance on the kings of Israel for their apostasy. He incurred the anger of Jezebel, wife of Ahab, for slaying the prophets of Baal, but escaped to Horeb, afterwards returning to Samaria to denounce Ahab for the murder of Naboth. Elijah at length supposedly ascended to heaven in a chariot of fire, or so claims Elisha, his successor,claiming to have seen the event.
Research Elijah
Elijah P Lovejoy was an American newspaper man and abolitionist. He was born in 1802 and died in 1837. He established the St Louis Observer in 1833, in which he ardently attacked slavery. He was compelled by violent pro-slavery sentiment to remove his paper to Alton, Illinois in 1836, where his establishment was three times sacked by a mob. At a fourth attack one of the mob was killed and Elijah Lovejoy was shot and killed by the remained of the mob.
Research Elijah Lovejoy
Eliphalet Nott was an American educator. He ws born in 1773 and died in 1866. He was president of Union College, New York, from 1804 to 1866 and one of the most distinguished of American educators. His address on the death of Alexander Hamilton became famous.
Research Eliphalet Nott
Elisabeth von Arnim (Bettina von Arnim) was a German writer. She was born in 1785 at Frankfort-on-Main and died in 1859. She is famous for her violent love towards the much older Johann Goethe, which he did not reciprocate, and her rudeness to Johann Goethe's wife which resulted in him breaking off his friendship with Elisabeth von Arnim in 1811.
Research Elisabeth von Arnim
Elisha Baxter was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Arkansas from 1873 until 1874.
Research Elisha Baxter
Elisha Dyer was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Rhode Island from 1897 until 1900.
Research Elisha Dyer
Elisha Harris was an American politician. He was a Whig governor of Rhode Island from 1847 until 1849.
Research Elisha Harris
Elisha Kane was an American explorer. He was born in 1820 and died in 1857. He served in the navy as a surgeon from 1843 to 1850. He accompanied E J DeHaven in 1850 on his Arctic expedition. In 1853 to 1855 he commanded the ship the Advance in an Arctic exploring expedition. He reached latitude 80 degrees 35 minutes and made valuable and accurate scientific observations, which he published in his reports.
Research Elisha Kane
Elisha Lawrence was an American politician. He was a Federalist governor of New Jersey during 1790.
Research Elisha Lawrence
Elisha M Pease was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Texas from 1867 until 1869.
Research Elisha M. Pease
Elisha Graves Otis was an American engineer. He invented the safety elevator in 1853 at Yonkers, New York, shortly before his death in 1861.
Research Elisha Otis
Elisha P Ferry was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Washington from 1889 until 1893.
Research Elisha P. Ferry
Eliza Cook, was an English poet. She was born in 1818 at London and died in 1889. She was early a contributor to the Weekly Dispatch, the Metropolitan Magazine, and the New Monthly Magazine. Her first volume of verse, Lays of a Wild Harp, appeared in 1835. She afterwards wrote a great many poems mostly of a lyric cast, and some of her songs have been highly popular. From 1849 to 1854 she carried on a weekly periodical, Eliza Cook's Journal.
Research Eliza Cook
Eliza Lynn Linton was an English novelist. She was born in 1822 at Keswick and died in 1898. Her early novels were severely criticised, but later novels proved very popular as did her column in the 'Saturday Review' entitled 'The Girl of the Period'.
Research Eliza Linton
Elizabeth Garrett Anderson was the first British female doctor and the first English female mayor. She was born in 1836 at London and died in 1917. She started to study medicine in 1860 but was unable to gain admittance to any of the British medical schools. In 1865 the Society of Apothecaries gave her the degree of LSA and in 1866 she opened a dispensary in London which developed into the New Hospital for Women in Euston Road, of which she was senior physician for twenty-four years. Graduating as a medical doctor at Paris in 1870, she was for twenty-three years a lecturer and for ten years dean of the London School of Medicine for Women. She was also a member of the first London School Board, and in 1892 obtained what is considered her greatest achievement, the admittance of women to the British Medical Association (BMA). In 1898 she became mayor of Aldeburgh, Suffolk, the first woman to hold the post of mayor in England.
Research Elizabeth Anderson
Elizabeth Barton, known as the Holy Maid of Kent, was an ordinary English country girl, hanged for treason. A Roman Catholic - like every Christian of the time, she suffered from epileptic fits and was persuaded by certain priests that she was a prophetess inspired by God. Among other things she prophesied that Henry VIII, if he persisted in his purpose of divorce and second marriage, would not be king for seven months longer, and would die a shameful death, and be succeeded by Catherine's daughter. As a result she was arrested, probably tortured until she confessed to being a fraud, and alon with six others was executed on May the 5th, 1534.
Research Elizabeth Barton
Elizabeth Billington was an English singer. She was born in 1768 at London and died in 1818. She was the most distinguished female singer of her day in England. Her mother was an English vocalist, her father a Saxon musician named Weichsel. She appeared as a singer at the age of fourteen, and at sixteen married a Mr. Billington, a double-bass player. She made her debut as an operatic singer in Dublin, and afterwards appeared at Covent Garden. She visited France and Italy, and Bianchi composed the opera of Inez de Castro expressly for her performance at Naples. Between 1802 and 1811 she sang in Italian opera in London, and having amassed a handsome fortune she retired from the stage in 1811. Her private character was the cause of much scandal.
Research Elizabeth Billington
Elizabeth Blackwell was the first Anglo-American woman doctor. She was born in 1821 at Bristol in England and died in 1910. Taken to America as a child, from 1838 to 1847 she was engaged in teaching. After numerous difficulties she was admitted into and graduated from the College of Geneva in New York in 1849 and in 1851 settled in New York practising as a doctor, and where, in 1854, with her sister Emily, she opened a hospital for women and children.until 1868 when she left America for London.
Research Elizabeth Blackwell
Elizabeth Barrett Browning was an English poet. She was born in 1806 at Burn Hall, Durham and died in 1861. Her father, Edward Moulton, took the name of Barrett on succeeding to some property. She grew up at Hope End, near Ledbury, Herefordshire, where her father possessed a large estate. Her bodily frame was from the first extremely delicate, and she had been injured by a fall from her pony when a girl, but her mind was sound and vigorous, and disciplined by a course of severe and exalted study. She early began to commit her thoughts to writing, and in 1826 a volume, entitled An Essay on Mind, with other Poems, appeared of her authorship.
A money catastrophe compelled her father to settle in London, and her continued delicacy received a severe shock by the accidental drowning of her brother, causing her to pass years in the confinement of a sickroom. Her health was at length partially restored, and in 1846 she was married to Robert Browning, soon after which they settled in Italy, and continued to reside for the most part in the city of Florence. Her Prometheus Bound (from the Greek of Aeschylus) and Miscellaneous Poems appeared in 1833; the Seraphim and other Poems in 1838. In 1856 a collected edition of Elizabeth Browning's works appeared, including several new poems, and among others Lady Geraldine's Courtship. Casa Guidi Windows, a poem on the struggles of the Italians for liberty in 184S-49, appeared in 1851. The longest and most finished of all her works, Aurora Leigh, a narrative and didactic poem in nine books, was published in 1857. Poems before Congress appeared in 1860, and two posthumous volumes: Last Poems, 1862 and The Greek Christian Poets and the English Poets (prose essays and translations) 1863, were edited by her husband.
Research Elizabeth Browning
Elizabeth Canning was an English malefactor. She was born in 1734 at London and died in 1773. She was a domestic servant in Aldermanbury, London in 1753 when she disappeared on January the 1st. After she had been publicly advertised for, she reappeared at her mother's house on January 29th in a distressed state. She claimed that she had been attacked by two men in Moorfields, robbed, stunned and finally dragged to a house on the Hertfordshire road where an old woman had kept her in close confinement because she refused to lead an immoral life. She subsequently identified an old gypsy woman, Mary Squires, as the woman and a house kept by a Mrs Wells as the place of her confinement. Mary Squires was tried, and despite an alibi was convicted and sentenced to death. Wells was convicted and sentenced to be burnt in the hand. Subsequently, the lord mayor, Sir Crisp Gascoyne, being dissatisfied with the case procured the pardon of Mary Squires, and the case of Canning v Squires divided all London. Elizabeth Canning was tried for wilful perjury, and on May the 30th 1754 was sentenced to transportation for seven years. She was sent to New England, married and became a school-mistress, but never revealed what really happened during January 1753.
Research Elizabeth Canning
Elizabeth Carter was an English poet and Greek scholar. She was born in 1717 and died in 1806. She became a linguist, studying Portuguese and Arabic.
Research Elizabeth Carter
Elizabeth Farnese was Queen of Spain. She was born in 1692 and died in 1766. The daughter of Edward II, prince of Parma, on becoming the second wife of Philip V she surprised those who had counselled the marriage by assuming the practical headship of the kingdom, and her ambition and that of her minister Alberoni disturbed the whole of Europe. She was described as the 'termagant tenacious woman', by Carlyle.
Research Elizabeth Farnese
Elizabeth Fry (born Elizabeth Gurney) was a British prison reformer. She was born in 1780 and died in 1845. The third daughter of John Gurney, of Earlham Hall, near Norwich, when she was eighteen, a sermon preached by William Savery, an American Quaker, at Norwich, had the effect of turning her attention to serious things, and making her adopt decided views on religious matters. About this time also she made the acquaintance of Joseph Fry, a London merchant and a strict Quaker, to whom she was married in 1800. In 1810 she became a preacher among the Friends. In 1811 she was ordained as a Quaker preacher and in 1813 visited Newgate prison, where, so horrified by the conditions she saw she started to campaign for prison reform. In 1817 she formed an association for female prisoners and subsequently visited gaols in northern England and Scotland with he brother Joseph, publishing her findings in an influential report in 1819. She then went on to campaign across Europe for better conditions for prisoners and those in mental institutions.
Research Elizabeth Fry
More information about Elizabeth Fry
Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell was an English novelist. She was born in 1810 at Chelsea and died in 1865. The daughter of William Stevenson, editor of Scott's Magazine, she was brought up by an aunt at Knutsford in Cheshire (the original of the village in her story of Cranford) and in 1832 married William Gaskell, a Unitarian minister at Manchester. She achieved fame with her novel 'Mary Barton', written in 1848, which described factory life and the struggles then rife in Lancashire between workmen and employers. The Moorland Cottage, a Christmas story, appeared in 1850; and in 1853, her next regular novel, Ruth, which aims a distinct blow at the common moral judgments of society. Lizzie, Cranford, and other minor tales appeared at various times in Household Words, in which also she wrote her next novel, North and South, a Yorkshire tale. In 1857 appeared her admirable Life of Charlotte Bronte, and in 1860 Sylvia's Lovers. Wives and Daughters appeared posthumously in 1866.
Research Elizabeth Gaskell
Elizabeth I was queen of England from 1558 to 1603. She was born in 1533 at Greenwich and died in 1603. Elizabeth I was the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Almost immediately after her birth, Elizabeth was declared heiress to the crown. After her mother had been beheaded in 1536, both Elizabeth and her sister Mary were declared bastards, and she was finally placed after Prince Edward and the Lady Mary in the order of succession.
On the accession of Edward VI Elizabeth was committed to the care of the queen-dowager Catherine; and after the death of Catherine and beheadal of her consort Thomas Seymour she was closely watched at Hatfield,where she received a classical education under William Grindal and Roger Ascliam. At the death of Edward VI Elizabeth vigorously supported the title of Mary against the pretensions of Lady Jane Grey, but continued throughout the whole reign an object of suspicion and surveillance. In self-defence she made every demonstration of zealous adherence to the Roman Catholic faith, but her inclinations were well known. On the 17th of November, 1558, Mary's reign came to a close, and Elizabeth was immediately recognized queen by parliament.
The accuracy of Elizabeth's judgment showed itself in her choice of advisers, Parker, a moderate divine (Archbishop of Canterbury 1559), aiding her in ecclesiastical policy; while William Cecil, Lord Burleigh, assisted her in foreign affairs. The first great object of her reign was the settlement of religion, to effect which a parliament was called on the 25th of January, and dissolved on the 8th of May, its object having been accomplished - the return of England to Protestantism, the royal supremacy asserted, and the revised prayer-book enforced by the Act of Uniformity. Freed from the tyranny of Mary's reign the Puritans began to claim predominance for their own dogmas, while the supporters of the Established Church were unwilling to grant them even liberty of worship. The Puritans, therefore, like the Catholics, were made irreconcilable enemies of the existing order, and increasingly stringent measures were adopted agsinst them. But the struggle against the Catholics was the most severe, chiefly because they were supported by foreign powers; so that while their religion was wholly prohibited, even exile was forbidden them, in order to prevent their intrigues abroad. Many Catholics, particularly priests, suffered death during this reign; but simple nonconformity, from whatever cause, was pursued with the severest penalties, and many more clergymen were driven out of the church by differences about the position of altars, the wearing of caps, and such like matters, than were forced to resign by the change from Rome to Reformation.
Elizabeth's first parliament approached her on a subject which, next to religion, was the chief trouble of her reign, the succession to the crown. They requested her to marry, but she declared her intention to live and die a virgin; and she consistently declined in the course of her life such suitors as the Duc d'Alencon, Prince Erik of Sweden, the Archduke Charles of Austria, and Philip of Spain. While, however, she felt that she could best maintain her power by remaining unmarried, she knew how to temporize with suitors for political ends, and showed the greatest jealousy of all pretenders to the English succession.
With the unfortunate Mary, queen of Scots, were connected many of the political events of Elizabeth's reign. On her accession the country was at war with France. Peace was easily concluded in 1559; but the assumption by Francis and Mary of the royal arms and titles of England led to an immediate interference on the part of Elizabeth in the affairs of Scotland. She entered into a league with the Lords of the Congregation, or leaders of the Reformed party; and throughout her reign this party was frequently serviceable in furthering her policy. She also gave early support to the Huguenot party in France, and to the Protestants in the Netherlands, so that throughout Europe she was looked on as the head of the Protestant party. This policy roused the inplacable resentment of Philip, who strove in turn to excite the Catholics against her both in her own dominions and in Scotland.
Mary, Queen of Scots, threatened by rebellion in Scotland, fled to England only to be mprisoned by Elizabeth I in 1567 and this led to a series of conspiracies, beginning with that under the Earls of Northumberland and Westmoreland, and ending with the plot of Babington, which finally determined Elizabeth to make away with her captive. The execution of Queen Mary in 1587, though it has stained her name to posterity, tended to confirm her power among her contemporaries and led to outright war with Spain. In 1588 Philip of Spain's invasion fleet, the ' Armada', was defeated. There were two further Armadas in the 1590s, and an Irish revolt in 1595, assisted by Spain, which was eventually put down in 1601. The financial strains caused by the war against Spain (made worse by poor harvests) meant that Elizabeth did not try to put the Crown on a permanently solvent basis. In addition to sharp debates over revenue-raising measures such as monopolies, Parliament continued its pressure on the Queen to deal with the question of the succession.
During her reign the splendour of her government at home and abroad was sustained by such men as Burleigh, Bacon, Walsingham, and Throgmorton; but she had personal favourites of less merit who were often more brilliantly rewarded. Chief of these were Dudley, whom she created Earl of Leicester, and whom she was disposed to marry, and Essex, whose violent passions brought about his ruin. He was beheaded in 1601, but Elizabeth never forgave herself his death. Her own health soon after gave way and she died on the 24th of March, 1603, naming James VI of Scotland as her successor.
To Queen Elizabeth I may be traced the origins of the English colonisation of North America .In 1578 she granted to Sir Humphrey Gilbert letters patent to conquer and possess any heathen lands not already in the hands of Christians. Humphrey Gilbert's expedition failed, but in 1584 Elizabeth granted a similar charter to Walter Raleigh. In 1585, with the Queen's assistance, Walter Raleigh sent seven vessels and 100 colonists to settle in Virginia, which had been taken in the Queen's name under the charter of 1584 and named by Elizabeth. In 1603 Gosnold named one of the Elizabeth Islands for her.
Research Elizabeth I
Elizabeth Lowys was an English woman executed for being a witch. Elizabeth Lowys was the first person to be prosecuted under the 1563 statute which made being a witch a criminal offence in England. Although clearly not guilty of any crime, Elizabeth Lowys was prosecuted on the basis of being a convenient scapegoat for unexplained illnesses and accidents in the area where she lived, and was dully executed.
Research Elizabeth Lowys
Elizabeth of Valois (also known as Isabella) was Queen of Spain. She was born in 1545 and died in 1568. The daughter of Henry II of France and Catherine de'Medici, she was destined by the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis to be the wife of the infante, Don Carlos, but his father, Philip II, being left a widower, became fascinated and married her himself. She died in 1568. The stories of a romantic relationship existing between Elizabeth and Don Carlos are entirely groundless, but have furnished tragic subjects to Otway, Campistron, Chenier, Schiller, and Alfieri.
Research Elizabeth of Valois
Elizabeth Petrowna was Empress of Russia. She was born in 1709 or 1710 and died in 1762. The daughter of Peter the Great and Catharine, she ascended the throne on the 7th of December 1741, as the result of a conspiracy, in which Ivan VI, a minor, was deposed. Elizabeth is said to have rivalled her mother in beauty, and to have surpassed her in her love of pleasure, and her government was largely conducted by favourites. She was a patron of literature, founded the University of Moscow, and corresponded with Voltaire. A war with Sweden, in 1743, was advantageously concluded by the peace of Abo. She sent an army, in 1748, to assist Maria Theresa in the War of the Succession, and joined in the Seven Years' War against Prussia.
Research Elizabeth Petrowna
Elizabeth Stuart was Queen of Bohemia. She was born in 1596 at Falkland Palace, Fifeshire and died in 1662. She was the daughter of James I of England (James VI of Scotland). Her marriage with the Palatine Frederick was celebrated at Whitehall in 1613. Her husband, then at the head of the Protestant interest in Germany, accepted in 1619 the crown of Bohemia offered to him by the revolted Protestants of that country; but after his defeat by the imperialists at the battle of Prague in 1620 he and his wife were obliged to flee, first to Breslau and Berlin, and then to the Hague. She returned to England at the Restoration with her nephew Charles II, and died at Leicester House, London, on the 13th of February 1662. Elizabeth had thirteen children, of whom Charles Louis, the eldest surviving, was reinstated in the palatinate by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648. By her daughters, Elizabeth Charlotte and Sophia, she was the ancestress of Louis Philippe and of George I, and her sons, Rupert and Maurice, became famous Cavalier leaders.
Research Elizabeth Stuart
Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward was an American novelist. She was born in 1844 and died in 1911.
Research Elizabeth Ward
Elizabeth II is the queen of England. She ascended the throne in 1952. Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor was born in 1926. She became heir at the age of ten and was married in 1947.
Research Elizabeth II
Elizur Wright was an American abolitionist. He was born in 1804 and died in 1885. He became secretary of the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1833. He was an editor of numerous anti-slavery publications including the 'Emancipator', 'Human Rights', 'The Massachusetts Abolitionist', the 'Chronotype' and the 'Commonwealth'. He was prominent in insurance improvements, and was Insurance Commissioner of Massachusetts from 1858 to 1866. He aided in organizing the National Liberal League and was its president for three years.
Research Elizur Wright
Ella was king of Deira in 560 and afterwards sole king of Northumbria.
Ella was the founder of the kingdom of Sussex. He led the Saxon invasion of Sussex from 477 to 491, repelling the Britons, and capturing the Roman city of Anderida.
Research Ella
Elliott Coues was an American ornithologist and naturalist. He was born in 1842 at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and died in 1899. After studying at Columbian College, he served as a surgeon in the US Army for 17 years. His most notable work, however, was in natural history. Coues introduced into zoology the key system used in botanical manuals, issuing in 1872 his famous 'Key to North American Birds', with short descriptions that enabled observers to identify birds accurately and quickly. From 1873 to 1880 he took part in government surveys of new territories; he drew on his experiences to edit many accounts of the earlier explorations in America, notably the Lewis and Clark expedition. While teaching anatomy at Columbian College between 1877 and 1886, Coues became one of the founders of the American Ornithologists' Union in 1883. He helped prepare the first 'Check List of North American Birds', published in 1886 and was a founder of the American Society for Psychical Research.
Research Elliott Coues
Elliott W Major was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Missouri from 1913 until 1917.
Research Elliott W. Major
Ellis Arnall was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Georgia from 1943 until 1947.
Research Ellis Arnall
Ellskwatawa was a Shawnee Indian prophet. He was born about 1770. The brother of Tecumseh, he ordered the attack at Tippecanoe in 1811.
Research Ellskwatawa
Elmer A Benson was an American politician. He was a Farmer-Labor governor of Minnesota from 1937 until 1939.
Research Elmer A. Benson
Elmer L Andersen was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Minnesota from 1961 until 1963.
Research Elmer L. Andersen
Elmer Rice was an American playwright. He was born in 1892 and died in 1967.
Research Elmer Rice
Elmo Smith was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Oregon from 1956 until 1957.
Research Elmo Smith
Eloise Heloise was a French nun. She was born in 1101 at Paris and died in 1164. She was celebrated for her beauty and wit, but still more on account of her love for Abelard. After the mutilation of her lover she was persuaded by him to take the veil at Argenteuil, and ultimately became prioress of the convent there until 1129, when she entered, with some of her nuns, the oratory of the Paraclete, built by Abelard at Nogent-on-the-Seine, where she lived in piety. Contemporary writers speak in high terms of her genius. She understood Latin, Greek, Hebrew, was familiar with the ancients, and well read in philosophy and theology.
Research Eloise Heloise
Elton John is the stage name of Reginald Kenneth Dwight, an English pop singer, pianist, and composer. His best-known album, Goodbye Yellow Brick Road, published in 1973, includes the hit ' Bennie and the Jets'. Among his many other highly successful songs are 'Rocket Man', 'Crocodile Rock', and ' Daniel' all produced in 1972, ' Candle in the Wind' produced in 1973, ' Pinball Wizard' produced in 1975, 'Blue Eyes' produced in 1982, 'Nikita' produced in 1985, and 'Sacrifice' produced in 1989, the latter from his album Sleeping with the Past. His output is prolific and his hits have continued intermittently into the 1990s.
Research Elton John
Elwald was king of Northumberland in 778.
Research Elwald
Elzevir, or Elzevier was the name of a family of publishers and printers, residing at Amsterdam and Leyden, celebrated for the beauty of the editions of various works published by them, principally from 1595 to 1680. Louis Elzevir, the founder of the family was born in 1540 and died in 1617. He settled in Leyden, and between 1583 and his death produced about 150 works. Five of his seven sons followed his business: Matthaeus at Leyden; Louis II at the Hague; Gilles at the Hague and afterwards at Leyden; Joost in Utrerht; and Bonaventure, who in 1626 associated himself with Abraham, the son of Matthaeus. From the press of Abraham and Bonaventure issued the exquisite editions of the classics, etc, which have made the name of Elzevir famous. Of these the Livy and Tacitus of 1634, the Pliny of 1635, the Virgil of 1636, and the Cicero of 1642 are perhaps the most beautiful.
Research Elzevir
Emanuel Geibel was a German poet. He was born in 1815 at Lubeck and died in 1884. He studied at the universities of Bonn and Berlin, and lived for a year or two in Greece. He published his first collection of poems in 1840, which reached its hundredth edition in 1884. In 1843 he published a tragedy, King Roderick; in 1846 the epic Konig Sigurd's Brautfahrt. Collections of his poems appeared in 1848, 1857, and 1864. From 1851 to 1869 he was professor of aesthetics and poetry at Munich. He wrote also Brunhild, a tragedy; The Loreley, an opera; and other plays, but his fame rests on his lyrics, which were immensely popular.
Research Emanuel Geibel
Emanuel L Philipp was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Wisconsin from 1915 until 1921.
Research Emanuel L. Philipp
Emanuel Swedenborg (born Emanuel Svedberg) was a Swedish religious thinker. He was in 1688 at Stockholm and died in 1772. Educated at Upsala University, afterwards studying at Oxford, Utrecht and Paris in 1716 he was appointed an assessor in the royal college of mines. In 1719 the family was ennobled, assuming the name of Swedenborg. In the Upper House he promoted many reforms, but devoted himself mainly to his official work in mineralogy and engineering. In 1747 he left scientific work, claiming he had been granted insight into the spiritual world by direct revelation, spending the rest of his life in meditation and exposition, living mainly in London and Amsterdam.
Research Emanuel Swedenborg
Emanuel the Great was King of Portugal. He was born in about 1469 and died in 1521. He became king in 1495 and during his reign were performed the voyages of discovery of Vasco da Gama, of Cabral, of Americus Vespucins, and the heroic exploits of Albuquerque, by whose exertions a passage was found to the East Indies, the Portuguese dominion in Goa was established, the Brazils, the Moluccas, etc, were discovered. The commerce of Portugal, under Emanuel, was more prosperous than at any former period. The treasures of America flowed into Lisbon, and the reign of Emanuel was justly called 'the golden age of Portugal'. On his death he was deeply lamented by his subjects, but hated by the Moors and the Jews, whom he had expelled. He was a patron of learned men, and himself left memoirs on the Indies. He married three times: in 1497 Isabella, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, heiress of Castile; in 1500 her sister Maria; and in 1519 Eleonora of Austria, sister of Charles V.
Research Emanuel The Great
Emanuel W Wilson was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of West Virginia from 1885 until 1890.
Research Emanuel W. Wilson
Emeric De Vattel was a Swiss jurist. He was born in 1714 at Couvet and died in 1767. Educated at Basel and Geneva, he entered the state service of Saxony and was appointed minister of the elector at Bern and went to Berlin as minister of the elector, Augustus III in 1746. He wrote on literature and jurisprudence, and in 1758 published in French his famous work on the Law of Nations. The work was translated into many languages.
Research Emeric De Vattel
Emerson C Harrington was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Maryland from 1916 until 1920.
Research Emerson C. Harrington
Emery J San Souci was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Rhode Island from 1921 until 1923.
Research Emery J. San Souci
The emigres were monarchist fugitives from France who fled at the time of the Revolution in 1798, settling in Switzerland, Belgium, Holland, Germany and the USA. At the head of these emigrants stood the royal princes of Conde, Provence, and Artois, the first of whom collected a part of the fugitives to co-operate with the allied armies in Germany for the restoration of the monarchy. At Coblentz a particular court of justice was established to settle causes relating to the French emigres. The corps of Conde was finally taken into the Russian service, and was disbanded in the Russian-Austrian campaign of 1799.
When Napoleon became emperor he granted permission to all but a few of the emigrants to return to their country; but many declined to return until after his downfall. By the charter of 1814 they were shut out from the recovery of their estates and privileges; and though, by a law of April, 1825, some compensation was decreed to them, the grant was withdrawn again after the July revolution.
Research Emigres
Emil DuBois-Reymond was a German physiologist, and an especial authority on animal electricity. He was born in 1818 at Berlin 1818 and died in 1896. He studied theology, geology, and latterly anatomy and physiology, and became professor of physiology in the University of Berlin in 1858. His principal publication is Researches in Animal Electricity.
Research Emil DuBois-Reymond
Emil Fischer was a German chemist. He was born in 1852 and died in 1919. He was an authority on organic chemistry and won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1902.
Research Emil Fischer
Emil Hacha was a Czechoslovakian lawyer and politician. He was born in 1872 and died in 1945. Following the annexation of Czechoslovakia in 1938 by Nazi Germany, Emil Hacha became President with the resignation of the current President, and in 1939 signed over the state to Hitler. He became president of the German protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Following the liberation of Czechoslovakia in 1945 he was arrested, and died in prison.
Research Emil Hacha
Emile Augier was a French dramatist. He was born in 1820 and died in 1889. At a young age he went to Paris, entered a lawyer's office, but relinquished law for literature. He was elected an academician in 1857, and in 1868 a commander of the Legion of Honour. His first and one of his best dramas was the comedy La Gigue (1844); among his other works are L'Aventuriere, Gabrielle, Paul Forestier, Le Mariage d'Olympe, Le Gendre de M. Poirier, Les Effrontes, Le Fils de Giboyer, Les Lions et les Renards, Mattre Guerin, Les Fourchambault, etc.
Research Emile Augier
Emile Coue was a French psychotherapist. He was born in 1857 and died in 1926. A study of hypnotism led him to the belief that auto-suggestion was able to effect cures in all cases and in 1910 he opened a clinic in Nancy to put his theories to the test.
Research Emile Coue
Emile de Girardin was a French journalist and politician. He was born in 1802 at Switzerland and died in 1881. Educated in Paris, he was connected as projector, editor, or otherwise with a number of newspapers and periodicals, the most successful being La Presse, a Conservative organ established in 1836. A controversy in its columns led to a duel between Emile de Girardin and Armand Carrel, which proved fatal to the latter. In politics Emile de Girardin played many parts. He was fined 5000 francs in 1867 for attacks on the imperial government in La Liberte. He wrote numerous political pamphlets, and a few pieces for the stage.
Research Emile De Girardin
Emile Gaboriau was a French writer of detective stories. He was born in 1835 at Saujon and died in 1873. After contributing to the smaller Parisian journals short sketches published under the titles Ruses d'Amour, Les Comediennes Adorees, etc., he achieved a considerable success by his novel Dossier No. 113 (published in 1866). He continued to work tins vein in a series of clever stories dealing with crime and its detection Among his other stories are 'Monsieur Lecoq', 'The Slaves of Paris', and 'Other People's Money'.
Research Emile Gaboriau
Emile Vandervelde was a Belgian socialist leader. He was born in 1866 at a suburb of Brussels. He studied law at the university of Brussels and early joined the socialist movement, was a conspicuous member of the International and entered the Belgian Chamber in 1894, soon becoming chairman of the socialist group in parliament. Along with his party he took up a patriotic attitude in the Great War, going into exile with the parliament during 1914-1918. He was a representative of Belgium at the Peace Conference in Paris, 1919, and in 1920 entered the de Wiart ministry as minister of justice. He was a prolific writer on social and industrial subjects.
Research Emile Vandervelde
Emile Verhaeren was a Belgian poet and dramatist. He was born in 1855 and died in 1916.
Research Emile Verhaeren
Emile Zola was a French writer and playwright. He was born in 1840 and died in 1902. He was a major figure in Naturalism. The most well-known of his plays is Therese Raquin. Several of his novels were also adapted for the stage.
Research Emile Zola
Emiliano Zapata was a Mexican revolutionary. He was born in 1877 and died in 1919. He championed the cause of land reform against the president Porfirio Diaz and succeeding governments. By late 1911 he controlled the state of Morelos, where he chased out the estate owners and divided their land amongst the peasants. In 1919 he was assassinated by Jesus Guajardo acting under orders from General Pablo Gonzalez.
Research Emiliano Zapata
Emilie Carlen was a Swedish novelist. She was born in 1807 and died in 1892. She was married to Johan Gabriel Carlen, a lawyer and miscellaneous writer. Her graphic pictures of everyday life have secured her a place among the great romance writers of the day. Many of her novels have been translated into Danish, French, German, and English.
Research Emilie Carlen
Emilio Castelar was a Spanish politician and author. He was born in 1833 and died in 1899. In 1856 he was made professor of history in the University of Madrid, but becoming involved in the republican disturbances of 1866, he had to take refuge in Switzerland. Having gone back to Spain in 1868 he was returned to the Cortes in the following year. In 1873 he was elected president of the republican Cortes, but resigned in January 1874, in consequence of the vote of confidence being defeated. After the pronunciamiento in favour of Alphonso XII on the 13th of December 1874, Emilio Castelar retired from Spain, but in a year or two returned, and again sat in the Cortes.
Research Emilio Castelar
Emilo Aguinaldo was a Philippine resistance leader. He was born in 1869 and died in 1964. He at first supported the USA in order to rid the Philippines of Spanish rule, and then broke away from the USA desiring full independence. He led the insurrection which in 1898 proclaimed the first Republic of the Philippines, was captured by the Americans and swore an oath of allegiance to them. During the Second World War he was accused of collaborating with the Japanese, but was granted a Presidential amnesty and spent the remainder of his time promoting Philippine nationalism.
Research Emilo Aguinaldo
Emily Faithfull was an English philanthropist and women's rights campaigner. She was born in 1835 and died in 1895. She devoted herself to the cause of working women and women's right to employment. In 1860 she founded a printing office in London where women compositors were employed and her enterprise attracted the interest of Queen Victoria who made her Queen's printer in ordinary. In 1863 she founded the Victoria Magazine, to advocate the claims of women to remunerative employment.
Research Emily Faithfull
Lady Emma Hamilton (born Amy Lyon) was an English prostitute. She is best known as the mistress of Horatio Nelson. She was born in 1761 at Liverpool and died in 1815. Taken to London by her mother - her father died before she was born - she was employed as a maid in various households before working as a prostitute in a brothel in Arlington Street. When she was sixteen she became the 'mistress' of Sir Harry Featherstone who installed her in a cottage on his estate at Uppark in Sussex. When Harry Featherstone bored of her, he passed her on to his friend Charles Greville who rented her on condition she took no other clients, and loaned her a house in the Edgware Road in London. Charles Greville, needing to marry an heiress to solve his financial difficulties passed Amy on to his uncle Sir William Hamilton, whom she married five years later in 1791 when he was 60 and she 26. In 1798 she met Horatio Nelson - then married to a devoted wife - and the two became lovers and the two had twin babies, one of which survived and was named Horatia. After Nelson's death she was so devastated that she fell into debt, drank heavily and became depressed. After being imprisoned for debt she left England for Calais to escape her creditors.
Research Emma Hamilton
Emmanuel Arago was a French advocate and politician. He was born in 1812 at Paris and died in 1896. The son of Dominique Arago, he was called to the bar 1837 and took part in the revolution of 1848. He renounced politics after the coup d'etat of December 1852, but continued to practise at the bar. After the fall of the empire he again took a prominent part in public affairs, and held several important offices. He was the author of a volume of poems and many theatrical pieces.
Research Emmanuel Arago
Emmanuel Chabrier was a French composer. He was born in 1841 and died in 1894. He composed Le Roi Malgre Lui, Espana.
Research Emmanuel Chabrier
Emmanuel Fremiet was a French sculptor. He was born in 1824 and died in 1910. His works include the statue of Ferdinand de Lesseps at the entrance to the Suez Canal.
Research Emmanuel Fremiet
Emmanuel Grouchy, the Marquis de Grouchy, was a French general. He was born in 1766 at Paris and died in 1847. He entered the Royal Life Guards at the age of fourteen and saw much service, and highly distinguished himself. In the war with Prussia in 1806, and Russia in 1807, and at Wagram, he acquired increased renown. In 1815 he defeated Blucher at Ligny. Having been ordered to follow the Prussian retreat, he was unable to aid Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo. He was banished under the second restoration, and lived for a few years at Philadelphia. He returned to France in 1821.
Research Emmanuel Grouchy
Emmet D Boyle was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Nevada from 1915 until 1923.
Research Emmet D. Boyle
Emmett Forest Branch was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Indiana from 1924 until 1925.
Research Emmett Forest Branch
Emmett O'Neal was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Alabama from 1911 until 1915.
Research Emmett O'Neal
Emory Upton was an American soldier. He was born in 1839 and died in 1881. He commanded a battery at Yorktown and Games' Mill and an artillery brigade at South Mountain and Antietam. He led a brigade at Fredericksburg, Gettysburg and in the Rapidan campaign. He fought in the Wilderness, led a column at Spottsylvania and fought at Petersburg. He led a division at Opequan in 1864. He wrote a 'System of Infantry Tactics'.
Research Emory Upton
Emory Washburn was an American politician. He was a Whig governor of Massachusetts from 1854 until 1855.
Research Emory Washburn
Empedocles was a Greek philosopher. He was born in 495 BC at Sicily and died in 435 BC. HE is said to have introduced the democratic form of government in his native city, and the Agrigentines regarded him with the highest veneration as public benefactor, poet, orator, physician, prophet, and magician. Aristotle states that he died in obscurity, at the age of sixty years, in the Peloponnesus; but he is also said to have thrown himself into the crater of Mount Etna, in order to make it be believed, by his sudden disappearance, that he was of divine origin. According to Lucian, however, his sandals were thrown out from the volcano, and the manner of his death revealed. Empedocles holds earth, water, fire, air, as the four fundamental and indestructible elements from whose union and separation everything that exists is formed. To these material elements are added the two moving or operative principles of love and hatred, or attraction and repulsion.
Research Empedocles
Emperor is the highest rank of sovereigns. It is a title originally borne by the heads of the Roman State and now borrowed by many other monarchs. The term emperor implies the head or ruler of an empire, and is higher than that of a king. While a king may rule a single country, an emperor rules a larger collection of lands, an empire.
Research Emperor
The term empress is applied to both the wife of an emperor or a woman with the rank of an emperor, and also to a woman exercising absolute power. The title of empress is generally held to be higher than that of the rank of queen, since a queen is simply the ruler or wide of the ruler of a single country, while an empress is the wife or ruler of an empire.
Research Empress
Empress Eugenie (born Eugenie de Montijo) was an empress of France. She was born in 1826 at Granada in Spain and died in 1920, She was the daughter of the Count de Montijo, and was of a noble Spanish family; her mother was of Scotch extraction, maiden name Kirkpatrick. On the 29th of January 1853, she became the wife of Napoleon III and empress of the French. On March the 16th, 1856, a son was born of the marriage. When the war broke out with Germany she was appointed regent on July the 27th, 1870 during the absence of the emperor, but on the 4th of September the revolution and her own dictatorial ideology forced her to flee from France. She went to England, where she was joined by the prince imperial and afterwards by the emperor, and befirended by Queen Victoria. Camden House, Chislehurst, became the residence of the imperial exiles. In 1881 the empress transferred her residence to Farnborough in Hampshire.
Research Empress Eugenie
The name Encyclopaedist was first given to those people who took part or assisted in the compilation of the French Encyclopedie. The term now applies generally to any person involved with the creation of an encyclopaedia.
Research Encyclopaedist
Endicott Peabody was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Massachusetts from 1963 until 1965.
Research Endicott Peabody
Engelbert Humperdinck was a German composer. He was born in 1854 and died in 1921. He composed Hansel and Gretel.
Research Engelbert Humperdinck
Enoch Lincoln was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Maine from 1827 until 1829.
Research Enoch Lincoln
Enoch Louis Lowe was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Maryland from 1851 until 1854.
Research Enoch Louis Lowe
Enos T Throop was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of New York from 1829 until 1832.
Research Enos T. Throop
Enrici Cialdini was an Italian general. He was born in 1811 at Modena and died in 1892. As a general of the Sardinian army he went to the Crimea in 1855 and distinguished himself at Tchernaya. He defeated the papal army at Castelfidardo in 1860.
Research Enrici Cialdini
Enrico Dandolo was Doge of Venice. He was born in 1108 and died in 1205. He was chosen Doge in 1192, at the advanced age of eighty-four. On the formation of the fourth Crusade Enrico Dandolo induced the senate to join in it, and by its help recovered the revolted town of Zara. Constantinople was next stormed, the blind old doge, it is said, leading the attack. In the division of the Byzantine Empire the Venetians added much to their dominions.
Research Enrico Dandolo
Enrico Caterino Davilla was an Italian historian. He was born in 1576 near Padua and died in 1631. Brought up in France, he for a time served with distinction in the French army. In 1599 he entered the Venetian service, gradually rose to the post of governor of Dalmatia, Friuli, and the island of Candia, and was shot while on his journey to take the command of the garrison of Crema. He is principally celebrated for his History of the Civil Wars of France from 1559 to 1598.
Research Enrico Davila
Enrico Fermi was an Italian physicist. He was born in 1901 at Rome and died in 1954. He worked primarily in nuclear energy.
Research Enrico Fermi
Enver Pasha was a Turkish politician. He was born in 1881 and died in 1922 in Bokhara during a campaign against the Soviet. He joined the Young Turk party in the revolution of 1908. As war minister he promoted the alliance between Turkey and Germany during the Great War, fleeing to Russia when Turkey surrendered.
Research Enver Pasha
An envoy is a person deputed by a ruler or government to negotiate a treaty, or transact other business, with a foreign ruler or government An envoy is a diplomatic agent ranking next after an ambassador, the difference being that an envoy is sent on a special occasion or for one particular purpose. The term is also applied to a person sent on a mission.
Research Envoy
Enzo Vitale is an Italian journalist and naturalist. He was born in 1960.
Research Enzo Vitale
Epaminondas was an ancient Greek hero, who, for a short time, raised his country, Thebea, to the summit of power and prosperity. He was born about 418 BC and killed at the battle of Mantineia, in 362 BC. He took the leading part in the struggle during which Spartan supremacy in Greece was destroyed, and the supremacy of Thebes temporarily secured. Four times he successfully invaded the Peloponnesus at the head of the Thebans, but after his death Thebes soon sank to her former secondary condition. Throughout life he was distinguished for the friendship subsisting between him and Pelopidas, with whom he served in the Spartan campaign 385 BC. His character is one of the finest recorded in Greek history, and his virtues have been praised by both Xenophon and Plutarch.
Research Epaminondas
Epaphroditus Ransom was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Michigan from 1848 until 1849.
Research Epaphroditus Ransom
The Ephori or Ephors were magistrates common to many Dorian communities of ancient Greece, of whom the most celebrated were the Ephori of Sparta. They were five in number, were elected annually, and both the judicial authority and the executive power were almost entirely in their hands. Their power became an intolerable burden, especially to the kings, and in 225 BC Oleomenes murdered the whole college and abolished the office.
Research Ephori
Ephraem Syrus, 'Ephraim the Syrian,' was a writer of the Syrian Church. He was born about 306 at Nisibis and died in 373 or 378. He wrote several commentaries on Scripture, numerous homilies, and other works (as well as hymns), which have come down to us partly in Syriac, partly in Greek, Latin, and Armenian translations. His works have been published in Syriac, Greek, and Latin.
Research Ephraem Syrus
Ephraim was the younger son of Joseph, and the founder of one of the twelve tribes of Israel. When the Israelites left Egypt the Ephraimites numbered 40,500, and their possessions in the very centre of Palestine included most of what was afterwards called Samaria.
Research Ephraim
Ephraim Chambers was an English miscellaneous writer, and compiler of a popular Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. He was born in the latter part of the 17th century at Kendal, in Westmoreland and died in 1740. During his apprenticeship to a mathematical instrument and globe-maker in London he formed the design of compiling a Cyclopaedia, and even wrote some of the articles for it behind his master's counter. The first edition was published in 1728. Several subsequent editions appeared previously to his death in 1740, and it was the basis of the encyclopaedia of Dr. Abraham Rees.
Research Ephraim Chambers
Ephrain Lopes Pereira d'Aguilar (Baron Aguilar) was an infamous miser. He was born in 1740 at Vienna and died in 1802.
Research Ephraim d'Aguilar
Ephraim F Morgan was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of West Virginia from 1921 until 1925.
Research Ephraim F. Morgan
Epicharmus was a Greek writer and philosopher of the Pythagorean school. He was born about 540 BC in the island of Cosa and died in 450 BC. He removed to Syracuse, where at the court of Hieron he spent the remainder of his life. He is credited with the invention of written comedy.
Research Epicharmus
Epictetus was a Greek Stoic philosopher. He was born about 60 at Phrygia. He lived for a long time at Rome, where, in his youth, he was a slave. Though nominally a Stoic, he was not interested in Stoicism as an intellectual system; he adopted its terminology and its moral doctrines, but in his discourses he appeared rather as a moral and religious teacher than as a philosopher. His doctrines approach more nearly to Christianity than those of any of the earlier Stoics, and although there is no trace in what is recorded of them of his having been directly acquainted with Christianity, it is at least probable that the ideas diffused by Christian teachers may have indirectly influenced them. The excellence of his system was universally acknowledged. When Domitian banished the philosophers from Rome in 94 Epictetus retired to Epirus, where he is supposed to have died. His disciple Arrian collected his opinions, which are preserved in two treatises called the Discourses of Epictetus, and the Manual or Enchiridion.
Research Epictetus
Epicurus was a Greek philosopher. He was born in 341 BC on the island of Samos and died in 270 BC. He settled at Athens in 306 BC, and purchased a garden in a favourable situation, where he established a philosophical school - founding the Epicurean School of philosophy. Here he spent the remainder of his life, living in a simple manner and taking no part in public affairs. His pupils were numerous and enthusiastically devoted to him. His theory of the universe was based on the atomic theory of Democritus.
The fundamental principle of his ethical system was that pleasure and pain are the chief good and evil, the attainment of the one and the avoidance of the other of which are to be regarded as the end of philosophy. He endeavoured, however, to give a moral tendency to this doctrine. He exalted the pure and noble enjoyments derived from virtue, to which he attributed an imperishable existence, as incalculably superior to the passing pleasures which disturb the peace of mind, the highest good, and are therefore detrimental to happiness. Peace of mind, based on meditation, he considered as the origin of all good.
The philosophy of Epicurus has been violently opposed and frequently misrepresented; but while it is not open to the charges of gross sensualism which have been brought against it, it cannot be considered as much better than a refinement of sensualism. In ancient times his philosophy appears to have been more popular in Greece than in Rome, although his disciples were numerous in both, and the Latin poem of Lucretius, De Rerum Natura, is a poetical exposition of his doctrines. Epicurus was allegedly a very prolific writer, but few of his works survive.
Research Epicurus
Epimenides was an ancient Greek philosopher and poet. He was born in the 7th century BC at Crete. He was held for an infallible prophet, and by some is reckoned among the seven wise men, instead of Periander. He is supposed to be the prophet referred to by St Paul in Titus, chapter 1 verse 12.
Research Epimenides
An equerry was a former officer in the royal household who acted as personal attendant of the King, Queen or other member of the Royal Family, especially when riding in State, and was responsible for the horses.
Research Equerry
The Equites or 'horse-soldiers' were the richest class of citizens in ancient Rome, who by constitution of Servius Tullius had to serve in the cavalry.
Research Equites
Erasistratus was an ancient Greek physician, said to have been grandson of Aristotle. He lived in the 3rd century BC, and was court physician of Seleucus Nicator, king of Syria. He was the first who systematically dissected the human body, and his description of the brain and nerves is much more exact than any given by his predecessors. He classified the nerves into nerves of sensation and of locomotion, and it is said had almost stumbled upon the discovery of the circulation of the blood. Of his works only the titles and some fragments remain,
Research Erasistratus
Erasmus Darwin was an English physician and poet. He was born in 1731 and died in 1802. He was educated at Cambridge and Edinburgh and practised as a physician in Lichfield until 1781, when he removed to Derby. His name is chiefly known from his poem of the Botanic Garden, which first appeared in 1789 and 1792. The fame it acquired was splendid but very transient, and it has since almost sunk into oblivion. In 1794-96 Erasmus Darwin published Zoonomia, or the Laws of Organic Life; in 1799 Phytologia, or the Philosophy of Agriculture and Gardening. The Temple of Nature appeared posthumously in 1803. Charles Darwin was his grandson.
Research Erasmus Darwin
Erastus Fairbanks was an American politician. He was a Whig governor of Vermont from 1852 until 1853.
Research Erastus Fairbanks
Eratosthenes was an ancient Greek geographer and mathematician. He was born in 276 BC at Cyrene, in Africa and died in 194 BC. He was librarian at Alexandria, and gained his greatest renown by his investigations of the size of the earth. He rendered much service to the science of astronomy, and first observed the obliquity of the ecliptic. Of the writings attributed to him one only remains complete, Katasterismoi, which deals with the constellations.
Research Eratosthenes
Ercenbert was king of the Heptarchy in 640.
Research Ercenbert
Erckmann-Chatrian was the joint name of two French-Alsatian writers of fiction. Emile Erckmann was born in 1822 at Pfalzburg 1822 and died in 1899. He studied law at Paris. Alexandre Chatrian was born in 1826 near Pfalzburg and died in 1890. He was for some time a teacher in the Pfalzburg College. They formed a literary partnership in 1847, but it was not until the appearance of L'lllustre Docteur Matheus in 1859 that they became fanous. Among their most popular books are L'Ami Fritz, Madame Therese, Histoire d'un Conscrit de 1813, L'Histoire d'un Paysan, Waterloo, etc, most of which have been translated into English.
Research Erckmann-Chatrian
Ercole Consalvi was a cardinal and prime-minister of Pope Pius VII. He was born in 1757 and died in 1824. He became secretary of Cardinal Chiaramonti, and when his patron was elected pope (Pius VII) became one of the first cardinals, and afterwards secretary of state. In this capacity he concluded the famous concordat with Napoleon in 1801. In 1806 he went into retirement, but in 1814 became Papal minister at the Congress of Vienna, and up until the death of Pius VII he remained at the head of Roman political and ecclesiastical affairs.
Research Ercole Consavi
Erdulf was king of Northumberland in 794 and again in 808.
Research Erdulf
Eric Brook was an English Association Football player for Barnsley, Manchester City and England, for whom he made 18 appearances in full international matches between 1929 and 1937. He was born in 1908 and died in 1965.
Research Eric Brook
Eric Clapton is a British rock musician.
Research Eric Clapton
Eric Harefoot was king of Denmark in 1135.
Research Eric Harefoot
Eric I was king of Denmark in 850.
Research Eric I
Eric II was king of Denmark in 854.
Research Eric II
Eric IV was king of Denmark in 1241.
Research Eric IV
Eric Morecambe (John Eric Barthomew) was an English comedian. He was born in 1926 at Morecambe and died in 1984. He changed his name to Eric Morecambe after the town where he was born and raised, and was famous for being part of the Morecambe and Wise comedy double act.
Research Eric Morecambe
Eric the Good was king of Denmark in 1095.
Research Eric the Good
Eric the Lamb was king of Denmark in 1137.
Research Eric the Lamb
Eric the Red was a Viking who is reported to have been banished from Iceland and to have gone on a voyage of discovery about 981, in which he landed at a place previously discovered by Gunniborn. On his return three years later he called it Greenland. Thither about 985 he led an expedition and planted a colony. About 986 a vessel on its way to the settlement wandered from its course and landed on a coast nine days' sail south of Greenland, and in 1000 AD, Leif Ericson a son of Eric the Red, made a voyage of discovery to this region and named it Vinland, which is supposed to have been somewhere on the New England coast. Authorities differ as to the authenticity of this account, but the general opinion prevails that some such discoveries were made, though the details are not reliable.
Research Eric The Red
Eric V was king of Denmark in 1259.
Research Eric V
Eric VI was king of Denmark in 1286.
Research Eric VI
Eric VII (Eric XIII of Sweden) was king of Denmark and Sweden in 1397, reigning jointly with Margaret until 1412, and then on his own until 1438 when he was obliged to resign both crowns.
Research Eric VII
Eric XIV was a king of Sweden. He was born in 1533 and died in 1577. He was the son of Gustavus I and ascended to the throne in 1560. At the Arboga Riksdag in 1561 he limited the power of the royal dukes, and he was the pioneer of Sweden's Baltic policy, by acquiring Estonia. He aspired in vain to marry Elizabeth I of England, Mary of Scotland, Christina of Hesse and Renee of Lorraine, but married his mistress Katrina Mansdotter, an itinerant cherry-seller. He feared and mistrusted the nobility, and was guided by low-born councillors. His barbarous murder of the three Stures in 1567 revolted the nobility who rose under the royal dukes John and Charles in 1568 and he was deposed. After six years of confinement he was probably poisoned at Orbyhus by his brother and successor John.
Research Eric XIV
Erich Von Falkenhayn was a Prussian general. He was born in 1861 and died in 1922. After serving in China, he became general and Prussian War Minister. He hastened Germany's declaration of war in 1914 and superseded von Moltke as Chief of Staff. He precipitated the first battle of Ypres, and planned the offensives on Russia and Serbia in 1915.
Research Erich Von Falkenhayn
Erinna was a Greek poet. She lived around 600 BC. She is said to have been an intimate friend of Sappho, and died at the age of eighteen. She acquired a high reputation for poetry; her chief work was called Elakate (The Distaff), of which nothing has come down to us. An epitaph or two which are still extant, and believed by some to be hers, are by others deemed spurious.
Research Erinna
Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari was a German-Italian composer. He was born in 1876 in Venice and died in 1948.
Research Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari
Ernest Alexandre Ansermet was a Swiss conductor and composer. He was born in 1883 at Nevey and died in 1969. A mathematician by trade, he gave up teaching maths in 1910 to devote himself to music, but his mathematical training enabled him to understand even the most complex musical score.
Research Ernest Ansermet
Ernest Augustus was King of Hanover and Duke of Cumberland. He was born in 1771 and died in 1851. He was the fifth son of George III of England. He became a field-marshal in the British army and commanded the Hanoverian army against the French in 1793 - 1795 and again in 1810 - 1814. He became King of Hanover on the death of William IV in 1837, in consequence of the succession to the sovereignty of that country being limited to male heirs. He was succeeded by his son, George V, the last of the Hanoverian kings.
Research Ernest Augustus
Ernest Bevin was a British trade unionist. He was born in 1881 and died in 1951 . He was Minister of Labour in 1940, and foreign secretary from 1945 to 1951.
Research Ernest Bevin
Ernest Bloch was a Swiss American composer. He was born in 1880 and died in 1959. He composed Macbeth (opera), Schelomo, Voice in the Wilderness.
Research Ernest Bloch
Ernest Dowson was an English poet. He was born in 1867 and died in 1900.
Research Ernest Dowson
Ernest F Hollings was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of South Carolina from 1959 until 1963.
Research Ernest F. Hollings
Ernest Giles was an Australian explorer. He was born in 1839 at Bristol and died in 1897. He went to Melbourne at an early age and in 1874 to 1876 crossed from Adelaide to Perth with camels.
Research Ernest Giles
Ernest Hemingway was an American novelist. He was born in 1898 at Oak Park, Illinois and died in 1961. After becoming a newspaper correspondent in Kansas City he served in a volunteer ambulance crew in Italy during the Great War, and was wounded. He then turned to writing books and wrote such titles as the 1940 'For Whom The Bell Tolls'.
Research Ernest Hemingway
Ernest Lister was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Washington from 1913 until 1919.
Research Ernest Lister
Ernest Rutherford was a British scientist. He was born in 1871 in New Zealand and died in 1937. He won the Nobel prize for chemistry in 1908 for his work with radium.
Research Ernest Rutherford
Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton was an Antarctic explorer. He was born in 1874 at Kilkee, County Kildare, Ireland and died in 1922 of heart-failure whilst on an expedition to the south-pole. He entered the mercantile marine service in 1890 and became a sub lieutenant in the Royal Naval Reserve in 1901. In 1901 he joined Scott's British National Antarctic (Discovery) Expedition as third lieutenant and with Scott and Edward Wilson took part in the sledge journey over the Ross Ice Shelf. In January 1908 he returned to Antarctica as leader of the British Antarctic (Nimrod) Expedition. In March 1914 he led the British Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition planning to cross Antarctica from a base on the Weddell Sea to McMurdo Sound, via the South Pole, but the expedition ship Endurance was beset off the Caird coast and drifted for ten months before being crushed in the pack ice. The members of the expedition then drifted on ice floes for another five months before finally escaping in boats to Elephant Island in the South Shetland Islands. Shackleton and five others then sailed 1,300 km to South Georgia in an open whale boat, navigating by dead-reckoning, to get help. They made the first crossing of the island, across mountains and glaciers with no proper equipment. Borrowing a boat, he led three unsuccessful relief expeditions before on his fourth attempt succeeding in rescuing his men from Elephant Island, without loss of life - the men surviving on seal meat and penguins, and a teaspoon of water each morning melted from the ice. To this day, this remains one of the greatest stories of endurance ever.
Research Ernest Shackleton
Ernest Vandiver was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Georgia from 1959 until 1963.
Research Ernest Vandiver
Ernest John von Biren, Duke of Courland, was a Russian courtier. He was born in 1687 and died 1772. The son of a landed proprietor. He gained the favour of Anna, duchess of Courland and niece of Peter the Great of Russia, and when she ascended the Russian throne in 1730 Biren was loaded by her with honours, and introduced at the Russian court. He was made Duke of Courland in 1737, and continued a powerful favourite during her reign, freely indulging his hatred against the rivals of his ambitions. He caused 11,000 persons to be put to death, and double that number to be exiled. On the death of Anna he became regent, but he was exiled to Siberia in 1741. On the accession of Elizabeth to the throne she permitted his return to Russia, and in 1763 the duchy of Courland was restored to him.
Research Ernest von Biren
Ernest W Gibson was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Vermont from 1947 until 1950.
Research Ernest W. Gibson
Ernest W Marland was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Oklahoma from 1935 until 1939.
Research Ernest W. Marland
Ernest W McFarland was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Arizona from 1955 until 1959.
Research Ernest W. McFarland
Ernie Wise (real name Ernest Wiseman) was an English comedian. He was born in 1925 and died in 1999. He started his comedy career at the age of thirteen, being described as a 'thirteen year old Max Miller' before going on to partner Eric Morecambe.
Research Ernie Wise
Ernst Karl Abbe was a German physicist. He was born in 1840 at Eisenach and died in 1905. He was a professor of physics and mathematics, a director of astronomical and meteorological observatories, and a research director at an optical works. He made a great number of improvements in the design of the microscope, introducing the apochromatic lens system in 1868, his condenser for compound microscopes in 1870, and an oil immersion lens in 1878.
Research Ernst Abbe
Ernst Moritz Arndt was a German patriot and poet. He was born in 1769 and died in 1860. He was appointed professor of history at Greifswald in 1806, and stirred up the national feeling against Napoleon in his work Geist der Zeit (Spirit of the Time). In 1812 to 1813 he zealously promoted the war of independence by a number of pamphlets, poems, and spirited songs, among which it is sufficient to refer to his Was ist des Deutschen Vaterland?, Der Gott, der Eisen wachsen liess, and Was blasen die Trompeten? Husaren heraus!, which were caught up and sung from one end of Germany to the other. In 1817 he married a sister of the theologian Schleiermacher, and settled at Bonn in order to undertake the duties of professor of history. He was, however, suspended until 1840 on account of his liberal opinions, when he was restored to his chair on the accession of Frederick William IV.
Research Ernst Arndt
Ernst Florent Friedrich Chladni was a German physicist. He was born in 1756 and died in 1827. he investigated the laws of sound and conducted important experiments into the vibration of metallic and glass plates of various forms.
Research Ernst Chladni
Ernst Curtius was a German Hellenist. He was born in 1814 and died in 1896. He visited Greece in 1837 (as also subsequently) to make antiquarian researches, and became tutor to the late Emperor Frederick, whom he accompanied to Bonn. In 1856 he succeeded Hermann as professor at Gottingen, and in 1868 wascalledtoBerlin University. Of his works, which all relate to Greek antiquities, the best known is his History of Greece.
Research Ernst Curtius
Ernst Haeckel was a German naturalist. He was born in 1834 at Potsdam and died in 1919. He studied medicine and science at Berlin, Wurzburg, and Vienna; travelled in Norway and Italy, became professor of zoology at Jena in 1865. Later he visited Syria, Egypt, Algeria, Sri Lanka, etc, to perfect his knowledge of natural forms. He was the most prominent exponent of the Darwinian theories in Germany. Among his works may be mentioned The Radiolariae (1862), The History of Creation (1868), Anthropology (1874), History of the Evolution of Man (1875), Collected Popular Discourses on the Development Theory (1878 - 1879), The Riddle of the Universe (1900) etc.
Research Ernst Haeckel
Ernst Wiljelm Hengstenberg was a German divine and commentator. He was born in 1802 and died in 1869. he was for a long time professor of Old Testament exegesis at the University of Berlin. His influence as leader of the orthodox party was established by the publication of the Evangelische Kirchenzeitung in 1827, of which he was editor, and which had for contributors Otto and Ludwig von Gerlach, Neander, Tholuck, Lange, Huber, Stahl, Vilmar, and Leo. His works include a translation of Aristotle's Metaphysics; a Christology of the Old Testament, and Introduction to the Old Testament; a Commentary on the Psalms, the Revelation of St John; a History of the Kingdom of God in the Old Testament, etc.
Research Ernst Hengstenberg
Ernst Theodor Wilhelm Hoffmann was a German writer and composer. He was born in 1776 at Konigsberg and died in 1822. He studied law at Konigsberg and afterwards held several minor judicial appointments under government. He cultivated music and art, especially caricature, with success. Among his works of fiction are the Phantasiestucke in Callot's Manier (1814); Die Elixire des Teufels (1816); the Nachtstucke (1817); the Serapionsbruder (twenty-three tales, 1819); Lebensansichten des Kater Murr (1820-1822); and many others. In his longer novels he has a strong tendency to make use of supernatural machinery; but his master-pieces are his short stories.
Research Ernst Hoffmann
Ernst Mach was an Austrian physicist. He was born in 1838 and died in 1916. The Mach number, representing the speed of sound in aeronautics, is named after him.
Research Ernst Mach
Erpwald was king of the East Angles in 624.
Research Erpwald
Erskine Nicol was a Scottish genre painter. He was born in 1825 at Leith and died in 1904. He particularly painted Irish life and character, living at Dublin from 1845 to 1849, in 1862 settling in London.
Research Erskine Nicol
Erwin Neher is a German cell physiologist. He was born in 1944 at Landsberg in Germany and trained originally as a physicist in Munich and at the University of Wisconsin. While working at the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry in Munich, he took a year-long sabbatical to work with the physiologist Sakmann at Yale University. He shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1991 with Bert Sakmann for his studies on ion channels and beta-endorphin. Neher and Sakmann developed the patch-clamp technique in 1976 to measure the electrical activity of very small portions of cell membranes. This technique revolutionized the study of ion channels.
To perform the technique a glass pipette with a tip diameter of about one micrometer is pressed against a cell and slight suction is then applied to seal the cell membrane against the pipette. The technique allows the flow of ions through a single channel and transitions between different states of a channel to be monitored with a time resolution of microseconds. Using this method, Neher and Sakmann investigated the effect of beta-endorphin on the membrane of cells. Beta-endorphin is a neurohormone secreted by the pituitary gland and an opiate that has been found to play a clinical role in the perception of pain, behavioural patterns, obesity, diabetes, and psychiatric disorders. Neher and Sakmann demonstrated that beta-endorphin acts not only on nerves in the brain to regulate their secretion of neurotransmitters but also, via calcium channels, acts on the walls of arteries in the brain.
Research Erwin Neher
Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel ('The Desert Fox') was a German field marshal. He was born in 1891 and died in 1944. He served in the Great War and the Second World War where he played an important part in the invasions of central Europe and France. He was commander of the North African offensive from 1941 until he was defeated at the Battle of El Alamein and he was expelled from Africa in March 1943. He was commander in chief for a short time against the Allies in Europe 1944 but, as a sympathizer with the unsuccessful Stauffenberg plot to assassinate Hitler, was forced to commit suicide in 1944.
Research Erwin Rommel
Esaias Tegner was a Swedish poet. He was born in 1782 at Kyrkerud and died in 1846. In 1802 he became lecturer in philosophy at Lund University. In 1811 he wrote the fervidly patriotic 'Ode Svea' which marked a turning point in Swedish literature. In 1812 he was ordained and in 1824 made bishop of Vexio, a post he held until his death.
Research Esaias Tegner
Esarhaddon was a king of Assyria. He was the son of Sennacherib, and one of the most powerful of all the Assyrian monarchs. He extended the empire on all sides, and is the only Assyrian monarch who actually reigned at Babylon. He died about 667 BC.
Research Esarhaddon
Escwine was king of the West Saxons in 674.
Research Escwine
Esek Hopkins was an American sailor. He was born in 1718 at Rhode Island and died in 1802. He was appointed commander-in-chief of the navy by the Continental Congress in 1775. In 1767, in command of the first colonial fleet, he captured the British ships Hawke and Bolton. He was retired in 1777 for neglect to appear before the Naval Committee on a charge of unnecessary delays. He afterward was prominent in Rhode Island politics.
Research Esek Hopkins
Eskimo is a derogatory name for an Inuit Indian.
Research Eskimo
Originally an Esquire was a shield-bearer or armour-bearer; an attendant on a knight;
hence in modern times it is a title of dignity next in degree below a knight. In England this title is properly given to the younger sons of noblemen, to officers of the king's courts and of the household, to counsellors at law, justices of the peace while in commission, sheriffs, gentlemen who have held commissions in the army and navy, etc. It is usually given to all professional and literary men, and nowadays, in the addresses of letters, esquire may be put as a complimentary adjunct to almost any person's name. In heraldry the helmet of an esquire is represented sideways, with the vizor closed.
Research Esquire
Essad Pasha was an Albanian leader. He was born in 1863 and died in 1920. He fought for the Turks against the Serbians in 1912 and was made ruler of an independent Albania in 1914.
Research Essad Pasha
The Essenes were a Jewish religious body of monastic habits of life arising in the 2nd century BC. They combined strict Hebraism with asceticism and were thus marked off from the rest of the Jews.
They were remarkable for their strictness and abstinence. Property was owned in common.
Research Essenes
Essex Junto was the name applied first by John Hancock in 1781 to a group of leaders of Essex County, Massachusetts, and their adherents. They were upholders of the commercial interests of the country, and desired a stronger Federal Government. Upon the development of the Federal party they at once fell in line and were extreme members of that party. President Adams accused them of trying to force a war with France in 1798-99, and thus they acquired a national reputation. During the embargo period the name became a synonym for New England Federalism. Among its number were Fisher Ames, Cabot, the Lowells, Pickering, Theophilus Parsons, Higginson and Benjamin Goodhue.
Research Essex Junto
An estafette is a courier who carries his message in conjunction with others by relay.
Research Estafette
The Count d'Estaing was a French naval officer. He was born in 1729 and died in 1794. He commanded the fleet sent in 1778 to aid the colonies against Great Britain, and took Gerard, the first French Envoy to the United States. He planned an attack upon the British fleet in Newport harbour, but the campaign was not successful, and in 1779 with General Lincoln he attempted to take the city of Savannah by assault. He captured a number of British vessels and on his return to France he prevailed upon the Ministry to send 6000 men to America under the Comte de Rochambeau.
Research Estaing
Este is one of the most ancient and illustrious families of Italy. In the llth century the house of Este became connected by marriage with the German Welfs or Guelphs, and founded the German branch of the house of Este, the dukes of Brunswick and Hanover. The sovereigns of Ferrara and Modena were of this family, several of them being famous as patrons of letters. The lives of Boiardo, Ariosto, and Tasso were closely connected with members of this house. The last male representative of the Estes died in 1798. His daughter married a son of the German emperor Francis I, and her grandson disappeared from the land of his forefathers at the consummation of Italian unity in 1860.
Research Este
Esterhazy is a family of Hungarian magnates, whose authentic genealogy goes back to the first half of the 13th century. They were zealous partisans of the house of Hapsburg, to whom, during the reigns of Frederick II and Leopold I, they lent a powerful support.
Research Esterhazy
Ethan Allen was an American insurgent. He was born in 1737 and died in 1789. He joined the American colonists army, was made a general and surprised and captured Ticonderoga Port in 1775; attacked Montreal, and was captured and sent to England, being exchanged in 1778. He wrote against Christianity.
Research Ethan Allen
Ethan Allen Brown was an American politician. He was a Democratic-Republican governor of Ohio from 1818 until 1822.
Research Ethan Allen Brown
Ethel Mary Smyth was an English composer and suffragette. She was born in 1858 at London and died in 1944. She studied at Leipzig in 1877 and it was there that her string quartet attracted favourable attentions in 1884. She wrote several operas including 'Fantasio' written in 1898, 'Der Wald' written in 1901 and 'The Wreckers' written in 1906. She was created a DBE in 1922.
Research Ethel Smyth
Ethelard was king of the West Saxons in 728.
Research Ethelard
Ethelbald was king of Mercia in 716. He was slain by his successor Beornred.
Research Ethelbald
Ethelbert was King of Kent. He was born about 560 and died in 616. He succeeded his father, Hermenric, and reduced all the Anglo-Saxon states, except Northumberland, to the condition of his dependants. Ethelbert married Bertha, the daughter of Caribert, king of Paris, and a Christian princess, an event which led indirectly to the introduction of Christianity into England by St Augustine. Ethelbert was the first Anglo-Saxon king to draw up a code of laws.
Ethelbert was king of the East Angles in 790. He was treacherously put to death in Mercia in 792, when Offa, king of Mercia, overran the country, which was finally subdued by Egbert.
Ethelbert was King of England. The son of Ethelwulf, he succeeded to the government of the eastern side of the kingdom in 857, and in 860, on the death of his brother Ethelbald, became sole king. His reign was much disturbed by the inroads of the Danes. He died in 866.
Research Ethelbert
Ethelbert II was a son of Wihtred and king of the Heptarchy in 748.
Research Ethelbert II
Etheldreda was the queen of Egfrid, king of Northumberland. She built a church on Ely island, Cambridgeshire in 673 and founded a religious house which she filled with virgins and became the first abbess herself.
Research Etheldreda
Ethelfleda was queen of the Mercians. It is unknown when she was born but she died in 918. She was the daughter of King Alfred, and married Athelred, ealdorman of Mercia. As 'Lady of the Mercians', and sole ruler on her husband's death around 912 she took Derby and Leicester and finally made the Danes acknowledge her sway.
Research Ethelfleda
Ethelfrid was king of the Northumbrians. He spent his life in harrying the Britons, whom he overthrew at Daegsastane (now Dawstone) in Liddesdale in 603 and at Chester in 613, but was slain in battle against Raedwald of East Anglia in 617.
Research Ethelfrid
Ethelfrith (the Fierce) was king of Bernicia in 593.
Research Ethelfrith
Ethelred, son of Mollo, was king of Northumberland in 774 and again in 790.
Ethelred was king of the East Angles in 749, ruling jointly with Beorna.
Ethelred was king of the East Angles in 761.
Ethelred was king of Mercia in 675.
Research Ethelred
Ethelred I was king of the West Saxons and Kentishmen. He was a son of Athelwulf and elder brother of Alfred the Great. He succeeded his brother Ethelbert in 866. Along with Alfred he saved Mercia from the Danes, whom he later defeated at Reading and at Ashdown in 871, only in turn to be conquered at Merton where he received wounds from which he died in 871.
Research Ethelred I
Ethelred II (Ethelred the Unready) was a son of Edgar and succeeded Edward the Martyr as King of England from 978 to 1016. Ethelred's reign was plagued by his murdered brother becoming a posthumous rallying point for political unrest; a hostile Church transformed Edward into a royal martyr. Known as the Un-raed or 'Unready' (meaning no counsel, or that he was unwise), Ethelred failed to win or retain the allegiance of many of his subjects.
In 1002, he ordered the massacre of all Danes in England to eliminate potential treachery. Not being an able soldier, Ethelred defended the country against increasingly rapacious Viking raids from the 980s onwards by diplomatic alliance with the duke of Normandy in 991 (he later married the duke's daughter Emma) and by buying off renewed attacks by the Danes with money levied through a tax called the Danegeld. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 1006 was dismissive: 'in spite of it all, the Danish army went about as it pleased'. By 1012, 48,000 pounds of silver was being paid in Danegeld to Danes camped in London.
Eventually, in 1013, Ethelred fled to Normandy when king Sweyn of Denmark dispossessed him. Ethelred returned to rule after Sweyn's death in 1014. Ethelred's son Edmund set himself up as an independent ruler in the Danelaw. After Ethelred's death in 1015, Edmund cleared southern England of Danish marauders in a series of fiercely fought and highly mobile fighting, but he lost the battle of Ashingdon of 1016 (his Mercian allies deserted him) against Sweyn's son Canute, and died in the same year. Before his death, Edmund made an agreement with Canute giving Canute territorial concessions, including Wessex. Edmund was buried at Glastonbury.
Research Ethelred II
Ethelric was king of Bernicia in 588.
Ethelric was king of the East Angles in 654.
Research Ethelric
Ethelwald was king of the East Angles in 655.
Research Ethelwald
Ethelwulf was king of Wessex and Kent. He was a son of Egbert and was at first successful against the Northmen, but suffered defeat at Charmouth around 842. he avenged that defeat with a naval victory off Sandwich in 851 and in a land fight at Ockley in 852. He eventually resigned to Athelbald the kingship of Wessex, retaining only that of Kent and died in 858.
Research Ethelwulf
Etienne Arago was a French journalist. He was born in 1802 and died in 1892. The brother of Dominique Arago, he founded the journals La Reforme and Le Figaro. He was director of the Theatre du Vaudeville in 1829 and took part in the revolution of 1848. He was condemned to transportation in 1849; fled from France, but returned in 1859. He was mayor of Paris during the German war, and appointed archivist to the Ecole des Beaux Arts in 1878. He was the author of upwards of 100 dramas; La Vie de Moliere; Les Bleus et les Blancs, and other works.
Research Etienne Arago
Etienne Baluze was a French historian and miscellaneous writer. He was born in 1630 and died in 1718. For more than thirty years he was librarian to de Colbert, and was appointed professor of canon law in the royal college, but displeasing Louis XIV with his Histoire Generale de la Maison d'Auvergne, he was thrown into prison and his property confiscated. He recovered his liberty in 1713, but did not regain his position. He left some 1500 manuscripts in the national library of Paris, besides forty-five printed works, including Regum Francorum Capitularia, 2 volumes, and Miscellanea, 7 volumes.
Research Etienne Baluze
Etienne Cabet was a French communist. He was born in 1788 at Dijon and died in 1856 at St Louis. He went to Paris, became an advocat, and was for some time editor of the Journal de Jurisprudence. As a result of his ideas a colony was founded at Nauvoo, Illinois of mainly Parisian working-men.
Research Etienne Cabet
Etienne Francois Choiseul, duke of Choiseul-Amboise, was a French statesman. He was born in 1719 and died in 1785. He entered the army in early life, and after distinguishing himself on various occasions in the Austrian war of Succession, returned to Paris, where his intimacy with Madame de Pompadour furnished the means of gratifying his ambition. After having been ambassador at Rome, and at Vienna, where he concluded with Maria Theresa the treaty of alliance against Prussia, he became in reality primeminister of France, and was very popular through a series of able diplomatic measures. He negotiated the famous Family Compact which reunited the various members of the Bourbon family, and restored Corsica to France. His fall was brought about in 1770 by a court intrigue, supported by Madame du Barry, the new favourite of the king. He was banished to his estates, but his advice in political matters was frequently taken by Louis XVI.
Research Etienne Choiseul
Etienne Bonnot de Condillac was a French philosopher. He was born in 1715 and died in 1780. His Essai sur l'Origine des Connaissances Humaines (1746), in large part a polemic against abstract methods of philosophising, struck the key-note of his system, and his Traite des Systemes (1749) continued the condemnation of all systems not evolved from experience, from sensation. In 1754 appeared his Traite des Sensations, and in 1755 his Traite des Animaux, a criticism on Buffon. The sagacity and clearness of his writings led to his appointment as tutor to the nephew of Louis XV, the infant Duke of Parma, for whom he wrote in 1755 his Cours d'Etudes, including a grammar, an Art d'Ecrire, an Art de Raisonner, an Art de Penser, and a general history. His work Le Commerce et le Gouvernement appeared in the same year as the Wealth of Nations (1776), and was no unworthy companion to it. In 1768 he was elected to the Academy. He died shortly after the publication of his Logic in 1780, his Langue des Calculs being published posthumously in 1798.
Research Etienne de Condillac
Etienne Geoffrey St Hilaire was a French naturalist. He was born in 1772 and died in 1844. He was educated at the colleges of Navarre and Lemoine, and became a favourite pupil of Hauy. At the age of twenty-one he obtained the chair of zoology in the Parisian Jardin des Plantes.
As a member of the Egyptian expedition in 1798 he founded the Institute of Cairo, and returned about the end of 1801 with a rich collection of zoological specimens. In 1807 he was made a member of the Institute, and in 1809 professor of zoology at the Faculty of Sciences.
He devoted himself especially to the philosophy of natural history. The fundamental idea brought conspicuously forward in all his works is, that in the organization of animals there is only one general plan, one original type, which is modified in particular points so as to present differences of genera. This view met with strong opposition from Cuvier.
Among his principal works are Sur le Principe de 1'Unite de Composition Organique; Philosophie Anatomique; Histoire Naturelle des Mammiferes, written in conjunction with Cuvier; Notions de Philosophie Naturelle (1838).
Research Etienne Geoffrey St Hilaire
The Etruscans were a race inhabiting Etruria, in ancient Italy. They were a powerful race, but internal rivalry of their loosely federated cities gave Rome an opportunity of destroying their power, although this took several centuries of spasmodic warfare, finally coming to a conclusion in the 4th century BC.
Research Etruscans
Eubulus was a Greek comic writer. He lived at Athens about 375 BC. His subjects were chiefly mythological.
Research Eubulus
Euclid of Alexandria was a Greek mathematician. His book the Elements of Geometry set down how geometry was to be taught for the next 2000 years. He was born in 365 BC and died in 275 BC.
Euclid of Megara was an ancient Greek philosopher, the founder of the Megaric school of philosophy, and a pupil of Socrates.
Research Euclid
Eudora Welty is an American novelist. She was born in 1909. She won the Pulitzer Prize in 1972 for her book 'The Optimist's Daughter'.
Research Eudora Welty
Eudoxus was a Greek mathematician and astronomer. He was born at Cnidus, Asia Minor around 400 BC and died in 347 BC. In his early life he attended lectures by Plato and later devised the hypothesis of concentric spheres to explain the stationary points and retrogradations in the motions of the planets. According to Pliny and Strabo it was Eudoxus who first fixed the length of the year at 365.25 days, while Vitruvius ascribes to him the invention of the sundial. He was also a philosopher and was much admired by Marcus Cicero. In mathematics Eudoxus' early success was in the removal of many of the limitations imposed by Pythagoras on the theory of proportion. He also established a test for the equality of two ratios. The model of planetary motion was published in a book called On Rates.
Further astronomical observations were included in two other works, The Mirror and Phaenomena. In a series of geographical books with the overall title of A Tour of the Earth, Eudoxus described the political, historical, and religious customs of the countries of the eastern Mediterranean. He devised the first system to account for the motions of celestial bodies, believing them to be carried around the Earth on sets of spheres. Work attributed to Eudoxus includes methods to calculate the area of a circle and to derive the volume of a pyramid or a cone. Eudoxus probably regarded the celestial spheres as a mathematical device for ease of computation rather than as physically real, but the idea was taken up by Aristotle and became entrenched in astronomical thought until the time of Tycho Brahe.
Research Eudoxus
Eugene Aram was an English linguist. He was born in 1704 at Ramsgill, Yorkshire and died in 1759. In 1745 he abandoned his wife and disappeared along with one Daniel Clarke a shoe-maker who had secured possession of valuable property by fraud. Eugene Aram was presumed dead by all but his embittered wife, who made the claim that Daniel Clarke had been murdered by Aram and one Richard Houseman in order to rob the victim of some silver plate and other valuables. Richard Houseman was arrested and claimed that Eugene Aram had murdered Clarke and hidden his body in a cave at Knaresborough. A search was conducted and a skeleton found, and Aram, then working as an Usher at the grammar school at Lyme Regis was arrested and charged with murder. Aram defended himself skilfully, insisting upon the fallibility of circumstantial evidence but was subsequently convicted and hanged for the murder of Daniel Clarke - confessing to the murder shortly before his execution but claiming that Houseman was the principal murderer.
Research Eugene Aram
Eugene Burnouf was a French scholar. He was born in 1801 at Paris and died in 1852. He devoted himself to the study of oriental languages, particularly those of Persia and India. In 1826 he attracted the attention of men of learning throughout Europe by publishing, in conjunction with his friend Lassen, an Essay on the Pali, or the sacred language of the Buddhists in Sri Lanka and the Eastern Peninsula. But his fame is chiefly due to his having, so to speak, restored to life an entire language, the Zend or old Persian language in which the Zoroastrian writings were composed. Burnouf also distinguished himself by his labours on Buddhism, publishing Introduction la l'Histoire du Bouddhisme Indien.
Research Eugene Burnouf
Eugene de Beauharnais was Duke of Leuchtenberg, Prince of Eichstadt,and Viceroy of Italy during the reign of Napoleon. He was born in 1781 and died in 1824. He was the son of Alexandre Beauharnais and Josephine, afterwards wife of Napoleon and Empress of France. After his father's death he joined Hoche in La Vendee, and subsequently studied for a time in Paris. He accompanied Napoleon to Egypt in 1798; rose rapidly in the army; was appointed viceroy of Italy in 1805; and married a daughter of the King of Bavaria in 1806. He administered the government of Italy with great prudence and moderation, and was much beloved by his subjects. In the Russian campaign he commanded the third corps d'armee, and greatly distinguished himself. To him and to Ney France was mainly indebted for the preservation of the remains of her army during the retreat from Moscow. After the battle of Ltitzen of May the 2nd, 1813, where, by surrounding the right wing of the enemy, he decided the fate of the day, he went to Italy, which he defended against the Austrians until the deposition of Napoleon. After the fall of Napoleon he concluded an armistice, by which he delivered Lombardy and all Upper Italy to the Austrians. He then went immediately to Paris, and thence to his father-in-law at Munich, where he afterwards resided.
Research Eugene de Beauharnais
Eugene N Foss was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Massachusetts from 1911 until 1914.
Research Eugene N. Foss
Eugene Schuyler was an American statesman. He was born in 1840 and died in 1890. He was US Consul at Moscow from 1866 to 1869, and at Reval from 1869 to 1870. He was secretary of the US Legation at St Petersburg from 1870 to 1876; was Consul-General at Constantinople from 1876 to 1878; Consul at Birmingham, England, from 1878 to 1879; Charge d'Affaires and Consul-General at Bucharest from 1880 to 1882 and Minister Resident and Consul-General to Greece, Roumania and Serbia from 1882 to 1884. He wrote a work on Turkestan, and 'American Diplomacy and the Furtherance of Commerce'.
Research Eugene Schuyler
Eugene Talmadge was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Georgia from 1933 until 1937.
Research Eugene Talmadge
Eugenie was wife of Napoleon III. She was born in 1826 and died in 1920. She was the daughter of the Spanish Count of Montijo and married Louis Napoleon in 1853. After Sedan she fled to England with her husband and settled at Chislehurst, and later at Farnborough where she had built a mausoleum in which she, her husband and her son were buried.
Research Eugenie
Eugenius I was a pope. He was elected pope on September the 8th, 654, while his predecessor, Martin I, was still living. He died in 657 without having exerted any material influence on his times.
Research Eugenius I
Eugenius II was a pope. He held the see from 824 to 827.
Research Eugenius II
Eugenius IV was a pope. He came from Venice, and was originally called Gabriel Condolmero. He was raised to the popedom in 1431. In consequence of his opposition to the council of Basel he was deposed. He died in 1447.
Research Eugenius IV
Eumenes II was King of Pergamum. He was born in 197 BC and died in 159 BC. He assisted the Romans against Antiochus of Syria at Magnesia, and against Perseus of Macedonia. He made Pergamum a centre of great wealth and culture.
Research Eumenes II
The Eunomians were the followers of Eunomius, Bishop of Cyzicum, in the 4th century AD, who held that Christ was a created being of a nature unlike that of the Father.
Research Eunomians
Eupolis was an Athenian comic poet, who lived about 429 BC. Neither the date of his birth nor that of his death is known with certainty. He belongs, like Aristophanes and Cratinus, to the Old Comedy. His works are all lost except small fragments.
Research Eupolis
Euripides was a Greek dramatist. He was born in 480 BC ior 485 BC at Phyla on the island of Salamis and died in 406 BC. He studied under Prodicus and Anaxagoras, and is said to have begun to write tragedies at the age of eighteen, although his first published play, the Peliades, appeared only in 455 BC. He was not successful in gaining the first prize until the year 441 BC, and he continued to exhibit until 408 BC, when he exhibited the Orestes. The violence of unscrupulous enemies, who accused him of impiety and unbelief in the gods, drove Euripides to take refuge at the court of Archelaus, king of Macedonia, where he was held in the highest honour. According to a tradition he was killed by hounds in 406 BC.
Euripides is a master of tragic situations and pathos, and shows much knowledge of human nature and skill in grouping characters, but his works lack the artistic completeness and the sublime earnestness that characterize AEschylus and Sophocles. Euripides is said to have composed seventy-five, or according to another authority ninety-two tragedies. Of these eighteen (or nineteen, including the Ehesus) are extant: Alcestis, Medea, Hippolytus, Hecuba, Heracleidse, Supplices, Ion, Hercules Eurens, Andromache, Troades, Electra, Helena, Iphigenia in Tauris, Orestes, Phcenissse, Bacchas, Iphigenia in Aulis, and Cyclops.
Research Euripides
Eurith D Rivers was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Georgia from 1937 until 1941.
Research Eurith D. Rivers
Eusebius, regarded as the father of ecclesiastical history, was a Greek writer. He was born in about 265 at Palestine and died about 340. About 315 he was appointed Bishop of Caesarea. He became an advocate of the Arians and condemned the doctrines of Athanasius. His ecclesiastical history extends from the birth of Christ to 324. Amongst his other extant works is a life of Constantine the Great.
Research Eusebius
Eustace Budgell was an English writer. He was born in 1686 and died in 1737 He was first cousin to Addison, and went with him to Dublin in 1709 as secretary. On the accession of George I Eustace Budgell obtained several valuable Irish appointments, from which he was removed for an attack on the lord-lieutenant, the Duke of Bolton. He lost three-fourths of his fortune in the South Sea Bubble, and spent the rest in a fruitless attempt to get into parliament. Disgraced by an attempted fraud in connection with Dr. Matthew Tindal's will, he committed suicide by drowning in the Thames. He was best known for his articles in the Spectator which he signed 'X'.
Research Eustace Budgell
Flavius Eutropius was a Roman historian. He lived around the 4th century and was also secretary to the emperor Julian. His abridgment of the history of Rome (Breviarium Historias Romanae) is written in a perspicuous style.
Research Eutropius
Eutyches was a Greek heresiarch. He lived in the 5th century. He was superior of a monastery near Constantinople (Istanbul), and his heresy consisted in maintaining that after the incarnation there was only a divine nature in Christ under the appearance of a human body. The doctrines of Eutyches were condemned by the Council of Chalcedon in 451, and he was expelled from his monastery. He died not long afterwards. His followers were often called Monophysites as well as Eutychians.
Research Eutyches
Evan Mecham was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Arizona from 1987 until 1988.
Research Evan Mecham
Evangelista Torricelli was an Italian physicist. He was born in 1608 and died in 1647. He studied mathematics in Rome, and there became fascinated by the work of Galileo, whom he aided in the preparation of his Discorsi. Torricelli succeeded Galileo, on the latter's death, in the chair of philosophy and mathematics at Florence. Torricelli is famous for balancing the weight of a column of mercury against the pressure of the atmosphere, the principle of the barometer. The space above the mercury in a barometer is still called the Torricellian vacuum.
Research Evangelista Torricelli
Evariste Regis Hue was a French missionary and traveller. He was born in 1813 and died in 1860. After studying theology, about 1837 he entered the order of the Lazarist Fathers, was ordained priest in 1838, in 1839 went to China as a missionary, and in company with Pere Gabet made a journey of exploration in the interior of the empire and of Tibet. After this he returned in poor health to France, where he published Souvenirs d'un Voyage dans la Tartarie Ie Thibet et la Chine pendant les Annees 1844, 1845, et 1846; L'Empire Chinois (1857); Le Christianisme en Chine (1857).
Research Evariste Hue
Evelyn Baring was a British statesman and the first Earl of Cromer. He was born in 1841 and died in 1917. He was secretary to the Viceroy of India from 1872 until 1876 and commissioner of the Egyptian Public debt from 1877 until 1879.
Research Evelyn Baring
Evelyn Arthur Saint-John Waugh was a British author. He was born in 1903 and died in 1966. He is renowned for his amusing satirical novels.
Research Evelyn Waugh
Sir Everard Digby was an English gentleman and terrorist. He was born in 1581 of a Roman Catholic family and died in 1606. He enjoyed some consideration at the court of Elizabeth I and James I, by whom he was knighted. Having allegedly contributed money to the Guy Fawkes conspiracy, he was tried and hanged in 1606.
Research Everard Digby
Evert A Duyckinck was an American writer. He was born in 1816 and died in 1878. He was admitted to the New York bar in 1837, was editor of the Literary World from 1847 to 1853, and wrote extensively upon American biography, history and literature. His chief work was a 'Cyclopaedia of American Literature', published in 1856.
Research Evert Duyckinck
An evzone is a member of a select Greek infantry regiment.
Research Evzone
The Ewenke (Solon) are a nomadic pastoral people living in Russia, China and Mongolia where they herd reindeer, hunt and farm.
Research Ewenke
Sir Eyre Coote was a British general. He was born in 1726 and died in 1783. He served against the Jacobites in 1745, and later in India. He assisted Clive at Calcutta and at Plassey in 1756. In the campaign against the French in the Carnatic, Coote won the battle of Wandewash in 1760 and was with Monson at the siege of Pondicherry in 1761.
Research Eyre Coote
Ezekiel was a Hebrew prophet who began to prophesy during the Babylonian captivity. His sayings were recorded in the book of Ezekiel.
Research Ezekiel
Ezekiel A Straw was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Hampshire from 1872 until 1874.
Research Ezekiel A. Straw
Ezekiel G Robinson was an American educationalist. He was born in 1815 and died in 1894. He was president of Brown University from 1872 to 1889. He had a high reputation as a teacher, preacher and orator. He made a careful translation of Meander's 'History of the Planting of the Church', and has wrote on philosophy and ethics.
Research Ezekiel Robinson
Ezequiel C de Baca was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of New Mexico during 1917.
Research Ezequiel C. de Baca
Ezra was a Hebrew scribe. He was exiled in Babylon, and led a party of fellow exiles back to Palestine around 488 BC.
Research Ezra
Ezra Butler was an American politician. He was a National-Republican governor of Vermont from 1826 until 1828.
Research Ezra Butler
Ezra Cornell was an American politician and the founder of Cornell University. He was born in 1807 and died in 1874. He was a member of the first Republican National Convention, was elected to the New York Assembly in 1862 and served until 1863, and served in the State Senate from 1864 until 1867.
Research Ezra Cornell
Ezra P Savage was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Nebraska from 1901 until 1903.
Research Ezra P. Savage
|
Abbreviations
People
