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F Ray Keyser, Jr is an American politician. He was born in 1927. He was a Republican governor of Vermont from 1961 until 1963.
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Frank Winfield Woolworth was an American trader who started the 'five and ten cent stores' which grew into the world famous 'F.W. Woolworth' chain of stores.
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Fa-hsien was a Chinese monk and writer. He lived around 400, and travelled from China via the Gobi Desert to Turkestan, Afghanistan, India and Ceylon documenting Buddhist festivals, customs and beliefs.
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The Fabian Society are an intellectual Socialist society which was founded in 1883 by Sidney Webb, Beatrice Potter, and George Bernard Shaw amongst others.
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Fabius Maximus was the Roman dictator who saved Rome from Hannibal by deliberately avoiding battle.
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A Fakir is a Hindu ascetic or any 'Holy Man' in Islam.
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Fanny Adams was an eight-year old British girl who in August 1867, was murdered at Alton, Hampshire while playing with her sister and a friend, and her body dismembered and the parts spread about local fields or in the river. Frederick Baker, a local clerk was convicted of the murder and was hanged on Christmas eve. Coincidentally, just after her murder, the British navy changed rations to chopped and cooked meat, leading to the sailors to joke that Fanny Adams' remains were being served up to them.
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The Fans are an African race of people inhabiting the region of the west coast about the Gaboon River and the Ogoway. They are traditionally an energetic race, skilled in various arts and cannibals, but contact with Europeans led to their cannibalism being supressed in the 20th century.
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The Fantees' are a people of West Africa inhabiting the coastal district of what is now Ghana, between the Ashantees and the sea. They were at one time the most numerous and powerful people situated immediately on the Gold Coast seaboard; but their power was almost entirely broken after 1811 by repeated invasions of the Ashantees and finally the colonisation by the British.
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The Farnese were an illustrious Italian family of Italy, whose descent may be traced from about the middle of the 13th century, and which gave to the church and the Republic of Florence many eminent names. The line became extinct with Antonio Farnese in 1731. The name of the Farnese is associated with several famous buildings and works of art. The Farnese Palace, at Rome, was built for Pope Paul III while he was cardinal, by Sangallo and Michael Angelo. Its sculpture gallery was formerly very celebrated, but the best pieces have been removed to Naples, including the following: The Farnese Bull, a celebrated ancient sculpture representing the punishment of Dirce, discovered in the 16th century in the Baths of Caracalla at Home; Farnese Hercules, a celebrated ancient statue of Hercules by Glycon, found in the Baths of Caracalla in 1540; Farnese Flora, a colossal statue of great merit, found in the Baths of Caracalla; Farnese Cup, an antique onyx cup, highly ornamented with figures in relief.
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Farouk was the last king of Egypt. He was born in 1920 at Cairo and died in 1965. Educated in England, he became king in 1936 but was deposed in 1952 following Egypt's defeat by Israel in 1948 and unrest following continued British occupation. After abdicating he went into exile, living in Monaco.
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A farrier is a person who conducts farriery, originally the shoeing of horses but now also the veterinary care of horses.
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Fathers of the Church is a term describing the teachers and writers of the ancient church who flourished after the time of the apostles and apostolic fathers (the immediate disciples of the apostles), from the 2nd to the 6th century. The most celebrated among the Greek fathers are Clement of Alexandria, Origen, Eusebius, Athanasius, and St John Chrysostom. The most distinguished among the Latin fathers are Tertullian, Augustine, Ambrose, and Jerome.
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Fatima Bint Mohammed The Prophet was the daughter of the prophet Mohammed and his first wife, Khadija. She was born in 606 at Mecca and died in 632. She married her cousin, Ali ibn Abi Talib and by him had two sons, Hasan and Husain, who were the only male perpetuators of Mohammed's family. Shiah Muslims believe that Fatima is divine and believe that one of her descendants will return to earth to rule as the divine Mahdi, and hold her in a similar role to the Catholic Virgin Mary.
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The Fatimite Dynasty was a line of caliphs claiming descent from Fatima, the favourite daughter of Muhammed, and of Ali her cousin, to whom she was married. In the year 909 Abu-Muhammed Obeidalla, giving himself out as the grandson of Fatima, endeavoured to pass himself off as the Mahdi or Messiah predicted by the Koran. Denounced as an impostor by the reigning caliph of Bagdad he fled into Egypt, became caliph of Tunis, and soon conquered all Northern Africa from the Straits of Gibraltar to the borders of Egypt. His son wrested Egypt from the Abbasides in 970 and founded Cairo. The Fatimite dynasty was extinguished on the death of Adhed, the fourteenth caliph, and a new line began with Saladin.
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Fausto Coppi (the 'Championissimo') was an Italian road-race cyclist. He was born in 1919 and died in 1960. He was the first person to win both the Tour de France and the Giro D'Italia in the same year. During his career he won the Giro D'Italia five times, the Tour of Lombardy five times, Milan-San Remo three times, the Grand Prix Des Nations twice and the Tour de France twice.
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Faustus Socinus was an Italian theologian. He was born in 1539 at Siena and died in 1604. Poorly educated, he wandered for a while in France and Switzerland before entering the service of the daughter of the grand duke of Tuscany. Having studied theology for three years at Basel, in 1579 he went to Poland, where he vigorously promulgated his rationalistic and anti-Trinitarian views, especially at the Synod of Brest Litovsk. His book, 'On Jesus Christ the Servant' published in 1598 caused a riot in Krakow during which he was almost killed.
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Fauvelet de Bourrienne was a French diplomatist. He was born in 1769 and died in 1834. Educated along with Bonaparte at the school of Brienne, where a close intimacy sprang up between them. Bourrienne went to Germany to study law and languages, but returning to Paris in 1792 renewed his friendship with Napoleon, from whom he obtained various appointments, and latterly that of minister plenipotentiary at Hamburg. Notwithstanding that his character suffered from his being involved in several dishonourable monetary transactions, he continued to fill high state offices and in 1814 was made prefect of police. On the abdication of Napoleon he paid his court to Louis XVIII, and was nominated a minister of state. The revolution of July, 1830, and the loss of his wealth affected him so much that he lost his reason, and he died in a lunatic asylum in 1834. His Memoires sur Napoleon, le Directoire, le Consulat, l'Empire et la Restauration are valuable.
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Federigo Gianibelli (Federigo Giamibelli) was an Italian military engineer. He was born in 1530 at Mantua. After having offered his services to Philip II of Spain without much result, he went to England, where Elizabeth I gave him a pension and sent him to help the Netherlanders in their defence of Antwerp against the Spaniards in 1585. Here he made himself famous by the damage which his inventions did to the enemy. After this he returned to England, where he fortified the coast-line against the Spanish invasion, and suggested the use of fire-ships, which was so disastrous to the Spanish Armada.
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Feodor Ivanovitch Tutchev was a Russian poet. He was born in 1803 at Moscow and died in 1873. Entering the diplomatic service he spent many years in Germany. The publication in 1854 of his only volume of poems at once established his fame as a poet, the dominant note of his work being a passionless pantheism.
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Feisal was king of Iraq. He was born in 1885 and died in 1933. He was appointed king of Syria in 1920 but deposed shortly afterwards. In 1921 he was elected King of Iraq.
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Felice Orsini was an Italian patriot. He was born in 1819 and was executed in 1858 in Paris for attempting to assassinate Napoleon III. He fought in the war of independence of 1848.
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Felicia Dorothea Hemans (born Felicia Dorethea Brown) was an English poet. She was born in 1793 at Liverpool and died in 1835. She first appeared as an author in 1808, with a volume entitled Early Blossoms, which was followed in 1812 by her more successful volume, The Domestic Affections. In the same year she married Captain Hemans, who, however, left her six years later, shortly before the birth of her fifth son. She then devoted herself to literature, winning public notice by her poems entitled The Restoration of the Works of Art to Italy, The Sceptic, Modern Greece, and Dartmoor, the last, in 1821, gaining the prize of the Royal Society of Literature.
In 1825 she took up her residence at Rhyllon, near St Asaph, where she wrote her Lays of Many Lands, Forest Sanctuary, and Records of Woman. In 1828 she moved to Waverfree, near Liverpool, where, in 1830, she published one of her most popular volumes, entitled The Songs of the Affections. In 1831 she moved to Dublin, where she published her Hymns for Childhood, National Lyrics and Songs for Music, and Scenes and Hymns of Life.
Her poetry is essentially lyrical and descriptive, and is always sweet, natural, and pleasing. In her earlier pieces she was imitative, but she ultimately asserted her independence, and produced many short poems of great beauty and pathos.
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Felicien Rops was a Belgian painter and etcher. He was born in 1833 at Namur and died in 1898. He began his career with caricatures and lithographs, published in 'Uylenspiegel'; then used water colours; and illustrated many books.
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Felicien-Cesar David was a French musician and composer. He was born in 1810 at Cadenet and died in 1876. He entered the Paris Conservatoire in 1830, and became an ardent disciple of St Simon, Barthelemy Enfantin, and other social speculators. In 1832, with a few companions, he went to the East in order to realize his dreams of a perfect life, but returned disappointed in 1835. He then published his Melodies Orientates, and soon after his most successful work, Le Desert. Other works are: Moise sur le Sinai, Christophe Colombo, Le Paradis, Le Perle du Bresil, Herculaneum, and Lalla Rookh.
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Felix Adler was a German-American educator and reformer. He was born in 1851 at Alzey, Germany and died in 1933. In 1857 he went to America where his father had been called to the rabbinate of Temple Emanu-El in New York City. After graduating from Columbia College, he studied at the universities of Berlin and Heidelberg and on his return to America was appointed professor of Hebrew and Oriental literature at Cornell University, a post he held for two years. In 1876 he organized the first Society for Ethical Culture an in 1880 founded the Workingman's School, which in 1895 became the Ethical Culture School. In 1928 he founded the Fieldston School. Both schools stress ethics and morality. He was well known as a lecturer and writer, and was editor of the International Journal of Ethics. In 1902 Columbia University created the chair of social and political ethics for him, which he held for the rest of his life.
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Felix Bracquemond was a French painter and etcher. He was born in 1833 at Paris and died in 1914. He was apprenticed to a firm of lithographers at the age of fifteen and later became a pupil of Guichard. He introduced a new mode of decoration on china in 1867 and in 1872 became connected with the painting department of the famous porcelain factory at Sevres.
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Felix Antoine Philibert was a French prelate. He was born in 1802 at St Felix, in Savoy and died in 1878. He became a French subject by naturalization in 1838. He was ordained in 1825, appointed professor of theology at the Sorbonne in 1841, and Bishop of Orleans in 1849. From that time he took a prominent part in all the political and religious discussions in France. He belonged to the Gallican party, but submitted to the decisions of the council of the Vatican; and was a strenuous advocate for free education.
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Felix Faure was the sixth President of the third French Republic. He was born in 1841 at Paris and died in 1899. The son of a furniture maker, he made his fortune as a tanner and merchant at Le Havre before being elected to the chamber of deputies in August 1881.
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Felix Grundy was an American politician. He was born in 1777 at Virginia and died in 1840. He was a member of the Kentucky Constitutional Convention of 1799, and a member of the State House of Representatives from 1800 to 1806. He represented Tennessee in the US Congress from 1811 to 1814 and was a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives from 1815 to 1819. He was a US Senator from 1820 to 1838, and was Attorney-General in Van Buren's Cabinet from 1838 to 1839, when he again became a US Senator and served until his death.
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Felix Mendelssohn was a German composer. He was born in 1809 at Hamburg and died in 1847. The son of wealthy parents, he composed pieces for the piano.
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Felix Slade was an English art collector. He was born in 1790 at Lambeth, London and died in 1868. He became a collector of ancient and modern glass, pottery, old manuscripts and engravings. He bequeathed a great part of his collection to the British Museum and left 35,000 pounds for the endowment of the Slade professorship of fine arts at Oxford, Cambridge and London universities. The Oxford professorship, together with that of poetry, were discontinued from 1914.
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Fellah is an Arabic word meaning 'peasant' and used to signify the Egyptian peasant or labouring class. The fellahs of Egypt are mostly the direct descendants of the old Egyptians, although both their language and religion were replaced by that of their Arabian conquerors. They traditionally lived in rude huts by the banks of the River Nile, and long suffered much from over-taxation and oppressive rule.
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Fellahin is the plural of fellah.
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A fellow is a graduate member of a university, elected to perform some specific governing or tutorial work, for which he or she receives a fixed salary.
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Fenceviewers were town officers appointed in the early days of the New England colonies to look after fences. They had to take care that the fences were four feet high (122 cm), of reasonable strength and in a good state of repair, and they had considerable authority to carry out these orders.
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Fenians, a name usually derived from Fionn or Finn, is the name given to a semi-mythical class of Irish warriors famous for their prowess.
The name was assumed during the 19th century by those Irish who formed a brotherhood in their own country and in America, with the intention of delivering Ireland from the sovereignty of England, and establishing an Irish republic. About the end of 1861 the Fenian Brotherhood was regularly organized in America; and its chief council, consisting of a 'head-centre,' John O'Mahony, and five other members, which had its seat at New York, soon had branches in every state of the Union; while at the same time large numbers joined the cause in Ireland, where James Stephens was 'head-centre'.
The close of the American Civil War, when large numbers of trained Irish soldiers who had taken part in the war were released from service, was thought to be a convenient time for taking some decisive steps. Two risings were planned in Ireland, but they were both frustrated by the energetic measures of the British government, the first, in September, 1865, by the seizure of the office of the Irish People, the Fenian journal published at Dublin, in which papers were found which revealed to the government the secrets of the conspiracy, and which led to the capture of the ringleaders, Luby, O'Leary, O'Donovan Rossa, and others; the second, in February, 1866, was as speedily suppressed by the suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act in Ireland. An invasion of Canada, attempted in the same year, failed as miserably as the attempt in Ireland, and convinced tlie Irish that they could not expect the aid from the United States on which they had hitherto counted.
At last, on the 5th of March, 1867, the long-prepared insurrection broke out almost simultaneously in the districts of Dublin, Drogheda, and Kerry. The number of insurgents in the field, however, did not exceed 3000, and though they burned some police stations, they nowhere faced the troops sent after them. About the same time some forty or fifty Irish-Americans landed in a steamer near Waterford, but soon after fell into the hands of the police. In 1870 and 1871 two raids were again made on Canada, but both were ridiculous failures, the first being repulsed by the Canadian Volunteers, and the second suppressed by the United States government.
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Fenimore Chatterton was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Wyoming from 1903 until 1905.
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Feodor Michailovitch Dostoieffsky was a Russian novelist. He was born in 1818 and died in 1881. After serving as an officer of engineers he devoted himself to literature, but becoming connected with communistic schemes he was banished to the mines of Siberia, from which he returned in 1856 to resume his literary activity. His first novel, Poor People, came out in 1846. Among his works that have appeared in English are Crime and Punishment; Injury and Insult; The Friend of the Family; The Gambler; The Idiot; Prison Life in Siberia.
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Feodor I was a Russian prince. The son of Ivan the Terrible, he reigned from 1584-98. He was a feeble prince, who allowed himself to be entirely governed by his brother-in-law, Boris Godunov. With him the Russian dynasty of Rurik became extinct.
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Feodor II was a Russian prince. The son of Boris Godunov, he reigned only for a short time in 1605.
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Feodor III was a Russian prince. The the son of Czar Alexis, he reigned from 1676-1682, warred with the Poles and Turks, and, by the peace of Baktschisarai, obtained possession of Kiev and some other towns of the Ukraine.
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Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick was the fourth son of Duke Ferdinand Albert. He was born in 1721 at Brunswick and died in 1792. In 1739 he entered the Prussian service, was engaged in the Silesian wars, and in the Seven Years' War commanded the allied army in Westphalia. He drove the French from Lower Saxony, Hesse, and Westphalia, and was victorious at Crefeld and Minden. After the peace he retired to Brunswick.
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Ferdinand Alvarez, the duke of Alva, was a Spanish statesman and general. He was born in 1508 and died 1582. He embraced a military career early, and fought in the wars of Charles V in France, Italy, Africa, Hungary, and Germany. He is more especially remembered for his bloody and tyrannical government of the Netherlands from 1567 to 1573, which had revolted, and which he was commissioned by Philip II to reduce to entire subjection to Spain. Among his first proceedings was to establish the "Council of Blood," a tribunal which condemned, without discrimination, all whose opinions were suspected, and whose riches were coveted. The present and absent, the living and the dead, were subjected to trial and their property confiscated. Many merchants and mechanics emigrated to England; people by hundreds of thousands abandoned their country. The Counts of Egrnont and Horn, and other men of rank, were executed, and William and Louis of Orange had to save themselves in Germany.
The most oppressive taxes were imposed, and trade was brought completely to a standstill. As a reward for his services to the faith the pope presented him with a consecrated hat and sword, a distinction previously conferred only on princes. Resistance was only quelled for a time, and soon the provinces of Holland and Zealand revolted against his tyranny. A fleet which was fitted out at his command was annihilated, and he was everywhere met with insuperable courage. Hopeless of finally subduing the country he asked to be recalled, and accordingly, in December, 1573, he left the country, in which, as he himself boasted, he had executed 18,000 men. He was received with distinction in Madrid, but did not long enjoy his former credit. He had the honour, however, before his death of reducing all Portugal to subjection to his sovereign. It is said of him that during sixty years of warfare he never lost a battle and was never taken by surprise.
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Ferdinand Christian Baur was a German theologian. He was born in 1792 and died in 1860. He was the founder of the Tubingen School of Theology. The publication of his first work, Symbolism and Mythology, or the Natural Religion of Antiquity, in 1824-1825, led to his appointment as professor in the evangelical faculty of Tubingen University, a position occupied by him until his death in 1860.
His chief works in the department of the history of Christian dogma are: The Christian Gnosis, or the Christian Philosophy of Religion published in 1835; The Christian Doctrine of the Atonement published in 1838; The Christian Doctrine of the Trinity and the Incarnation published in 1841-1843; the Compendium of and Lectures on the History of Christian Dogmas published in 1847 and 1865. To the department of New Testament Criticism and the Early History of Christianity belong the So-called Pastoral Epistles of the Apostle Paul published in 1835; Paul the Apostle of Jesus Christ published in 1845; Critical Inquiries Concerning the Canonic Gospels published in 1847; A History of Christian Doctrine to the End of the Eighteenth Century published in 1853-1863. Baur's views in regard to the church of the earliest times and the New Testament Scriptures have been very influential. He saw different and opposing tendencies at work in the church of apostolic times, and believed that the New Testament mainly took form in the second century, the only genuine writings previous to 70 AD being the four great Pauline epistles and Revelation.
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Ferdinand August Bebel was a German Socialist. He was born in 1840. He became a master turner in Leipzig, was elected to the Reichstag or diet of the new German Empire in 1871, in which was prominent almost ever since. He opposed the leadership of Prussia in Germany and the establishment of the empire, and showed himself favourable to the Paris Commune and the International. Found guilty of treasonable practices, he was condemned to two years' imprisonment in a fortress in 1872, with six months' imprisonment for insulting the German Emperor, and he also underwent imprisonment afterwards; but his influence still kept increasing as leader of the Social Democrats in Germany and in the German parliament, where he spoke strongly against militarism and the emperor's naval policy. He was the author of various works, in one of them, Die Frau und der Socialismus (Woman and Socialism), going so far as to attack marriage as an institution.
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Ferdinand Bol was a Dutch painter. He was born in 1616 at Dordrecht and died in 1680. He was the most distinguished of Rembrandt's pupils. He first painted portraits under Rembrandt and later came under the influence of the Flemish historical painters. He painted 'The Regents of the Leprosy Hospital' in 1649 at Amsterdam.
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Ferdinand Brunetiere was a French literary critic. He was born in 1849 and died in 1906. He came to prominence in 1875 as a contributor to the Revue des Deux Mondes, periodical of which he later became the editor.
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Ferdinand L Claiborne was an American soldier. He was born in 1772 at Mississippi and died in 1815. As brigadier-general of the United States volunteers, he commanded in the engagement with the Creeks, at the Holy Ground, in 1813. In 1815 he became a legislative councillor of Mississippi.
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Ferdinand Julius Cohn was a German Jewish botanist. He was born in 1828 and died in 1898. He founded bacteriology. His important works were treatises describing his research into the development of minute organisms; his books on the algae, on parasitism, on fungi and on the formation of spores.
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Ferdinand de Medici was an Italian politician. he was born in 1549 and died in 1609. He was grand duke of Tuscany from 1587.
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Ferdinand Victor Eugene Delacroix was a French historical painter. He was born in 1798 at Charenton and died in 1863. He is considered the chief of the modern French romantic school of painters. His chief pictures up to 1830 are: Dante and Virgilin the Infernal Regions, Massacre in Scio, the Execution of the Doge Marino Falieri, the Death of Sardanapalua, the Murder of the Bishop of Liege. In 1831 he joined the embassy sent by Louis Philippe to the Emperor of Morocco. To this journey we are indebted for several pictures remarkable for their vivid realization of oriental life as well as their masterly colouring. They are: The Jewish Marriage, Muley Abderrhaman with his Body-guard, Algerian Ladies in their Chamber, Moorish Soldiers at Exercise, and several scenes of common life. He decorated several of the public buildings of Paris, and was admitted into the Institute in 1857. He was an, artist of great versatility, strong in colouring but weak in drawing.
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Ferdinand Foch was a French soldier. He was born in 1851 at Tarbes and died in 1929. He became generalissimo of the Allied armies in 1918 and drove the Germans back during the Great War.
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Ferdinand Freiligrath was a German lyric poet. He was born in 1810 at Detmold and died in 1876. In 1838 he published at Mainz a volume of his collected poems, which proved successful and gained him a pension, which he relinquished on the publication of his Glaubensbekenntnis (Confession of Faith), the republican character of which caused his prosecution and flight to London. He returned to Germany in 1848 and took part in the revolutionary movements, publishing the political poems Die Revolution, Februarklange, and Die Todten an die Lebenden. The last of these led to his being put on trial for treason. This trial, in which he was acquitted, is memorable for another reason, being the first jury trial ever held in Prussia. From 1851 until 1867 Ferdinand Freiligrath again resided in England, but his last years were spent at Cannstadt. Many of his songs were very popular for many years. Germany is indebted to him for many admirable translations from foreign languages, as from Burns, Tannahill, Moore, Hemans, Shakespeare, Longfellow, and Victor Hugo.
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Ferdinand I was emperor of Germany. He was born in 1503 at Alcala, in Spain and died in 1564. The brother of Charles V, in 1522 he received the Austrian lands of the house of Hapsburg from the emperor, to which were afterwards added the kingdoms of Hungary and Bohemia in right of his wife Anna of Hungary. On the abdication of Charles he succeeded to the imperial title.
Ferdinand I (previously Ferdinand IV of Naples) of Bourbon was King of the Two Sicilies. He was born in 1751 and died in 1825. He was the third son of Charles III, King of Spain, whom he succeeded in 1759, on the throne of Naples, on the accession of the latter to that of Spain. In 1768 he married Maria Caroline Louisa, daughter of the Empress Maria Theresa, who soon acquired a decided influence over him.
After the death of Louis XVI Ferdinand joined the coalition against France, and took part in the general war from 1793 to 1796; but in 1799, after the defeat of the Neapolitans under General Mack, the French took possession of the whole kingdom, and proclaimed the Parthenopean Republic. The new republic did not last long. Ferdinand returned to Naples in 1800. Six years later he was again driven from Naples by the French, and compelled to take refuge in Sicily, where he maintained himself by the aid of the British.
The Congress of Vienna finally re-established Ferdinand IV in all his rights as King of the Two Sicilies in 1814, while Naples was still occupied by Murat. But after the flight of the latter in March, 1815, Ferdinand once more entered Naples, on June the 17th, 1815. In 1816 he assumed the title of Ferdinand I, King of the Two Sicilies. In 1820, in consequence of a revolution, Ferdinand was obliged to swear to support a new and more liberal constitution. The Austrians, however, came to his help, and re-established him in possession of absolute power.
Ferdinand I was Emperor of Austria. He was born in 1793 and died in 1875.
Ferdinand I was King of Romania. He was born in 1865 and died in 1927.
Ferdinand I was a Holy Roman Emperor. He was born in 1503 and died in 1564.
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Ferdinand II was a German emperor. He was born in 1578 and died in 1637. He succeeded his uncle Matthias as Emperor of Germany in 1619. He was of a dark and reserved character, and had been brought up by his mother and the Jesuits in fierce hate of Protestantism. The result was a quarrel with his Bohemian subjects, who openly revolted and offered the Bohemian crown to the Elector Palatine, a step which led to the outbreak of the Thirty Years' war in 1619. With the help of the Catholic League and John George, Elector of Saxony, he was placed firmly on the throne of Bohemia, where he relentlessly persecuted the Protestants.
Ferdinand II was King of the Two Scillies. He was born in 1810 and died in 1859. He succeeded his father Ferdinand I on the 8th of November, 1830. The revolution of France in this year had unsettled the minds of men throughout the Continent generally, and Ferdinand II was at first forced to make some concessions to his subjects, but soon recalled them, determining thenceforward to make his will the only law. The result was a series of popular outbreaks, culminating in the year 1848, when Ferdinand earned the nickname of King Bomba, by bombarding his capital from the forts.Despotism was again established by force of arms, and when Ferdinand II died his prisons were crowded with the best and bravest of his subjects. He was succeeded by his son, Francis II, who lost his crown when Italy was united in 1860 under Victor Emmanuel.
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Ferdinand III was emperor of Germany. He was born in 1608 and died in 1657. The son of ferdinand II, he succeeded his father in 1637. He had served in the Thirty Years' war and had seen the miseries which it occasioned and was reluctant to continue it. There were eleven years more of it, however, before the Peace of Westphalia was concluded in 1648.
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Ferdinand Lassalle was a German socialist. He was born in 1825 and died in 1864. He was foremost amongst the founders of the Social Democratic Party in Germany. He differed in his views to those of Marx, being an ardent patriot (whereas Marx was an internationalist). He was killed in a duel, at the age of 39 in 1864.
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Ferdinand Magellan (Fernao de Magalhaes) was a Portuguese sailor. He was born in 1480 at Sabrosa and died in 1521. He discovered the strait of Magellan.
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Ferdinand The Great was King of Castile, and Emperor of Spain. He died in 1065.
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Ferdinand Julius Tonnies was a German social theorist and philosopher. He was born in 1855 and died in 1936. He was one of the founders of the sociological tradition of community studies and urban sociology through his key work, Gemeinschaft - Gesellschaft published in 1887. Tonnies contrasted the nature of social relationships in traditional societies and small organizations with those in industrial societies and large organizations. He was pessimistic about the effect of industrialization and urbanization on the social and moral order, seeing them as a threat to traditional society's sense of community.
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Ferdinand V (Ferdinand the Catholic) was King of Aragon. He was born in 1453 and died in 1516. He received from the pope the title of the Catholic, on account of the expulsion of the Moors from Spain. He was the son of King John II, and on the 18th of October, 1469, he married Isabella of Castile, and thus brought about that close connection between Aragon and Castile which became the basis of a united Spanish monarchy and raised Spain to preeminence amongst European states. After a bloody war of ten years they conquered Granada from the Moors in 1491; but the most brilliant event of their reign was the discovery of America, which made them sovereigns of a new world. This politic prince laid the foundation of the Spanish ascendency in Europe by the acquisition of Naples in 1503, and by the conquest of Navarre in 1512; but his policy was deceitful and despotic. He instituted the court of the Inquisition at Seville in 1480, and, to the great injury of Spanish commerce, expelled the Jews in 1492 and the Moors in 1501.
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Ferdinand VII was King of Spain. He was born in 1784. The eldest son of Charles IV, and of Maria Louisa of Parma, he ascended the throne in March, 1808, when a popular rising forced his father to abdicate in his favour. A month later he himself abdicated in favour of Napoleon, who conferred the crown on his brother Joseph. Ferdinand VII returned to Spain in March, 1814. His arbitrary conduct caused an insurrection in 1820, which was at first successful, but Louis XVIII of France having sent an army to his aid, his authority was once more made absolute in Spain. Having no sons he abolished the act of 1713 by which Philip V had excluded women from the throne of Spain, and then left his crown to his daughter Isabella to the exclusion of his brother, Don Carlos. It was during the reign of this king that the Spanish colonies in America broke away from the mother country.
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Ferdinando Fairfax was an English soldier and politician. He was born in 1584 and died in 1648. As a member of Parliament he sided with Parliament against Charles I when the Civil War broke out and became Parliamentary commander in Yorkshire. He resigned on the adoption of the Self-denying Ordinance in 1645.
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Sir Ferdinando Gorges was an English colonist. He was born in 1565 and died in 1647. He was one of the founders of the original Plymouth Company, and sent out a number of unsuccessful expeditions to the New England coast. In 1620 he became a member of the Council for New England. In 1622 he, with Mason, obtained a grant of Northern New England; in 1629, of Western Maine, separately. Under a fuller proprietary grant of 1639, he established a government at Saco, Acomenticus and Gorgeana (now York, Maine).
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Ferenc Puskas is a Hungarian Association Football player. He was born in 1927. He played for Kispest, Honved, Real Madrid and Hungary, playing inside left and captaining Hungary during the 1950's. Under his captaincy Hungary became the first non-British team to beat England in England.
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Ferhat Abbas was an Algerian nationalist leader. He was born in 1899 at Taher and died in 1985. After serving as a volunteer in the French army in 1939 in 1942 he produced a manifesto of the Algerian people and in 1955 joined the FLN, and in 1958 formed a provisional government of Algeria in Tunis. In 1962, after Algerian independence he became President of the National Constituent Assembly before being exiled.
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Feringhi was an Eastern derogatory name for Westerners. It originated in the Middle Ages.
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Ferishta, more properly Mohammed Kasim, was a Persian historian. He was born about 1550 at Astrabad and died about 1612. He went to India with his father, and was for some time the tutor of a native prince. He wrote a history of the Mohammedan Power in India.
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Fernan Caballero was the pseudonym of Cecilia Bohl von Faber, the Spanish novelist. She was born in 1797 and died in 1877. she was the daughter of a German settled in Spain and married to a Spanish lady. Her first novel, La Gaviota, appeared in 1849, and was followed by Elia, Clemencia, La Familia de Alvareda, etc, as well as by many shorter stories. The chief charm of her writings lies in her descriptions of life and nature in Andalusia. She was three times left a widow; her last husband's name was De Arrom.
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Fernand Leger was a French painter. He was born in 1881 and died in 1955.
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Fernando Cortez was a Spanish soldier. He was born in 1485 at Medellin and died in 1547. In 1504 he went to the West Indies, where the governor of Cuba, Velasquez, gave him command of a fleet which was sent on a voyage of discovery. Cortez left Santiago de Cuba in 1518 with eleven vessels, about 700 Spaniards, eighteen horses and ten small field-pieces. He landed on the shore of the Gulf Of Mexico, where he ordered the vessels burned so that his soldiers couldn't desert him.
After inducing the Totonacs and Tlaxcalans to ally with him he marched towards Mexico where he was amicably greeted. He responded by seizing the monarch Montezuma and treating the people cruelly so that they resisted him. After a struggle in which 100,000 Mexicans reportedly died, the city was taken and shortly after the whole country subjugated. In 1528 he returned to Spain, only to return to Mexico two years later and remain there for a further ten years, discovering the peninsular of California. Returning to Spain he was neglected, and following an expedition to Algiers in 1541 he spent the remained of his life in solitude.
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Fernando Galiani was an Italian writer on political economy. He was born in 1728 at Chieti and died in 1787. He won a reputation as a wit and a political economist by his 'Trattato della Moneta', published in 1750.
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Fernando Wood was an American politician. He was born in 1812 and died in 1881. He represented New York in the US Congress as a Democrat from 1841 to 1843. He was elected mayor of New York City from 1855 to 1858 and from 1861 to 1863. At the outbreak of the American Civil War he recommended that New York secede and become a free city. He again served in the US Congress from 1863 to 1865.
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Ferreira da Silva Eusebio is a Portuguese Association Football player. He was born in 1843. He played for Benfica and for Portugal, being the leading goal-scorer in the 1966 World Cup championship held in England.
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Ferruccio Busoni was an Italian composer. He was born in 1866 and died in 1924. He composed Doctor Faust.
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The Feuillants were a religious order which arose as a reform of the order of Bernardins, and took origin in the abbey of Feuillants, near Toulouse where they were established in 1577. There were also convents of nuns who followed the same reform, called Feuillantines. They were suppressed by the revolution of 1789, and their convent in Paris taken possession of by a political club named the Feuillants, of which Mirabeau was a member.
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Fidel Castro Ruz is a Cuban revolutionary and politician. He was born in 1927. He opposed the Batista dictatorship in his country, and in 1953 with his brother attempted a revolution which failed. Imprisoned and released he went into exile in the USA and Mexico before returning to Cuba in 1956 in a surprise landing in which most of his supporters were killed. In 1959 he finally deposed Batista and established a Marxist-Leninist government with himself as Prime Minister.
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Field-marshal is the highest rank in the British army. The position was formed in 1736 from a marshal who was previously responsible for order in court and for supervising the camps of an army in the field.
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Fielding L Wright was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Mississippi from 1946 until 1952.
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The Fifth-Monarchy Men were an extreme Puritan sect in England in the mid- 17th century. They believed that the rule of Jesus Christ and his saints was imminent, and that it would be the fifth monarchy to rule the world, succeeding those of Assyria, Persia, Greece, and Rome. They hoped that, through the Barebones Parliament, the rule of the saints would become a reality, but Oliver Cromwell's establishment of the Protectorate turned them against him. Their agitation became a nuisance (including accusing Oliver Cromwell of being a man of sin) , their leaders were arrested, and their abortive rebellions in 1657 and 1661 were suppressed.
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The Filibusters, a name borrowed from the West Indian freebooters of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, was a name applied to terrorist associations originating in the United States for the ostensible purpose of freeing Cuba and other West Indian islands or Central American districts from European control. The acquisition of Texas was a successful filibustering expedition. In 1850 Lopez, a Cuban, Governor John A. Quitman, of Mississippi, and others, were arrested for violating the neutrality law of 1818, by a proposed filibustering expedition against Cuba. They were afterward released. In 1855 General William Walker, with a California company, sailed on a filibustering expedition against Nicaragua. He took possession of the country, was elected President and was recognized by the American Minister. He surrendered to the United States, but organized another expedition in 1860. He was captured and shot by the President of Honduras.
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A Filipino is an inhabitant of the Philippines.
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Fillipo Brunelleschi was an Italian architect. He was born in 1377 at Florence and died in 1446. He won some reputation as an inventor and sculptor, and made special studies in the then little known science of perspective, but devoted himself particularly to architecture. When at Rome with Donatello he conceived the idea of bringing architecture back to Graeco-Roman principles as opposed to the dominant Gothic. In this he was successful, his work opening the way for Alberti, Bramante, Vignola, and Palladio. His great achievement was the dome of the cathedral of Santa Maria at Florence, the possibility of which was denied by other architects. It has remained unsurpassed, the dome of St Peter's, though it excels it in height, being inferior to it in massiveness of effect. Other important works by him were the Pitti Palace at Florence, the churches of San Lorenzo and Spirito Santo, and the Capella dei Pazza.
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Fingal is a hero of Gaelic romance, celebrated as a great warrior and a generous man in many old ballads belonging alike to Ireland and Scotland; but more especially the hero of an epic poem attributed to Fingal's son Ossian, first published by James Macpherson in 1762.
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The Finns (in their own language called Suomalainen), are a race of people inhabiting Finland and the north-west of European Russia . In a wider sense the term Finns, with its adjective Finnic or Finnish, is applied to one of the chief branches of the northern or Uralo-Altaic division of the Turanian family of peoples and languages. The Uralo-Finnic family has been divided into four groups or branches: 1, the Ugric, to which the Ostiaks, Voguls, and Magyars belong; 2, the Bulgaric or Volgaic, consisting of the Tcheremisses and the Mordvins; 3, the Permic, composed of the Permians, Sirianes, and Votiaks; and 4, the Chudic or Baltic group. To the last belong, besides the Finns proper, the Esths of Esthonia and the Lives or Livonians, the Chudes, and the Lapps.
The typical Finns are physically of low stature but of strong build; with round head, forehead low and arched, features flat with prominent cheek-bones, and oblique eyes. Their language belongs to the northern division of the Turanian or Uralo - Altaic family of languages, and is most nearly allied to the languages of the Esths, Lapps, Mordvins, Voguls, and Hungarians. It is agreeable to the ear, rich in vowels and diphthongs, copious, and uncommonly flexible.
The language is remarkably rich in declensional forms, there being as many as fifteen different cases, expressing such relations as are expressed in English by near, to, by, on, in, with, without, along, etc. There is no distinction of gender in nouns. The verb resembles the noun in its capability for expressing shades of meaning by corresponding inflections. Finnish literature is valuable chiefly for its rich stores of national poetry. These poems, which had been preserved by oral tradition from the times of heathendom, were gradually dying out, until 1835, when Lonnrot grouped together in one whole all the fragments he could lay his hands on and published them, under the title of Kalevala, as the national epic of the Finnish people, A second edition, increased almost by one-half, was published by him in 1849. He also published a collection of 592 ancient lyric poems and 50 old ballads, and collections of proverbs and riddles. A great impulse was given to the cultivation of the Finnic language in the 19th century and it was recognised as an official language side by side with Swedish, and became more and more the vehicle for imparting instruction - at the time the Finns were being ruled by Russia, having previously been ruled by Sweden and had not been an independent people for some considerable time.
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The Firbolgs were one of the legendary or fabulous tribes of the earliest period of Irish history. Some of the Irish historians begin their account of the Irish monarchy and list of kings with Slainge, the first Firbolg king, who began to reign 1934 BC. They are said to have been driven out or subjugated by a kindred tribe from Scotland, who in turn were expelled or conquered by the Milesians. The Firbolgs may, it has been thought, correspond to the pre-Aryan inhabitants of Ireland.
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Firmin Abauzit was a French theologian and mathematician. He was born in 1679 at Languedoc and died in 1767. He fled with his mother to Geneva at the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, went to Holland at a young age where he met Pierre Bayle before travelling to England where he became friends with Isaac Newton. After returning to Geneva he translated the New Testament and in 1727 was appointed Public Librarian.
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A fish-wife was someone who hawked fish about the streets.
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Fisher Ames was an American statesman. He was born in 1758 and died in 1808. He studied law, and became prominent in his profession. He was distinguished as a political orator and essayist.
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Fitz-Greene Halleck was an American writer. He was born in 1790 at Connecticut and died in 1867. He was a-counting-room clerk in a New York banking house from 1811 to 1849. In partnership with Joseph Drake he published the 'Croakers' in 1819. He wrote 'Twilight', 'Fanny', 'Marco Bozzaris' and 'Young America' and was renowned for his fluent and polished style.
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Fitz-James O'Brien was an Irish-born American poet. He was born in 1828 and died in 1862. He went to America from Ireland in 1850. He served on the staff of General Lander in 1862, and died of wounds received in battle.
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The family of Fitzgerald was an Irish family descended from William, Castellan of Windsor in William the Conqueror's reign. Two branches of this house, the Earls of Desmond and Kildare, were for a long while the practical rulers of the English part of Ireland. The Kildare branch is still represented by the ducal house of Leinster.
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Fitzhugh Lee was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Virginia from 1886 until 1890.
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The Five Nations were a confederacy of North American Indians, comprising the Cayugas, Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas and the Senecas, established around 1570.
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The Flagellants were a 13th century sect who maintained that flagellation was of equal virtue with baptism and other sacraments. They walked in procession with shoulders bare, and whipped themselves until the blood ran down their bodies, to obtain the mercy of God and appease his wrath against the vices of the age. Rainer, a hermit of Perugia, is said to have been the sect's founder in 1260. He soon found followers in nearly all parts of Italy. Their number soon amounted to 10,000, who went about, led by priests bearing banners and crosses. They went in thousands from country to country, begging alms; and for centuries they formed a sort of intermittent order of fanatics, frequently reappearing here and there in times of extraordinary declension or distress.
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Among the ancient Romans Flamen was the name given to any priest devoted to the service of one particular deity. Originally there were three priests so called: the Flamen Dialis, consecrated to Jupiter; Flamen Martialis, sacred to Mars; and Flamen Quirinalis, who superintended the rights of Quirinus or Romulus; but the number was ultimately increased to fifteen, the original three, however, retaining priority in point of rank, being styled Majores, and elected from among the patricians, while the other twelve, called Minores, were elected from the plebeians.
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Flathead Indians was a name given to tribes of American Indian established on the pacifc coast, mainly of the nearly extinct Chinook group of fish-eating Indians. They flattened the skull of the infant by pressure. The same custom anciently prevailed among many tribes, but the practice was nearly extinct by the start of the 20th century. The name FIathead was also improperly given to the small civilized tribe of Selish Indians, who did not flatten the heads of tbeir children.
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Flavius Honorius was a Roman emperor. He was born in 384 and died in 423. A son of Theodosius the Great, after the division of the empire, in 395, Honorius received the western half, but, on account of his youth, Stilicho was appointed his guardian. The principal events of his reign are the adoption of rigorous measures against paganism in 399; the invasion by Alaric in 400-403; another irruption of barbarians under Rhadagaisus, 405-406. Both invasions were repelled by Stilicho, who was assassinated at Ravenna in 408. Alaric marched on Rome and plundered it in 409, while Honorius shut himself up in Ravenna. Some of the finest provinces of the empire, Spain, Gaul, and Pannonia, were lost in this reign.
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Flavius Stilicho was a Roman minister and general. He was born in 359 and died in 408. He was a Vandal by birth and rose to be master of the horse in 384 and conducted an embassy to Persia. In 394 he was appointed governor of Rome. He was murdered after fleeing to Ravenna, following a mutiny of his own troops following the invasion of Italy by Radagaisus with a horde of Germanic tribes.
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Flavius Sabinus Vespa-Sianus Titus was a Roman emperor. He was born in 40 at Rome and died in 81. The eldest son of Vespasian he received an excellent education, and served as military tribune in Britain and Germany. During the war with the Jews he took command after his father had returned to Italy, and ended the war by taking Jerusalem in 70. More than a million Jews were said to have perished in this terrible siege and 100,000 sold into slavery. The Jewish campaign of Titus is celebrated by the arch at Rome which bears his name. When he succeeded his father in 79, he proved in his short reign of two years to be one of the most popular of all the emperors.
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Flavius Valens was a Roman emperor of the East from 364 to 378. He was born in 328 and died in 378. He was the younger brother of Valentinian I, who associated Flavius Valens with him in the government, assigning to him the Eastern provinces. His reign was marked by fighting with the Persians and with the Goths, the latter of whom, pressed by the Huns on the east, menaced the north-east frontier of the empire. Flavius Valens let them settle in Thrace, but at the disastrous battle of Adrianopie, on August the 9th, 378, the Roman arms were completely defeated, and Flavius Valens disappeared. During his reign the Arian controversy raged fiercely. The emperor himself was a supporter of the Arians and persecuted orthodox Christians.
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Flavius Vegetius Renatus was a 4th century Roman writer on war. His Epitome of the Institutes of Military Science, though not original, but consisting largely of excerpts from the works of other military writers, was regarded during the Middle Ages as the great authority on the art of war.
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Flem D Sampson was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Kentucky from 1927 until 1931.
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A fletcher is a maker of arrows.
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Fletcher D Proctor was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Vermont from 1906 until 1908.
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Flora Macdonald was a Scottish heroine. She was born in 1722 and died in 1790. She helped Prince Charles Stuart to escape after the battle of Culloden.
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Flora Annie Steel was an English novelist and an ardent advocate of female suffrage. She was born in 1847 at Harrow and died in 1929. In 1867 she married an official in the Bengal civil service and subsequently lived for many years in India where she gained the knowledge of the country which she put into her novels, the most famous of which was the 1896 'On The Face of the Waters' about the Indian Mutiny. Her autobiography, 'The Garden of Fidelity', was published in 1929.
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Florence Nightingale was a British nurse, the pioneer of trained army nursing and reformer of hospital nursing. She was born in 1820 at Florence and died in 1910. She went through a course of training at the Protestant Deaconesses' Institute at Kaiserswerth in Germany, and subsequently studied French methods at Paris. Returning to England she reformed the management of the sanatorium for governesses in Harley Street, London. Hearing of the sufferings of the troops in the Crimea she sailed in October 1854 for Scutari. There she attended the sick during the Crimean War before leaving in July 1856. Her nightly rounds of the wards, so eagerly awaited by the troops, won for her the title of the 'Lady with the lamp'. The British people were grateful at her work, and presented her with a gift of 50000 pounds, with which she founded a training home for nurses. She wrote 'Notes on Nursing' in 1858, as well as a private report to the government on the Army Medical Corps and its work in the Crimea.
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Florenz Ziegfeld was an American theatrical producer. He was born in 1867 and died in 1932. His lavish revues were modelled on the Folies-Bergere. The Ziegfeld Follies, billed as 'An American Institution', appeared annually from 1907 until his death. He created such hits as 'Sally' in 1920, 'Show Boat' in 1927, and 'Bitter Sweet' in 1929.
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Florimond Beaune was a French mathematician and friend of Descartes. He was born at Blois 1601 and died in 1652. He may be regarded as the founder of the integral calculus.
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Floyd B Olson was an American politician. He was a Farmer-Labor governor of Minnesota from 1931 until 1936.
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In Saxon England, a Folc-mote was an assembly of people to consult respecting public affairs.
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Ford Madox Brown was an English historical painter. He was born in 1821 and died in 1893. He was a pioneer of the pre-Raphaelite movement. The grandson of Dr. John Brown of Edinburgh, the author of the Brunonian system of medicine, he was educated in Belgium and studied painting under Wappers and in Rome and Paris, though he developed his style from Holbein and the 15th century Italian masters. His best known works are 'King Lear', 'Chaucer at the Court of Edward III' and 'The Last of England'. In 1844 and 1845 he contributed (unsuccessfully) cartoons of the Finding of the Body of Harold; Justice; and other subjects to the competitive exhibition for the frescoes of the houses of parliament.
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Forrest C Donnell was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Missouri from 1941 until 1945.
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Forrest H Anderson was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Montana from 1969 until 1973.
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Forrest H James Jr was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Alabama from 1979 until 1983.
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Forrest Smith was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Missouri from 1949 until 1953.
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Foster Furcolo was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Massachusetts from 1957 until 1961.
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Foster M Voorhees was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Jersey from 1899 until 1902.
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A founder is someone who makes bells and castings.
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The Fox are a North American Algonquin Indian tribe originally from northern Wisconsin and kinsmen of the Sacs. They were mainly sedentary farmers but also hunted and fished. They were affected by Iroquois expansionism and white settlers. In the American War of Independence they joined the British under De Langlade. They made a treaty in 1804 and ceded lands, but with the English attacked Sandusky in the War of 1812. In 1824 and 1830 they ceded large tracts of land. Though involved in the Black Hawk War they gave up more of their territory in a treaty with General Scott at its close. Later they centred on the Des Moines, and in 1842 were removed, settling on the Osage in Iowa.
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Fox Maule Ramsay, Earl of Dalhousie was a Scottish politician. He was born in 1801 and died in 1874. He served some years in the army and sat in parliament as member for the Elgin burghs and Perth. He became Baron Panmure on the death of his father in 1852 and was secretary at war from 1855 to 1858, when he retired from political life. In 1860, on the death of his cousin, he succeeded to the title of Earl of Dalhousie. He died in 1874 without issue, and was succeeded by his cousin, George Ramsay, as the twelfth earl.
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Foxhall A Parker was an American sailor. He was born in 1831 and died in 1879. He commanded the 'Mahaska' from 1863 to 1863. From 1863 to 1866 he commanded the Potomac flotilla. He was chief signal officer of the US navy from 1873 to 1876.
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Foxy Brown (real name Inga Marchand) is an American singer and actress. She was born in 1976 at Brooklyn, New York.
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Fra Angelico was an Italian painter. He was born in 1387 and died in 1455. He especially painted religious frescoes.
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Fra Bartolommeo (real name Baccio Delia Porta) was an Italian painter. He was born in 1475 near Florence and died in 1517. While young he was admitted to the workshop of the Cosimo Roselli where he met Mariotto Albertinelli. He studied painting in Florence, and acquired a more perfect knowledge of art from the works of Leonardo da Vinci. He was an admirer and follower of Savonarola, on whose death he joined the Dominican order in 1500, though he never became a priest, giving up painting for four years until persuaded to start again. He was the friend of Michael Angelo and Raphael; painted many religious pictures, among them a Saint Mark and Saint Sebastian, which are greatly admired. His colouring, in vigour and brilliancy, comes near to that of Titian and Giorgione.
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Fra Diavolo (real name Michele Pezza) was a Neapolitan brigand. He was born in 1760 at Calabria and died in1806. He quit the trade of stocking-weaving for the army, and served for a time in the Papal legion. He afterwards became a monk, but was expelled on account of misconduct. He then coined a troop of brigands, of which he soon became their leader. The government set a price upon his head; but later, having need of Fra Diavolo's services against the French, they pardoned him and gave him a colonel's commission. At the head of his band he harassed the French, took refuge in Calabria after the conquest of Naples by Bonaparte, and incited the people against the French. He was at last captured by the French in 1806, and was executed as a robber and incendiary. The Fra Diavolo of Auber's opera has little or nothing in common with the real Fra Diavolo.
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Fran Warren is a singer.
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Frances Hodgson Burnett was an English-born American writer. She was born in 1849 at Manchester and died in 1924. In 1865 her family emigrated to Knoxville, Tennessee and she became a writer to assist the family finances. Her most well-known work is probably 'Little Lord Fauntleroy' published in 1886 while her best work is the children's classic 'The Secret Garden' published in 1909.
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Frances Trollope was an English author. She was born in 1780 at Stapleton, Bristol and died in 1863. The daughter of William Milton, in 1809 she married Thomas Trollope and with him spent three years in America from 1827 until 1830. As a result of her stay in the USA, in 1832 she published 'Domestic Manners of the Americans', a book which offended many Americans particularly with its references to slavery. Back in Europe she wrote a long succession of novels but she is remembered chiefly as the mother of Anthony Trollope.
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Francesca da Rimini was an Italian lady, the daughter of Guido da Polenta, lord of Ravenna, who lived in the latter part of the 13th century. She was married to Lanciotto, the deformed son of the lord of Rimini, who, discovering an intimacy between her and his brother Paolo, put them both to death. The story forms an episode in Dante's Inferno, and is alluded to by Petrarch; it is the subject of a poem by Leigh Hunt and a tragedy by Silvio Pellico.
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Francesco Albani was an Italian painter. He was born in 1578 at Bologna and died in 1660.
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Francesco Algarotti was an Italian writer. He was born in 1712 and died in 1764. A writer on science, the fine arts, etc, he lived for some years in France and for a long time in Germany, Frederick the Great of Prussia having made him chamberlain and count. He wrote Newtonianism for the Ladies; Essays on the Fine Arts; poems, letters, etc.
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Francesco Bartolozzi was an Italian engraver. He was born in 1727 at Florence and died in 1815 at Lisbon. He popularised stipple engraving, introducing colour and softness into the medium. He worked for a while in Rome but settled in England 1764 under the patronage of George III, becoming head of a school of stipple engravers.
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Francesco Berni was an Italian burlesque poet. He was born in 1497 at Tuscany and died in 1536. He took orders, and about 1530 became a canon of the Florence Cathedral, where he lived until his death in 1536. A vague story asserts that Francesco Berni, who was intimate with both Alessandro de'Medici and Ippolito de'Medici, was requested by each to poison the other, and that on his refusal he was poisoned himself by Alessandro. He takes the first place among the Italian comic poets. He wrote good Latin verses, and his rifacimento of Boiardo's Orlando Innamorato is an admirable work of its class.
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Francesco Lazzari Bramante was an Italian architect. He was born in 1444 and died in 1514. He applied himself first to painting, in which he acquired considerable renown, but at length devoted himself to architecture. He was patronized by the popes, and his first great work at Rome was the union of the straggling buildings of the Vatican with the Belvedere gardens, so as to form one fine whole. But his greatest work was the part he had in the building of the new church of St Peter at Rome, of which he was the first architect. He died, however, in 1514, while the building was still in an early stage of construction, and his designs were much altered by succeeding architects.
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Francesco Caraccioli was an Italian admiral. He was born about 1748 at Naples and died in 1799. In 1798 he entered the service of the Parthenopean Republic, and repelled, with a few vessels, an attempt of the Sicilian-English fleet to effect a landing. When Ruffo took Naples in 1799 Caraccioli was arrested, and, contrary to the terms of capitulation, was condemned to death, and hanged at the yard-arm of a Neapolitan frigate, Lord Horatio Nelson consenting to his murder.
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Francesco Saverio Clavigero was a Spanish historian. He was born about 1720 at Vera Cruz, Mexico and died in 1793. He was educated as an ecclesiastic, and resided thirty-six years in the provinces of New Spain, where he acquired the languages of the Mexicans and other indigenous nations, collected many of their traditions, and studied their historical paintings and other monuments of antiquity. On the suppression of the Jesuits by the Spanish government in 1767 Francesco Clavigero went to Italy, the pope assigning him a residence in Cesena, where he wrote his Mexican History.
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Francesco Di Gentile Da Fabriano was an Italian painter. He was born in 1370 at Fabriano and died in 1450. He did most of his work in Florence, and is typical of the early Umbrian and Sienese schools.
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Francesco di Paula was the founder of the order of Minimi. He was born in 1416 at Paula or Paola and died in 1508. He lived a hermit's life, and built a chapel in 1436, and a church and monastery in 1454. The order was formally established by Sixtus IV in 1474, and Francesco was canonised by Pope Leo X in 1519, April the 2nd being his day.
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Francesco Durante was an Italian musician. He was born in 1684 and died in 1755. He attained a high degree of eminence in vocal church music, and he trained the most celebrated musical masters of the eighteenth century in Naples including: Pergolese, Antonio Sacchini, Piccini, Guglielmi, Jomelli, etc.
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Francesco Foscari was a Doge of Venice. He was born about 1372 and died in 1457. He was elected in 1423. The whole period in which he governed the republic was one of war and tumult, campaigns being undertaken against the Turks, the Visconte of Milan, and others, in which Venice was mostly victorious, extending her dominion to the Adda. But in his private life the doge was less fortunate. Three of his sons died in the service of the republic, and the fourth, Jacopo, being accused of receiving bribes from foreign princes, was condemned to torture and exiled to Crete, where he died. When eighty-five years of age Foscari was deposed from the dogeship at the instigation of a rival, Jacopo Loredano, and died a few days after. On the story of Jacopo Foscari is founded Byron's tragedy of The Two Foscari.
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Francesco Guardi was an Italian painter. He was born in 1712 at Venice and died in 1793.
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Francesco Guicciardini was an Italian historian. He was born in 1483 and died in 1540. He is renowned for his 'History of Italy from 1490 to 1532' which he wrote in 1534, and which was translated into English and published in ten volumes between 1755 and 1759 by Goddard.
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Francesco Herrera was one of the greatest painters of the Seville school. He was was born about 1576 and died in 1656. He designed with spirit and vigour, and may justly be regarded as the founder of a new national school. His Last Judgment is a master-piece of design and colouring. Equal praise is due to his Holy Family and the Outpouring of the Holy Spirit. He also displayed much skill in fresco painting and bronze work.
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Francesco Parmigianino was an Italian painter. He was born in 1503 at Parma and died in 1540.
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Francesco Squarcione was an Italian painter. He was born in 1394 at Padua and died in 1474. He founded the Paduan school of painting. After working as a tailor and an embroiderer, he opened an academy for painters, and most of the paintings attributed to him were in fact painted by his pupils.
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Francesco Torbido (Il Moro) was an Italian painter. He was born in 1486 at verona and died in 1546. He studied under Giorgionne at Venice and Leberale at verona. he worked mainly at verona where he painted frescoes in the cathedral and other locations and also produced portraits including a self-portrait in chalks.
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Francessco Bianchini was an Italian historian and astronomer. He was born in 1662 and died in 1729. Pope Alexander VIII bestowed on him a rich benefice, with the appointment of tutor and librarian to his nephew Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni; and Clement XI appointed him secretary to the commission for the correction of the calendar. He spent eight years in meridian measurement; left a portion of a Universal History, and works on the planet Venus, etc.
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Francis Atterbury was an English prelate. He was born in 1662 and died in 1731. Educated at Westminster and Oxford. In 1687 he took his degree of MA and appeared as a controversialist in a defence of the character of Luther, entitled, Considerations on the Spirit of Martin Luther, etc. He also assisted his pupil, the Honourable Mr. Boyle, in his famous controversy with Bentley on the Epistles of Phalaris. Having taken orders in 1691 he settled in London, became chaplain to William and Mary, preacher of Bridewell, and lecturer of St Bride's.
Controversy was congenial to him, and in 1706 he commenced one with Dr. Wake, which lasted four years, on the rights, privileges, and powers of convocations. For this service he received the thanks of the lower house of convocation and the degree of Doctor of Divinity from Oxford. Soon after the accession of Queen Anne he was made Dean of Carlisle, aided in the defence of the famous Sacheverell, and wrote A Representation of the Present State of Religion.
In 1712 he was made Dean of Christ Church, and in 1713 Bishop of Rochester and Dean of Westminster. After the death of the queen in 1714 he distinguished himself by his opposition to George I and having entered into a correspondence with the Pretender's party was apprehended in August, 1722, and committed to the Tower. Being banished the kingdom, he settled in Paris, where he chiefly occupied himself in study and in correspondence with men of letters. But even here, in 1725, he was actively engaged in fomenting discontent in the Scottish Highlands. He died in 1731, and his body was privately interred in Westminster Abbey. His sermons and letters are marked by ease and grace; but as a critic and a controversialist he is rather dexterous and popular than accurate and profound.
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Francis Bacon was an English philosopher and statesman, Baron of Verulam, Viscount St Albans, and Lord High Chancellor of England. He was born in 1561 at London and died in 1626. His father, Nicholas Bacon, was keeper of the great seal under Queen Elizabeth. He was educated at Cambridge and in 1575 was admitted to Gray's Inn. In 1576-79 he was at Paris with Sir Amyas Paulet, the English ambassador. The death of his father called him back to England, and being left in straitened circumstances he zealously pursued the study of law, and was admitted
a barrister in 1582. In 1584 he became member of parliament for Melcombe Regis, and soon after drew up a Letter of Advice to Queen Elizabeth, an able political memoir.
In 1586 he was member of parliament for Taunton, in 1589 for Liverpool. A year or two after he gained the Earl of Essex as a friend and patron. Bacon's talents and his connection with the lord-treasurer Burleigh, who had married his mother's sister, and his son Sir Robert Cecil, first secretary of state, seemed to promise him the highest promotion; but he had displeased the queen, and when he applied for the attorney-generalship, and next for the solicitor-generalship (1595), he was unsuccessful. Essex endeavoured to indemnify him by the donation of an estate in land. Bacon, however, forgot his obligations to his benefactor, and not only abandoned him as soon as he had fallen into disgrace, but without being obliged took part against him on his trial, in 1601, and was active in obtaining his conviction. He had been chosen member for the county of Middlesex in 1593, and for Southampton in 1597, and had long been a queen's counsel.
The reign of James I was more favourable to his interest. He was assiduous in courting the king's favour, and James, who was ambitious of being considered a patron of letters, conferred upon him in 1603 the order of knighthood. In 1604 he was appointed king's counsel, with a pension of 60 pounds; in 1606 he married; in 1607 he became solicitor-general, and six years after attorney-general. Between James and his parliament he was anxious to produce harmony, but his efforts were without avail, and his obsequiousness and servility gained him enmity and discredit. In 1617 he was made lord-keeper of the seals; in 1618 Lord High Chancellor of England and Baron Verulam. In this year he lent his influence to bring a verdict of guilty against Walter Raleigh. In 1621 he was made Viscount St Albans. Soon after this his reputation received a fatal blow. A new parliament was formed in 1621, and the lord-chancellor was accused before the house of bribery, corruption, and other malpractices. It is difficult to ascertain the full extent of his guilt; but he seems to have been unable to justify himself, and handed in a 'confession and humble submission,' throwing himself on the mercy of the Peers. He was condemned to pay a fine of 40,000 pounds, to be committed to the Tower during the pleasure of the king, declared incompetent to hold any office of state, and banished from court for ever. The sentence, however, was never carried out. The fine was remitted almost as soon as imposed, and he was imprisoned for only a few days. He survived his fall a few years, during this time occupying himself with his literary and scientific works, and vainly hoping for political employment. In 1597 he published his celebrated Essays, which immediately became very popular, were successively enlarged and extended, and translated into Latin, French, and Italian. The treatise on the Advancement of Learning appeared in 1605; The Wisdom of the Ancients in 1609 (in Latin); his great philosophical work,
e Novum Organum (in Latin), in 1620 ; and the De Augmentis Scientiarum, a much enlarged edition (in Latin) of the Advancement, in 1623. His New Atlantis was written about 1614-17; Life of Henry VII. about 1621. Various minor productions also proceeded from his pen. Numerous editions of his works have been published, by far the best being that of Messrs. Spedding, Ellis, & Heath (1858-74).
Francis Bacon was great as a moralist, a historian, a writer on politics, and a rhetorician; but it is as the father of the inductive method in science, as the powerful exponent of the principle that facts must be observed and collected before theorizing, that he occupies the grand position he holds among the world's great ones. His moral character, however, was not on a level with his intellectual, self-aggrandizement being the main aim of his life.
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Francis Baily was an English stockbroker and astronomer. He was born in 1774 at Berkshire and died in 1844. He settled in London as a stockbroker in 1802. While thus actively engaged he published Tables for the Purchasing and Renewing of Leases, the Doctrine of Interest and Annuities, the Doctrine of Life Annuities and Assurances, and an epitome of universal history. On retiring from business with an ample fortune in 1825 he turned his attention to astronomy, became one of the founders of the Astronomical Society, contributed to its Transactions, and in 1835 published a life of John Flamsteed.
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Francis Maitland Balfour was a British writer on embryology. He was born in 1851 and died in 1882 during a fall on Mont Blanc. The brother of Arthur Balfour, he early distinguished himself in his special study, and in 1874, in conjunction with Dr. M. Foster, published The Elements of Embryology; but the promise of his chief work, Comparative Embryology (1880-81), was unfulfilled due to his untimely death.
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Francis Baring was an English financer. He was born in 1740 and died in 1810. His father was a cloth manufacturer near Exeter, and his grandfather was a pastor of the Lutheran Church at Bremen, the family being thus of German origin. Francis Baring settled in London, attained a high position in the mercantile and financial world, was long a member of Parliament and a director of the East India Company, and was made a baronet in 1793. He founded the former bank Baring Brothers and Company.
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Francis Beaumont was a British dramatist. He was born in 1584 at Gracedieu in Lincolnshire and died in 1616. He studied at Oxford and entered the Inner temple in 1600. At the age of sixteen he published a translation, in verse, of Ovid's fable of Salmacis and Hermaphroditus, and before nineteen became the friend of Ben Jonson. With John Fletcher also he was early on terms of friendship. He married Ursula, daughter of Henry Isley of Sundridge, in Kent, by whom he left two daughters. With his partner John Fletcher he wrote 'The Knight of the Burning Pestle'.
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Francis Preston Blair was an American politician. He was born in 1791 and died in 1876. As editor of the 'Washington Globe' he wielded great influence on the Andrew)Jackson wing of the Democratic Party. After the political disintegration caused by slavery, he became one of the founders of the Republican Party, before towards the end of his life returning to the Democrats.
Francis Preston Blair was an American politician. He was born in 1821 and died in 1875. The son of Francis Blair, he was a lawyer and a member of the Missouri Legislature. He was a Republican Congressman from Missouri from 1857 until 1859 and from 1861 until 1863. He served with distinction during the American Civil War. After the war he joined the Democratic Party, and was unsuccessful in his bid to become vice-President in 1868, but became Senator for Missouri from 1871 until 1873.
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Francis Trevelyan Buckland was an English naturalist. He was born in 1826 and died in 1880. The son of Dr. William Buckland, he studied at Winchester and at Christ Church, Oxford. From 1848 to 1851 he was a student, and from 1852 to 1853 house-surgeon, at St George's Hospital. He became assistant-surgeon in the 2nd Life-Guards in 1854. On the establishment of the Field newspaper in 1856 he joined the staff, writing for it until 1865. In 1866 he commenced a weekly journal of his own, Land and Water, and in 1867 was appointed an inspector of salmon fisheries. His best-known books are his Curiosities of Natural History (4 volumes published between 1857 and 1872), the Logbook of a Fisherman and Zoologist (1875), and the Natural History of Fishes (1881); but there was also a large mass of desultory work showing much natural sagacity.
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Sir Francis Burdett was an English politician. He was born in 1770 and died in 1844. In 1796 he entered parliament as member for Boroughbridge, and advocated parliamentary reform and various liberal measures. He afterwards sat for Middlesex and in 1807 to 1837 for Westminster. In 1810 he was convicted of breach of privilege, and after a struggle between the police and the populace, in which some lives were lost, he was imprisoned in the Tower. In 1819 he was again imprisoned, and fined 2000 pounds for a libel. In his later years he became a Tory, and represented North Wiltshire. In 1793 he married the youngest daughter of Thomas Coutts the banker.
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Sir Francis Cowley Burnand was an English writer. He was born in 1836 and died in 1917. Educated at Eton and Cambridge, he was called to the bar, but took to literature as a profession, joined the Punch staff about 1862, and became editor of Punch in 1880. He wroye a number of plays, mostly of the nature of burlesques and light comedies (his Black-eyed Susan, a burlesque of Jerrold's drama of same name, had an extraordinary success), various works of the nature of caricatures or parodies of other works, such as New Light on Darkest Africa, and Ride to Khiva, making fun out of Henry Stanley and Colonel Burnaby respectively, and Strapmore, a sort of travesty of Ouida's novel Strathmore. Happy Thoughts, first published in Punch, is another of his successful books. He was knighted in 1902. In 1904 he published his Reminiscences, an entertaining work. Early in 1906 he resigned the editorship of Punch.
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Francis Cadell was an Australian explorer. He was born in 1822 at Cockenzie in Scotland and died in 1879. He took part in the Chinese War of 1840-1841, being present at the siege of Canton and the capture of Amoy and Ningpo. In 1848 he visited Australia, where a series of expeditions culminated in the successful navigation of the Murray, Edward and Darlington rivers. He was murdered during a trading voyage to the Spice Islands by his crew.
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Sir Francis Chantrey was an English sculptor. He was born in 1781 near Sheffield and died in 1842. He was the son of a well-to-do carpenter. Even in boyhood his chief amusement was in drawing and modelling figures, and he was apprenticed in 1797 to a carver and gilder. In 1802 he commenced work for himself at Sheffield by taking portraits in coloured chalks. After studying at the Royal Academy in London he eventually settled in the metropolis, where he presented numerous busts at the exhibitions of the Royal Academy. One of these, in 1811, attracted the admiration of Nollekens, who had the generosity to exclaim, 'There's a fine, a very fine busto; let the man who made it be known; remove one of my busts and put this one in its place, for it well deserves it.' This was the commencement of his career of fame and fortune, and he soon came to be regarded as the first monumental sculptor of his time. In 1816 he was chosen an associate and in 1818 a member of the Royal Academy. He was knighted in 1835.
His most celebrated works are the Sleeping Children, in Lichfield Cathedral; the statue of Lady Louisa Russell, in Woburn Abbey; the bronze statue of William Pitt, in Hanover Square, London; a statue of George Washington, in the States House, Boston; and statues of Horner, Canning, Sir J Malcolm, etc, in Westminster Abbey. His best works are bis busts, but his full-length figures betray an insufficient acquaintance with anatomy, and several of his equestrian statues are still more defective.
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Francis Cherry was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Arkansas from 1953 until 1955.
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Sir Francis Chichester was an English yachtsman and airman. He was born in 1901 and died in 1972. In 1931 he made the first east-west solo flight from New Zealand to Australia across the Tasman Sea, he won the first single-handed transatlantic yacht race in 1960, and came second in the second race in 1964, and in 1966 to 1967 he sailed alone round the world in the ketch Gipsy Moth IV.
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Francis Marion Crawford was an American novelist. He was born in 1854 at Bagna di Lucca Italyand died in 1909. The son of the American sculptor Thomas Crawford, he was educated in America, and at Cambridge (England), and on the European continent, being long a resident in Italy after a spell as a journalist in India. His works include Mr Isaacs (1882) and a long series of others, for instance, Dr. Claudius, A Roman Singer, Marzio's Crucifix, Saracinesca, Sant'Ilario, A Cigarette-maker's Romance, The Witch of Prague, Pietro Ghisleri, Love in Idleness, Casa Braccio, Taquisara, Corleone, etc.
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Francis Dana was an American politician. He was born in 1743 and died in 1811. A Massachusetts delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776, he was Congressman in 1778 and secretary to the embassy of John Adams in 1779. He was Minister to Russia from 1780 until 1783. In 1785 he was made Justice of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, and was a delegate to the Annapolis Convention in 1786, and Chief Justice of Massachusetts from 1791 to 1806.
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Francis Danby was an English painter. He was born in 1793 near Wexford and died in 1861. He established his reputation in 1823 by his Sunset at Sea after a Storm; and in 1825, by his Delivery of Israel out of Egypt, obtained the honour of being admitted as an associate of the Academy. Among his subsequent pictures the most celebrated are the Opening of the Sixth Seal, exhibited in 1828; the Age of Gold, in 1831; The Enchanted Island Sunset, in 1841; The Contest of the Lyre and Pipe in the Vale of Tempe, in 1842; and the Painter's Holiday, in 1844. Danby's excellence lay in his delineations of scenery, and the poetic halo with which he contrived to invest them.
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Sir Francis Hastings Charles Doyle was an English poet. He was born in 1810 and died in 1888. He was the son of Major-general Sir Francis Hastings Doyle, first baronet, succeeding his father in the title in 1839. He was educated at Eton and Oxford, graduating with first-class honours in classics in 1832, and held a fellowship at All Souls' from 1835 to 1844. After some years' work as a barrister, he became receiver-general, and in 1869 commissioner of customs, having two years previously been elected Professor of Poetry at Oxford in succession to Matthew Arnold, a position to which he was re-elected for a Second term five years later. He had already published Miscellaneous Verses (1840); The Two Destinies (1844); The Return of the Guards and other Poems (1866); and subsequently printed his Oxford Lectures (1869 and 1877) and Reminiscences and Opinions, 1813-85 (1886).
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Sir Francis Drake was an English seaman, pirate and murderer. He was born in 1539 or 1545 near Tavistock and died in 1596 of dysentery. The son of a poor farmer, he was apprenticed to the master of a coasting vessel, he was left the ship on the master's death. He accompanied Sir John Hawkins in 1567 in an action against the Spaniards, losing nearly all he possessed in that unfortunate enterprise. Having gathered a number of adventurers round him he contrived to fit out a vessel in which he made two successful pirate cruises to the West Indies in 1570 and 1571 and then set out in 1572 to plunder the Spanish Main, captured the cities of Nombre de Dios and Vera Cruz, and took a rich booty which he brought safely home, returning to England in 1573. After serving in Ireland as a volunteer, he suggested to the queen, Elizabeth I, an expedition to the Pacific, and in December 1577 he sailed in the Pelican with four other ships and 166 men.
In August 1578 the fleet passed through the straits of Magellan in sixteen days, plundered all along the coasts of Chile and Peru, sacked several ports, and captured a galleon laden with silver, gold, jewels, etc, to the value of perhaps 200,000 pounds and was then blown south to Cape Horn. The remaining ships became separated and returned to England, leaving the Pelican, now renamed the Golden Hind, alone in the Pacific. Drake sailed north along the coast of Chile and Peru, plundering Spanish ships as far as north as California, and then in July 1579 sailed south-west across the Pacific. He rounded the Cape in June 1580, and reached England in September, thus making the first voyage around the world by an Englishman. The voyage, however, was sullied by the murder by Drake of one of his captains, Thomas Doubty, for reporting the theft of supplies by Drake's brother, and the murder by Drake of a black slave girl, Maria, who, having fallen pregnant by Drake or one of his crew was marooned on a deserted island of the Spice Islands, and left his crew aggrieved when despite his promise he refused to share any of the stolen loot they had taken from the Spanish with them.
As there was no war between England and Spain the proceedings of Francis Drake were piracy. Courtiers were not pleased with receiving stolen goods from Drake, but the queen - receiving large amounts of money - maintained that they were lawful reprisals for the action of the Spaniards, and showed her favour to Francis Drake by knighting him on board his own ship. Five years afterwards Francis Drake was again attacking the Spaniards in the Cape Verde Islands and in the West Indies, and in 1588 particularly distinguished himself as vice-admiral in the conflict with the Spanish Armada, though contemporaries noted that during the action Drake's ship sped off after the unarmed Spanish pay ship and its gold which Drake wanted for himself, leaving the other English ships to face the Spanish warships. Reports of cowardice were made against Drake by the captains of the remainder of the English fleet, but Drake's wealth and continued bribes of the queen ensured bus position.
In 1593 he represented Plymouth in parliament. His later expeditions, that in 1595 against the Spanish West Indies and that to Panama, were not so successful, and his death, which took place in 1596 at sea off Porto Bello, was allegedly hastened by disappointment, the reality was the not to glamorous dysentery.
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Francis E Spinner was an American politician. He was born in 1802 and died in 1890. He represented New York in the US Congress as an anti-slavery Democrat from 1855 to 1861. He was US Treasurer from 1861 to 1875, and remarkably ended his service without the discrepancy in his accounts of a single penny.
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Francis E McGovern was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Wisconsin from 1911 until 1915.
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Francis E Warren was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Wyoming during 1890.
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Francis Egerton, Duke of Bridgewater, was an English nobleman. He was born in 1736 and died in 1803. His estate of Worsley contained valuable coalmines, and with the view of establishing a communication between these and the town of Manchester, 7 miles away, he employed Brindley to construct a navigable canal, which, after having encountered much opposition and ridicule, was triumphantly carried through. He was the chief promoter of other canals.
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Francis Ferdinand (Franz Ferdinand) was Archduke of Austria. He was born in 1863 at Graz and died in 1914 when he was shot by Gavrilo Princip while visiting Sarajevo. Francis Ferdinand was the heir apparent to the throne of Austria, and his murder gave Austria an excuse to invade Serbia, thus starting the Great War.
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Sir Francis Galton was an English anthropologist and eugenist. He was born in 1822 and died in 1911. He made explorations in south west Africa. He established Galton's Law which deals with ancestral heredity, and also the theory of anticyclones in meteorology.
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Francis Granger was an American politician. He was born in 1792 and died in 1868. The son of Gideon Granger, a New York Assemblyman from 1826 to 1831, he was National Republican candidate for Vice-President in 1836, a US Congressman from 1835 to 1837 and from 1839 to 1843, and was Whig Postmaster-General in 1841.
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Francis Grose was an English antiquary. He was born in 1731 and died in 1791 of apoplexy. Having dissipated the fortune inherited from his father, he turned his attention to the study of antiquities. In 1773 he commenced the publication in numbers of his Views of Antiquities in England and Wales. In 1789 he made a tour in Scotland for the purpose of illustrating the antiquities of that country. Before completing it, however, he proceeded to Ireland, with the view of collecting its antiquities, but died suddenly in 1791. His name is now perhaps chiefly remembered from his connection with Burns, who wrote his Tam o' Shanter for him. Captain Grose also wrote a Treatise on Ancient Armour and Weapons, a Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, and other publications.
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Francis H Pierpont was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Virginia from 1865 until 1868.
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Sir Francis Seymour Haden was an English surgeon and etcher. He was born in 1818 at London and died in 1910. Educated at University College, he studied surgery at the Sorbonne, Paris and at Grenoble before settling in private practice in London. While in Paris he studied art at evening classes, but did not take up etching seriously until 1858 when he made the acquaintance of Whistler, whose step-sister he had married in 1847. In 1880 he founded the Society of Painter Etchers. In 1894 he was knighted.
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Francis Bret Harte was an American novelist and poet. He was born in 1836 or 1839 and died in 1902. At the age of fifteen he went to California and spent three years as a gold-miner and schoolmaster before becoming editor of The Weekly Californian, in which he published his parodies, the 'Condensed Novels'. From 1868 until 1870 he edited 'The Overland Monthly', for which he also wrote poems and stories. From 1878 until 1885 he held consular appointments at Crefeld in Germany, and at Glasgow. From 1885 onwards he resided near London producing novels and short stories.
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Sir Francis Bond Head was a British soldier and writer. He was born in 1793 and died in 1875. He was present at the Battle of Waterloo, being in the royal engineers; in 1825 undertook the working of gold and silver mines in Rio de la Plata; in 1835 became governor of Upper Canada, and in 1838 suppressed the Canadian insurrection, and was made a baronet. He was the author of Bubbles from the Brunnen of Nassau, Rough Notes of Rapid Journeys across the Pampas, A Faggot of French Sticks, The Horse and his Rider, etc.
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Francis Hopkinson was an American jurist. He was born in 1737 and died in 1791. He was admitted to the bar in 1761. He was a New York Councilman from 1774 to 1776 and a delegate to the Continental Congress from 1776 to 1777, serving on the committee to draft articles of confederation and advocating and signing the Declaration of Independence. He was appointed head of the Navy Department in 1775. He aided the cause of American independence by witty satires and popular poems and songs. He was Judge of Admiralty for Pennsylvania from 1779 to 1789, and a US District Judge from 1790 to 1791.
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Francis Horner was a Scottish politician and economist. He was born in 1778 at Edinburgh and died in 1817. He studied for the Scottish bar, but, exchanging it for the English bar, took up his residence in London in 1803. He had early, with his friends Jeffrey and Brougham, declared his preference for Whig principles, and in 1806, when Charles Fox came into office, obtained through ministerial influence a seat in parliament. He became an authority on financial and economic matters; was chairman of the Bullion Committee of 1810, and was mainly the means of checking the evils of an inconvertible paper currency. He was one of the originators of the Edinburgh Review, for which he wrote many articles.
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Francis Hutcheson was an Irish philosophical writer. He was born in 1694 and died in 1746. He studied at the University of Glasgow from 1710 to 1716, was licensed to preach, but set up a private academy in Dublin. In 1725 his celebrated Inquiry into the Ideas of Beauty and Virtue appeared, followed in 1728 by his Treatise on the Passions. In 1729 he was called to the chair of moral philosophy at Glasgow. The main features of his philosophical teaching are the theory of a distinct moral sense or conscience peculiar to man, and his view of virtue as benevolence. Francis Hutcheson's moral philosophy is strongly opposed to the empiricism of Locke, and in this respect he may be considered as the precursor of Reid and the Scottish school. In 1755 a System of Moral Philosophy was published from his manuscripts.
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Francis I was King of France. He was born in 1494 and died in 1547. His father was Charles of Orleans, count of Angouleme, and his mother Louise of Savoy, grand-daughter of Valentine, duke of Milan. He ascended the throne in 1515, having succeeded his uncle, Louis XII. In prosecution of his claim to Milan he defeated the Swiss in the plains of Marignano and forced the reigning duke Maximilian Sforza to relinquish the sovereignty. On the death of Maximilian in 1519 Francis was one of the competitors for the empire; but the choice fell on Charles of Austria, the grandson of Maximilian, henceforth known as the Emperor Charles V. From this period Francis and Charles were rivals, and were almost continually at war with one another. Both attempted to gain the alliance of England.
With this view Francis invited Henry VIII of England to an interview, which took place near Calais, between Guines and Ardres, in June, 1520. The magnificence of the two monarchs and their suites on this occasion has given to the meeting the name of the Field of the Cloth of Gold. In 1521 war broke out between the rivals, and in 1525 Francis was defeated and taken prisoner at Pavia. He could recover his liberty only by renouncing his claims to Naples, Milan, Genoa, and Asti, the suzerainty of Flanders and Artois, and promising to cede the Duchy of Burgundy and some other French fiefs. War was soon after renewed, an alliance, called the Holy League, having been formed between the Pope Clement VII, the King of France, the King of England, the Republic of Venice, the Duke of Milan, and other Italian powers, with the object of checking the advances of the emperor. In this war Rome was taken and sacked by the Constable of Bourbon in 1527, and Italy was devastated, but Francis gained little either of fame or material advantage. Peace was concluded in 1529, but hostilities again broke out in 1535, when Francis possessed himself of Savoy. A hastily made-up peace was soon broken, and Francis again found himself at war with the Emperor and the King of England.
Fortunately for France the union of the Protestant princes of Germany against the emperor prevented him from following up his success, and inclined him to a peace, which was concluded at Crespy in 1544. Charles resigned all his claims on Burgundy, and allowed Francis to retain Savoy. Two years after peace was made with England. Francis I possessed a chivalric and enterprising spirit, and was a patron of learning.
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Francis I was Emperor of Germany. He was born in 17098 and died in 1765. The eldest son of Leopold, duke of Lorraine, in 1736 he married Maria Theresa, daughter of the Emperor Charles VI. After the death of Charles VI in 1740 he was declared by his wife co-regent of all the hereditary states of Austria, but without being permitted to take any part in the administration. After the death of Charles VII. he was elected emperor in 1745.
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Francis I was Emperor of Austria (previously Francis II, emperor of Germany). He was born in 1768 and died in 1835. He was the son of the Emperor Leopold II and Maria Louisa, daughter of Charles III, king of Spain. He succeeded his father in 1792. France declared war against him in 1792, and hostilities continued until the Peace of Campo-Formio in 1797. In 1799 he entered into a new coalition with England and Russia against the French republic; but in 1801 Russia and Austria were compelled to conclude the Peace of Luneville. France having been declared an empire in 1804, he assumed the title of hereditary Emperor of Austria; and on the establishment of the confederacy of the Rhine in 1806, he renounced the title of Emperor of Germany. In 1805 war again broke out between Austria and France. But after the battle of Austerlitz in 1805 the Peace of Presburg was signed. In 1809 he again took up arms against France, and in the Peace of Vienna was compelled to surrender 42,000 square miles of territory. The marriage of his daughter, Maria Louisa, with Napoleon promised to form a strong tie between the imperial houses, but in 1813 he entered into an alliance with Russia and Prussia against France, and was present to the close of the contest.
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Francis II was King of France. He was born in 1544 at Fontainebleau and died in 1560. The son of Henry II and Catharine of Medici, he ascended the throne on the death of his father, in 1559. The year previous he had married Mary Stuart, only Child of James V, the king of Scotland. The uncles of his wife, Francis, duke of Guise, and the Cardinal of Lorraine, held the reins of government.
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Francis Joseph I was Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary. He was born in 1830 and died in 1916. He succeeded his uncle, Ferdinand, who abdicated in 1849. The chief events of his reign were the cession of Lombardy to Italy, as a result of the Austro-French war of 1859; and the loss of Venetia, as also Austria's important influence in Germany, the result of the war with Prussia in 1866.
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Francis Kernan was an American politician. He was born in 1816 and died in 1892. He was a reporter of the New York Court of Appeals from 1854 to 1857. He represented New York in the US Congress as a Democrat from 1863 to 1865, and in the Senate from 1875 to 1881.
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Francis Lewis was an American politician. He was born in 1713 at England and died in 1803. He went to America from England in 1735. He was a member of the New York delegation in the first Colonial Congress at New York City in 1765. He was a member of the Continental Congress from 1776 to 1779. He signed the American Declaration of Independence and in 1779 and was a commissioner of the Board of Admiralty.
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Francis Lieber was a German writer and encyclopaedist. He was born in 1800 and died in 1872. Educated in Germany, he went to America in 1827. He published the Encyclopaedia Americana in 1832. He ardently upheld the Union during the American Civil War, and was often consulted by the executive. He wrote many important political works, among them a Manual of Political Ethics, Legal and Political Hermeneutics and Civil Liberty and Self-Government. He was professor in the South Carolina College from 1838 to 1856 and in Columbia College from 1857 to 1872.
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Francis Lightfoot Lee was an American politician. He was born in 1734 and died in 1797. A brother of R H Lee and Arthur Lee, he was a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses from 1765 to 1772. He was a delegate to the Continental Congress from 1775 to 1779. He signed the American Declaration of Independence, and aided in drafting the American Articles of Confederation.
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Francis Lovelace was an English colonial governor. He was born in 1618 and died in 1675. He became Governor of New York in 1668. He established an arbitrary rule, and so oppressed the people that New York surrendered to a Dutch fleet in 1673 without opposition. He returned to England in 1673.
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Francis M Dimond was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Rhode Island from 1853 until 1854.
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Francis M Drake was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Iowa from 1896 until 1898.
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Francis Marion was an American soldier. He was born in 1732 and died in 1795. A South Carolinian planter, of Huguenot descent. He fought in the Cherokee War and sat in the Provincial Congress. Enlisting at the opening of the American Revolution he was present at the British repulse off Charleston in 1776, and took part in the unfortunate Savannah expedition of 1779. His noted period is the last three years of the American War of Independence. He organized in 1780 a celebrated partisan corps, known as Marion's brigade, famous for the activity of its movements, telling blows and simplicity of fare. Francis Marion, surnamed the Swamp-Fox, operated in the neighborhood of the Pedee River and other parts of the Carolinas. He was engaged in the capture of Fort Watson, took Georgetown, commanded the right at the Battle of Eutaw Springs, and continued his harassing of the British through 1782. He was subsequently a State Senator.
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Francis William Newman was an English scholar and man of letters. He was born in 1805 at London and died in 1897. Through conscientious scruples, he resigned his fellowship at Balliol, Oxford in 1830, and joined a Baptist mission at Baghdad. In 1833 he returned to England, and undertook educational work, first at Bristol in 1834, then at Manchester New College in 1840; from 1846 to 1869 he was professor of Latin at University College, London. He wrote anonymously in 1847, 'a History of the Hebrew Monarchy'; in 1849 'The Soul, her Sorrows and Aspirations'; and in 1850 his best known work, 'Phases of Faith, or Passages from the History of my Creed'. Francis was a theist, in sympathy with almost every movement of free thought, and as versatile as he was eccentric. He was one of the many translators of Homer.
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Francis of Assisi was the founder of the Franciscans. He was born in 1182 at Assisi, in Umbria and died in 1226. As a youth, Francis enjoyed worldly pleasures but after a serious illness he became enthusiastically devout, left the paternal home, and in 1208 gave himself to a life of the most rigorous poverty. His followers were at first few, but when they reached eleven he formed them into a new order, made a rule for them, and got it sanctioned, though at first only verbally, in 1210, by Pope Innocent III. In 1212 he received from the Benedictines a church in the vicinity of Assisi, which now became the home of the order of the Francisans or Minorites. Francis afterwards obtained a bull in confirmation of his order, from Pope Honorius III. After an unsuccessful attempt to convert the Sultan Meledin he returned to Assisi, when the order of St Clara was founded under his direction, and a third order, called the Tertiaries, designed for penitents of both sexes. He was canonized by Pope Gregory IX in 1228. His festival is on the 4th of October.
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Francis P Fleming was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Florida from 1889 until 1893.
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Francis P Murphy was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Hampshire from 1937 until 1941.
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Sir Francis Palgrave was an English historian. He was born in 1788 and died in 1861. He wrote ' History of England'. Francis Turner Palgrave was the son of Sir Francis Palgrave. He was an English critic and poet. He was professor of poetry at Oxford from 1886 to 1895. He was born in 1824 and died in 1897.
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Francis Parkman was an American historian. He was born in 1823 and died in 1893. He attained high rank as a historian and writer by a series of works relating to the rise and fall of the French dominion in America. During his later years he was regarded as the foremost of American historians. In the preparation of his series he frequently visited Europe to consult the French archives. It is a work of great candor and fairness, and is notable for its brilliant and graphic style and evidences of careful research. It includes The Conspiracy of Pontiac, Pioneers of France in the New World, The Discovery of the Great West, The Jesuits in North America, The Old Regime in Canada, Count Frontenac and New France under Louis XIV, A Half-Century of Conflict, and Montcalm and Wolfe.
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Francis D Pastorius was a German colonist and abolitionist. He was born in 1651 and died in 1719. He went to America from Germany in 1683 and founded a colony of Germans and Dutch at Germantown, Pennsylvania. He signed, the first protest made in America against slavery in 1688.
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Francis Poulenc was a French composer. He was born in 1899 and died in 1963. He composed Dialogues des Carmelites.
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Francis R Lubbock was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Texas from 1861 until 1863.
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Francis R Shunk was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Pennsylvania from 1845 until 1848.
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Francis Rawdon, Marquis of Hastings was an English soldier and Governor-general of India. He was born in 1754 and died in 1825. Having studied at Oxford, in 1771 he entered the 15th Foot. From 1776 to 1782 he served with distinction in the American War of Independence. In 1793 he became Earl of Moira, and in 1795 commanded the expedition to Quiberon. From 1813 to 1823 he was Governor-general of India, and was successful in the Nepalese and Mahratta wars. In his latter years he was governor of Malta.
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Francis Rous was an English Puritan. He was born in 1579 at Dittisham and died in 1659. He sat in the Long Parliament and others as a Puritan member and was one of the Westminster Assembly of Divines.
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Francis Scott Key was an American composer. He was born in 1780 and died in 1843. He wrote The Star-Spangled Banner after watching the bombarding of Fort McHenry by the British in 1814.
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Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald was an American novelist. He was born in 1896 and died in 1940. He wrote The Great Gatsby.
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Francis Edward Smedley was an English novelist. He was born in 1818 at Great Marlow, Buckinghamshire and died in 1864. Educated privately, his novels include 'Frank Fairlegh' published in 1850, which is regarded as his best book, notable for its telling pictures of education under a private tutor. Francis Smedley also edited Sharpe's Magazine for a while and the short-lived 'George Cruikshank's Magazine'.
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Francis Smith was a British soldier. He was born in 1720 and died in 1791. A colonel in the army, he went to America and commanded the troops sent to Concord in 1775. He fought at Lexington and Concord, and commanded a brigade at Long Island, and at Quaker Hill in 1778.
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Francis Richard Stockton was an American writer. He was born in 1834 at Philadelphia and died in 1902. At first a wood engraver, he abandoned design to join the staff of the New York Hearth and Home in 1872, and from 1873 until 1880 was assistant editor of the children's magazine 'St Nicholas', for which he also wrote numerous children's stories. He also wrote humorous adult fiction.
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Francis T Nicholls was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Louisiana from 1888 until 1892.
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Francis Thomas was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Maryland from 1842 until 1845.
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Francis Thompson was an English poet. He was born in 1859 at Preston and died in 1907. Educated at Ushaw College with a view to entering the priesthood, he abandoned the notion and diverted his studies to medicine at Owens College, Manchester. Failing to qualify as a doctor he settled in London, an opium addict. He was taken under the wing of Wilfred Meynell, editor of 'Merrie England' who published two of his poems and set about rehabilitating Thompson.
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Francis W Pickens was an American politician. He was born in 1805 and died in 1869. He represented South Carolina in the US Congress as a Nullifier from 1834 to 1843. He was Governor of South Carolina from 1860 to 1862. He demanded the surrender of Fort Sumter and gave the order to fire upon the 'Star of the West'.
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Francis W Sargent was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Massachusetts from 1969 until 1975.
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Francis Amasa Walker was an American soldier and economist. He was born in 1840 and died in 1897. He was adjutant-general of the Second Army Corps during the American Civil War. He was commissioner of Indian affairs from 1871 to 1873. He was professor of history and political economy at the Yale Scientific School from 1873 to 1881, when he became president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He compiled the ninth and tenth censuses, and published 'Money, Trade and Industry', several works on political economy and a history of the Second Army Corps.
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Sir Francis Walsingham was an English statesman of the Puritan party. He was born in 1530 and died in 1590. He was ambassador to France in 1570 and appointed one of Elizabeth's secretaries of state in 1573. He was the chief agent in the execution of Mary Queen of Scots.
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Francis Wayland was an American theologian and author. He was born in 1796 and died in 1865. He was pastor of the First Baptist Church, Boston, from 1831 to 1836. He was president of Brown University from 1837 to 1855. He was celebrated as an instructor, preacher and author. He possessed a strong personality which was stimulating to his pupils. He wrote 'Elements of Moral Science', 'elements of Political Economy', 'The Limitations of Human Responsibility', and 'Slavery and Religion'.
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Sir Francis Wyatt was an English colonial governor. He was born in 1575 and died in 1644. He was appointed Governor of Virginia in 1621. He brought from England a constitution upon which subsequent forms of government in the colonies were modeled. Trial by jury, an annual assembly convoked by the Governor, an executive veto power, and the concurrence of the Virginia Company and the Colonial Assembly in all acts, were features. He governed from 1621 to 1626 and from 1639 to 1642.
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The Franciscans are the members of the religious order established by St Francis of Assisi about 1210. They are also called Minorites, or Fratres Minores ('lesser friars'), which was the name given them by their founder in token of humility, and sometimes Gray Friars, from the colour of their garment. The order was distinguished by vows of absolute poverty and a renunciation of the pleasures of the world, and was intended to serve the church by its care of the religious state of the people. The rule of the order destined them to beg and to preach. The popes granted them extensive privileges, and they had an evil repute as spies, frequenting the courts of princes and the houses of noblemen, gentry, etc. Early in the 15th century they split up into two branches, the Conventuals and the Observants or Sabotiers. The former went barefooted, wore a long gray cassock and cloak and hood of large dimensions, covering the breast and back, and a knotted girdle. The Observants wore wooden sandals, a cassock, a narrow hood, a short cloak with a wooden clasp, and a brown robe. In France the members of the order not belonging to any particular sect are called Cordeliers, from the cord which they tie about them. The Capuchins, so called from the peculiar kind of hood or cowl (capuce) which they wear, originated in a reform introduced among the Observantists by Matthew of Baschi in the early part of the 16th century, and although it received the approbation of different popes within a short time after its foundation, it did not receive the right of electing a particular general and become an independent order until 1619.
St Francis himself collected nuns in 1209. St Clara was their prioress; hence they were called the nuns of St Clara. The nuns were also divided into branches, according to the severity of their rules. The Urbanists were a branch founded by Pope Urban IV; they revered St Isabelle, daughter of Louis VIII of France, as their mother. St Francis also founded in 1221 a third order, of both sexes, for persons who did not wish to take the monastic vows, and yet desired to adopt a few of the easier observances. They are called Tertiarians or Tertiaries, and were very numerous in the 13th century. From them proceeded several heretical fraternities, as the Fraticelli and Beghards. The whole number of Franciscans and Capuchins in the 18th century amounted to 115,000 monks, in 7000 convents. At the dissolution of the monasteries in England there were sixty-five houses of the Franciscans. The order has given five popes and more than fifty cardinals to the church.
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Francisco D'Almeida was the first Portuguese viceroy of India. He was born in abouth the middle of the 15th century and died in 1510. He was the son of the Conde de Abrantes. He fought with renown against the Moors, and being appointed governor of the new Portuguese settlements on the African and Indian coasts, he sailed for India in 1505, accompanied by his son Lorenzo and other eminent men. In Africa he took possession of Quiloa and Mombas, and in the East he conquered Gananor, Gochin, Galicut, etc, and established forts and factories. His son Lorenzo discovered the Maldives and Madagascar, but perished in an attack made on him by a fleet sent by the Sultan of Egypt, with the aid of the Porte and the Republic of Venice. Having signally defeated the Mussulmans in 1508, and avenged his son, and being superseded by Albuquerque, he sailed for Portugal, but was killed in a skirmish on the African coast in 1510.
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Francisco de Orellana was a Spanish soldier. He discovered the Amazon river, which was so named because he claimed that while travelling down the river he was attacked by a tribe of female warriors.
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Francisco Indalecio Madero was a Mexican statesman. He was born in 1873 and died in 1913. He led the revolutionary movement that overthrew Porfirio Diaz in 1911, and he became president of the Republic. In 1913 he and his vice-president were assassinated by followers of Victoriano Huerta.
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Francisco Suarez was a Spanish theologian and philosopher. He was born in 1548 at Granada and died in 1617. Educated at Salamanca, while there he entered the Society of Jesus. He became professor of theology at Segovia, Rome, Alcala, and Coimbra. In 1613 he wrote a defence of the Catholic Faith which is infuriated James I that he had it publicly burnt.
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Francisco Vasquez de Coronado was a Spanish explorer. He was born in 1510 and died in 1542. He was sent out expeditions in 1539 and 1540, which explored the regions of the Gila, the Little Colorado and the Rio Grande.
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Francisco Pancho Villa (born Doroteo Arango) was a Mexican robber and later revolutionary leader. He was born in 1877 at Las Nieves and died in 1923 when he was assassinated. A notorious robber, he was pardoned in 1910 by Madero on the outbreak of revolution in return for his services.
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Franciscus Gratianus (known as Gratian) was a Benedictine of the 12th century, a native of Chiusi, and author of the Decretum or, Concordia discordantium Canonum, a rich storehouse of the canon law of the middle ages.
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Franco Sacchetti was an Italian writer. He was born in 1335 at Florence and died in 1400. He was legate of the republic to Bologna and Milan, and one of the priors in 1384. Between 1386 and 1398 he was successively podesta of Bibbiena, San Miniato, and Faenza, and in the latter year he became governor of the Florentine Romagna. He wrote a number of charming poems, a collection of valuable letters and sermons giving a useful contemporary account of Florentine life.
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Francois Achille Bazaine was a French soldier. He was born in 1811 at Versailles and died in 1888. He entered the army as a private soldier in 1831, and served in Algeria with distinction, gaining the cross of the Legion of Honour, and rising to the rank of lieutenant. He next went to Spain and fought in the foreign legion against the Carlists and in 1839 returned to Algeria, where he latterly held the rank of colonel in 1850.
He was next engaged in the Crimean war, being at first commander of a brigade and then general of division, leading the French troops sent to attack the fortress of Kinburn in 1855. He did good service also in the Italian war of 1859, being actively engaged in the battle of Solferino. His military reputation was increased by the part he took in the Mexican expedition during 1862 to 1864, in which he led the first division under Forey, and when this general was recalled became commander-in-chief of the French forces in Mexico and marshal of France.
On the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870 he was appointed to the command of the 3rd Army Corps, after a series of defeats culminating at Gravelotte he withdrew his army to Metz where he subsequently surrendered to the Prussians. After the war he was court-martialled in 1873 for surrendering the city of Metz and for negotiating with the enemy, was convicted and sentenced to death, though the sentence was commuted to 20 years imprisonment. In 1874 he escaped from prison and made his way to Madrid where he lived the remainder of his life.
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Francois Bernier was a French physician and traveller. He was born in 1625 at Angers and died in 1688 at Paris. He set out on his travels in 1654, and visited Egypt, India and Palestine, spending twelve years in India as the physician to the Great Mogul Emperor Aurangzib. After his return to France he published his Travels, an abridgment of the philosophy of Gassendi, a Treatise on Freedom and Will, and other works.
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Francois Blanchard was a French aeronaut. He was born in 1753 and died in 1809. In 1785 he crossed the Channel in a balloon, for which feat he received a pension from the French king. He made many remarkable ascents in various parts of the world. His wife, born in 1778, was his companion in many of his voyages, and was killed by her balloon catching fire in 1819.
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Francois Joseph Bosio (Baron Bosio) was a French sculptor. He was, born in 1769 at Monaco and died in 1845. He was much employed by Napoleon and by the successive Bourbon and Orleans dynasties. His works are well known in France and Italy.
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Francois Joseph Victor Broussais was a French physician. He was born in 1772 and died in 1838. He is regarded as the founder of what was called the physiological system of medicine. According to his theory irritability was the fundamental property of all living animal tissues, and every malady proceeded from an undue increase or diminution of that property.
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Francois Certain Canrobert was a Frenchsoldier. He was born in 1809 and died in 1895. He commanded in the Crimean War under St Arnaud, and after his death received the chief command, but could not work in harmony with the British and made way for Pelissier. In the Italian war of 1859 he commanded the 3rd division, and distinguished himself at Magenta. In the Franco-German war he belonged to the force that was shut up in Metz and had to capitulate. He was latterly a French senator.
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Francois Chabaneau was a French chemist. He was born in 1754 at Nontron, Dordogne and died in 1842. A student of theology, he was expelled for his views on metaphysics and despite limited knowledge of mathematics was appointed Professor Mathematics at Passy when he was 17 years old. He subsequently moved to studying chemistry and physics, becoming a lecturer in chemistry and physics at the Real Seminario Patriotico at Vergara, Spain, where he worked with Don Fausto on ways of separating platinum from its compounds and of making the metal malleable, announcing their success in 1783.
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Francois Chabot was one of the leading Jacobins of the French revolution. He was born in 1759 and died in 1794. Being chosen deputy to the national convention, he displayed the greatest zeal in the propagation of revolutionary ideas, and in denouncing the court. The conversion of the cathedral of Notre Dame into the Temple of Reason is said to have originated with Francois Chabot. He at last became suspected by his party, appealed in vain to Robespierre, and attempted to poison himself, but was guillotined in 1794.
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Francois Jean Chastellux (Marquis de Chastellux) was a French soldier and writer. He was born in 1734 and died in 1788. He was a major-general in America under the Comte de Rochambeau. In his book 'Voyage dans 1'Amerique septentrionale', he observes the men and events in America in a lively manner.
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Francois Rene Vicomte de Chateaubriand was a politician and pioneer of the French Romantic Movement. He was born in 1768 at St Malo and died in 1848. After serving in the navy and the army he went to America in 1791 and travelled extensively with the Indians. The news of the flight of Louis XVI and his arrest at Varennes brought him back to France.
Shortly after he quitted France and joined with other emigrants the Prussian army on the Rhine. After being wounded at the siege of Thionville and suffering many miseries, he made his way to London, where, friendless and penniless, he was just able to earn a subsistence by giving lessons in French and doing translations. Here he published in 1797 his Essai Historique, which met with but small success. At this time the death of his mother and the accounts of her last moments transmitted to him by his sister helped to effect a certain change in the religious opinions of Chateaubriand, and from a not very profound sceptic he became a not very profound believer.
In 1800 he returned to France, and in the following year published his romance of Atala, the scene of which is laid in America, and the year after his celebrated work, Le Genie du Christianisme, which is a kind of brilliant picture of Christianity in an aesthetic and romantic aspect. Style, power of description, and eloquence are the merits of the book rather than any depth of thought; but it carried the author's reputation far and wide, and contributed much to the religious reaction of the time.
After a short career as diplomatist under Napoleon Chateaubriand made a tour in the East from 1806 to 1807, visiting Greece, Asia Minor, and the Holy Land. As the fruit of his travels he published Les Martyrs in 1809 and Itineraire de Paris a Jerusalem in 1811. He hailed the restoration of Louis XVIII. with enthusiasm, was appointed ambassador to Berlin, and then to London, but in 1824 quarrelled with the premier, M. deVillele, and was summarily dismissed.
On the revolution of 1830 he refused to take the oath of allegiance to Louis Philippe, forfeiting thus a pension of 12,000 francs. At this time his writings were chiefly political, and mostly appeared as newspaper articles, pamphlets, etc. In his later years he wrote several works, but none of the value of his earlier productions.
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Francois Joachim Coppee was a French poet, novelist and dramatist. He was born in 1842 and died in 1908.
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Francois Couperin was a French composer. He was born in 1668 near Paris and died in 1733. He composed music for the harpsichord and revealed new possibilities for that instrument.
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Francois de Bassompierre was Marshal of France. He was born in 1579 and died in 1646. In 1602 he made his first campaign against the Duke of Savoy, and he fought with equal distinction in the following year in the imperial army against the Turks. In 1622 Louis XIII appointed him Marshal of France, and became so much attached to him that Luynes, the declared favourite, sent him on embassies to Spain, Switzerland, and England. After his return he became an object of suspicion to Cardinal Richelieu, and was sent to the Bastille in 1631, from which he was not released until 1643, after the death of the cardinal. During his detention he occupied himself with writing his memoirs, which shed much light on the events of that time.
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Francois de Bonnivard (The Prisoner of Chillon) was a French republican. He was born in 1496 and died in 1570. He took the side of the Genoese against the pretensions of the Dukes of Savoy and in 1530 was captured and imprisoned until 1536 in the castle of Chillon. He was released when the united forces of the Bernese and the Genovese took the town.
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The Fancois de Grasse (Count de Grasse) was a French sailor. He was born in 1723 and died in 1788. He was appointed commander of a French fleet of twenty-nine vessels and 3000 men to aid the American colonists against Great Britain in 1781. He aided in the siege of Yorktown, blockading the York and James Rivers, and sent troops to aid in the decisive engagement by which Charles Cornwallis was compelled to surrender.
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Francois de Salignao de Lamothe Fenelon was one of the most venerable of the French clergy. He was born in 1651 at the Chateau Fenelon, in Perigord and died in 1715. He was born to a family illustrious in church and state. A gentle disposition, united with great vivacity of mind and a feeble and delicate constitution, characterized his youth. He was educated under the eye of his uncle, the Marquis of Fenelon, and afterwards at St Sulpice, Paris.
He took orders at the age of twenty-four, and distinguished himself in the work of converting Protestants. In 1681 his uncle conferred on him the priory of Carennac. Soon after he wrote his first work, Traite de l'Education des Filles, which was the basis of his future reputation. In 1689 Louis XIV, intrusted to him the education of his grandsons, the Dukes of Burgundy, Anjou, and Berri. In 1694 he was created Archbishop of Cambray. A theological dispute with Bossuet, the virtual head of the French Church, terminated in his condemnation by Pope Innocent XII, and his banishment to his diocese by Louis XIV.
Fenelon submitted without the least hesitation, and thenceforward lived contentedly in his diocese, sustaining the venerable character of a Christian philosopher, and scrupulously performing his sacred duties. He left numerous vorks in philosophy, theology, and belles-lettres. The most celebrated is Les Aventures de Telemaque, in which he endeavoured to exhibit a model for the education of a prince. It was commonly taken for a satire on the reign of Louis XIV, though nothing, probably, was further from the mind of Fenelon.
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Francois Xavier Joseph Droz was a French moralist and historian. He was born in 1773 at Besancon and died 1850. In 1806 he published an Essai sur l'Art d'etre Heureux, which was very popular; and in 1823 De la Philosophie Morale, ou desDifferents Systemes sur la Science de la Vie, which procured his admission into the Academy. His reputation is, however, founded chiefly on his Histoire du Regne de Louis XVI.
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Francois Joseph Fetis was a Flemish musical theorist and composer. He was born in 1784 and died in 1871. He was educated at the Paris Conservatoire; was professor there from 1818 to 1833, when he was appointed director of the Conservatoire at Brussels. Among his works may be mentioned Traite de la Fugue (1825); Biographie Universelle des Musiciens (1835-1844); Traite Complet de la Theorie et de la Pratique de l'Harmonie. His musical compositions include operas, sacred music, and instrumental pieces for the piano and the violin and he founded the Revue Musicale.
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Baron Francois Pascal Gerard was a French historical and portrait-painter. He was born in 1770 at Rome and died in 1837. He went to Paris in 1786, and studied under David. In 1795 he exhibited his first notable painting, Belisarius. He was much patronized by Napoleon, for whom he painted the battle of Austerlitz, and was made a baron by Louis XVIII, after completing his large painting of the Entrance of Henry IV into Paris. Amongst his portraits the most famous are those of Talleyrand, Talma, Louis Philippe, Madame Recamier, etc.
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Francois Girardon was a French sculptor. He was born in 1628 at Troyes and died in 1715.
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Francois Guise (Francois de Lorraine) was the second duke of Guise. He was born in 1519 and died in 1563. He early distingnuished himself in war, especially at Metis, which he defended with success against Charles V, and at the Battle of Renti in 1544. In his Italian expedition of 1556-1557 he failed to conquer the kingdom of Naples. But he was successful in that which resulted in the final annexation of Calais to France. Under Henry II and Francis II he was the virtual ruler of France. On the death of Francis II the factions of Conde and Guise arose, the Protestants (Huguenots) being on the side of the former, the Catholics on that of the latter. When civil war broke out the Duke of Guise took Rouen and Bourges, and won the Battle of Dreux in 1562. He was preparing for the siege of Orleans, the central point of the Protestant party, when he was assassinated by a Huguenot nobleman, in February 1563. He left memoirs written by himself.
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Francois-Pierre-Guillaume Guizot was a French historian and statesman. He was born in 1787 at Nimes and died in 1874. His father, a lawyer, having in 1794 been executed by the guillotine, his mother and her three sons retired to Geneva, where Francois Guizot was gratuitously educated at the gymnasium. In 1805 he commenced legal studies at Paris, but gradually drifted into the literary profession. In 1812 he married Mademoiselle de Meulan, editor of the Publiciste, and became professor of history at the Sorbonne.
On the fall of the empire he obtained several public offices, such as councillor of state, and director-general of the departmental and communal administration. In 1816 he published Du Gouvernement Representatif et de l'Etat actuel de la France, and Essai sur l'lnstruction Publique. In 1820 the Duc de Berry was assassinated, and Francois Guizot's party fell before an ultra-royalist reaction. In 1825 he was deprived of his chair on account of the political character of his lectures, but it was restored to him in 1828. In 1829 he again became councillor of state, and in 1830 was elected deputy for the arrondissement of Lisieux.
After the July revolution he was appointed minister of the interior, but resigned in 1831. After the death of Perier, Francois Guizot, along with Thiers and De Broglie, formed a coalition ministry, and he rendered great service as minister of public instruction. He became ambassador at the British court in 1840, and next year he became the real head of the government of which Soult was the nominal chief. He retained the office of minister of foreign affairs until 1848, and during that period opposed all measures of reform. After the fall of Louis Philippe, Francois Guizot escaped and fled to England. Henceforth he practically retired from public life.
Born of a Calvinist family, Francois Guizot always remained a stern Protestant of the orthodox type, although he zealously supported the temporal authority of the pope. Among his numerous works may be mentioned, Histoire de la Civilisation en France, Histoire generale de la Civilisation en Europe; Histoire de la Revolution d'Angleterre; Washington; Discours sur la Revolution d'Angleterre; Meditations et Etudes Morales; Guillaume le Conquerant; Memoires pour servir a l'Histoire de mon Temps (1858-68); Meditations sur l'Etat Actuel de la Religion Chretienne; Melanges Biographiques et Litteraire; Histoire de France Racontee a mes Petits Enfants;
etc.
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Francois Huber was a Swiss naturalist. He was born in 1750 and died in 1831. Notwithstanding the loss of his eyesight, he was able, by the help of his wife and his reader and amanuensis, to make observations and deductions which constitute decidedly the most important contribution by any one man to our knowledge of bees. His first work was published in 1792 under the title of Lettres a Ch. Bonnet. Four years after his Nouvelles Observations sur les Abeilles, practically a new edition, enlarged and amended of the other, appeared. His son Pierre also assisted his father and published important observations on ants.
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Francois Joachim De Pierres De Bernis was a French cardinal and minister of Louis XV. He was born in 1715 and died in 1794. Madame de Pompadour presented him to Louis XV, who assigned him an apartment in the Tuileries, with a pension of 1500 livres. After winning credit in an embassy to Venice he rose rapidly to the position of minister of foreign affairs, and is possibly to be credited with the formation of the alliance between France and Austria which terminated the Seven Years' War.
The misfortunes of France being ascribed to him he was soon afterwards banished from court, but was made Archbishop of Alby in 1764, and in 1769 ambassador to Rome, where he remained until his death. When the aunts of Louis XVI. left France in 1791 they fled to him for refuge, and lived in his house. The revolution reduced him to a state of poverty, from which he was relieved by a pension from the Spanish court. His verse procured him a place in the French Academy. The correspondence of Bernis with Voltaire contains matter of interest.
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Francois Martin was a French-born American jurist and writer. He was born in 1762 and died in 1846. He moved to American and became a printer in North Carolina, then moved to New Orleans. He was for thirty years a Judge of the Supreme Court of Louisiana, and Chief-Justice from 1837 to 1845. He wrote histories of North Carolina and Louisiana.
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Francois Mauriac was a French novelist. He was born in 1885 and died in 1970.
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Francois Rabelais was a French satirist. He was born in 1490 at Chinon and died in 1553.
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Francois Thurot was a French sailor. He was born in 1726 at Nuits and died in 1760. Educated in seamanship aboard privateers, at the beginning of the Seven Years War he wrought havoc on the English shipping in the North Sea and made many prizes in the Channel and alarmed the coasts of Scotland and Ireland. In October 1760 he captured Carrickfergus, but with Hawke's fleet coming up he joined the battle and was killed.
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Francois Villon was a French poet. He was born in 1431 in Paris and died in 1463. He led a gay, idle and vicious life, narrowly escaping being hanged.
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Francois-Paul Brueys-d'Aigalliers was a French admiral. He was born in 1753 at Uzes and died in 1798. He became a captain in 1792, and vice-admiral in 1798. He successfully conveyed Bonaparte and his army to Egypt in 1798, but was killed in the subsequent naval battle in the bay of Abonkir shortly before his ship, the Orient, blew up.
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Frank A Barrett was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Wyoming from 1951 until 1953.
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Frank A Briggs was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Dakota from 1897 until 1898.
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Frank B Morrison was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Nebraska from 1961 until 1967.
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Frank B Willis was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Ohio from 1915 until 1917.
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Frank Bell was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Nevada from 1890 until 1891.
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Frank Bramley was an English artist. He was born in 1857 at Lincolnshire and died in 1915. He studied at Antwerp and Paris and in 1884 had his first painting accepted by the Academy. In 1894 he was elected ARA and in 1911 RA.
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Frank Brown was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Maryland from 1892 until 1896.
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Frank C Emerson was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Wyoming from 1927 until 1931.
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Frank Capra was a Sicilian born Film director. He was born in 1897 at Palermo and died in 1991. His family moved to California when he was six, and he started work selling newspapers, playing the banjo, and doing other odd jobs. After studying chemical engineering he joined the army. Discharged he had other odd jobs until in 1922 he talked his way into directing a one- reeler, 'Fultah Fisher's Boarding House'. After learning about the film business, he became a joke writer for the Our Gang comedies and the comedian Harry Langdon. He directed some Langdon films and some two-reel comedies. His most renowned work as a director celebrated the decency and integrity of the common man as he combats corruption in high places, and he earned Oscars for the 1934 'It Happened One Night', the 1936 'Mr Deeds Goes to Town', and the 1938 'You Can't Take It With You'. His best known and most popular film was the 1947 'It's A Wonderful Life'.
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Frank Carlson was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Kansas from 1947 until 1950.
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Frank Cashing was an American anthropologist. He was born in 1857. He was chosen curator of the Ethnological Department of the National Museum in 1876, and from 1879 until 1884 lived among the Zuni Indians, studying their language, habits and history, the results of which he published.
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Frank D Fitzgerald was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Michigan during 1939.
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Frank D Jackson was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Iowa from 1894 until 1896.
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Frank D White was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Arkansas from 1981 until 1983.
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Frank E Lucas was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Wyoming from 1924 until 1925.
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Frank F Merriam was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of California from 1934 until 1939.
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Frank G Allen was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Massachusetts from 1929 until 1931.
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Frank G Clement was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Tennessee from 1963 until 1967.
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Frank H Cooney was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Montana from 1933 until 1935.
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Frank Holl was an English portrait and subject painter. He was born in 1845 at London and died in 1888. The son of Francis Holl, an eminent engraver he was a very successful student at the Royal Academy, and exhibited constantly from his student days. Among his best-known pictures are Faces in the Fire, Fern-Gatherers, No Tidings from the Sea, Leaving Home, and the Gifts of the Fairies. Latterly he devoted himself to portraiture, in which he greatly excelled, and painted many of the celebrities of the day.
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Frank J Lausche was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Ohio from 1945 until 1947.
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Frank L Farrar was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of South Dakota from 1969 until 1971.
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Frank L Hagaman was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Kansas from 1950 until 1951.
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Frank L Houx was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Wyoming from 1917 until 1919.
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Frank Raymond Leavis was a British literary critic. He was born in 1895 and died in 1978.
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Frank Licht was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Rhode Island from 1969 until 1973.
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Frank Lloyd Wright was an American architect. He was born in 1869 and died in 1959.
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Frank M Byrne was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of South Dakota from 1913 until 1917.
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Frank M Dixon was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Alabama from 1939 until 1943.
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Frank Mitchell (nicknamed 'The Mad Axeman') was a British gangster. He was born in 1933 and died in 1967. A member of the Kray twin's criminal gang. In 1955 he was certified insane and sent to Rampton high security mental hospital. He escaped in 1957 and while on the run conducted a burglary, assaulting the home owner. Captured he was sent to Broadmoor high security hospital. He again escaped and again assaulted a couple while burgling their house, he claimed to prove he was sane. In 1966 he was kidnapped while in prison on the orders of the Kray twins and subsequently executed by them, being shot in the head in the back of a van.
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Frank Murphy was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Michigan from 1937 until 1938.
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Frank Norris was an American novelist. He was born in 1870 at Chicago and died in 1902. He completed only two parts of his great projected trilogy, the Epic of Wheat dealing with the growing of wheat, and The Pit describing the gamble of the Chicago wheat exchange.
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Frank O Lowden was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Illinois from 1917 until 1921.
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Frank R Gooding was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Idaho from 1905 until 1909.
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Frank Patrick Slavin was a British boxer. He was born in 1862 at New South Wales. A professional boxer, between 1885 and 1891 he beat Tom Burke, Mic Dooley, Chesterfield Goode, Jim Young, Joe McAuliffe and Jake Kilrain. In 1889 he drew in a contest with Jem Smith at Bruges. In 1892 he was knocked out by Peter Jackson in the tenth round of a contest at the National Sporting Club.
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Frank Steunenberg was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Idaho from 1897 until 1901.
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Frank Sweet Black was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New York from 1897 until 1898.
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Frank W Benson was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Oregon from 1909 until 1910.
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Frank W Hunt was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Idaho from 1901 until 1903.
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Frank W Rollins was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Hampshire from 1899 until 1901.
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Frank Wayland Higgins was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New York from 1905 until 1906.
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Frank White was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Dakota from 1901 until 1905.
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Sir Frank Whittle was an English inventor. He was born in 1907 at Leamington. He invented the jet propulsion engine for aircraft, first used in the Gloster E 2839 aircraft in 1941.
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Frankie Vaughan is a singer and musician. He was born in 1928.
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In feudal times a franklin was an owner of freehold land. The position was roughly equivalent to that of a country squire, but later the franklin became more a yeoman farmer farming his own land.
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt was an American politician. He was born in 1882 at Hyde Park, New York and died in 1945. He was a Democratic governor of New York from 1929 until 1932, and the 32nd President of the USA, elected in 1932, and was re-elected in 1946, 1940 and 1944.
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Franklin J Moses, Jr was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of South Carolina from 1872 until 1874.
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Franklin Murphy was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Jersey from 1902 until 1905.
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Franklin Pierce was the fourteenth president of the USA from 1853 to 1857. He was born in 1804 at Hillsborough, New Hampshire and died in 1869. Educated at Bowdoin he was called to the bar in 1827 he became a member of congress in 1833, and in 1837 a member of the Senate where he remained until 1842. He was a strong Democrat and a supporter of slavery. After serving with distinction during the Mexican War he was elected president in 1853 by a larger majority than any previous candidate. His administration as president was marked at home by the Kansas-Nebraska
question and the development of the slavery controversy, and abroad by the Koszta incident, the Japan treaty and the Nicaraguan affairs. Franklin Pierce was defeated for renomination in 1856, and after 1857 lived in retirement.
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Franklin S Billings was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Vermont from 1925 until 1927.
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The Franks were a federation of Germanic tribes comprising the Salian Franks and other lesser tribes, which overthrew the Romans in Gaul and gave rise to the name France for the area.
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Frans Floris (Frans Vriendt) was a Flemish painter. He was born in 1520 at Antwerp and died in 1570. At Antwerp he established a school for painters, which produced many eminent artists. His chief works are: The Fall of the Rebel Angels, in the Louvre; The Last Judgment, in the church of Notre Dame, Brussels; and The Assumption, in Antwerp Cathedral. Other works are to be met with in Flanders, Holland, Spain, Paris, Vienna, and Dresden.
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Frans Hals was a Dutch painter. He was born in 1581 at Antwerp and died in 1666. He worked mainly in Haarlem. Apart from his Laughing Cavalier, he is best known for his group portraits. His later works include Lady-Governors of the Almshouse at Haarlem.
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Franz Abt was a Prussian composer. He was born in 1819 at Eilenburg and died in 1885.
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Franz Karl Achard was a German chemist. He was born in 1753 and died in 1821. He is principally known for his invention between 1789 and 1800 of a process for manufacturing sugar from beetroot. In 1801 the first beet-sugar factory ever established was started by him in Silesia.
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Franz Maria Ulrich Theodor Aepinus was a German physicist. He was born in 1724 and died in 1802. He carried out important research in electricity and magnetism and published several works including ' Treatise on the Electricity of Minerals' in 1762.
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Franz Anton Mesmer was a Swiss physician. He was born in 1733 and died in 1815. He developed the idea of mesmerism, which when studied scientifically became known as hypnosis.
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Franz Xaver Von Baader was a German philosopher. He was born in 1765 at Munich and died in 1841. He studied engineering, became superintendent of mines, and was ennobled for his services. He was deeply interested in the religious speculations of Eckhart, St Martin, and Bohme, and in 1826 was appointed professor of philosophy and speculative theology in the University of Munich. During the last three years of his life he was interdicted from lecturing for opposing the interference in civil matters of the Roman Catholic Church. He has been described as the greatest speculative Roman Catholic theologian of modern times
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Franz Beckenbauer is a German Association Football player. He was born in 1945. He played for Bayern Munich and West Germany, proving an outstanding player in the 1966 and 1970 World Cup competitions, before captaining West Germany in their 1974 World Cup victory. In 1968 he played in the Rest of the World XI against Brazil in Rio de Janeiro.
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Franz Bopp was a German Sanskrit scholar and philologist. He was born in 1791 at Mainz and died in 1867. In 1812 he went to Paris for the study of Sanskrit and oriental literature, and remained there five years. After living for some time in London and Gottingen, he settled in Berlin, where he eventually became ordinary professor of oriental literature. He contributed much to the study of Sanskrit in Europe, and he may be said to have been the first who raised philology to the rank of a science. His most important work in the field was his Comparative Grammar of Sanskrit, Zend, Greek, Latin, Gothic, old Slavonic, and German, of which an English translation has been published.
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Franz Deak was a Hungarian statesman. He was born of a noble Magyar family in 1803 and died in 1876. He was elected to the National Diet in 1832, and became the leader of the liberal party. At the revolution of 1848 he became minister of justice, but retired when Kossuth obtained power. On the defeat of the patriots in 1849 he retired from public life, and did not return until the Franco-Austrian war gave him an opportunity of serving his country. He is regarded as the master-spirit of the movement by which the ancient independence of his country was restored in 1867. Though the leader of the liberal party he constantly refused office, but no change in the ministry was made without his consent.
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Franz Delitzsch was a German Protestant theologian and Hebrew scholar. He was born in 1813 and died in 1890. He was a strong supporter of orthodoxy; became professor of theology at Rostock in 1846, at Eriangen in 1850, and at Leipzig in 1867. He published many devotional and theological works, was learned in Hebrew and rabbinical lore, exerted himself in connection with the conversion of the Jews, translated the New Testament into Hebrew, and founded the Institutum Judaicum or Delitzschianum at Leipzig.
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Franz Joseph Gall was a German physiologist and the founder of phrenology. He was born in 1758 near Pforzheim and died in 1828. He studied medicine, and was established as a physician in Vienna in 1785 when he began his phrenological researches, and after a series of comparisons of the skulls both of men and animals he was led to assign the particular location of twenty organs, the results of which he lectured about until the government forbid him in 1802. In 1807 he settled as a physician in Paris where he remained until his death.
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Franz Grillparzer was a German poet and dramatist. He was born in 1791 at Vienna and died in 1872. Having entered the service of the imperial court, he rose through various dignities, and at last was appointed member for life of the imperial council. He was the author of lyrical and other poems, a novel, travels, etc, and of the dramas Sappho, Das Goldene Vliess, Des Meeres und der Liebe Wellen. Perhaps the finest of his productions is the historical drama of Konig Ottokar's Gluck und Ende.
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Franz Kafka was a Czech writer. He was born in 1883 at Prague and died in 1924.
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Franz Lehar was a Hungarian composer. He was born in 1870 and died in 1948.
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Franz Liszt was a Hungarian composer born at Dobr'jan in 1811. He died in 1886. He was also a pianist.
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Franz Marc was a German painter. He was born in 1880 and died in 1916 at Verdun during the Great War.
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Franz Schubert was an Austrian composer. He was born in 1797 in Vienna and died in 1828.
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Franz Sigel was a German-born American general. He was born in 1824 and died after 1897. He was prominent in the insurrection in Baden in 1848 and 1849. He went to the United States in 1852. He ardently upheld the National cause during the American Civil War. He captured Camp Jackson in Missouri, fought the battle of Carthage, and was second in command at Wilson's Creek in 1861. He commanded the right wing at Pea Ridge in 1862, and led a corps at Cedar Creek and the second battle of Bull Run. He was defeated by General Breckinridge at New Market in 1864.
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Franz Snyders was a Flemish painter. He was born in 1579 at Antwerp and died in 1657. He was noted as a still life painter, and also produced large pictures of hunts. Rubens employed Franz Snyders to introduce fruits and the like into his paintings.
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Count Franz Eduard Ivanovitch Todleben (Tolleben) was a Russian soldier and military engineer. He was born in 1818 at Mittau, of German descent and died in 1884. He entered the Russian army in 1836. He served as an engineer in the Caucasus, from 1848 until 1851, but his fame rests upon his organization of the defences of Sevastopol in the Crimean War. Wounded during the siege, after it was over he was made chief of the engineers. In the Russo-Turkish War of 1877 to 1878 the reduction of Plevna was chiefly due to his engineering skill. He wrote an account of the defence of Sevastopol in five volumes, published between 1864 and 1872.
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Franz Trenck (Baron von Der Trenck) was an Austrian soldier. He was born in 1711 at Boggio and died in 1749. The son of an Austrian army officer, he entered the Imperial service, but was obliged to leave after four years' service. Entering the Russian service he again fell into disgrace, was court - martialled, degraded, and imprisoned at Kiev. In the War of the Austrian Succession he raised a Slavonian regiment at his own expense and was accused of plundering and other crimes, and was condemned to death. Through Maria Theresa's intervention the case was revised and Trenck was imprisoned. He died in the fortress of Brunn in 1749.
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Franz Von Suppe was an Austrian composer. He was born in 1819 in Dalmatia and died in 1895.
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Fraticelli was the name given about the end of the 13th and during the 14th century, and even later, to wandering mendicants of different kinds, but especially to certain Franciscans, who. pretended to practise the rules of their order in their full rigour. They claimed to be the only true church, and denounced the pope, whose authority they threw off, as an apostate. They made all perfection consist in poverty, forbade oaths, and discountenanced marriage, and were accused by their opponents of very lewd practices. The sect is said to have continued until the Reformation, which they embraced.
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Frederick James Archer was an English jockey. He was born in 1857 at Cheltenham and died in 1886. He was apprenticed to a trainer at the age of ten and won his first Derby in 1877, and was the premier jockey for ten years. He committed suicide by shooting himself during an attack of typhoid fever in 1886. At the age of 13 he rode 'Athol Daisy' to victory in a nursery at Chesterfield. During his career he rode in 8084 races and won 2748, heading the list of winning jockeys during the season 1873 to 1885, and winning five derbys, six St Legers, four Two Thousand and four Oaks.
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Fred B Balzar was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Nevada from 1927 until 1934.
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Fred G Aandahl was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Dakota from 1945 until 1951.
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Fred H Brown was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of New Hampshire from 1923 until 1925.
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Fred Hall was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Kansas from 1955 until 1957.
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Fred M Warner was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Michigan from 1905 until 1910.
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Fred P Cone was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Florida from 1937 until 1941.
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Fred R Zimmerman was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Wisconsin from 1927 until 1929.
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Fred W Green was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Michigan from 1927 until 1930.
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Freddie Harrison is an English air-raid hero. He was born in 1935. In 1941, at the age of six, he rescued his small sister from the bomb-wrecked bedroom of their house in London before returning to rescue his other sister during an air-raid.
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Frederic Sewards Trueman (Freddy Trueman) was an English cricketer. He was born in 1931 at Stainton, Yorkshire and died in 2006. After serving an apprenticeship as a bricklayer, he became a professional cricketer, playing for Yorkshire from 1949 until 1968, and for England in 67 test matches between 1952 and 1965 and was the first bowler to take 300 test wickets. On three occasions he took ten wickets in a match, and during his first-class career he took 2304 wickets and made three centuries. After retiring from playing cricket he worked as a cricket writer and broadcaster where his down-to-earth approach and sharp tongue earned him notoriety. Freddy Trueman also made a cameo appearance in an episode of the BBC comedy 'Dad's Army' as a cricketer brought in by the wardens in a friendly match against the Home Guard.
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Fredegonde was the wife of Chilperic, a Frankish king of Neustria. She was born in 543 and died in 597. While in the service of the first and second wives of Chilperic her beauty captivated the king. In order to arrive at the throne Fredegonde got Andowena, the first wife of the king, removed by artifice, and the second (Galswintha) by assassination in 568. This led to a war between Chilperic and his brother Sigebert, king of Austrasia, Brunehilde, wife of Sigebert and sister of the murdered queen, urging her husband to vengeance. Fredegonde found means to have Sigebert assassinated, took Brunehilde and her daughters, and after a series of crimes, ending with the assassination of her husband, she seized the reins of government on behalf of her son Clothaire, and retained possession of them until her death.
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Frederic Bastiat was a French economis. He was born in 1801 at Bayonne 1801 and died in 1850. An advocate of free-trade, he became acquainted with Cobden and the English free-traders, whose speeches he translated into French. His chief works were: Sophismes Economiques (1846), Propriete et Loi, Justice et Fraternite (1848), Protectionisme et Communisme (1849), Harmonies Economiques (1849) translated into English (1860), etc.
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Frederic Cailliaud was a French explorer. He was born in 1787 at Nantes and died in 1869. During an expedition to Egypt in 1815 he located the ancient emerald mines of Jebel Zubara, and made other important archaeological discoveries in the oasis of Siwah.
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Frederic Francois Chopin was a Polish pianist and composer of French parentage. He was born in 1810 near Warsaw and died in 1849. He went to Paris in 1831 on account of the political troubles of Poland. He wrote numerous pieces for the pianoforte, chiefly in the form of nocturnes, polonaises, waltzes, and mazurkas; all of which display much poetic fancy, abounding in subtle ideas with graceful harmonic effects.
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Frederic William Farrar was an English clergyman. He was born in 1831 at Bombay and died in 1903. Educated at Cambridge, he became assistant master at Harrow in 1855, master of Mariborough College in 1871, archdeacon of Westminster 1883, Dean of Canterbury 1895. He wrote various popular theological works and works of fiction, and was Bampton Lecturer in 1885. Among his principal works are: The Life of Christ (1874), Life of St. Paul (1879), The Early Days of Christianity (1882), Lives of the Fathers (1889).
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Frederic H Parkhurst was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Maine during 1921.
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Frederic II was a King of Prussia. He was born in 1712 and died in 1786. He was king of Prussia from 1740 until 1786. In 1783, following the American War of Independence he instructed his ambassador in Paris to make friendly overtures to the Ministers of the United States there. Offers of a treaty of commerce and navigation were made in 1784, and in 1785 such a treaty was signed. Frederic II sent George Washington a sword with the message 'from the oldest general in the world to the greatest'.
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Frederic T Greenhalge was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Massachusetts from 1894 until 1896.
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Frederic Augustus Thesiger, Lord Chelmsford, was an English soldier and statesman. He was born in 1827 and died in 1905. The eldest son of the first Lord Chelmsford, who was twice lord-chancellor, he was educated at Eton, served in the Crimean War and through the Indian mutiny. As deputy adjutant-general he served in the Abyssinian campaign, was nominated CB, made aide-de-camp to her Majesty Queen Victoria, and adjutant-general to the forces in India from 1868 until 1876, and in 1877 was appointed commander of the forces and lieutenant-governor of Cape Colony.
He restored Kaffraria to tranquillity, and was given the chief command in the Zulu war of 1879. After great difficulties with the transport, and some disasters, he gained the decisive victory of Ulundi, before the arrival of Sir Garnet Wolseley, who had been sent to supersede him. On his return he was made GCB, and from 1884 until 1889 was lieutenant of the Tower.
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Frederic Villiers was a British war artist and correspondent. He was born in 1852 and died in 1922. He was war artist for the 'Graphic' in most wars from 1872 and was the only war artist at the siege of Port Arthur. In 1909 he was with the Spanish army in Morocco and both the French and British armies in France from 1914 to 1917. He was the first to use a cinematograph camera in war.
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Frederica Riedesel was the wife of Friedrich Riedesel. She was born in 1746 and died in 1808. She married Friedrich Riedesel in 1762, and went to America with him in 1777. She was with her husband in all his campaigns and captivity, ministered to the sick and wounded, and wrote interesting accounts of the Americans.
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Sir Frederick Augustus Abel was an English chemist and inventor. He was born in 1827 at London and died in 1902. Having adopted chemistry as a profession, he studied under Hofmann at the Royal College of Chemistry, became professor of Chemistry at the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich in 1851 and later chemist to the war Department from 1854 until 1888. He developed explosives and smokeless gun powder, in 1899 with James Dewar he invented cordite.
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Sir Frederick Ashton was an English choreographer. He was born in 1904 at Guayaquil, Ecuador and died in 1988. He composed his early dances for the ballet company of Marie Rambert. In 1935, he joined the Vic-Wells Ballet as choreographer and in 1963 replaced Dame Ninette de Valois as director of the company, now known as the Royal Ballet.
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Frederick B Fancher was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Dakota from 1899 until 1901.
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Frederick A. P. Barnard was an American educator. He was born in 1809 and died in 1889. He was president of the University of Mississippi from 1856 until 1861 and of Columbia College from 1864 until 1889. He also held many governmental appointments of an educational nature.
Frederick Barnard was a British painter and illustrator. He was born in 1846 at London and died in 1896. he began to illustrate for 'Punch' magazine in 1863, and also illustrated for 'The Illustrated London News' and other publications.
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Frederick Bates was an American politician. He was a Democratic-Republican governor of Missouri from 1824 until 1825.
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Frederick William Beechey was an English sailor. He was born in 1796 and died in 1856. He was a son of William Beechey, the painter, and In 1818 he accompanied Franklin in an expedition to discover the north-west passage, and the following year took part in a similar enterprise with Parry. In 1821 he was commissioned, with his brother H W Beechey, to examine by land the coasts of North Africa from Tripoli eastward, an account of which appeared in 1828. From 1825 to 1828 he was commander of the Blossom in another Arctic expedition, by way of the Pacific and the Bering Strait, of which a narrative was published in 1831. In 1854 he was made rear-admiral of the blue.
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Frederick Temple Hamilton Blackwood, Marquis of Dufferin, was a British statesman and author. He was born in 1826 at Florence and died in 1902. The son of the fourth Baron Dufferin and a granddaughter of R B Sheridan he began his public services in 1855, when he was attached to Earl Russell's mission to Vienna. Subsequently he was sent as commissioner to Syria in connection with the massacre of the Christians in 1860; was under Indian secretary from 1864 to 66; under secretary for war in 1866; chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from 1868 to 1872; Governor-general of Canada from 1872 to 1878; ambassador at St. Petersburg from 1879 to 1881; at Constantinople in 1882; sent to Cairo to settle the affairs of the country after Arabi Pasha's rebellion from 1882 to 1883; Viceroy of India from 1884 to 1888; ambassador to Italy from 1889 to 1891; to France from 1891 to 1896. Besides being a noted diplomatist he was also a popular author. In 1847 he published Narrative of a Journey from Oxford to Skibbereen during the year of the Irish Famine; in 1860, Letters from High Latitudes; also various pamphlets on Irish questions. In 1888 he was made Marquis of Dufferin and Ava.
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Frederick Gustavus Burnaby was an English soldier and explorer. He was born 1842 and died in 1885. The son of the Reverend Burnaby, he was educated at Harrow, and entered the Royal Horse Guards when he was eighteen. In 1875 he made his famous ride to Khiva - a journey that presented great difficulties. In 1876 he rode through Asiatic Turkey and Persia. Of both these journeys he published narratives. In 1885, while serving as lieutenant-colonel of the Royal Horse Guards in the Egyptian campaign, he was killed at the battle of Abu-Klea.
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Frederick Crace Calvert was an English chemist. He was born in 1819 at London and died in 1873. He received his scientific education in France. He was the first to manufacture pure carbolic acid, and established large works at Manchester for its production. He also did work on calico-printing, tanning and iron-puddling.
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Frederick Chamier was an English writer of fiction. He was born in 1796 and died in 1870. He entered the Navy and served in the last campaigns against the French and distinguished himself in the American War of 1812. He retired in 1833 at the rank of Captain. Among his works are 'The Life of a Sailor' and 'Ben Brace', 'The Arethusa', 'Jack Adams' and 'Tom Bowline'.
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Frederick Hymen Cowen was a Jamaican composer and conductor. He was born in 1852 at Kingston and died after 1906. Educated at London, Leipzig and Berlin he graduated as a doctor of music at Cambridge in 1900. His chief works are Rose Maiden, a cantata, produced in 1870; The Maid of Orleans, produced in 1871; The Corsair, 1874; St Ursula, a cantata, 1881;
The Deluge, an oratorio; Pauline, an opera; Sleeping Beauty, a cantata, 1885; Euth, an oratorio, 1887; Thorgrim, an opera, 1890; Signa, an opera, 1892; The Water-Lily, a cantata, 1893; Harold, an opera, 1895; Coronation Ode, produced in 1902; John Gilpin, a cantata, 1904; overtures, etc, and many popular songs.
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Frederick D Gardner was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Missouri from 1917 until 1921.
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Frederick Delius was an English composer. He was born in 1862 at Bradford and died in 1934. Despite becoming blind and paralysed at the age of fifty he continued to compose.
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Frederick Douglass was an American Negro abolitionist. He was born in 1817 at Maryland and died in 1895. He escaped from slavery in 1838 and was educated by William Lloyd Garrison and lectured for the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society in America from 1841 until 1845 and in Europe from 1845 until 1847. He edited an abolitionist newspaper. In 1871 he was commissioner for the District of Columbia, and in 1872 was Presidential elector-at-large for New York. He was US Marshal for the District of Columbia from 1876 to 1881, and Recorder of Deeds from 1881 until 1886. From 1889 to 1891 he was US Minister to Haiti. During the American Civil War he organised two regiments of Massachusetts blacks, before writing his autobiography in 1882.
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Frederick F Low was an American politician. He was a Union governor of California from 1863 until 1867.
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Frederick William Faber was an English Roman Catholic priest. He was born in 1814 at Yorkshire and died in 1863. He wrote several hymns.
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Frederick James Furnivall was an English scholar and philologist. He was born in 1825 at Egham, in Surrey and died in 1910. Educated at University College, London, and at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, he devoted his life chiefly to the study of early and middle English literature and he was mainly instrumental in establishing the Early English Text Society, the Chaucer Society, the New Shakespeare Society, the Browning Society, the Wickliffe Society and the Shelley Society. He was also secretary of the Philological Society.
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Frederick G Payne was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Maine from 1949 until 1952.
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Frederick Goodall was an English painter. He was born in 1822 at London and died after 1905. The son of Edward Goodall, the engraver at seventeen years of age he began to exhibit, and produced pictures very varied in subject and generally of high excellence. He was elected ARA in 1853, and RA in 1863.
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Frederick Holbrook was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Vermont from 1861 until 1863.
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Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins was a British scientist. He was born in 1861 and died in 1947. He discovered vitamins.
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Frederick Howard, fifth earl of Carlisle was a British statesman. He was born in 1748 and died in 1825. In the House of Lords he advocated reconciliation with America, and was one of the commissioners sent over in 1778 to endeavour to effect it.
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Frederick I (Frederick Barbarossa or, as the Germans call him Frederick Rothbart, both surnames meaning 'Red-beard') was a German emperor. He was born in 1121 and died in 1190 of drowning. The son of Frederick, duke of Suabia, he received the imperial crown in 1152 on the death of his uncle the Emperor Conrad III.
His principal efforts-were directed to the extension and confirmation of his power in Italy. In his first expedition to Italy in 1154 he subdued the towns of Northern Italy, and then got himself crowned at Pavia with the iron crown of Lombardy in April 1155, and afterwards at Rome by Pope Adrian IV with the imperial crown in June 1155.
Soon after his return, to Germany the Lombard cities revolted, and Frederick led a second expedition into Italy in 1158, took Brescia and Milan, and at the diet of Roncaglia, at which all the cities and imperial vassals of Italy were represented, he assumed the sovereignty of the towns and received the homage of the lords. The rights assigned to the empire were so great that many of the cities refused to acknowledge them, and Milan especially prepared for resistance. Meanwhile Pope Adrian IV died in 1159, and in electing a successor the cardinals were divided, one section choosing Victor IV and another Alexander III. Frederick supported Victor, and Alexander was compelled to flee from Italy and take refuge in France.
Other expeditions into Italy were made in 1161 and 1166, in the latter of which Frederick at first carried everything before him, and was even able to set up in Rome the Anti-pope Paschalis III, whom he supported after the death of Victor IV. His successes were put an end to, however, by a terrible pestilence, which carried off a large part of his army, and compelled him hastily to return to Germany. Scarcely had he settled the most pressing difficulties here when he undertook, in 1174, a fifth expedition into Italy; but he was totally defeated in the battle of Legnano on the 29th of May, 1176, in consequence of which nearly all that he had won in Italy was again lost, and he was compelled to acknowledge Alexander III as the true pope.
In 1188 he assumed the cross, and with an army of 150,000 men and several thousand volunteers set out for Palestine. After leading his army with success into Syria he was drowned while crossing the river Kalykadnus (new Selef), 1190.
Frederick I was King of Prussia. He was born in 1657 and died in 1713. He succeeded his father as Elector of Brandenburg in 1688; became King of Prussia in 1700; and was all his reign bitterly opposed to France.
Frederick I was king of Wurtemberg. He was born in 1754 at Treptow and died in 1816. He succeeded his father in 1797. Having declared war against France, he saw his country invaded, and was forced in 1801 to exchange Montbeliard and his possessions in Alsace for nine imperial towns and other territories, and was given by Napoleon the title of elector. In 1805 on the outbreak of war between France and Austria, Frederick fought for the French, and was rewarded at the treaty of Pressburg by some Austrian lands in Swabia, together with the title of king. By joining the confederation of the Rhine, the new king obtained fresh territories. After Napoleon's overthrow at Leipzig in 1813 Frederick I joined the allies.
Frederick I was a son of Christian I and king of Denmark and Norway in 1523.
Frederick I was a Holy Roman Emperor. He was born in 1123 and died in 1190. He was the first of the Hohenstaufens dynasty. He was a son of Frederick, Duke of Swabia, and succeeded Conrad III as emperor in 1152. For two years he busied himself in the settlement of Germany. That accomplished he paid his first visit to Italy, received the Lombard crown at Pavia, and was crowned emperor in Rome on June 18th 1155 by Adrian IV. He executed Arnold of Brescia, the founder of the Roman commune.
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Frederick II (Frederick Hohenstufen) was Emperor of Germany. He was born in 1994 and died in 1250. The grandson of Frederick I, he was the son of the Emperor Henry VI and of the Norman Princess Constance, heiress of the Two Sicilies. He remained under the guardianship of Innocent III until 1209, when he took upon himself the government of Lower Italy and Sicily. The imperial crown of Germany was now worn by a rival, Otho IV, whose defeat at the battle of Bouvines opened the way to Frederick, who in 1215, after pledging himself to undertake a crusade, was crowned at Aix-la-Ohapelle.
He caused his eldest son Henry to be chosen king of Rome in 1220, and the same year received the imperial crown from the pope. His ambition aimed at the subjugation of Lombardy, the mastership of all Italy, and the reduction of the popes to their old spiritual office as the. leading bishops in Christendom. This led him into constant struggles in Germany and Italy. In 1227 he undertook a crusade; but when he did reach the Holy Land he was able to effect nothing permanent, although he had crowned himself at Jerusalem as king of Judea. On his return he had to suppress a revolt of his son Henry, whom he imprisoned for life.
In 1237 he broke the power of the Lombard League by a victory at Corte Nuova in Lombardy, and marched on Rome, but did not attack it. The remainder of his life was occupied with his troubles in Italy, and he died in the midst of his wars in 1250. He was one of the ablest and most accomplished of the long line of German emperors, and art, literature, commerce, and agriculture received every encouragement at his hands. He himself was a good linguist, was acquainted with natural history, was a minnesinger, and a writer on philosophy.
Frederick II (Frederick The Great) was King of Prussia. He was born in 1712 and died in 1786.
He was the son of Frederick William I, and the Princess Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, sister of George II of England. Although he was instructed only in the details of military exercises and service, his taste for poetry and music was early developed. He was brutally treated by his father, and in 1733 he was obliged to marry the Princess Elizabeth Christina, daughter of Ferdinand Albert, duke of Brunswick-Bevern. Frederick William gave the castle of Schonhausen to her, and to the prince the county of Ruppin, and in 1734 the town of Rheinsberg, where he lived, devoting himself chiefly to literary pursuits, composing several works, and corresponding with foreign scholars, particularly with Voltaire, whom he greatly admired. The death of his father raised him to the throne in 1740, and it was not long before he asserted the claims of the house of Brandenburg to a part of Silesia then held by Maria Theresa. But his proposals being rejected, he occupied Lower Silesia in December 1740, defeated the Austrians near Mollwitz, and at Czaslau and the first Silesian war was terminated by the peace signed at Berlin on July the 28th, 1742, leaving Frederick in possession of Silesia.
Soon the second Silesian war broke out, the result of which was equally favourable for Frederick. By the Peace of Dresden on December the 15th,1745 he retained Silesia and acknowledged the husband of Maria Theresa, Francis I, as emperor. During the eleven following years of peace Frederick devoted himself to the domestic administration, to the improvement of the army, and at the same time to the muses. He encouraged agriculture, the arts, manufactures, and commerce, reformed the laws, increased the revenues of the state, and perfected the organization of his army, which was increased to 160,000 men.
Secret information of an alliance between Austria, Russia, and Saxony gave him reason to fear an attack and the loss of Silesia. He hastened to anticipate his enemies by the invasion of Saxony in 1756, with which the Seven Years' war, or the third Silesian war, commenced. This was a far more severe struggle than either of the former. In it Frederick had against him Austria, Russia, France, Sweden, and greater part of Germany, though Britain and some of the German states were on his side. He gained victories at Prague, Rossbach, Leuthen, Zorndorf, Torgau, Freiberg, but suffered severe defeats in the battles of Kollin, Hochkirch and Kunersdorf. The Peace of Hubertsburg in 1763 terminated this war, Frederick keeping Silesia and ceding nothing. Frederick came out of the Seven Years' war with a reputation which promised him, in the future, a decisive influence in the affairs of Germany and Europe.
His next care was the relief of his kingdom, drained and exhausted by the contest. This he prosecuted with great diligence and liberality. On the partition of Poland in 1772 Frederick received a large accession to his dominions. In 1778-1779 he frustrated the designs of the Emperor Joseph II on Bavaria, and the war of the Bavarian Succession was terminated without a battle by the Peace of Teschen on May the 13th 1779.
Austria consented to the union of the principalities of Franconia with Prussia, and renounced the feudal claims of Bohemia to those countries. In the evening of his active life Frederick concluded, in connection with Saxony and Hanover, the confederation of the German princes, on July the 23rd, 1785. An incurable dropsy hastened the death of Frederick, who left to his nephew, Frederick William II, a kingdom increased by 29,000 square miles, a well-filled treasury, an army of 200,000 men, great credit with all the European powers, and a state distinguished for population, industry, wealth, and science. Frederick's works, relating chiefly to history, politics, military science, philosophy, and the belles-lettres, were all written in French, the language which he regularly used, as he despised German. He was a man of the highest abilities, but in some respects narrow and repellant. Among his closest friends was the Scottish exile Marshal Keith.
Frederick II was king of Denmark and Norway in 1559.
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Frederick III was king of Denmark and Norway in 1648. He changed the constitution from an elected monarchy to a hereditary monarchy.
Frederick III was Emperor of Germany. He was born in 1831 at Potsdam and died in 1888 of throat cancer. He succeeded his father William I in 1878. In 1858 he married the Princess-Royal of Britain, eldest daughter of Queen Victoria. He commanded the army of the Oder in the war with Austria in 1866, and in the Franco-Prussian War he led the army which ultimately forced Napoleon III and his army to surrender at Sedan. He also took a prominent part in the siege of Paris. In 1887 he was attacked by a serious throat affection, which turned out to be of a cancerous character, and which after a series of relapses proved fatal. His renown as a military commander, his liberal views, his patience and fortitude under trouble, and his many lovable qualities made him extremely popular.
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Frederick IV was a son of Christian V and king of Denmark and Norway in 1699.
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Frederick W Lander was an American explorer. He was born in 1822 and died in 1862. He conducted several trans-continental explorations for the United States. He was appointed brigadier-general during the American Civil War, and won distinction at Philippi, Hancock and Blooming Gap.
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Frederick Leighton (Lord Leighton) was an English artist. He was born in 1830 at Scarborough and died in 1896. He was president of the Royal Academy in 1878.
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Frederick Marryat was and English writer. He was born in 1792 at Westminster and died in 1848. He entered the Royal Navy under Lord Alexander Cochrane in 1806, and took part in all his exploits until he was invalided from the Walcheren expedition of 1809. He afterwards took part in the war in Burma. Settling at Hammersmith in 1830, he took to literature, becoming editor of the ' Metropolitan Magazine' from 1832 to 1835, and writing a number of novels.
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Frederick A C Muhlenberg was an American politician. He was born in 1750 and died in 1801. He represented Pennsylvania in the Continental Congress in 1779 and 1780. He was president of the State convention that ratified the Constitution. He was a US Congressman from 1789 to 1795 and was twice Speaker, 1789-1791, 1793-1795.
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Frederick William Henry Myers was an English poet and essayist. He was born in 1843 at Keswick and died in 1901. He became a fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge in 1865, and a government school inspector in 1872. Up to 1882 he devoted himself mainly to poetry and essay writing; after that to the study of spiritualism and mesmerism; and he was one of the founders of the Society of Psychical Research.
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Frederick North (Earl of Guildford and known as Lord North) was a British statesman. He was born in 1732 and died in 1792. He entered parliament in 1754, and became Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1767, and was Prime Minister. in a government of Tories and 'King's Friends' in 1770. Throughout his premiership his policy was largely dictated by George III, and it was against his better judgment that he carried on the war with America - in 1765 he advocated the Stamp Act and maintained the right of England to tax the colonies, he proposed the enforcement of the tea duty in 1773 and the Boston port bill in 1774. He resigned in 1782, returned to office in 1783 in a coalition with Fox, and after its defeat retired from politics.
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Sir Frederick Ouseley was an English composer. He was born in 1825 in London and died in 1889. He mainly wrote church music.
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Frederick Philipse was a Dutch colonist. He was born in 1626 and died in 1702. He went to New Amsterdam from Holland about 1640. In 1693 part of his vast estate was erected by royal charter into the Manor of Philipseborough. For over fifty years he was very prominent in colonial affairs.
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Frederick Robie was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Maine from 1883 until 1887.
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Frederick Sandys was an English painter. He was born in 1832 at Norwich and died in 1904. He began by producing illustrations for 'Once a Week', ' Cornhill', 'Quiver' and 'Good Words' and proceeded to produce a number of notable paintings.
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Frederick Schwatka was an American Arctic explorer. He was born in 1849 at Galena, Illinois and died in 1892. In 1878 he undertook a voyage of Arctic discovery in search of relics of Sir John Franklin's party. He made sledge journeys from the shores of Hudson Bay to King William Land and returned in 1880 after suffering terrible hardships, with a number of relics obtained from the Inuit. In 1886 and 1889 he carried out explorations of Alaska.
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Frederick Beauchamp Paget Seymour was a British sailor and the last Baron Alcester. He was born in 1821 and died in 1895. He entered the navy in 1834 and saw action in Burma and during the Crimean War. He commanded the Naval Brigade during the Maori War of 1860-1861 and in 1882 was in charge of the Mediterranean Fleet at the time of the bombardment of Alexandria, for his success in that operation he was warded 25,000 pounds and made a baron.
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Frederick Smyth was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Hampshire from 1865 until 1867.
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Frederick Soddy was an English scientist. He was born in 1877 at Eastbourne and died in 1956. He was a pioneer in the study of radioactive substances.
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Frederick Steele was an American soldier. He was born in 1819 and died in 1868. He served with distinction during the Mexican War at Contreras and Chapultepec. He commanded a brigade at Dug Spring and Wilson's Creek in 1861. He led a division at Round Hill and Helena, and a corps in the Yazoo Expedition, and captured Arkansas Post in 1863. He commanded a division at Vicksburg, and served at Little Rock and Mobile.
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Frederick Temple was a British prelate and schoolmaster. He was born in 1821 at Santa Maura and died in 1902. Educated at Blundell's School, Tiverton and at Balliol College, Oxford, he became a fellow and lecturer at Balliol College. In 1846 he was ordained and from 1848 until 1849 was an examiner to the board of education. From 1857 until 1869 he was headmaster of Rugby School and from 1869 until 1885 bishop of Exeter, from 1885 until 1896 he was bishop of London and was made archbishop of Canterbury in 1896.
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Frederick Tennyson was an English poet. He was born in 1807 at Louth and died in 1898. The eldest brother of Alfred Tennyson, he was educated at Eton and at Trinity College, Cambridge.
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Sir Frederick Treves was an English surgeon. He was born in 1853 and died in 1923. He was one of the founders of the Red Cross society. He operated on Edward VII for appendicitis in 1902.
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Frederick V was king of Denmark and Norway in 1746.
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Frederick VI was king of Denmark and Norway. He was pronounced Regent as a result of his father's insanity in 1784 and succeeded to the throne in 1808.
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Frederick VII was a king of Denmark and the last king of the Oldenburg dynasty. He was born in 1808 and died in 1863. A son of Christian VIII, he succeeded his father to the throne in 1848.
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Frederick VIII was a king of Denmark. He was born in 1843 and died in 1912. He succeeded to the throne in 1906.
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Frederick W M Holliday was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Virginia from 1878 until 1882.
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Frederick W Pitkin was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Colorado from 1879 until 1883.
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Frederick W Plaisted was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Maine from 1911 until 1913.
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Frederick Walker was an English painter. He was born in 1840 and died in 1875. He designed woodcuts for books and magazines and as a painter worked in oils and water-colours.
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Frederick William (the Great Elector) was elector of Brandenburg. He was born in 1620 at Berlin and died in 1688. At the age of twenty he succeeded his father as elector of Brandenburg. He must be considered as the founder of the once Prussian greatness, and as the creator of a military spirit among his subjects. His reign began when the unhappy Thirty Years' War was still raging in Germany, and his conduct towards both parties was prudent. He succeeded in freeing Prussia from feudal subjection to Poland; and obtained possession of Pomerania in 1648.
In 1672 he concluded a treaty with the Dutch Republic, when this state was threatened by Louis XIV. In 1673 he concluded a treaty by which France promised to evacuate Westphalia, and to pay 800,000 livres to the elector, who, in return, broke off his treaty with Holland, and promised not to render any aid to the enemies of France.
In 1674 the German Empire declared war against France. The elector marched 16,000 men into Alsace, but a Swedish army having been induced to invade Prussia, Frederick turned back and totally defeated them at Fehrbellin in 1675. Some years after the Swedes again invaded his territories, but were driven back. France, however, demanded the restoration of all the conquered territories to Sweden. The elector, having refused compliance, formed an alliance with Denmark, and waged a new war against Sweden, but was at last obliged to submit.
He paid great attention to the promotion of agriculture and horticulture, and, by affording protection to the French refugees, gained 20,000 industrious manufacturers, who were of the greatest advantage to the north of Germany. Berlin was much improved during his reign. He left to his son a country much enlarged and improved, an army of 28,000 men, and a well-supplied treasury.
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Frederick William I was a king of Prussia. He was born in 1688 and died in 1740. A son of Frederick I and father of Frederick the Great (Frederick II), while crown-prince in 1706 he married Sophia Dorothea, daughter of the Elector of Hanover, afterwards George I of England. On his accession to the throne, in 1713, he endeavoured to increase the army and reform the finances, and became the founder of the exact discipline and regularity which for a long time afterwards characterized the Prussian soldiers. He was very miserly, eccentric, and arbitrary. He opposed Charles XII, and was the protector of the neighbouring Protestant states. His ridiculous fondness for tall men was well known. He left behind him an abundant treasury, and an army of about 70,000 men. His affairs were in the greatest order and regularity, and to his energy Prussia was much indebted for that prosperity and success which distinguished her until she was humbled by the power of Napoleon.
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Frederick William II was a king of Prussia. He was born in 1744 at Berlin and died in 1797. He was crowned king following the death of his father, Prince Augustus William, in 1757.
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Frederick William III was a king of Prussia. He was born in 1770 and died in 1840. During his reign Prussia suffered greatly at the hands of Napoleon, including defeats at Jena, Eylau, Friedland, etc, and lost a large portion of territory, which, however, was recovered after the fall of Napoleon.
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Frederick William IV was a king of Prussia. He was born in 1795 and died in 1861. The son of Frederick William III, he was carefully trained by the best masters in all the leading branches of knowledge and art, civil and military. He took part, though without any active command, in the campaigns of 1813-1814. When he succeeded to the throne by the death of his father in 1840 his first proceedings were both of a popular and praiseworthy character. He soon, however, began to pursue a retrograde and absolutist policy. The popular movement which followed the French revolution of 1848 was at first met by the king with firmness, but on the demand of the people that the troops should be withdrawn from. the capital, backed by an attack on the arsenal, the king offered concessions, which, however, he retracted on his power becoming more secure. Latterly his mind gave way, and he sank into a state of hopeless imbecility, which rendered it necessary to appoint his brother William regent of the kingdom. He died without issue, and was succeeded by his brother, who ten years later became emperor of united Germany.
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Frederika Bremer was a Swedish novelist. She was born in 1802 near Abo in Finland and died in 1865. She early visited Paris, and at subsequent periods of her life, up to 1861, she travelled in America, England, Switzerland, Italy, Turkey, Greece, and Palestine. She also resided for some time in Norway. She wrote an account of her travels; but her fame chiefly rests on her novels, which were translated into German and French, and into English by Mary Howitt. Among the chief of these are Neighbours, The President's Daughters, Nina, and Strife and Peace.
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Freethinkers was an epithet applied to the English Deists of the 17th and 18th centuries who argued for natural as against revealed religion. Anthony Collins (who first made it a name of a party by his Discourse of Free-thinking in London, 1713), and his friend, John Toland, are among the chief of the early freethinkers. Another able writer on the same side was Mathius Tindal (who died in 1733), whose Christianity as Old as the Creation, published in 1730, caused a great sensation. Lord Bolingbroke and Hume take the lead among advanced freethinkers. In France Voltaire and the encyclopedists D'Alembert, Diderot, and Claude Helvetius led the opposition against revealed religion. The same spirit became fashionable in Germany in the reign of Frederick the Great. The term is now generally applied to designate Rationalists in general, who are to be found among Christians as well as non-Christians.
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Freodwulf was king of Bernicia in 573.
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Fridtjof Nansen was a Norwegian scientist. He was born in 1861 and died in 1930. He explored the polar regions, crossing Greenland in 1888 to 1889, and in 1921 organised relief for Russian famine victims. He won the Nobel peace prize in 1922.
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Friedrich Accum was a German chemist. He was born in 1769 at Buckeburg, Lower Saxony and died in 1838. He was a pioneer of gas lighting and a campaigner for clean food and honest trading, publishing 'Treatise on Adulteration of Food and Culinary Poisons' in 1820 which did much to arouse public concern about unclean food and dishonest selling of food - an example of which was the 19th century London shop keeper discovered selling brown painted wax as chocolate to children.
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Friedrich)Wilhem August Argelander was a German astronomer. He was born in 1799 at Memel and died in 1875. He was director successively of the observatories of Abo and of Helsingfors. He was appointed professor of astronomy at Bonn in 1837, where he superintended the erection of a new observatory, catalogued over 320,000 stars, and produced several important astronomical works.
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Friedrich Edward Beneke was a German philosophical writer. He was born in 1798 and died in 1854. He began lecturing at Berlin, but his lectures were at first interdicted on account of their supposed materialistic tendency, and he removed to Gottingen. He returned to Berlin in 1827, and after the death of Hegel, whose philosophical views he opposed, he was appointed extraordinary professor of philosophy. His more important works were Psychological Sketches, Text-book of Psychology as a Natural Science, System of Logic, Treatise on Education, Groundwork of a Physic of Ethics written in direct anatgonism to Kant's Metaphysic of Ethics, etc.
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Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel was a German astronomer. He was born in 1784 and died in 1846. In 1810 he was appointed director of the observatory at Konigsberg. From 1824 to 1833 he completed a series of 75,011 observations on the celestial zone between 15 degrees north and 15 degrees south decimation. In 1840 he called attention to the probable existence of a planetary mass beyond Uranus, resulting in the discovery of Neptune. His principal works are the Elements of Astronomy published in 1818, and its continuations, the Tabulas Regiomontanae published in 1830 and Astronomical Researches published between 1841 and 1842. His determination of the parallax of the star 61 Cygni was one of his most noteworthy practical achievements.
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Friedrich Wilhelm Von Billow was a Prussian general. He was born in 1755 and died in 1816. He was actively engaged against the French at the earliest periods of the revolutionary war; and his services in 1813 and 1814, especially at Grosbeeren and Dennewitz, were rewarded with a Grand Knightship of the Iron)Cross and the title Count Billow von Dennewitz. As commander of the fourth division of the allied army he contributed to the victorious close of the Battle of Waterloo.
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Friedrich Bleek was a German biblical scholar and critic. He was born in 1793 and died in 1859. He was appointed professor of theology at Bonn in 1829. He was the author of expository books, Introductions to the Old and New Testaments (1860-1862), etc.
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Friedrich Martin Bodenstedt was a German poet and miscellaneous writer. He was born in 1819 and died in 1892. Having obtained an educational appointment at Tiflis he published a work on the peoples of the Caucasus in 1848, and A Thousand and One Days in the East, which were very successful. In 1854 he was appointed professor of Slavic at Munich, and in 1858 was transferred to the chair of old English. He was subsequently a theatrical director at Meiningen, has travelled in the United States, etc. Among the best of his poetical works are the Songs of Mirza-Schaffy, purporting to be translations from the Persian, but really original, which have passed through more than 100 editions. He translated Shakespeare's Sonnets, and with other writers issued a new translation of Shakespeare's works.
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Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus was a German publisher. He was born in 1772 and died in 1823. In 1811 he settled at Altenberg, where the first edition of the Conversations-Lexikon was completed, 1810-11. The business rapidly extended, and he removed to Leipzig in 1817.
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Friedrich Karl Buchner was a German philosopher and physician. He was born in 1824 at Darmstadt and died in 1899. He put forward a controversial theory maintaining the indestructibility of matter and denying the existence of either deity or plan in nature.
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Friedrich Christoph Dahlmann was a German historian. He was born in 1785 and died in 1860. He was professor at Gottingen and afterwards at Bonn, and distinguished himself as an advocate of liberal measures in politics. Amongst his principal works is a history of the English Revolution.
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Friedrich Christian Diez was a German philologist of the Romance languages. He was born in 1794 and died in 1876. Having qualified himself as a lecturer at Bonn, he was appointed professor of the Romance languages here in 1830. His work stands in much the same relation to the Romance dialects which the researches of Grimm occupy with respect to German dialects. In addition to various works on the poetry of the Troubadours, he published a very valuable Grammatik der Romanischen Sprachen in 1836-42 (which has been translated into English), and an Etymologisches Worterbuch der Romanischen Sprachen in 1853.
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Friedrich Engels was the co-founder with Karl Marx of scientific socialism. He was born in 1820 and died in 1895.
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Friedrich Wilhelm Ferdinand, duke of Brunswick was the fourth and youngest son of Duke Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand of Brunswick. He was born in 1771 and died in 1815. During the war against France, in 1792 and subsequently, he fought in the Prussian armies, was twice wounded, and once made prisoner with Blucher at Lubeck. For the campaign of 1809 he raised a free corps in Bohemia, but was compelled to embark his troops for England, where he was received with enthusiasm. His corps immediately entered the British service, and was afterwards employed in Portugal and Spain, the parliament granting him a pension of 6000 pounds, until he returned to his hereditary dominions in 1813. The events of 1815 called him again to arms, and he was killed in action at Quatre Bras in 1815. His sister, Caroline, married the English king George IV.
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Friedrich Adolphus Von Flotow was a German composer. He was born in 1812 and died in 1883. He studied music in Paris, but his early operas were not popular with Parisian opera-house directors, so he had to content himself with performances in the aristocratic private theatres. At length the Naufrage de la Meduse was successfully produced at the Renaissance Theatre in 1839. This was followed by L'Esclave de Oamoens (1843), and L'Ame en Peine (1846), performed in London as Leoline. Alessandro Stradella was first performed at Hamburg in 1844, and his most successful work, Martha, at Vienna in 1847. Among his other works are Indra (1853), La Veuve Grapin (1859), L'Ombre (1869), and L'Enchanteresse (1878). He was director of the court theatre at Schwerin from 1855 to 1863; the last years of his life were chiefly spent at Vienna.
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Friedrich Heinrich Fouque (Baron de la Motte) was a German poet and novelist. He was born in 1777 and died in 1843. A grandson of Heinrich Fouque, he served as a lieutenant of the Prussian guards in the campaign of 1792, and thereafter lived in rural retirement, but again returned to the army, and was present at the most important battles in the campaign of 1813. As a writer his work is marked by fantastic unreality and extravagance of conception. Several of his tales, Der Zauberring (Magic Ring), Undine, and Aslauga's Ritter (Aslauga's Knight), have been very popular.
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Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel was a German educationalist. He was born in 1782 and died in 1852. After an unsettled and aimless youth, and with somewhat imperfect culture, he started teaching, and soon originated the kindergarten system of teaching young children. He was the author of Die Menschenerziehung (Human Education), and Mutter-und-Koselieder, a book of poetry and pictures for children. A Froebel Society, for the promotion of the Kindergarten system, was established in 1874.
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Friedrich Karl Gerok was a German poet and preacher. He was born in 1815 at Vaihingen and died in 1890.
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Friedrich Gerstacker was a German novelist and travel writer. He was born in 1816 at Hamburg and died in 1872. He wandered on foot through the USA from 1837 to 1843, earning a living by various employments - as a sailor, stoker, innkeeper, woodcutter, and trapper and hunter in the prairies of the west, to find that his diary, sent to his family, had been published and made him renowned as a writer. He then took up writing as a career. He returned to Germany in 1843. In 1849 Gerstacker was engaged on behalf of the German government to collect information which might be useful to German emigrants. The results were published under the title of Reisen in 1853. He afterwards made voyages to South America, to Egypt, the West Indies, and other places, which are described in his Neue Reisen (published in 1868). Amongst his many romances (most of which may be had in English) are Die beiden Straflinge (1856), Im Busch (1864), General Franco (1865), Californische Skizzen (1856), and others.
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Friedrich Heinrich Wilhelm Gesenius was a German orientalist and Biblical critic. He was born in 1786 and died in 1842. He studied at Gottingen, and became professor of theology at Halle. In 1810-12 his Hebrew and Chaldee Dictionary of the Old Testament appeared. In 1820 he visited Paris and Oxford for the purpose of collecting materials regarding the Semitic languages. In 1829 he published his large Thesaurus philologico-criticus Linguae Hebraicae et Chaldaicrae, completed in 1858 by Rodiger. Besides the works mentioned, Friedrich Geseuius wrote a Hebrew Grammar, a history of the Hebrew language, and notes to the German translation of Burckhardt's Travels in Syria and Palestine.
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Baron Friedrich Melochion Grimm was German man of letters. He was born in 1723 at Ratisbon and died in 1807. He lived mostly in Paris and wrote in French. Having finished his studies, he went to Paris and there became acquainted with Jean Jacques Rousseau, Diderot, D'Alembert, D'Holbach, and other Parisian philosophers. He corresponded with Catharine II of Russia, Gustavus III. of Sweden, and other great personages. Frederick the Great among others gave him marks of great esteem. In 1776 he was appointed envoy from the Duke of Saxe-Giotha to the French court, and honoured with the title of baron. On the revolution breaking out he retired to Gotha, where he died in 1807. His Correspondance Litteraire possesses great literary and historical value.
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Friedrich Heinrich Alexander Humboldt (Baron von Humboldt) was a German traveller and naturalist. He was was born in 1769 at Berlin and died in 1859. His father held the post of royal chamberlain at Berlin. He studied at the Universities of Frankfort-on-the-Oder, Berlin, and Gottingen, and also at the commercial academy in Hamburg.
His first work was Observations on the Basalt of the Rhine published in 1790. In 1791 he studied mining and botany at the mining school in Freiberg, and subsequently became overseer of the mines in Franconia. In 1797 he resolved to make a scientific journey in the tropical zones along with a friend, Aime Bonpland. They landed at Cumana, in South America, in July, 1799, and spent five years in exploring scientifically the, region of the Orinoco and the upper part of the Rio Negro, the district between Quito and Lima, the city of Mexico and the surrounding country, and the island of Cuba. In 1804 they arrived at Bordeaux, bringing with them an immense mass of fresh knowledge in geography, geology, climatology, meteorology, botany, zoology, and every branch of natural science, as well as in ethnology and political statistics.
Humboldt selected Paris as his residence, no other city offering so many aids to scientific study, and remained there arranging his collections and manuscripts until March, 1805, after which he visited Rome and Naples in company with Gay-Lussac, but eventually returned to Paris in 1807, when the first volume of his great work, Voyage aux Regions equinoxiales du Nouveau Continent, appeared; the thirtieth and last was published in 1827.
In 1827 Humboldt, who had been offered several high posts by the government of Prussia, and had accompanied the king on several journeys as part of his suite, was persuaded to give up his residence at Paris and settle at Berlin, where he combined the study of science with a certain amount of diplomatic work. In 1829, under the patronage of the Czar Nicholas, he made an expedition to Siberia and Central Asia, which resulted in some valuable discoveries, published in his Asie Centrale.
In 1835 he published at Paris his Examen Critique de la Geographic du Nouveau Continent. In 1845 appeared the first volume of the Cosmos, his chief work, a vast and comprehensive survey of natural phenomena, in which the idea of the unity of the forces which move below the variety of nature is thoroughly grasped.
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Friedrich Konig was a German inventor. He was born in 1774 at Eisleben and died in 1833. With the help of English capital he patented a steam printing- machine in 1810, and a cylinder press which turned out 1100 copies of the Times in an hour. Returning home in 1817 he established a factory for making printing-presses near Wurzburg.
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Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche was a German philosopher who originated the idea of a superman and the doctrine of perfectibility of man through forcible self assertion and superiority.
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Baron Friedrich A Riedesel was a German soldier. He was born in 1738 and died in 1800. As a major-general, he went to America in 1776 in command of 4000 troops from Brunswick employed by the British. He served in Burgoyne's expedition in 1777, and fought at Ticonderoga, Hubbardton and Saratoga. Captured there, he was afterward exchanged. He was placed in command of Long Island in 1780 and transferred to Canada in 1781. He returned to Germany in 1783. He was known as a skillful general.
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Friedrich Spielhagen was a German novelist. He was born in 1829 at Magdeburg and died in 1911. Educated at Stralsund, Berlin and Bonn universities, he became a journalist and was fiction editor of the Zeitung fur Norddeutschland in 1860, the year in which he published 'Problematische Naturen', a social study. Between 1861 and 1869 he wrote a series of books dealing with the welfare of the working classes, culminating in 'Hammer und Amboss', which established his reputation. These were followed by a succession of popular novels produced from 1870 until 1880 in which he dealt with social issues in a sensational style. His autobiography, entitled 'Finder und Erfinder' was published in 1890.
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Friedrich August Gottreu Tholuck was a German theologian. He was born in 1799 at Breslau and died in 1877. Educated at Breslau and at Berlin, he was appointed professor of Oriental languages in Berlin in 1824, and in 1826 was called to the chair of theology at Halle where he remained until his death.
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Friedrick Trenck (Baron von Der Trenck) was a German adventurer. He was born in 1726 at Konigsberg and died in 1794. He entered the army and was facing a brilliant prospect when in 1743 King Frederick II of Prussia caused him to be imprisoned at the fortress of Glatz for having a love affair with the Princess Amelia. He escaped in 1746, and entered the Austrian service, but returned to Prussia in 1754, and was again imprisoned for ten years. He was eventually released at the request of the Empress Maria Theresa. Returning to Paris, he was accused in 1794 of being an agent of foreign powers, and was guillotined on July the 25th of that year.
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Friedrich Ueberweg was a German philosopher. He was born in 1826 at Leichlingen in the Rhineland and died in 1871. Educated at the universities of Gottingen, Berlin and Bonn he worked as a tutor in philosophy before being made professor at Konigsberg.
Friedrich Ueberweg was a representative of idealistic realism, according to which the contents of the perceptive faculty are subjective signs of real events. Perception is directed towards an objective outside itself, not towards the sensations, which we first refer to an object. His most important works were 'Systems of Logic' and 'History of Philosophy'.
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Friedrich Theodor Vischer was a German author. He was born in 1807 and died in 1887. He wrote a monumental work on the philosophy of art entitled ' Aesthetik'.
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Friedrich von Adelung was a German philologist. He was born in 1768 and died in 1843. A nephew of Johann Adelung, he was tutor to the Grand-duke Nicholas, afterwards Emperor of Russia, and became president of the Academy of Sciences at St Petersburg.
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Count Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust was a Saxon and Austrian statesman. He was born in 1809 at Dresden and died in 1886. He adopted the career of diplomacy, and as a member of embassies or ambassador for Saxony resided at Berlin, Paris, Munich, and London. He was successively minister of foreign affairs and of the interior for Saxony. At the London conference regarding the Schleswig-Holstein difficulty he represented the German Bund. He lent his influence on the side of Austria against Prussia before the war of 1866, after which, finding his position in Saxony difficult, he entered the service of Austria as minister of foreign affairs, became president of the ministry, imperial chancellor, and in 1868 was created count. In 1871 to 1878 he was ambassador in London, in 1878 to 1882 in Paris.
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Friedrich Von Flotow was a German composer. He was born in 1812 and died in 1883. He composed Martha.
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Friedrich von Gents was a German diplomatist and publicist. He was born in 1764 and died in 1832. He was secretary to the directory of finances at Berlin when the French Revolution broke out, of which he was an ardent opponent. He served alternately in the Prussian and Austrian civil service, and his pamphlets and manifestoes proved formidable obstacles to the invasions of Napoleon. He took part in the congresses of Vienna and Paris, as well as in others. Among his various works was a biography of Mary Queen of Scots.
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Friedrich Wilhelm Von Hacklander was a German novelist and comedy writer. He was born in 1816 and died in 1877. He engaged first in commerce, then entered the Prussian artillery, and commenced his literary career in 1841 with Pictures from a Soldier's Life in Time of Peace. He then became successively private secretary to Baron Taubenhein, whom he accompanied to the East, and to the Crown Prince of Wurtemberg. In 1849 he served with the Austrians during the war with Sardinia, and published his observations in Soldier Life in Time of War. He was ennobled by the Emperor Francis Joseph. Amongst his many writings distinguished by a mixture of pathos and humour, may be mentioned Dagnurreotypen (1842), Handel und Wandel (1850), Der Neue Don Quixote (1858), Geschichten im Zickzack (1871); of his comedies, Der Geheime Agent (1850) was the most successful.
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Friedrich Von Hardenberg was a German writer. He was born in 1772 and died in 1801. Better known under the name of Novalis, he studied at Jena, Leipzig, and Wittenberg, and was the friend of Tieck and the Schlegels, and spent his brief life in study and literary production. He was one of the leaders of the 'romantic school,' and his writings are a strange mixture of imagination, profundity, and mysticism. Amongst his works are an unfinished novel, Heinrich von Ofterdingen, and Spiritual Songs.
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Friedrich Wilhelm Augustus von Steuben (Baron von Steuben) was a German mercenary. He was born in 1730 at Magdeburg and died in 1794. He saw service during the Seven Years' War, and in 1778 approached the American colonists to fight for them against the British during the American War of Independence. He was hired as instructor-general and given the task of reorganising the colonial volunteers. Subsequently he received a command in the field and took a prominent part in the reduction of Yorktown in 1780. He was rewarded with a pension and a grant of land near Utica, New York which he named Steuben township and lived at until his death.
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Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Von Struve was a German astronomer. He was born in 1793 at Altona and died in 1864. Educated at Dorpat university, he was appointed an astronomer at Dorpat university in 1813 and in 1839 became director of the newly constructed observatory at Pulkova where he carried out a series of observations and researches into double and multiple stars, following up from similar research he had carried out at Dorpat. He discovered several thousand star doubles.
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Friend is the term given to a second in duelling.
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Friend William Richardson was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of California from 1923 until 1927.
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The Frisians were a Teutonic race who dwelt in the maritime provinces between the Rivers Scheldt and Ems (Friesland). They became tributaries of Rome under Drusus, and lived for some time on friendly terms with their conquerors, but were driven to hostilities by oppression. In time they extended as far eastward as Slesvig, and even made settlements on the Firth of Forth, and probably in other parts of Northern Britain. In the 7th century they were a powerful seafaring-trading people. The Franks tried to convert them to Christianity by force, and succeeded in breaking their power which resulted in the Scandinavian pirates in the Baltic having a free hand, leading to the Viking invasions of Europe. Their country was divided into three districts, two of which were annexed on the division of the Carlovingian Empire to the possessions of Louis the German, and the other to those of Charles the Bald. The latter part was called West Frisia (West Friesland), and the two former East Frisia (East Friesland). Their modern history is chiefly connected with Holland and Hanover.
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Frithjof was an Icelandic hero, supposed to have lived in the 8th century. After a series of adventures, recorded in an ancient Icelandic saga of the 13th century, he marries Ingebjorg, the widow of the king Hring. The story forms the groundwork of Tegner's popular poem, Frithjof's Saga, and has been frequently translated.
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Fritz Haber was a German chemist. He was born in 1868 and died in 1934. His conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia opened the way for the synthetic fertilizer industry. His study of the combustion of hydrocarbons led to the commercial cracking or fractional distillation of natural oil (petroleum) into its components (for example, diesel, gasoline, and paraffin) . In electrochemistry, he was the first to demonstrate that oxidation and reduction take place at the electrodes; from this he developed a general electrochemical theory. At the outbreak of war, the German Army asked the Institute to investigate substitutes for explosive in shells, and poison gas was suggested. Haber, after watching early trials with gas shells, proposed releasing gas from cylinders. He became one of the principals in the German chemical warfare effort, devising weapons and gas masks, leading to protests against his Nobel Prize, awarded in 1918.
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Fritz Kreisler was an Austrian violinist. He was born in 1875 and died in 1962.
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Fritz Thaulow was a Norwegian painter. He was born in 1848 at Christiana and died in 1906. he studied at the Copenhagen Academy, under Gude in Germany and in Paris. Returning to Norway, he led the opposition to the stereotypical principles of German academic art which then prevailed in Norway. He painted a great deal of Norwegian scenery, particularly of the effects of snow which he worked in oils and pastels. A series of pictures of the Seine helped to secure his international reputation.
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A fromologist is a person who collects cheese labels.
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The Fulba are an aboriginal African tribe inhabiting part of Dahomey and part of northern Nigeria in an area which was formerly Borgu.
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Sir Fulke Greville (Lord Brooke) was an English writer. He was born in 1544 and died in 1628 following being stabbed. Having studied at Cambridge and Oxford and made the tour of Europe, he became a courtier, and enjoyed the favour of Elizabeth I, James I, and Charles I. In 1628 he was stabbed by an old servant, and subsequently died. He wrote the life of Sir Philip Sidney; Caslica, a collection of 109 songs; Alaham and Mustapha, two tragedies, etc.
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A fuller is someone who fulls, or cleans cloth, and cleans and felts woollen cloth. Fullers traditionally used a special type of soil or eath in fulling the cloth, this soil became known as fuller's eath.
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Fuller Warren was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Florida from 1949 until 1953.
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A funambulist is a tightrope walker.
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The Furlani are inhabitants of Friuli, a once independent duchy at the head of the Adriatic, now part of Italy and Austria.
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Fyodor Dostoievski was a Russian novelist. He was born in 1821 at Moscow and died in 1881. He studied military engineering before joining the army. He was arrested in 1849 for being a member of a socialist society and sentenced to four years in Siberia.
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