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G Mennen Williams was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Michigan from 1949 until 1960.
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The Ga are a Negroid people of west Africa living chiefly in southern Ghana.
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The Gabar (Gheber) were the original inhabitants of Iran. They practised Zoroastrianism, and after the invasion of their country by Arabs the Gabar were cast out. Today the Gabar (Gheber) are an Iranian religious sect practising a modern version of Zoroastrianism.
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Gabby Logan is an English television presenter. She was named Sports Presenter of the Year 2001 by the British Television and Radio Industries Club.
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Gabriel Duval was an American politician. He was born in 1752 and died in 1844. He represented Maryland in the US Congress as a Democrat from 1794 to 1796. He was a Justice of the US Supreme Court from 1811 to 1836.
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Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit was a German scientist. He was born in 1686 and died in 1736. He moved to Amsterdam, and there invented the thermometer. He invented the Fahrenheit scale of temperature, with zero based upon the lowest point the mercury in his thermometer dropped to in the winter of 1709.
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Gabriel Urbain Faure was a French composer. He was born in 1845 at Parniers and died in 1924.
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Gabriel Holmes was an American politician. He was a governor of North Carolina from 1821 until 1824.
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Gabriel Montgomery (Comte de Montgomery) was a French knight of Scottish origin. He was born in 1530 and died in 1574. He accidentally killed Henry II of France in a tournament, and fled to England where he became a protestant. On the outbreak of the Huguenot wars he returned to France became one of the Protestant leaders. He was executed in Paris following his surrender at Domfont in Normandy.
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Gabriel Moore was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Alabama from 1829 until 1831.
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Gabriel Slaughter was an American politician. He was a Democratic-Republican governor of Kentucky from 1819 until 1820.
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Gabriele Rossetti was an Italian poet and patriot. He was born in 1783 at Vasto and died in 1854. He was forced to leave Italy and in 1824 he came to London, where he was appointed to the Italian professorship at King's College.
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Gabrielle d'Estrees was a mistress of Henry IV of France. She was born in 1573 and died in 1599. She was famous for both her beauty and her scandalous lifestyle. She was married to Nicolas d'Amerval but left him in 1592 to become Henry's mistress. It was said that it was only her death that prevented Henry from marrying her and raising her to the throne.
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Gabriello Fallopius was an Italian anatomist. He was born in 1523 at Modena and died in 1562. He discovered the ovarian tubes in the human female, named the vagina and placenta and investigated muscles in the head.
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Gael (Gadhel) is the name of the Celts inhabiting Scotland, Ireland and the Isle Of Man.
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Gael Albinnich are the Gael people of the Scottish Highlands.
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Gael Erinnich is the division of the Gael people living in Ireland.
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Gaetan Pugnani was an Italian violen player. He was born in 1727 at Turin and died in 1803. He founded the Italian school of violinists.
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Gaetano Casati was an Italian explorer. He was born in 1838 at Lesmo and died in 1902. At the request of the Commercial Geographical Society of Milan he undertook a journey to the Sudan, during which he explored the region of the river Welle-Makua and in 1881 met the German traveller Junker. In 1883 he arrived at Lado, where he joined Emin Pasha. In 1888 he had a narrow escape, being condemned to death by Kabba Rega, king of Unyoro, to whom he was sent on a mission by Emin Pasha. In 1889 he returned to Italy.
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Gaetano Donizetti was an Italian operatic composer. He was born in 1797 and died in 1848. He studied music in the Naples Conservatoire and later joined the Army. While a soldier he wrote his first opera, Enrico di Borgogna, in 1819.
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Gaius Valerius Catullus was a Roman lyric poet. He was born at Verona in 84 BC and died in 54 BC.
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Gaius Trebonius was a Roman soldier and tribune. Caesar made him a lieutenant in Gaul. As tribune of the people, in 55 BC he introduced a bill to prolong Caesar's command in Gaul and the administration of the provinces allotted to caesar, Pompey and Crassus. Despite receibing favours from caesar and being made consul in 45 BC he was one of the conspirators against Caesar, and after his death went to Asia where in 43 BC he was ambushed at Smyrna by Dolabella and killed.
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Galeazzo Alessi was a distinguished Italian architect. He was born in 1512 at Perugia and died in 1572. Many palaces, villas, and churches were erected after his designs.
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Galgacus was a chieftain of the Caledonian tribes, who in 84 AD resisted Agricola's invasion of Scotland, but was defeated in a great battle near the Grampian mountains.
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The Galibi are an American Indian people of French Guiana.
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Galileo Galilee was an Italian scientist. He was born in 1564 at Pisa and died in 1642. The son of a Florentine nobleman, his father intended him to go into medicine. Galileo entered Pisa University in 1581 but switched to mathematics, becoming professor of mathematics at the age of twenty-five and from 1589 until 1591 working on dynamics. In 1592 he went to Padua as professor of mathematics and made a series of scientific discoveries. Among other discoveries he made, Galileo discovered the ring of Saturn, Jupiter's four major satellites and the sun's spots.
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The Gallas are a Hamitic people of East Africa, mainly Kenya and Ethiopia. They are tall, with dark brown skin, wiry bodies. Their nose is often straight or arched and they have moderate lips.
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In Assam, Gam is the title of a village headman.
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Gamal Abdel Nasser was Prime Minister of Egypt from 1954 until 1956. He was born in 1918 and died in 1970. He was one of the leaders of the coup that deposed King Farouk in 1952 and became premier in 1954. His nationalization of the Suez Canal in 1956 led to an international crisis, and during his presidency Egypt was twice defeated by Israel.
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Mahatma Gandhi was an Indian national leader. He was born in 1869 and died in 1948. He sought Indian independence through non-violent civil disobedience which earned him great respect.
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The Garo are a tribe of Mongoloid peoples inhabiting the Garo Hills of Assam, India and Bangladesh.
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Garret D Wall was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of New Jersey during 1829.
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Garrey Carruthers was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Mexico from 1987 until 1991.
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Gary Player is a South African golfer. He was born in 1935. He was Open champion in 1959 and 1968 and US Open Champion in 1961.
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Sir Garfield St Auburn Sobers (popularly known as Gary Sobers) is a West Indian cricketer. He was born in 1936 at Bridgetown, Barbados. He played for Nottinghamshire - captaining them from 1968 to 1974, South Australia and the West Indies, captaining the West Indies from 1965 to 1974. He retired from cricket in 1975 and was knighted the same year. An outstanding left-handed batsman in 1958 at the Test match against Pakistan he set the world record for the highest Test innings score, scoring 365 not out, a record which stood until Brian Lara made 375 against England in 1994. He was the first player to score the maximum 36, from six sixes in one over, which he achieved in county cricket against Glamorgan at Swansea in 1968.
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Gaspar Cortereal was a Portuguese explorer. He was born in Lisbon and died in 1501. He received a license from the King of Portugal to make a voyage of discovery in 1500. He is reported to have visited a country far to the North, which was probably Greenland. He made a second voyage with three ships in 1501, during which he sailed for six or seven hundred miles along the coast of America before disappearing.
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Gaspardo Landi was an Italian painter. He was born in 1756 at Piacenza and died in 1830. He studied in Rome under Corvi and Batoni, and was elected to the Academy of St Luke, of which he was president from 1817 to 1830.
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Gaparo Baibi was a Venetian dealer in precious stones. He was born about the middle of the sixteenth century. He travelled first to Aleppo and thence down the Euphrates and Tigris to the Malabar coast, sailing finally for Pegu, where he remained for two years. His Viaggio all' Indie Orientale, published on his return to Venice in 1590, contains the earliest account of India beyond the Ganges.
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Gaston Bachelard was a French philosopher and scientist. He was born in 1884 and died in 1962. He argued for a creative interplay between reason and experience. He attacked both Cartesian and positivist positions, insisting that science was derived neither from first principles nor directly from experience.
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A gatherer is a person who blows glass. A gatherer was formerly a title for a bookbinder.
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The Gauchos are a native people of the Pampas of the La Plata countries in South America. They are descended from the Spanish invaders and are noted for their strong will, independence, horsemanship and skill with a lasso.
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Gaudenzio Ferrari was an Italian painter. He was born in 1480 at Piedmont and died in 1546. He became famous during his lifetime, and painted numerous frescoes for the churches of the Duchy of Milan, as well as the altar-piece in the Church of San Gaudenzio at Novara.
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Gavin Douglas was a Scottish poet and Bishop of Dunkeld. He was born in 1474 and died in 1522. He translated the Aeneid into English, the first time a classical poem had been translated into English.
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Gavrilo Princip was a Serbian nationalist. He was born in 1895 at Bosnia and died in 1918. A member of the Serbian secret organisation the 'Black Hand' he was dedicated to independence for the South Slav people from the Austro-Hungarian empire, and to this end on the 28th of June 1914 he assassinated Franz Ferdinand, the Archduke of Austria, and his wife Sophie while they were visiting Sarajevo.
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Gaylord A Nelson was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Wisconsin from 1959 until 1963.
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A geisha is a Japanese female professional entertainer. They undergo a long training in singing, conversation and etiquette and often contract with tea- houses. It is an honourable profession, often combined with prostitution.
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Gelimer was king of the Vandals from 530 to 534. He was a great-grandson of Genseric, and usurped the throne of his cousin Hilderic in 530, but was defeated by Belisarius at Carthage in 533, and at Bulla in Numidia, where he was taken prisoner, and the Vandal kingdom in Africa overthrown.
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Gene Pitney was an American singer and songwriter. He was born in 1941 at Hartford, Connecticut and died in 2006. Although best known for his song '24 Hours From Tulas' - which he performed, but didn't write - he wrote the hits 'Rubber Ball' which was a hit for Bobby Vee and 'Hello Mary Lou' which was a success for Ricky Nelson.
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Gene Tunney was an American boxer. He was born in 1900 and out fought Jack Dempsey for the World Heavyweight Championship in 1926 and again in 1927. He retired from boxing in 1928 and married Josephine Lauder, an American heiress.
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A genealogist is someone who traces the descent of persons or families.
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General Charles George Gordon was an English military leader. He was born in 1833 at Woolwich and died in 1885 following his capture during the siege of Khartoum.
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General Francisco Franco was the dictator of Spain. He was born in 1892. He rose to power during the Spanish Civil War.
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General George Marshall was an American General and statesman. He was born in 1880 and died in 1959. He was chief of staff during the Second World War.
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Genghis Khan was a Mongolian chieftain and warrior. He was born in 1162 and died in 1227. He conquered most of China, Turkistan and Afghanistan.
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Genseric was a Vandal king. He was invited to Africa in 429 by the Roman governor, Bonifactus. Genseric declared his independence, overthrew Bonifactus and in 455 took Rome.
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Geoffrey Chaucer was an English poet. He was born in 1340 and died in 1400. His works include the Canterbury Tales.
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Geoffrey of Monmouth was a British historian. He was born in 1100 and died in 1154. He wrote 'Historia Regum Britanniae'.
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Georg Agricola was a German physician and mineralogist. He was born in 1490 at Saxony and died in 1555, Though tinged with the superstitions of his age, he made the first successful attempt to reduce mineralogy to a science, and introduced many improvements in the art of mining.
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Georg Anton Feiedeich Ast was a German scholar and philosopher. He was born in 1776 and died in 1841. He wrote on aesthetics and the history of philosophy, but is best known as an editor of Plato, whose works he published with a Latin translation and commentary.
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Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel was a German philosopher. He was born in 1770 at Stuttgart and died in 1831. He is renowned for creating a fundamentally influential system of thought - The Hegelian dialectic.
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Georg Jenatsch was a patriot leader in the Thirty Years War. He was born in 1596 and died in 1639. He drove the Austrians out of the Grisons with French aid, and then expelled the French. He then became governor of Valtelline, but was assassinated at Coire during a banquet.
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Georg Ohm was a German physicist born in 1787, died 1854, who discovered Ohm's Law.
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Georg Ernst Stahl was a German chemist. He was born in 1660 at Ansbach and died in 1734. Appointed chair of medicine and chemistry at Halle University in 1694, he became one of the foremost chemists of his generation and wrote many books on chemistry, in which he showed the fallacy of many scientific ideas of his time. He was one of the exponents of the phlogiston theory.
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Georg Stjernhielm was a Swedish poet, etymologist, mathematician and philosopher. He was born in 1598 and died in 1672. Educated at Greifswald he travelled through Europe before becoming a teacher at Stockholm.
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George A Carlson was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Colorado from 1915 until 1917.
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George A Ramsdell was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Hampshire from 1897 until 1899.
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George A Sinner was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of New Dakota from 1985 until 1992.
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George A Wilson was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Iowa from 1939 until 1943.
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Sir George Abbiss was an English policeman. He was born in 1884 at Hitchin and died in 1966. He was the second officer to rise through the ranks to become Assistant Commissioner of Scotland Yard. Originally a gardener, he joined the Metropolitan police in 1905 and was an ordinary constable, later a Sergeant and Station Sergeant before being promoted to Inspector in 1919. In 1920 he was awarded the MBE and in 1932 the OBE in 1933 being appointed Assistant Commissioner before retiring in 1946.
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George Abbot was an English archbishop. He was born in 1562 at Guildford, Surrey and died in 1633. Educated at Balliol College, Oxford, he became Master of University College and Vice-Chancellor. In 1599 he was made Dean of Winchester and was entrusted with the translation of the Gospels. In 1611 he was promoted to the Primacy under the patronage of the King, James I. After retiring to Guildford in 1619, in 1621 he accidentally killed Peter Hawkins, a gamekeeper while shooting deer in Lord Zouch's Bramshill Park, Hampshire. He founded a hospital in Guildford.
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Sir George Biddell Airy was a British astronomer. He was born in 1801 at Alnwick, Northumberland and died in 1892. Educated at Hereford, Colchester, and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was senior wrangler in 1823. At Cambridge he was Lucasian professor of mathematics, and subsequently Plumian professor of astronomy and experimental philosophy, in the latter capacity having charge of the observatory. In 1835 he was appointed astronomer-royal, and as such his superintendence of the observatory at Greenwich was able and successful. He resigned this post with a pension in 1881. He wrote largely and made numerous valuable investigations on subjects connected with astronomy, physics, and mathematics. Among separate works published by him may be mentioned Popular Astronomy, On Sound and Atmospheric Vibrations, A Treatise on Magnetism, On the Vndulatory Theory of Optics, On Gravitation.
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George Anson was a British admiral. He was born in 1697 at Shugborough, Staffordshire and died in 1762. He entered the navy in 1712, became a captain in 1724 and in 1739 upon the outbreak of war with Spain was appointed to the command of a squadron of six ships detailed for operations in the Pacific Ocean. The expedition set off in 1740, but was ill-equipped and ill-manned and all but the flag ship, the Centurion, were lost or abandoned off Cape Horn, the Centurion alone returning by the Cape of Good Hope and arriving back in Portsmouth in 1744 with 500,000 pounds of Spanish treasure, thus circumnavigating the globe. Anson was created a rear-admiral in 1744 for his success against Spanish ships and in 1747 he defeated the French fleet off Cape Finisterre, in recognition of which he was made Baron Anson of Soberton. From 1751 until 1756 he was first lord of the Admiralty and again from 1757 until his death in 1762.
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George Attwood F.R.S. was an English mathematician. He was born in 1745 and died in 1807. He is best known by his invention, called after him Attwood's Machine, for verifying the laws of falling bodies. It consists essentially of a freely moving pulley over which runs a fine cord with two equal weights suspended from the ends. A small additional weight is laid upon one of them, causing it to descend with uniform acceleration. Means are provided by which the added weight can be removed at any point of the descent, thus allowing the motion to continue from this point onward with uniform velocity.
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George B Crittenden was an American soldier. He was born in 1812 and died in 1880. A son of John J Crittenden, he was a major and a lieutenant-colonel in the Texan Revolution, joined the Confederates as a brigadier-general, and as a major-general was defeated in a rash attack upon general Thomas at Fishing Creek.
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George Brinton McClellan was an American soldier, writer and politician. He was born in 1826 at Philadelphia and died in 1885. Educated at the University of Pennsylvania and at West Point, after graduating from West Point in 1846 he took a commission in the Engineers and served as a lieutenant under Scott in the Mexican War, and was promoted to captain for his services. After the war he worked as an instructor at West Point, leaving in 1855 and went to Europe to study military affairs, and to follow the course of the Crimean War, and he published as a result, The Armies of Europe.
For a few years he was engineer for the Illinois Central Railroad, and a railroad president. At the outbreak of the American Civil War he was appoinred major-general and entrusted with command in West Virginia and he broke up Garnett's army, and was summoned to Washington after the Bull Run catastrophe. In August, 1861, he became commander of the Army of the Potomac, and in November he succeeded General Scott as commander-in-chief. McClellan's services in organizing the army were invaluable. Excess of caution and friction between the Washington authorities and himself led to disappointments in his achievements against the enemy. He commanded through the Peninsula campaign, executing his famous 'change of base', was relieved of the command, reappointed on September the 7th, 1862, after Pope's disasters, and commanded in the Antietam campaign. On November the 7th he was removed and placed on waiting orders. He resigned from the army in 1864, and was the same year the Democratic candidate for President, receiving twenty-one electoral votes. He was Governor of New Jersey from 1878 to 1881. 'Little Mac' was phenomenally popular with the soldiers of the Army of the Potomac in spite of outside criticism.
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George B Timmerman, Jr was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of South Carolina from 1955 until 1959.
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Sir George Back was an English Arctic explorer. He was born in 1796 and died in 1878. He accompanied Franklin and Richardson in their northern expeditions, and in 1833-34 headed an expedition to the Arctic Ocean through the Hudson Bay Company's territory, on which occasion he wintered at the Great Slave Lake, and discovered the Back or Great Fish River.
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George Bancroft was an American historian. He was born in 1800 at Worcester, Massachusetts and died in 1891. Educated at Harvard he studied in Germany before returning to the USA and becoming a Democrat politician. In 1823 he published a translation of Heeren's Politics of Ancient Greece, and a small volume of poems, and was also meditating and collecting materials for a history of the United States. In 1834 he published his first volume of a history of the United States. In 1845 he was appointed secretary of the navy, and effected many reforms and improvements in that department. He was American ambassador to Britain from 1846 to 1849, when the University of Oxford conferred on him the honorary degree of D.C.L. He took the opportunity while in Europe to perfect his collections on American history. He returned to New York in 1849, and began to prepare for the press the fourth and fifth volumes of his history, which appeared in 1852. The sixth appeared in 1854, the seventh in 1858, the eighth soon after, but the ninth did not appear until 1866. From 1867 to 1874 he was minister plenipotentiary at the court of Berlin. The tenth and last volume of his great work appeared in 1874. An additional section appeared first as a separate work in 1882: History of the Formation of the Constitution of the United States, and the whole came out in six volumes in 1884-5. He also published many essays in the North American Review and other periodicals, a selection from which was published in 1855 under the title of Miscellanies.
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George Barrington was an Irish pick-pocket and author. He was deported to Botany Bay. He was born in 1755 and died in 1840. He wrote the line 'we left our country for our country's good'.
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George Bernard Shaw was an Irish writer. He was born in 1856 in Dublin and died in 1950.
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George Birkbeck founded the mechanics' institutes. He was born in 1776 at Settle in Yorkshire and died in 1841 at London. He studied medicine at Edinburgh and was appointed to the chair of natural and experimental philosophy in the Andersonian Institute at Glasgow in 1799 where he successfully established a class for mechanics. In 1806 he settled as a physician in London and founded the London Mechanics' Institute in 1822, now known as the Birkbeck College.
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George Black was a British entertainment producer and manager. He was born in 1890 at Birmingham and died in 1945. He initiated the famous annual 'Crazy Gang' comedy revues.
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George Blake (born George Behar) was a Dutch-born British KGB spy. He was born in 1922 at Rotterdam. After serving with the Dutch resistance he joined the British Royal Navy and in 1944 joined the SIS. In 1949 he was posted to South Korea and upon the outbreak of the Korean War was interned by the invading North Korean forces. In 1951 he defected to the Russians, and volunteered to work as a Soviet Spy, being assigned the KGB codename Diomid. Information supplied by Blake to the Soviets enabled them to eliminate the entire Western intelligence force in East Germany between 1953 and 1955. Blake also informed the Russians about the American CIA intercept tunnel built from West to East Germany, and designed to intercept Soviet communications - a tunnel which the CIA believed to be a success until the truth was revealed following the dissolution of the Soviet Union some forty years later. Blake was identified following information provided by the Polish defector Michal Goleniewski in 1961. Sentenced to forty-two years in jail, Blake escaped from Wormwood Scrubs prison after serving five years and travelled to East Berlin and from there to Moscow.
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George Boker was an American author. He was born in 1823 at Philadelphia and died in 1890. he wrote several successful plays and many patriotic songs and poems. He was US Minister to Turkey from 1871 until 1875 and to Russia from 1875 until 1879.
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George Borrow was an English writer. He was born in 1803 at Dumpling Green, Norfolk and died in 1881. He wrote the Dictionary of the Gypsy Language in 1874.
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George Henry Boughton was an English artist. He was born in 1833 and died in 1905. His works are mainly subject pictures, and those dealing with life in Holland, New England and Brittany.
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George Ernest Jean Marie Boulanger was a French general and agitator. He was born in 1837 at Rennes and died in 1891. He saw service in Algeria, Italy and Cochin-China and was at Metz with Francois Bazaine in 1870 but escaped capture by the Germans and took part in the defence of Paris. He was appointed brigadier-general in 1880 and commanded the army of occupation in Tunis in 1884 to 1885. In January 1886 he was appointed minister of war in the Freycinet cabinet. In May 1887 he was removed from his post as war minister and shortly afterwards was arrested for attacking his successor, and in March 1888 was deprived of his command and placed on the retired list. In July 1888 he fought a duel with the prime minister, Floquet, whom he had insulted. He was popular with the people and was re-elected, but was disliked by the royalists who declared his election void. He committed suicide on September 30th 1891 in a cemetery near Brussels.
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George Brown was a Canadian journalist and politician. He was born in 1818 at Edinburgh, Scotland and died in 1880 when he was shot by a sacked employee. He founded the Globe newspaper.
George Douglas Brown was a Scottish author. He was born in 1869 at Ochiltree and died in 1902. After graduating at Oxford in 1895 he went to London and entered a literary and journalistic career working as literary advisor to the publisher Macqueen. In 1901 his novel 'The House With The Green Shutters' was published under the pen-name 'George Douglas'.
Sir George Brown was a distinguished British general. He was born in 1790 near Elgin and died in 1865. He served in the Peninsular War and in the American campaign of 1814. He was knighted in 1855.
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George Bryan Brummell (Beau Brummell) was an English playboy and expert on etiquette and fashion. He was born in 1778 at London and died in 1840. The death of his father in 1794 brought him a fortune which he squandered on sumptuous living over a twenty-one year period until poverty stricken he fled to Calais to avoid his creditors.
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George Bryan was an American politician. He was a governor of Pennsylvania during 1778.
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George Byng (Viscount Torrington) was an English sailor. He was born in 1663 and died in 1733. He entered the navy in 1678 and saw considerable service before in 1684 he sailed to the East Indies where he distinguished himself in several actions against pirates. In 1688, as an agent of the Prince of Orange, he persuaded many of the senior captains of the fleet to the prince's cause.
He was made rear-admiral and in 1703commanded the naval operations at the capture of Gibraltar and took part in the Battle of Malaga in 1704. In 1708 he dispersed the Old Pretender's attempt to invade England. he was sent to the Mediterranean to prevent a Spanish invasion of Italy, and totally destroyed the Spanish fleet off Cape Passaro on July the 30th 1718. returning to England in 1720 he became Viscount Torrington and was made first lord of the admiralty in 1727.
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George C Ludlow was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of New Jersey from 1881 until 1884.
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George C Pardee was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of California from 1903 until 1907.
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George C Peery was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Virginia from 1934 until 1938.
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George C Perkins was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of California from 1880 until 1883.
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George C Wallace was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Alabama from 1963 until 1967.
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George Cabot was an American sailor and statesman. He was born in 1751 and died in 1823. He entered Harvard, but left to go to sea, becoming a master mariner while still very young. In 1776 he was chosen to the Massachusetts Provincial Congress and in 1788 was a member of the State convention that adopted the federal Constitution. He was a US Senator from Massachusetts from 1791 until 1796, and was President Adams' first choice for Secretary of the Navy when that department was organised in 1798. In 1814 he was chosen president of the Hartford Convention.
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George Cadbury was an English businessman, social reformer and philanthropist. He was born in 1839 and died in 1922. Together with his brother Michael Cadbury he established the model village of Bournville, near Birmingham, for the Cadbury work force.
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George Calvert (first Baron Baltimore, Lord Baltimore) was an English statesman and the founder of the colony of Maryland. He was born in 1580 at Kipling, Yorkshire and died in 1632. He entered parliament in 1609 and was secretary of state from 1619 until 1625 when he resigned on becoming a Roman Catholic and was raised to the peerage as the first Baron Baltimore, Baltimore being a fishing village in Cork, Ireland.
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George Canning was an English orator and statesman. He was born in 1770 at London and died in 1827. He was educated at Eton and Oxford and entered parliament under Pitt in 1793 and in 1796 became Under-Secretary of State. In 1798 he supported Wilberforce's motion for the abolition of the Slave Trade and in 1807 was appointed Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in the Portland administration. During the controversies with America concerning the Chesapeake affair and the difficulties which led to the War of 1812. He approved the British orders in council in 1807, which destroyed American neutral commerce. He supported the War of 1812. While Secretary of Foreign Affairs from 1822 to 1827, he assented to the policy expressed in the James Monroe doctrine.
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George Catlin was an American writer. He was born in 1796 at Pennsylvania and died in 1872. He studied law, and later became interested in the American Indians who he spent a long time living amongst and writing about their customs and ways, and painted 470 full-length portraits of native American Indians.
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George Chapman was a British poet, dramatist and translator. He was born in 1559 and died in 1634. He translated Homer's 'Iliad' and 'Odyssey'.
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George William Childs was an American publisher. He was born in 1829 at Philadelphia and died in 1894. In 1864 he became proprietor of the 'Public Ledger' the wealth derived from which he liberally used for public purposes.
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George Clinton was an American politician and soldier. He was born in 1739 at Little Britain, New York and died in 1812. He was a soldier in the French and Indian War and a member of the New York Assembly; in the first part of the Revolution he was for a short time member of the Continental Congress, and then served in the field. As a brigadier-general he defended unsuccessfully the Highland forts against the British in 1777. For the long period of 1777 until 1795 he was Governor of the State of New York, and threw his great influence against the ratification of the Federal Constitution. Thereafter he was an Anti-Federalist and Republican leader. He received a few votes for Vice-president in 1789, fifty votes for Vice-president in 1792 and several in 1796. He was again Governor in 1801 until 1804, and was elected Vice-president in 1804, serving as such, under Jefferson and Madison, until his death. In 1811 he gave the casting vote against the US Bank.
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George Vlymer was an American statesman. He was born in 1739 at Pennsylvania and died in 1813. He was a signer of the American Declaration of Independence, but he was not present at its adoption. In 1775 he became continental treasurer, and was a member of Congress in 1776, 1777 and 1780. In 1778 he, with John Nixon, organized the Bank of North America. He was a member of the convention that framed the Federal Constitution, and elected to the first Congress held under its provisions.
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Sir George Cockburn was a British admiral He was born in 1772 and died in 1853. As captain of the Minerva he assisted Nelson at the blockade of Leghorn in 1796 and shared in the capture of Martinique in 1809. He took part in the War of 1812, in 1813 expeditions from his squadron ravaged the coasts of the United States from Delaware to Georgia. In 1814 under Admiral Alexander Cochrane and in conjunction with General Ross he captured Washington, burning the Capitol and other public buildings, and unsuccessfully attempted to take Baltimore. He conveyed Napoleon to St Helena in 1815.
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Sir George Collier was a British vice-admiral. He was born in 1738 at London and died in 1795. As captain of the Rainbow he captured the American frigate Hancock in 1777 off the coast of North America. Being appointed commodore and commander-in-chief he carried out the relief of Penobscot in 1779 and destroyed the enemy's squadron there. In 1781 he captured the Spanish frigate Leocadia. He became rear-admiral in 1793 and vice- admiral in 1794.
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George Gordon Coulton was an English scholar and historian. He was born in 1858 and died in 1947. He wrote the book five centuries of religion.
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Sir George William Cox was an English mythologist. He was born in 1827 at Benares and died in 1902. He was appointed vicar of Scrayingham in 1881 and remained until 1897. He was a literary adviser to Longmans and company from 1861 to 1885 and published Mythology of the Aryan Nations in 1870 and other works.
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George Crabbe was an English poet. He was born in 1754 and died in 1832. He was the self-educated son of a salt-master of Aldeburgh, Suffolk. After studying surgery for a time in London he became assistant to an Aldeburgh surgeon, but went to London to try literature. He was rescued from poverty by Edmund Burke who took him to his house and found a publisher (Dodsley) for his poem The Library.
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George Croghan was an American soldier. He was born in 1791 and died in 1849. Serving as aide, colonel and lieutenant-colonel in the War of 1812 he distinguished himself at Fort Meigs and at Port Stephenson. In 1835 he was made inspector-general of the US army.
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George Croly was a British author. He was born in 1780 and died in 1860. or twenty-five years he lived in London devoting himself to literature until in 1835 he became rector of Saint Stephen's at Walbrook where he gained a reputation for his eloquence.
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George Crook was an American soldier. He was born in 1828 and died in 1890. He commanded the Pitt River expedition in 1857, and during service in the American Civil War was brevetted lieutenant-colonel and commanded the second cavalry division at Chickamauga. He had charge of the cavalry of the Army of the Potomac from March 36, 1865, until the surrender at Appomattox, and from 1866 on was chiefly occupied in quelling Indian disturbances. In 1888 he was appointed a major-general of the US army.
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George Cruikshank was an English artist. He was born in 1792 at London and died in 1878. He is remembered for his caricatures and book illustrations.
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George Cullum was an American soldier. He was born in 1809. He was a graduate, instructor and, from 1864 until 1866 superintendent of the US Military Academy. From 1838 until 1874 he was engaged largely in Government engineering and during the Civil War was brevetted major-general.
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George Curry was an American publisher and politician. He was born in 1820 and died in 1878. In 1846 he established the 'Oregon Spectator' the first paper published on the Pacific coast, and in 1848 founded the 'Oregon Free Press'. He was Governor of Oregon from 1854 to 1859.
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George Ticknor Curtis was an American lawyer. He was born in 1812 and died in 1894. A Boston lawyer from 1836 to 1862, when he removed to New York, he was largely engaged in professional and historical investigations, and published many valuable works, among them being 'Commentaries on the Jurisprudence, Practice and Peculiar Jurisdiction of the Courts of the United States' and a 'History of the Origin, Formation and Adoption of the Constitution of the United States', and the first volume of a 'Constitutional History of the United States'.
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George Nathaniel Curzon was an English statesman. He was born in 1859 and died in 1925. He was foreign secretary from 1919 until 1924.
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George Armstrong Custer was an American soldier. He was born in 1839 at Ohio and died in 1876. He served throughout the American Civil War and distinguished himself at Gettysburg as commander of the Michigan brigade, also winning fame at Winchester, Fisher's Hill, Cedar Creek, Waynesboro, Five Forks and Dinwiddie Court House. In 1876, being then a general in the regular army, he was overpowered by the Sioux Indians at the Little Big Horn River, and his entire command was slain.
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George D Aiken was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Vermont from 1937 until 1941.
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George D Busbee was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Georgia from 1975 until 1983.
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George D Clyde was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Utah from 1957 until 1965.
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George D Robinson was an American politician. He was born in 1834 and died in 1896. He represented Massachusetts in the US Congress as a Republican from 1877 to 1883. He was Governor of Massachusetts from 1883 to 1886.
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George Dalgarno was a Scottish educationalist. He was born in 1627 at Aberdeen and died in 1687. He wrote ' Didascalocophus' which was a tutor for the deaf.
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George Mifflin Dallas was an American politician. He was born in 1792 and died in 1864. He was Vice-President of the United States, had a training in diplomacy and law, was mayor of Philadelphia, and district attorney. From 1831 to 1833 he was US Senator from Pennsylvania, and was Attorney-General of the State in the two succeeding years. From 1837 until 1939 he was US Minister to Russia. When Polk was nominated by the Democrats in 1844, Dallas received the second honour, as a kind of protectionist gift to hold Pennsylvania. They were elected, and Dallas served as Vice-President from 1845 until 1849. In spite of his supposed protectionist leanings Dallas gave the casting vote in the Senate in favour of the Walker Tariff of 1846. His last public office was that of Minister to England from 1856 until 1861.
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George Jacques Danton was one of the leaders of the French revolution. He was born in 1759 and died in 1794.
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Sir George de Lacy Evans was a British soldier. He was born in 1787 and died in 1870. He led the British soldiers who destroyed the public buildings in Washington, America in 1814, and served at Bladensburg, Baltimore and New Orleans.
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George Deukmejian was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of California from 1983 until 1991.
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George Dewey was an American admiral. He was born in 1837 and died in 1917. He fought under David Farragut in the American Civil War. He commanded the Asiatic squadron in the Spanish-American War, and engaged and destroyed the Spanish fleet at Manila in 1898 without loss to his own side.
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George Dixon was an English educational reformer. He was born in 1820 at Gomersal near Bradford and died in 1898. He was instrumental in the founding of the National Education League in 1868.
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George Docking was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Kansas from 1957 until 1961.
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George Downie was a British naval officer., He was born in Ireland and died in 1814. In 1812 he commanded the Canadian squadron, and was killed at the Battle of Plattsburg, fighting against Commodore Macdonough.
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Sir George Downing was an American politician. He was bown in 1623 and died in 1684. Educated at Harvard College, he went to England in 1645, and was envoy of Cromwell and of Charles II to the Netherlands, from 1657 until 1663 and in 1671. He is said to have instigated the conquest of New Netherland.
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George Claridge Druce was a British botanist. He was born in 1840 at Potterspury and died in 1932. He was mayor of Oxford and helped to found the Ashmolean Natural History Society of Oxford in 1880. He published The Flora of Oxfordshire in 1886.
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Sir George Gordon Drummond was a British soldier. He was born in 1771 and died in 1854. He served in Canada from 1808 to 1811 and again from 1813 to 1816. He stormed Niagara captured Oswego, commanded at Lundy's Lane, and from 1814 to 1816 administered the government of Canada.
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George E Chamberlain was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Oregon from 1903 until 1909.
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George Eastman was an American inventor. He was born in 1854 and died in 1932. In 1880 he developed a process for making dry photographic plates and subsequently pioneered the use of transparent photographic film. He established the Kodak camera company, marketing the first Kodak camera in 1888, and providing a developing and printing service.
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George Eliot was the published name of Mary Ann Evans. She was born in 1819 and died in 1880. An English writer, she published her first work, 'Scenes of Clerical Life' anonymously, and when it was assumed to have been written by a man she adopted her nom de plume.
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George Elkington was an English silver-plater. He was born in 1801 and died in 1865. In 1840 he took over John Wright's invention of an electro-plating process and founded the English electro-plating industry.
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George Engleheart was an English miniature painter. He was born in 1752 and died in 1839. He painted numerous portraits of George III and copied in miniature form the paintings of Sir Joshua Reynolds.
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George Evans was an American politician. He was born in 1797 at Portland, Maine and died in 1867. He was a member of the State Legislature from 1825 until 1828. He represented Maine in the House of Representatives from 1829 until 1841, and was elected to the Senate, serving from 1841 to 1847. He was chairman of the Committee on Finance, and was an authority on questions of the tariff and finance.
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Sir George Everest was a British military engineer. He was born in 1790 at Gwernvale and died in 1866. He went to India in 1806 where he improved the outlets of the Ganges. From 1813 to 1815 he surveyed Java. He gave his name to mount Everest in the Himalayas.
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George F Drew was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Florida from 1877 until 1881.
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George F Fort was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of New Jersey from 1851 until 1854.
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George F Shafer was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Dakota from 1929 until 1933.
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George Finlay was an English historian. He was born in 1799 at Faversham, Kent and died in 1875. Moved by the Hellenic struggle for independence, he visited Greece in 1823 and entered the cause. After independence in 1829 he settled near Athens and devoted his time to agricultural and fiscal reforms. Failing to regenerate modern Greece, he sought consolation in writing the history of the country. This was published in stages from 1844 to his death, and then reissued at Oxford in 1877 becoming the standard English work on the subject.
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George Fox was the founder of the Society Of Friends. He was born in 1624 and died in 1691. A man of poor education, but deep moral earnestness he had passed through very deep spiritual experiences in his search for God, and believed that, when no help had come to him from people. Books or churches, that at last God had spoken directly to him as He had the ancient prophets. George Fox preached widely, gathering together followers as 'Children of the Light, and were widely persecuted by the orthodox church who viewed his teachings as subversive.
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George Frideric Handel was a German composer. He was born in 1685 at Halle and died in 1759. After studying law, he abandoned his studies to play the violin at Keiser's Opera House in Hamburg. In 1712 he settled in England, and in 1726 became a British citizen. He composed 'Messiah' and 'Water Music'.
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George Galloway is a Scottish politician. He was born in 1954. Under the Blair government, he opposed the invasion of Iraq and move away from traditional socialist policies by the Labour party was subsequently expelled from the Labour party, was a founder member of the socialist Respect party and successfully rebuffed a campaign of libel and slander mounted against him in an attempt to discredit him.
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Lord George Germaine was an English statesman. He was born in 1716 and died in 1785. He was appointed colonial secretary by George III of England in 1775, and superintended the conduct of the British forces during the American War of Independence. He advocated vigorous measures against the colonies, enlisted the services of the Six Nations, and was influential in the bribery of Benedict Arnold. He resigned in 1782.
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George Gershwin was an American composer. He was born in 1898 at New York and died in 1937. He produced Porgy and Bess which was the first American folk opera.
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George Washington Goethals was an American army engineer. He was born in 1858 and died in 1928. He gained world-wide distinction as constructor of the Panama Canal. He entered the engineering branch of the US army in 1880, subsequently becoming an instructor in civil and military engineering at West Point.
He commanded engineers in a volunteer force during the Spanish American War, and afterwards served as a member of Board of Fortifications, and was promoted lieutenant-colonel in 1907. He was appointed by President Taft chief engineer of the Panama Canal in 1907, which he carried to successful completion in April 1914, and subsequently from 1914 to 1917 was first civil governor of the Canal zone, being promoted major-general in 1915.
In 1917 he was recalled to take charge of a programme of marine construction, designed to supply quickly several thousand small wooden vessels, as a means of coping with the submarine menace, and his efficient mobilization of the nation's ship building resources helped greatly in countering the German U-Boat campaign during the Great War.
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George Hamilton Gordon, earl of Aberdeen, was a British statesman. He was born in 1784 and died in 1860. He began his diplomatic life in 1801 as attache to Lord Cornwallis' embassy to France, which resulted in the signing of the treaty of Amiens. In 1806 he entered parliament as a Scottish representative peer, and in 1813 was intrusted with a successful mission to Austria for the purpose of inducing the emperor to join the coalition of sovereigns against Napoleon Bonaparte.
In 1814 he was created a British peer, and in 1828 he became foreign secretary under the Duke of Wellington's administration. During the short premiership of Sir Robert Peel in 1834-1835 he acted as colonial secretary, and when Sir Robert Peel again became premier in 1841 he took office as secretary for foreign affairs. Quitting office with his chief in 1846, he came, on the death of Peel in 1850, to be regarded as the leader of the Conservative free-trade party. On the Derby ministry failing to maintain its place Lord Aberdeen returned to office in the end of 1852 as head of a coalition ministry. The principal event which marked his administration was the Crimean war; but the bad management of this irritated the country, and the ministry resigned in 1855. This event marks the close of Lord Aberdeen's public career. From his travels and his acquaintance with Greece and its antiquities he was called by Byron 'the travelled thane, Athenian Aberdeen.'
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George Graham was an American politician. He was born in 1772 and died in 1830. He commanded in the War of 1812, was acting Secretary of War from 1815 to 1817, and was US Land Commissioner from 1833 to 1830.
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George Grenville was an English statesman. He was born in 1712 and died in 1770. He became a member of the English Parliament in 1741, was a lord of the Admiralty in 1744, a lord of the Treasury in 1747, treasurer of the navy and privy councillor in 1754, leader of the House of Commons in 1761, secretary of state and first lord of the Admiralty in 1762, and was first lord of the Treasury (Prime Minister) and chancellor of the exchequer, from 1763 to 1765. In 1765 he secured the passage of the act imposing stamp duties on America, and strenuously opposed the repeal of the Stamp Act in 1766. He was an able statesman, but possessed a very imperious nature.
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George Guess (Sequoyah Guess) was an American linguist. He was born in 1770 and died in 1843. Half Indian and half White, he devised the alphabet used by the Cherokees. It consists of eighty-five characters, mostly borrowed from the English, each representing a single sound.
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George Henry Thomas was an American soldier. He was born in 1816 at Virginia and died in 1870. Educated at West Point, he fought against the Seminoles and served in the Mexican War being distinguished at Monterey and Buena Vista, and on the outbreak of the American Civil War, though a Southerner by birth, adhered to the Union, and was given command of a brigade. In the summer of 1861 he had charge of a brigade in Virginia, and later in the year was promoted to the command of a division in the Western army. His first success was the victory of Mill Springs in 1862. In 1865 he commanded a corps in the campaign of Middle Tennessee, and by his stand at Chickamauga neutralised the Confederate success. He succeeded Rosecrans in command of the army of the Cumberland. In 1864 he defeated Hood at Nashville.
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George H Dern was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Utah from 1925 until 1933.
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George H Earle was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Pennsylvania from 1935 until 1939.
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George H Prouty was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Vermont from 1908 until 1910.
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George H Utter was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Rhode Island from 1905 until 1907.
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George Handley was an American politician. He was a governor of Georgia from 1788 until 1789.
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George Hartshorn Hodges was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Kansas from 1913 until 1915.
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George Herbert was a British poet. He was born in 1593 and died in 1633. He wrote 'The Temple'.
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George R T Hewes was an American patriot. He was born in 1751 and died in 1840. He was one of the foremost among the patriots that took part in the 'Boston Tea Party' protest in 1773. He afterward joined the army and was stationed at West Point.
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George Hoadly was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Ohio from 1884 until 1886.
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George N Hollins was an American sailor. He was born in 1799 and died in 1878. He served in the Algerian War in 1815. By his unauthorized bombardment of Nicaragua in 1855 he nearly involved the United States in difficulties with Great Britain. A Confederate naval officer during the American Civil War, he commanded the naval forces below New Orleans which Farragut defeated in April, 1863.
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George Howard was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Maryland from 1831 until 1833.
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George Hunt Pendleton was an American politician. He was born in 1835 and died in 1889. He was a member of the Ohio Senate, and from 1857 to 1865 was a Democratic Congressman and sat in important committees. When McClellan was nominated for President in 1864, George Hunt Pendleton received the second place on the ticket. In 1869 he was defeated for Governor of Ohio. While US Senator from 1879 to 1885, he was chairman of the Committee on Civil Service Reform, and his name is attached to an act in furtherance of that measure. President Cleveland in 1885 appointed Senator George Hunt Pendleton Minister to Germany, where he remained until 1889.
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George I was King of Great Britain and Ireland. He was born in 1660 and died in 1727. He reigned from 1714 until his death in 1727. As Sophia, Electress of Hanover, had died two months before Queen Anne, Sophia's eldest son George, Elector of Hanover, inherited the British throne under the Act of Settlement despite their being some fifty Roman Catholic relatives with stronger claims. His claim to the throne was challenged by James Stuart, the Roman Catholic son of James II, who landed in Scotland in 1715, following a rising of Scottish clans on his behalf; this was unsuccessful and he soon withdrew. George I spoke German and French and a little English; he regularly visited Hanover to fulfil his duties there. Family tensions, including the imprisonment of his wife in 1694, and political intrigue led to differences and intense dislike between George I and his son, George. In 1719 and 1720, and during most of the King' s absences in Hanover, power was delegated to a Regency Council and not to his son the Prince of Wales. Unfamiliar with the customs of the country and lacking fluent English, George I was dependent on his ministers - the Whigs dominated Parliament during his reign. After 1717, George rarely attended Cabinet meetings and this allowed the Cabinet to act collectively and formulate policies, which, provided they were backed by a majority in the Commons, the king was usually powerless to resist. After the South Sea Bubble crisis of 1720, Robert Walpole took over.
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George II (nicknamed Prince Titi) was King of Great Britain and Ireland. He was born in 1683 and died in 1760. He was a soldier more than a politician, at the age of 60, he was the last British sovereign to fight alongside his soldiers, at the Battle of Dettingen in 1743 in Germany, against the French. Like his father, for much of his reign George's political options were limited by the strength of the Jacobite cause (James Stuart the Old Pretender, and then his son, Charles Edward Stuart), with which many of the Tories were linked. George's reign was threatened in 1745 when Charles Edward Stuart, the Young Pretender, landed in Scotland. After some initial success (which led to the national anthem in its current form becoming popular among the Hanoverian loyalists), Charles was defeated at the Battle of Culloden in April 1746 and the Jacobite threat was over.
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George III was King of Great Britain and Ireland. He was born in 1738 and died in 1820. The son of Frederick, Prince of Wales, he succeeded to the throne of England in 1760 and regained for the throne much of its former power, taking that power away from the powerful Whig aristocracy. George was a conscientious King and a devoted father and husband; his interest in botany and farming earned him the nickname 'Farmer George'. In 1788 he became mentally deranged, although this may have been due to porphyria, a hereditary physical disorder. George recovered by 1789, but then relapsed, becoming permanently deranged in 1810.
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George IV (nicknamed The First Gentleman of Europe) was King of Great Britain and Ireland. He was born in 1762 and died in 1830. George IV was 48 when he became Regent in 1811. He had secretly and illegally married a Roman Catholic, Mrs Fitzherbert. In 1795 he officially married Princess Caroline of Brunswick, but the marriage was a failure and he tried unsuccessfully to divorce her after his accession in 1820. Their only child Princess Charlotte died giving birth to a stillborn child. An outstanding, if extravagant, collector and builder, George IV acquired many important works of art, built the Royal Pavilion at Brighton, and transformed Windsor Castle and Buckingham Palace. George's fondness for pageantry helped to develop the ceremonial side of monarchy.
After his father's long illness, George resumed royal visits; he visited Hanover in 1821 which had not been visited by its ruler since the 1750s, and Ireland and Scotland over the next couple of years. Beset by debts, George was in a weak position in relation to his Cabinet of ministers. His concern for royal prerogative was sporadic; when the Prime Minister Lord Liverpool fell ill in 1827, George at one stage suggested that ministers should choose Liverpool's successor. In 1829, George IV was forced by his ministers, much against his will and his interpretation of his coronation oath, to agree to Catholic Emancipation. By reducing religious discrimination, this emancipation enabled the monarchy to play a more national role. George's profligacy and marriage difficulties meant that he never regained much popularity, and he spent his final years in seclusion at Windsor, dying at the age of 67.
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George Izard was an American soldier and politician. He was born in 1777 and died in 1828. He was commissioned major-general in 1814 for services in the War of 1812. He was Governor of | 
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