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F Ray Keyser, Jr is an American politician. He was born in 1927. He was a Republican governor of Vermont from 1961 until 1963.
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Frank Winfield Woolworth was an American trader who started the 'five and ten cent stores' which grew into the world famous 'F.W. Woolworth' chain of stores.
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Fa-hsien was a Chinese monk and writer. He lived around 400, and travelled from China via the Gobi Desert to Turkestan, Afghanistan, India and Ceylon documenting Buddhist festivals, customs and beliefs.
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The Fabian Society are an intellectual Socialist society which was founded in 1883 by Sidney Webb, Beatrice Potter, and George Bernard Shaw amongst others.
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Fabius Maximus was the Roman dictator who saved Rome from Hannibal by deliberately avoiding battle.
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A Fakir is a Hindu ascetic or any 'Holy Man' in Islam.
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Fanny Adams was an eight-year old British girl who in August 1867, was murdered at Alton, Hampshire while playing with her sister and a friend, and her body dismembered and the parts spread about local fields or in the river. Frederick Baker, a local clerk was convicted of the murder and was hanged on Christmas eve. Coincidentally, just after her murder, the British navy changed rations to chopped and cooked meat, leading to the sailors to joke that Fanny Adams' remains were being served up to them.
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Farouk was the last king of Egypt. He was born in 1920 at Cairo and died in 1965. Educated in England, he became king in 1936 but was deposed in 1952 following Egypt's defeat by Israel in 1948 and unrest following continued British occupation. After abdicating he went into exile, living in Monaco.
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A farrier is a person who conducts farriery, originally the shoeing of horses but now also the veterinary care of horses.
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Fatima Bint Mohammed The Prophet was the daughter of the prophet Mohammed and his first wife, Khadija. She was born in 606 at Mecca and died in 632. She married her cousin, Ali ibn Abi Talib and by him had two sons, Hasan and Husain, who were the only male perpetuators of Mohammed's family. Shiah Muslims believe that Fatima is divine and believe that one of her descendants will return to earth to rule as the divine Mahdi, and hold her in a similar role to the Catholic Virgin Mary.
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Fausto Coppi (the 'Championissimo') was an Italian road-race cyclist. He was born in 1919 and died in 1960. He was the first person to win both the Tour de France and the Giro D'Italia in the same year. During his career he won the Giro D'Italia five times, the Tour of Lombardy five times, Milan-San Remo three times, the Grand Prix Des Nations twice and the Tour de France twice.
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Faustus Socinus was an Italian theologian. He was born in 1539 at Siena and died in 1604. Poorly educated, he wandered for a while in France and Switzerland before entering the service of the daughter of the grand duke of Tuscany. Having studied theology for three years at Basel, in 1579 he went to Poland, where he vigorously promulgated his rationalistic and anti-Trinitarian views, especially at the Synod of Brest Litovsk. His book, 'On Jesus Christ the Servant' published in 1598 caused a riot in Krakow during which he was almost killed.
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Feodor Ivanovitch Tutchev was a Russian poet. He was born in 1803 at Moscow and died in 1873. Entering the diplomatic service he spent many years in Germany. The publication in 1854 of his only volume of poems at once established his fame as a poet, the dominant note of his work being a passionless pantheism.
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Feisal was king of Iraq. He was born in 1885 and died in 1933. He was appointed king of Syria in 1920 but deposed shortly afterwards. In 1921 he was elected King of Iraq.
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Felice Orsini was an Italian patriot. He was born in 1819 and was executed in 1858 in Paris for attempting to assassinate Napoleon III. He fought in the war of independence of 1848.
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Felicia Dorothea Hemans was an English poet. She was born in 1793 at Liverpool and died in 1835. Her first book of poems was published in 1808, followed in 1812 by another volume.
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Felicien Rops was a Belgian painter and etcher. He was born in 1833 at Namur and died in 1898. He began his career with caricatures and lithographs, published in 'Uylenspiegel'; then used water colours; and illustrated many books.
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Felix Adler was a German-American educator and reformer. He was born in 1851 at Alzey, Germany and died in 1933. In 1857 he went to America where his father had been called to the rabbinate of Temple Emanu-El in New York City. After graduating from Columbia College, he studied at the universities of Berlin and Heidelberg and on his return to America was appointed professor of Hebrew and Oriental literature at Cornell University, a post he held for two years. In 1876 he organized the first Society for Ethical Culture an in 1880 founded the Workingman's School, which in 1895 became the Ethical Culture School. In 1928 he founded the Fieldston School. Both schools stress ethics and morality. He was well known as a lecturer and writer, and was editor of the International Journal of Ethics. In 1902 Columbia University created the chair of social and political ethics for him, which he held for the rest of his life.
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Felix Bracquemond was a French painter and etcher. He was born in 1833 at Paris and died in 1914. He was apprenticed to a firm of lithographers at the age of fifteen and later became a pupil of Guichard. He introduced a new mode of decoration on china in 1867 and in 1872 became connected with the painting department of the famous porcelain factory at Sevres.
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Felix Faure was the sixth President of the third French Republic. He was born in 1841 at Paris and died in 1899. The son of a furniture maker, he made his fortune as a tanner and merchant at Le Havre before being elected to the chamber of deputies in August 1881.
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Felix Grundy was an American politician. He was born in 1777 at Virginia and died in 1840. He was a member of the Kentucky Constitutional Convention of 1799, and a member of the State House of Representatives from 1800 to 1806. He represented Tennessee in the US Congress from 1811 to 1814 and was a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives from 1815 to 1819. He was a US Senator from 1820 to 1838, and was Attorney-General in Van Buren's Cabinet from 1838 to 1839, when he again became a US Senator and served until his death.
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Felix Mendelssohn was a German composer. He was born in 1809 at Hamburg and died in 1847. The son of wealthy parents, he composed pieces for the piano.
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Felix Slade was an English art collector. He was born in 1790 at Lambeth, London and died in 1868. He became a collector of ancient and modern glass, pottery, old manuscripts and engravings. He bequeathed a great part of his collection to the British Museum and left 35,000 pounds for the endowment of the Slade professorship of fine arts at Oxford, Cambridge and London universities. The Oxford professorship, together with that of poetry, were discontinued from 1914.
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Fellah is an Arabic word used to signify the Egyptian peasant.
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Fellahin is the plural of fellah.
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A fellow is a graduate member of a university, elected to perform some specific governing or tutorial work, for which he or she receives a fixed salary.
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Fenceviewers were town officers appointed in the early days of the New England colonies to look after fences. They had to take care that the fences were four feet high (122 cm), of reasonable strength and in a good state of repair, and they had considerable authority to carry out these orders.
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The Fenians were an organisation of Irish Americans formed in the middle of the 19th century to promote revolution and the overthrow of the English government in Ireland.
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Fenimore Chatterton was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Wyoming from 1903 until 1905.
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Ferdinand Alvarez, the duke of Alva, was a Spanish statesman and general. He was born in 1508 and died 1582. He embraced a military career early, and fought in the wars of Charles V in France, Italy, Africa, Hungary, and Germany. He is more especially remembered for his bloody and tyrannical government of the Netherlands from 1567 to 1573, which had revolted, and which he was commissioned by Philip II to reduce to entire subjection to Spain. Among his first proceedings was to establish the "Council of Blood," a tribunal which condemned, without discrimination, all whose opinions were suspected, and whose riches were coveted. The present and absent, the living and the dead, were subjected to trial and their property confiscated. Many merchants and mechanics emigrated to England; people by hundreds of thousands abandoned their country. The Counts of Egrnont and Horn, and other men of rank, were executed, and William and Louis of Orange had to save themselves in Germany. The most oppressive taxes were imposed, and trade was brought completely to a standstill. As a reward for his services to the faith the pope presented him with a consecrated hat and sword, a distinction previously conferred only on princes. Resistance was only quelled for a time, and soon the provinces of Holland and Zealand revolted against his tyranny. A fleet which was fitted out at his command was annihilated, and he was everywhere met with insuperable courage. Hopeless of finally subduing the country he asked to be recalled, and accordingly, in December, 1573, he left the country, in which, as he himself boasted, he had executed 18,000 men. He was received with distinction in Madrid, but did not long enjoy his former credit. He had the honour, however, before his death of reducing all Portugal to subjection to his sovereign. It is said of him that during sixty years of warfare he never lost a battle and was never taken by surprise.
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Ferdinand Bol was a Dutch painter. He was born in 1616 at Dordrecht and died in 1680. He was the most distinguished of Rembrandt's pupils. He first painted portraits under Rembrandt and later came under the influence of the Flemish historical painters. He painted 'The Regents of the Leprosy Hospital' in 1649 at Amsterdam.
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Ferdinand Brunetiere was a French literary critic. He was born in 1849 and died in 1906. He came to prominence in 1875 as a contributor to the Revue des Deux Mondes, periodical of which he later became the editor.
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Ferdinand L Claiborne was an American soldier. He was born in 1772 at Mississippi and died in 1815. As brigadier-general of the United States volunteers, he commanded in the engagement with the Creeks, at the Holy Ground, in 1813. In 1815 he became a legislative councillor of Mississippi.
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Ferdinand Julius Cohn was a German Jewish botanist. He was born in 1828 and died in 1898. He founded bacteriology. His important works were treatises describing his research into the development of minute organisms; his books on the algae, on parasitism, on fungi and on the formation of spores.
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Ferdinand de Medici was an Italian politician. he was born in 1549 and died in 1609. He was grand duke of Tuscany from 1587.
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Ferdinand Victor Eugene Delacroix was a French historical painter. He was born in 1798 at Charenton and died in 1863.
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Ferdinand Foch was a French soldier. He was born in 1851 at Tarbes and died in 1929. He became generalissimo of the Allied armies in 1918 and drove the Germans back during the Great War.
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Ferdinand I was Emperor of Austria. He was born in 1793 and died in 1875.
Ferdinand I was King of Romania. He was born in 1865 and died in 1927.
Ferdinand I was a Holy Roman Emperor. He was born in 1503 and died in 1564.
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Ferdinand II was King of the Two Scillies. He was born in 1810 and died in 1859.
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Ferdinand Lassalle was a German socialist. He was born in 1825 and died in 1864. He was foremost amongst the founders of the Social Democratic Party in Germany. He differed in his views to those of Marx, being an ardent patriot (whereas Marx was an internationalist). He was killed in a duel, at the age of 39 in 1864.
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Ferdinand Magellan (Fernao de Magalhaes) was a Portuguese sailor. He was born in 1480 at Sabrosa and died in 1521. He discovered the strait of Magellan.
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Ferdinand The Great was King of Castile, and Emperor of Spain. He died in 1065.
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Ferdinand Julius Tonnies was a German social theorist and philosopher. He was born in 1855 and died in 1936. He was one of the founders of the sociological tradition of community studies and urban sociology through his key work, Gemeinschaft - Gesellschaft published in 1887. Tonnies contrasted the nature of social relationships in traditional societies and small organizations with those in industrial societies and large organizations. He was pessimistic about the effect of industrialization and urbanization on the social and moral order, seeing them as a threat to traditional society's sense of community.
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Ferdinando Fairfax was an English soldier and politician. He was born in 1584 and died in 1648. As a member of Parliament he sided with Parliament against Charles I when the Civil War broke out and became Parliamentary commander in Yorkshire. He resigned on the adoption of the Self-denying Ordinance in 1645.
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Sir Ferdinando Gorges was an English colonist. He was born in 1565 and died in 1647. He was one of the founders of the original Plymouth Company, and sent out a number of unsuccessful expeditions to the New England coast. In 1620 he became a member of the Council for New England. In 1622 he, with Mason, obtained a grant of Northern New England; in 1629, of Western Maine, separately. Under a fuller proprietary grant of 1639, he established a government at Saco, Acomenticus and Gorgeana (now York, Maine).
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Ferenc Puskas is a Hungarian Association Football player. He was born in 1927. He played for Kispest, Honved, Real Madrid and Hungary, playing inside left and captaining Hungary during the 1950's. Under his captaincy Hungary became the first non-British team to beat England in England.
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Ferhat Abbas was an Algerian nationalist leader. He was born in 1899 at Taher and died in 1985. After serving as a volunteer in the French army in 1939 in 1942 he produced a manifesto of the Algerian people and in 1955 joined the FLN, and in 1958 formed a provisional government of Algeria in Tunis. In 1962, after Algerian independence he became President of the National Constituent Assembly before being exiled.
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Feringhi was an Eastern derogatory name for Westerners. It originated in the Middle Ages.
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Fernand Leger was a French painter. He was born in 1881 and died in 1955.
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Fernando Cortez was a Spanish soldier. He was born in 1485 at Medellin and died in 1547. In 1504 he went to the West Indies, where the governor of Cuba, Velasquez, gave him command of a fleet which was sent on a voyage of discovery. Cortez left Santiago de Cuba in 1518 with eleven vessels, about 700 Spaniards, eighteen horses and ten small field-pieces. He landed on the shore of the Gulf Of Mexico, where he ordered the vessels burned so that his soldiers couldn't desert him. After inducing the Totonacs and Tlaxcalans to ally with him he marched towards Mexico where he was amicably greeted. He responded by seizing the monarch Montezuma and treating the people cruelly so that they resisted him. After a struggle in which 100,000 Mexicans reportedly died, the city was taken and shortly after the whole country subjugated. In 1528 he returned to Spain, only to return to Mexico two years later and remain there for a further ten years, discovering the peninsular of California. Returning to Spain he was neglected, and following an expedition to Algiers in 1541 he spent the remained
of his life in solitude.
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Fernando Galiani was an Italian writer on political economy. He was born in 1728 at Chieti and died in 1787. He won a reputation as a wit and a political economist by his 'Trattato della Moneta', published in 1750.
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Fernando Wood was an American politician. He was born in 1812 and died in 1881. He represented New York in the US Congress as a Democrat from 1841 to 1843. He was elected mayor of New York City from 1855 to 1858 and from 1861 to 1863. At the outbreak of the American Civil War he recommended that New York secede and become a free city. He again served in the US Congress from 1863 to 1865.
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Ferreira da Silva Eusebio is a Portuguese Association Football player. He was born in 1843. He played for Benfica and for Portugal, being the leading goal-scorer in the 1966 World Cup championship held in England.
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Ferruccio Busoni was an Italian composer. He was born in 1866 and died in 1924. He composed Doctor Faust.
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Fidel Castro Ruz is a Cuban revolutionary and politician. He was born in 1927. He opposed the Batista dictatorship in his country, and in 1953 with his brother attempted a revolution which failed. Imprisoned and released he went into exile in the USA and Mexico before returning to Cuba in 1956 in a surprise landing in which most of his supporters were killed. In 1959 he finally deposed Batista and established a Marxist-Leninist government with himself as Prime Minister.
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Field-marshal is the highest rank in the British army. The position was formed in 1736 from a marshal who was previously responsible for order in court and for supervising the camps of an army in the field.
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Fielding L Wright was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Mississippi from 1946 until 1952.
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The Fifth-Monarchy Men were an extreme Puritan sect in England in the mid- 17th century. They believed that the rule of Jesus Christ and his saints was imminent, and that it would be the fifth monarchy to rule the world, succeeding those of Assyria, Persia, Greece, and Rome. They hoped that, through the Barebones Parliament, the rule of the saints would become a reality, but Oliver Cromwell's establishment of the Protectorate turned them against him. Their agitation became a nuisance (including accusing Oliver Cromwell of being a man of sin) , their leaders were arrested, and their abortive rebellions in 1657 and 1661 were suppressed.
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The Filibusters, a name borrowed from the West Indian freebooters of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, was a name applied to terrorist associations originating in the United States for the ostensible purpose of freeing Cuba and other West Indian islands or Central American districts from European control. The acquisition of Texas was a successful filibustering expedition. In 1850 Lopez, a Cuban, Governor John A. Quitman, of Mississippi, and others, were arrested for violating the neutrality law of 1818, by a proposed filibustering expedition against Cuba. They were afterward released. In 1855 General William Walker, with a California company, sailed on a filibustering expedition against Nicaragua. He took possession of the country, was elected President and was recognized by the American Minister. He surrendered to the United States, but organized another expedition in 1860. He was captured and shot by the President of Honduras.
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A Filipino is an inhabitant of the Philippines.
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Firmin Abauzit was a French theologian and mathematician. He was born in 1679 at Languedoc and died in 1767. He fled with his mother to Geneva at the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, went to Holland at a young age where he met Pierre Bayle before travelling to England where he became friends with Isaac Newton. After returning to Geneva he translated the New Testament and in 1727 was appointed Public Librarian.
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A fish-wife was someone who hawked fish about the streets.
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Fisher Ames was an American statesman. He was born in 1758 and died in 1808. He studied law, and became prominent in his profession. He was distinguished as a political orator and essayist.
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Fitz-Greene Halleck was an American writer. He was born in 1790 at Connecticut and died in 1867. He was a-counting-room clerk from 1811 to 1849. In partnership with Joseph Drake he published the 'Croakers' in 1819. He wrote 'Twilight', 'Fanny', 'Marco Bozzaris' and 'Young America' and was renowned for his fluent and polished style.
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Fitz-James O'Brien was an Irish-born American poet. He was born in 1828 and died in 1862. He went to America from Ireland in 1850. He served on the staff of General Lander in 1862, and died of wounds received in battle.
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Fitzhugh Lee was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Virginia from 1886 until 1890.
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The Five Nations were a confederacy of North American Indians, comprising the Cayugas, Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas and the Senecas, established around 1570.
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Flavius Stilicho was a Roman minister and general. He was born in 359 and died in 408. He was a Vandal by birth and rose to be master of the horse in 384 and conducted an embassy to Persia. In 394 he was appointed governor of Rome. He was murdered after fleeing to Ravenna, following a mutiny of his own troops following the invasion of Italy by Radagaisus with a horde of Germanic tribes.
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Flavius Sabinus Vespa-Sianus Titus was a Roman emperor. He was born in 40 at Rome and died in 81. The eldest son of Vespasian he received an excellent education, and served as military tribune in Britain and Germany. During the war with the Jews he took command after his father had returned to Italy, and ended the war by taking Jerusalem in 70. More than a million Jews were said to have perished in this terrible siege and 100,000 sold into slavery. The Jewish campaign of Titus is celebrated by the arch at Rome which bears his name. When he succeeded his father in 79, he proved in his short reign of two years to be one of the most popular of all the emperors.
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Flem D Sampson was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Kentucky from 1927 until 1931.
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A fletcher is a maker of arrows.
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Fletcher D Proctor was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Vermont from 1906 until 1908.
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Flora Macdonald was a Scottish heroine. She was born in 1722 and died in 1790. She helped Prince Charles Edward Stuart to escape after the battle of Culloden.
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Flora Annie Steel was an English novelist and an ardent advocate of female suffrage. She was born in 1847 at Harrow and died in 1929. In 1867 she married an official in the Bengal civil service and subsequently lived for many years in India where she gained the knowledge of the country which she put into her novels, the most famous of which was the 1896 'On The Face of the Waters' about the Indian Mutiny. Her autobiography, 'The Garden of Fidelity', was published in 1929.
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Florence Nightingale was a British nurse, the pioneer of trained army nursing and reformer of hospital nursing. She was born in 1820 at Florence and died in 1910. She went through a course of training at the Protestant Deaconesses' Institute at Kaiserswerth in Germany, and subsequently studied French methods at Paris. Returning to England she reformed the management of the sanatorium for governesses in Harley Street, London. Hearing of the sufferings of the troops in the Crimea she sailed in October 1854 for Scutari. There she attended the sick during the Crimean War before leaving in July 1856. Her nightly rounds of the wards, so eagerly awaited by the troops, won for her the title of the 'Lady with the lamp'. The British people were grateful at her work, and presented her with a gift of 50000 pounds, with which she founded a training home for nurses. She wrote 'Notes on Nursing' in 1858, as well as a private report to the government on the Army Medical Corps and its work in the Crimea.
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Florenz Ziegfeld was an American theatrical producer. He was born in 1867 and died in 1932. His lavish revues were modelled on the Folies-Bergere. The Ziegfeld Follies, billed as 'An American Institution', appeared annually from 1907 until his death. He created such hits as 'Sally' in 1920, 'Show Boat' in 1927, and 'Bitter Sweet' in 1929.
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Floyd B Olson was an American politician. He was a Farmer-Labor governor of Minnesota from 1931 until 1936.
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In Saxon England, a Folc-mote was an assembly of people to consult respecting public affairs.
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Ford Madox Brown was an English historical painter. He was born in 1821 and died in 1893. He was a pioneer of the pre-Raphaelite movement. He was educated in Belgium and studied painting under Wappers and in Rome and Paris, though he developed his style from Holbein and the 15th century Italian masters. His best known works are 'King Lear', 'Chaucer at the Court of Edward III' and ' The Last of England'.
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Forrest C Donnell was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Missouri from 1941 until 1945.
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Forrest H Anderson was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Montana from 1969 until 1973.
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Forrest H James Jr was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Alabama from 1979 until 1983.
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Forrest Smith was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Missouri from 1949 until 1953.
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Foster Furcolo was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Massachusetts from 1957 until 1961.
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Foster M Voorhees was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Jersey from 1899 until 1902.
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A founder is someone who makes bells and castings.
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The Fox are a North American Algonquin Indian tribe originally from northern Wisconsin and kinsmen of the Sacs. They were mainly sedentary farmers but also hunted and fished. They were affected by Iroquois expansionism and white settlers. In the American War of Independence they joined the British under De Langlade. They made a treaty in 1804 and ceded lands, but with the English attacked Sandusky in the War of 1812. In 1824 and 1830 they ceded large tracts of land. Though involved in the Black Hawk War they gave up more of their territory in a treaty with General Scott at its close. Later they centred on the Des Moines, and in 1842 were removed, settling on the Osage in Iowa.
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Foxhall A Parker was an American sailor. He was born in 1831 and died in 1879. He commanded the 'Mahaska' from 1863 to 1863. From 1863 to 1866 he commanded the Potomac flotilla. He was chief signal officer of the US navy from 1873 to 1876.
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Foxy Brown (real name Inga Marchand) is an American singer and actress. She was born in 1976 at Brooklyn, New York.
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Fra Angelico was an Italian painter. He was born in 1387 and died in 1455. He especially painted religious frescoes.
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Fra Bartolommeo (real name Baccio Delia Porta) was an Italian painter. He was born in 1475 near Florence and died in 1517. While young he was admitted to the workshop of the Cosimo Roselli where he met Mariotto Albertinelli. He studied painting in Florence, and acquired a more perfect knowledge of art from the works of Leonardo da Vinci. He was an admirer and follower of Savonarola, on whose death he joined the Dominican order in 1500, though he never became a priest, giving up painting for four years until persuaded to start again. He was the friend of Michael Angelo and Raphael; painted many religious pictures, among them a Saint Mark and Saint Sebastian, which are greatly admired. His colouring, in vigour and brilliancy, comes near to that of Titian and Giorgione.
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Fran Warren is a singer.
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Frances Hodgson Burnett was an English-born American writer. She was born in 1849 at Manchester and died in 1924. In 1865 her family emigrated to Knoxville, Tennessee and she became a writer to assist the family finances. Her most well-known work is probably 'Little Lord Fauntleroy' published in 1886 while her best work is the children's classic 'The Secret Garden' published in 1909.
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Frances Trollope was an English author. She was born in 1780 at Stapleton, Bristol and died in 1863. The daughter of William Milton, in 1809 she married Thomas Trollope and with him spent three years in America from 1827 until 1830. As a result of her stay in the USA, in 1832 she published 'Domestic Manners of the Americans', a book which offended many Americans particularly with its references to slavery. Back in Europe she wrote a long succession of novels but she is remembered chiefly as the mother of Anthony Trollope.
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Francesco Albani was an Italian painter. He was born in 1578 at Bologna and died in 1660.
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Francesco Algarotti was an Italian writer. He was born in 1712 and died in 1764. A writer on science, the fine arts, etc, he lived for some years in France and for a long time in Germany, Frederick the Great of Prussia having made him chamberlain and count. He wrote Newtonianism for the Ladies; Essays on the Fine Arts; poems, letters, etc.
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Francesco Bartolozzi was an Italian engraver. He was born in 1727 at Florence and died in 1815 at Lisbon. He popularised stipple engraving, introducing colour and softness into the medium. He worked for a while in Rome but settled in England 1764 under the patronage of George III, becoming head of a school of stipple engravers.
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Francesco Berni was an Italian burlesque poet. He was born in 1497 at Tuscany and died in 1535.
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Francesco Di Gentile Da Fabriano was an Italian painter. He was born in 1370 at Fabriano and died in 1450. He did most of his work in Florence, and is typical of the early Umbrian and Sienese schools.
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Francesco di Paula was the founder of the order of Minimi. He was born in 1416 at Paula or Paola and died in 1508. He lived a hermit's life, and built a chapel in 1436, and a church and monastery in 1454. The order was formally established by Sixtus IV in 1474, and Francesco was canonised by Pope Leo X in 1519, April the 2nd being his day.
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Francesco Guardi was an Italian painter. He was born in 1712 at Venice and died in 1793.
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Francesco Guicciardini was an Italian historian. He was born in 1483 and died in 1540. He is renowned for his 'History of Italy from 1490 to 1532' which he wrote in 1534, and which was translated into English and published in ten volumes between 1755 and 1759 by Goddard.
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Francesco Parmigianino was an Italian painter. He was born in 1503 at Parma and died in 1540.
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Francesco Squarcione was an Italian painter. He was born in 1394 at Padua and died in 1474. He founded the Paduan school of painting. After working as a tailor and an embroiderer, he opened an academy for painters, and most of the paintings attributed to him were in fact painted by his pupils.
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Francesco Torbido (Il Moro) was an Italian painter. He was born in 1486 at verona and died in 1546. He studied under Giorgionne at Venice and Leberale at verona. he worked mainly at verona where he painted frescoes in the cathedral and other locations and also produced portraits including a self-portrait in chalks.
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Francessco Bianchini was an Italian historian and astronomer. He was born in 1692 and died in 1729.
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Francis Atterbury was an English prelate. He was born in 1662 and died in 1731. Educated at Westminster and Oxford. In 1687 he took his degree of MA and appeared as a controversialist in a defence of the character of Luther, entitled, Considerations on the Spirit of Martin Luther, etc. He also assisted his pupil, the Honourable Mr. Boyle, in his famous controversy with Bentley on the Epistles of Phalaris. Having taken orders in 1691 he settled in London, became chaplain to William and Mary, preacher of Bridewell, and lecturer of St Bride's. Controversy was congenial to him, and in 1706 he commenced one with Dr. Wake, which lasted four years, on the rights, privileges, and powers of convocations. Eor this service he received the thanks of the lower house of convocation and the degree of Doctor of Divinity from Oxford. Soon after the accession of Queen Anne he was made Dean of Carlisle, aided in the defence of the famous Sacheverell, and wrote A Representation of the Present State of Religion. In 1712 he was made Dean of Christ Church, and in 1713 Bishop of Rochester and Dean of Westminster. After the death of the queen in 1714 he distinguished himself by his opposition to George I and having entered into a correspondence with the Pretender's party was apprehended in August, 1722, and committed to the Tower. Being banished the kingdom, he settled in Paris, where he chiefly occupied himself in study and in correspondence with men of letters. But even here, in 1725, he was actively engaged in fomenting discontent in the Scottish Highlands. He died in 1731, and his body was privately interred in Westminster Abbey. His sermons and letters are marked by ease and grace; but as a critic and a controversialist he is rather dexterous and popular than accurate and profound.
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Francis Bacon was an English philosopher and statesman, Baron of Verulam, Viscount St Albans, and Lord High Chancellor of England. He was born in 1561 at London and died in 1626. His father, Nicholas Bacon, was keeper of the great seal under Queen Elizabeth. He was educated at Cambridge and in 1575 was admitted to Gray's Inn. In 1576-79 he was at Paris with Sir Amyas Paulet, the English ambassador. The death of his father called him back to England, and being left in straitened circumstances he zealously pursued the study of law, and was admitted
a barrister in 1582. In 1584 he became member of parliament for Melcombe Regis, and soon after drew up a Letter of Advice to Queen Elizabeth, an able political memoir. In 1586 he was member for Taunton, in 1589 for Liverpool. A year or two after he gained the Earl of Essex as a friend and patron. Bacon's talents and his connection with the lord-treasurer Burleigh, who had married his mother's sister, and his son Sir Robert Cecil, first secretary of state, seemed to promise him the highest promotion; but he had displeased the queen, and when he applied for the attorney-generalship, and next for the solicitor-generalship (1595), he was unsuccessful. Essex endeavoured to indemnify him by the donation of an estate in land. Bacon, however, forgot his obligations to his benefactor, and not only abandoned him as soon as he had fallen into disgrace, but without being obliged took part against him on his trial, in 1601, and was active in obtaining his conviction. He had been chosen member for the county of Middlesex in 1593, and for Southampton in 1597, and had long been a queen's counsel.
The reign of James I was more favourable to his interest. He was assiduous in courting the king's favour, and James, who was ambitious of being considered a patron of letters, conferred upon him in 1603 the order of knighthood. In 1604 he was appointed king's counsel, with a pension of 60 pounds; in 1606 he married; in 1607 he became solicitor-general, and six years after attorney-general. Between James and his parliament he was anxious to produce harmony, but his efforts were without avail, and his obsequiousness and servility gained him enmity and discredit. In 1617 he was made lord-keeper of the seals; in 1618 Lord High Chancellor of England and Baron Verulam. In this year he lent his influence to bring a verdict of guilty against Walter Raleigh. In 1621 he was made Viscount St Albans. Soon after this his reputation received a fatal blow. A new parliament was formed in 1621, and the lord-chancellor was accused before the house of bribery, corruption, and other malpractices. It is difficult to ascertain the full extent of his guilt; but he seems to have been unable to justify himself, and handed in a 'confession and humble submission,' throwing himself on the mercy of the Peers. He was condemned to pay a fine of 40,000 pounds, to be committed to the Tower during the pleasure of the king, declared incompetent to hold any office of state, and banished from court for ever. The sentence, however, was never carried out. The fine was remitted almost as soon as imposed, and he was imprisoned for only a few days. He survived his fall a few years, during this time occupying himself with his literary and scientific works, and vainly hoping for political employment. In 1597 he published his celebrated Essays, which immediately became very popular, were successively enlarged and extended, and translated into Latin, French, and Italian. The treatise on the Advancement of Learning appeared in 1605; The Wisdom of the Ancients in 1609 (in Latin); his great philosophical work,
he Novum Organum (in Latin), in 1620 ; and the De Augmentis Scientiarum, a much enlarged edition (in Latin) of the Advancement, in 1623. His New Atlantis was written about 1614-17; Life of Henry VII. about 1621. Various minor productions also proceeded from his pen. Numerous editions of his works have been published, by far the best being that of Messrs. Spedding, Ellis, & Heath (1858-74).
Francis Bacon was great as a moralist, a historian, a writer on politics, and a rhetorician; but it is as the father of the inductive method in science, as the powerful exponent of the principle that facts must be observed and collected before theorizing, that he occupies the grand position he holds among the world's great ones. His moral character, however, was not on a level with his intellectual, self-aggrandizement being the main aim of his life.
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Francis Baily was an English stockbroker and astronomer. He was born in 1774 at Berkshire and died in 1844. He settled in London as a stockbroker in 1802. While thus actively engaged he published Tables for the Purchasing and Renewing of Leases, the Doctrine of Interest and Annuities, the Doctrine of Life Annuities and Assurances, and an epitome of universal history. On retiring from business with an ample fortune in 1825 he turned his attention to astronomy, became one of the founders of the Astronomical Society, contributed to its Transactions, and in 1835 published a life of Flamsteed.
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Francis Maitland Balfour was a British writer on embryology. He was born in 1851 and died in 1882 during a fall on Mont Blanc. The brother of Arthur Balfour, he early distinguished himself in his special study, and in 1874, in conjunction with Dr. M. Foster, published The Elements of Embryology; but the promise of his chief work, Comparative Embryology (1880-81), was unfulfilled due to his untimely death.
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Francis Beaumont was a British dramatist. He was born in 1584 at Gracedieu in Lincolnshire and died in 1616. He studied at Oxford and entered the Inner temple in 1600. With John Fletcher he wrote ' The Knight of the Burning Pestle'.
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Francis Preston Blair was an American politician. He was born in 1791 and died in 1876. As editor of the 'Washington Globe' he wielded great influence on the Andrew)Jackson wing of the Democratic Party. After the political disintegration caused by slavery, he became one of the founders of the Republican Party, before towards the end of his life returning to the Democrats.
Francis Preston Blair was an American politician. He was born in 1821 and died in 1875. The son of Francis Blair, he was a lawyer and a member of the Missouri Legislature. He was a Republican Congressman from Missouri from 1857 until 1859 and from 1861 until 1863. He served with distinction during the American Civil War. After the war he joined the Democratic Party, and was unsuccessful in his bid to become vice-President in 1868, but became Senator for Missouri from 1871 until 1873.
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Francis Cadell was an Australian explorer. He was born in 1822 at Cockenzie in Scotland and died in 1879. He took part in the Chinese War of 1840-1841, being present at the siege of Canton and the capture of Amoy and Ningpo. In 1848 he visited Australia, where a series of expeditions culminated in the successful navigation of the Murray, Edward and Darlington rivers. He was murdered during a trading voyage to the Spice Islands by his crew.
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Francis Cherry was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Arkansas from 1953 until 1955.
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Sir Francis Chichester was an English yachtsman and airman. He was born in 1901 and died in 1972. In 1931 he made the first east-west solo flight from New Zealand to Australia across the Tasman Sea, he won the first single-handed transatlantic yacht race in 1960, and came second in the second race in 1964, and in 1966 to 1967 he sailed alone round the world in the ketch Gipsy Moth IV.
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Francis Dana was an American politician. He was born in 1743 and died in 1811. A Massachusetts delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776, he was Congressman in 1778 and secretary to the embassy of John Adams in 1779. He was Minister to Russia from 1780 until 1783. In 1785 he was made Justice of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, and was a delegate to the Annapolis Convention in 1786, and Chief Justice of Massachusetts from 1791 to 1806.
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Sir Francis Drake was an English seaman. He was born in 1545 near Tavistock and died in 1596. Apprenticed to the master of a coasting vessel, he was left the ship on the master's death. He accompanied Sir John Hawkins in 1567, and then after two voyages of reconnaissance he set out in 1572 to plunder the Spanish Main. He returned to England in 1573 with considerable booty. After serving in Ireland as a volunteer, he suggested to the queen, Elizabeth I, an expedition to the Pacific, and in December 1577 he sailed in the Pelican with four other ships and 166 men.
In August 1578 the fleet passed through the straits of Magellan in sixteen days and was then blown south to Cape Horn. The remaining ships became separated and returned to England, leaving the Pelican, now renamed the Golden Hind, alone in the Pacific. Drake sailed north along the coast of Chile and Peru, plundering Spanish ships as far as north as California, and then in July 1579 sailed south-west across the Pacific. He rounded the Cape in June 1580, and reached England in September, thus making the first voyage around the world by an Englishman. His exploits against the Spanish was a major cause of the subsequent English-Spanish Naval War.
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Francis E Spinner was an American politician. He was born in 1802 and died in 1890. He represented New York in the US Congress as an anti-slavery Democrat from 1855 to 1861. He was US Treasurer from 1861 to 1875, and remarkably ended his service without the discrepancy in his accounts of a single penny.
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Francis E McGovern was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Wisconsin from 1911 until 1915.
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Francis E Warren was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Wyoming during 1890.
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Francis Ferdinand (Franz Ferdinand) was Archduke of Austria. He was born in 1863 at Graz and died in 1914 when he was shot by Gavrilo Princip while visiting Sarajevo. Francis Ferdinand was the heir apparent to the throne of Austria, and his murder gave Austria an excuse to invade Serbia, thus starting the Great War.
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Sir Francis Galton was an English anthropologist and eugenist. He was born in 1822 and died in 1911. He made explorations in south west Africa. He established Galton's Law which deals with ancestral heredity, and also the theory of anticyclones in meteorology.
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Francis Granger was an American politician. He was born in 1792 and died in 1868. The son of Gideon Granger, a New York Assemblyman from 1826 to 1831, he was National Republican candidate for Vice-President in 1836, a US Congressman from 1835 to 1837 and from 1839 to 1843, and was Whig Postmaster-General in 1841.
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Francis H Pierpont was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Virginia from 1865 until 1868.
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Sir Francis Seymour Haden was an English surgeon and etcher. He was born in 1818 at London and died in 1910. Educated at University College, he studied surgery at the Sorbonne, Paris and at Grenoble before settling in private practice in London. While in Paris he studied art at evening classes, but did not take up etching seriously until 1858 when he made the acquaintance of Whistler, whose step-sister he had married in 1847. In 1880 he founded the Society of Painter Etchers. In 1894 he was knighted.
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Francis Bret Harte was an American novelist and poet. He was born in 1836 or 1839 and died in 1902. At the age of fifteen he went to California and spent three years as a gold-miner and schoolmaster before becoming editor of The Weekly Californian, in which he published his parodies, the 'Condensed Novels'. From 1868 until 1870 he edited 'The Overland Monthly', for which he also wrote poems and stories. From 1878 until 1885 he held consular appointments at Crefeld in Germany, and at Glasgow. From 1885 onwards he resided near London producing novels and short stories.
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Francis Hopkinson was an American jurist. He was born in 1737 and died in 1791. He was admitted to the bar in 1761. He was a New York Councilman from 1774 to 1776 and a delegate to the Continental Congress from 1776 to 1777, serving on the committee to draft articles of confederation and advocating and signing the Declaration of Independence. He was appointed head of the Navy Department in 1775. He aided the cause of American independence by witty satires and popular poems and songs. He was Judge of Admiralty for Pennsylvania from 1779 to 1789, and a US District Judge from 1790 to 1791.
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Francis I was King of France. He was born in 1494 and died in 1547. He made an unsuccessful bid for the imperial crown against his rival, the Emperor Charles V of Spain. He founded the College de France.
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Francis II was King of France. He was born in 1544 and died in 1560. He married Mary Stuart in 1558.
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Francis Joseph I was Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary. He was born in 1830 and died in 1916.
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Francis Kernan was an American politician. He was born in 1816 and died in 1892. He was a reporter of the New York Court of Appeals from 1854 to 1857. He represented New York in the US Congress as a Democrat from 1863 to 1865, and in the Senate from 1875 to 1881.
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Francis Lewis was an American politician. He was born in 1713 at England and died in 1803. He went to America from England in 1735. He was a member of the New York delegation in the first Colonial Congress at New York City in 1765. He was a member of the Continental Congress from 1776 to 1779. He signed the American Declaration of Independence and in 1779 and was a commissioner of the Board of Admiralty.
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Francis Lieber was a German writer and encyclopaedist. He was born in 1800 and died in 1872. Educated in Germany, he went to America in 1827. He published the Encyclopaedia Americana in 1832. He ardently upheld the Union during the American Civil War, and was often consulted by the executive. He wrote many important political works, among them a Manual of Political Ethics, Legal and Political Hermeneutics and Civil Liberty and Self-Government. He was professor in the South Carolina College from 1838 to 1856 and in Columbia College from 1857 to 1872.
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Francis Lightfoot Lee was an American politician. He was born in 1734 and died in 1797. A brother of R H Lee and Arthur Lee, he was a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses from 1765 to 1772. He was a delegate to the Continental Congress from 1775 to 1779. He signed the American Declaration of Independence, and aided in drafting the American Articles of Confederation.
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Francis Lovelace was an English colonial governor. He was born in 1618 and died in 1675. He became Governor of New York in 1668. He established an arbitrary rule, and so oppressed the people that New York surrendered to a Dutch fleet in 1673 without opposition. He returned to England in 1673.
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Francis M Dimond was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Rhode Island from 1853 until 1854.
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Francis M Drake was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Iowa from 1896 until 1898.
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Francis Marion was an American soldier. He was born in 1732 and died in 1795. A South Carolinian planter, of Huguenot descent. He fought in the Cherokee War and sat in the Provincial Congress. Enlisting at the opening of the American Revolution he was present at the British repulse off Charleston in 1776, and took part in the unfortunate Savannah expedition of 1779. His noted period is the last three years of the American War of Independence. He organized in 1780 a celebrated partisan corps, known as Marion's brigade, famous for the activity of its movements, telling blows and simplicity of fare. Francis Marion, surnamed the Swamp-Fox, operated in the neighborhood of the Pedee River and other parts of the Carolinas. He was engaged in the capture of Fort Watson, took Georgetown, commanded the right at the Battle of Eutaw Springs, and continued his harassing of the British through 1782. He was subsequently a State Senator.
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Francis William Newman was an English scholar and man of letters. He was born in 1805 at London and died in 1897. Through conscientious scruples, he resigned his fellowship at Balliol, Oxford in 1830, and joined a Baptist mission at Baghdad. In 1833 he returned to England, and undertook educational work, first at Bristol in 1834, then at Manchester New College in 1840; from 1846 to 1869 he was professor of Latin at University College, London. He wrote anonymously in 1847, 'a History of the Hebrew Monarchy'; in 1849 'The Soul, her Sorrows and Aspirations'; and in 1850 his best known work, 'Phases of Faith, or Passages from the History of my Creed'. Francis was a theist, in sympathy with almost every movement of free thought, and as versatile as he was eccentric. He was one of the many translators of Homer.
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Francis P Fleming was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Florida from 1889 until 1893.
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Francis P Murphy was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Hampshire from 1937 until 1941.
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Sir Francis Palgrave was an English historian. He was born in 1788 and died in 1861. He wrote ' History of England'. Francis Turner Palgrave was the son of Sir Francis Palgrave. He was an English critic and poet. He was professor of poetry at Oxford from 1886 to 1895. He was born in 1824 and died in 1897.
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Francis Parkman was an American historian. He was born in 1823 and died in 1893. He attained high rank as a historian and writer by a series of works relating to the rise and fall of the French dominion in America. During his later years he was regarded as the foremost of American historians. In the preparation of his series he frequently visited Europe to consult the French archives. It is a work of great candor and fairness, and is notable for its brilliant and graphic style and evidences of careful research. It includes The Conspiracy of Pontiac, Pioneers of France in the New World, The Discovery of the Great West, The Jesuits in North America, The Old Regime in Canada, Count Frontenac and New France under Louis XIV, A Half-Century of Conflict, and Montcalm and Wolfe.
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Francis D Pastorius was a German colonist and abolitionist. He was born in 1651 and died in 1719. He went to America from Germany in 1683 and founded a colony of Germans and Dutch at Germantown, Pennsylvania. He signed, the first protest made in America against slavery in 1688.
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Francis Poulenc was a French composer. He was born in 1899 and died in 1963. He composed Dialogues des Carmelites.
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Francis R Lubbock was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Texas from 1861 until 1863.
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Francis R Shunk was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Pennsylvania from 1845 until 1848.
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Francis Rous was an English Puritan. He was born in 1579 at Dittisham and died in 1659. He sat in the Long Parliament and others as a Puritan member and was one of the Westminster Assembly of Divines.
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Francis Scott Key was an American composer. He was born in 1780 and died in 1843. He wrote The Star-Spangled Banner after watching the bombarding of Fort McHenry by the British in 1814.
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Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald was an American novelist. He was born in 1896 and died in 1940. He wrote The Great Gatsby.
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Francis Edward Smedley was an English novelist. He was born in 1818 at Great Marlow, Buckinghamshire and died in 1864. Educated privately, his novels include 'Frank Fairlegh' published in 1850, which is regarded as his best book, notable for its telling pictures of education under a private tutor. Francis Smedley also edited Sharpe's Magazine for a while and the short-lived 'George Cruikshank's Magazine'.
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Francis Smith was a British soldier. He was born in 1720 and died in 1791. A colonel in the army, he went to America and commanded the troops sent to Concord in 1775. He fought at Lexington and Concord, and commanded a brigade at Long Island, and at Quaker Hill in 1778.
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Francis Richard Stockton was an American writer. He was born in 1834 at Philadelphia and died in 1902. At first a wood engraver, he abandoned design to join the staff of the New York Hearth and Home in 1872, and from 1873 until 1880 was assistant editor of the children's magazine 'St Nicholas', for which he also wrote numerous children's stories. He also wrote humorous adult fiction.
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Francis T Nicholls was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Louisiana from 1888 until 1892.
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Francis Thomas was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Maryland from 1842 until 1845.
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Francis Thompson was an English poet. He was born in 1859 at Preston and died in 1907. Educated at Ushaw College with a view to entering the priesthood, he abandoned the notion and diverted his studies to medicine at Owens College, Manchester. Failing to qualify as a doctor he settled in London, an opium addict. He was taken under the wing of Wilfred Meynell, editor of 'Merrie England' who published two of his poems and set about rehabilitating Thompson.
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Francis W Pickens was an American politician. He was born in 1805 and died in 1869. He represented South Carolina in the US Congress as a Nullifier from 1834 to 1843. He was Governor of South Carolina from 1860 to 1862. He demanded the surrender of Fort Sumter and gave the order to fire upon the 'Star of the West'.
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Francis W Sargent was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Massachusetts from 1969 until 1975.
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Francis Amasa Walker was an American soldier and economist. He was born in 1840 and died in 1897. He was adjutant-general of the Second Army Corps during the American Civil War. He was commissioner of Indian affairs from 1871 to 1873. He was professor of history and political economy at the Yale Scientific School from 1873 to 1881, when he became president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He compiled the ninth and tenth censuses, and published 'Money, Trade and Industry', several works on political economy and a history of the Second Army Corps.
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Sir Francis Walsingham was an English statesman of the Puritan party. He was born in 1530 and died in 1590. He was ambassador to France in 1570 and appointed one of Elizabeth's secretaries of state in 1573. He was the chief agent in the execution of Mary Queen of Scots.
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Francis Wayland was an American theologian and author. He was born in 1796 and died in 1865. He was pastor of the First Baptist Church, Boston, from 1831 to 1836. He was president of Brown University from 1837 to 1855. He was celebrated as an instructor, preacher and author. He possessed a strong personality which was stimulating to his pupils. He wrote 'Elements of Moral Science', 'elements of Political Economy', 'The Limitations of Human Responsibility', and 'Slavery and Religion'.
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Sir Francis Wyatt was an English colonial governor. He was born in 1575 and died in 1644. He was appointed Governor of Virginia in 1621. He brought from England a constitution upon which subsequent forms of government in the colonies were modeled. Trial by jury, an annual assembly convoked by the Governor, an executive veto power, and the concurrence of the Virginia Company and the Colonial Assembly in all acts, were features. He governed from 1621 to 1626 and from 1639 to 1642.
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Francisco D'Almeida was the first Portuguese viceroy of India. He was born in abouth the middle of the 15th century and died in 1510. He was the son of the Conde de Abrantes. He fought with renown against the Moors, and being appointed governor of the new Portuguese settlements on the African and Indian coasts, he sailed for India in 1505, accompanied by his son Lorenzo and other eminent men. In Africa he took possession of Quiloa and Mombas, and in the East he conquered Gananor, Gochin, Galicut, etc, and established forts and factories. His son Lorenzo discovered the Maldives and Madagascar, but perished in an attack made on him by a fleet sent by the Sultan of Egypt, with the aid of the Porte and the Republic of Venice. Having signally defeated the Mussulmans in 1508, and avenged his son, and being superseded by Albuquerque, he sailed for Portugal, but was killed in a skirmish on the African coast in 1510.
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Francisco de Orellana was a Spanish soldier. He discovered the Amazon river, which was so named because he claimed that while travelling down the river he was attacked by a tribe of female warriors.
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Francisco Indalecio Madero was a Mexican statesman. He was born in 1873 and died in 1913. He led the revolutionary movement that overthrew Porfirio Diaz in 1911, and he became president of the Republic. In 1913 he and his vice-president were assassinated by followers of Victoriano Huerta.
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Francisco Suarez was a Spanish theologian and philosopher. He was born in 1548 at Granada and died in 1617. Educated at Salamanca, while there he entered the Society of Jesus. He became professor of theology at Segovia, Rome, Alcala, and Coimbra. In 1613 he wrote a defence of the Catholic Faith which is infuriated James I that he had it publicly burnt.
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Francisco Vasquez de Coronado was a Spanish explorer. He was born in 1510 and died in 1542. He was sent out expeditions in 1539 and 1540, which explored the regions of the Gila, the Little Colorado and the Rio Grande.
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