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H C Baldridge was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Idaho from 1927 until 1931.
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H G Burton was an American politician. He was a Federalist governor of North Carolina from 1824 until 1827.
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Herbert George Wells was an English writer. He was born in 1866 at Bromley and died in 1946. Although he wanted to be a teacher, bad health meant he couldn't so he turned to writing. He wrote ' The Invisible Man', ' The Time Machine' and 'The War Of The Worlds'.
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Haakon IV was king of Norway from 1217 to 1263. He was born in 1204 and died in 1263. He strengthened the monarchy and extended Norwegian territory to include Iceland and Greenland.
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Haakon VII was King of Norway from 1905 to 1957. He was born in 1872 and died in 1957. He was the second son of King Frederick VIII of Denmark, his elder brother being King of Denmark. King of Norway during the Second World War, he fled to England with the British forces when they evacuated in June 1940, and from exile he led the resistance against the Nazi occupiers.
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Habakkuk (or Habcuc) was an ancient Hebrew prophet. His name is given to the book in the Old Testament containing his oracles and canticle.
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A Habanero is a native or inhabitant of Havana (Habana), Cuba.
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In Britain, a haberdasher is a dealer in small articles used for sewing, such as buttons, zips, and ribbons In the USA, a haberdasher is a gentlemen's outfitter.
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Hablot Knight Browne was an English cartoonist. He was born in 1815 at Kennington and died in 1882. Better known by the pseudonym of Phiz, in 1835 he succeeded Seymour as the illustrator of Dickens's Pickwick, and was afterwards engaged to illustrate Nicholas Nickleby, Dombey and Son, Martin Chuzzlewit, David Copperfield, and other works of that author. He also illustrated the novels of Lever, Ainsworth, etc, besides sending many comic sketches to the illustrated serials of the time.
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The Habsburgs (or Hapsburgs) were the most prominent European dynasty from the 15th to the 20th centuries. The family started in Switzerland in the 10th century. In 1273 Rudolph I was elected Holy Roman Emperor, establishing possession of Austria, Carniola, and Styria. The Habsburgs held the title again from 1438 to 1740 and from 1745 to 1806. In 1516 Charles V inherited the Spanish Crown, which he left to his son, Philip II; his Austrian possessions went to his brother, Ferdinand I. The Spanish branch ruled until 1700; the Austrian
Habsburgs became emperors of Austria in 1804 and of Austria-Hungary from 1867 to 1918.
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The Hadendoa are a tribe of nomads living in the Sudan.
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George Hadley developed Halley's theory of trade winds by taking into account the earth's rotation and the displacement of air by tropical heat. He was born in 1685 and died in 1768.
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Hadrian (real name Publius Aelius Hadrianus) was the fourteenth in the series of Roman emperors. He was born in 76 at Rome and died in 138. His father, who was cousin to the emperor Trajan, died when he was ten years old, and left him under the charge of his illustrious kinsman. He married Sabina, Trajan's grand-niece, accompanied the emperor on his expeditions, filled the highest offices of state, and, on the death of Trajan, assumed the government as his adopted son in 117. He made peace with the Parthians, renouncing all conquests east of the Euphrates, and bought off a war with the Roxolani by payment of a sum of money.
From the year 121 he spent most of his time in visiting the various provinces of the empire. Hadrian's policy was a peaceful one, because he saw that the further extension of the empire only weakened it. Although avoiding war as much as he could, he kept the armies in excellent condition, fortified the frontiers in Germany, and, crossing over into Britain, constructed the wall known as Hadrian's Wall (or that of Severus), which protected the Roman province from the barbarous tribes of the north. He next travelled into Asia and Africa, and lived in Athens for three years. In 131 he promulgated the Edictum Perpetuum, a fixed code of laws, which forms an important epoch in the development of Roman law. In 132 the Jews revolted, and for four years carried on a bloody war, the only notable one of his long reign.
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The Hadza are an endangered nomadic people of Tanzania. They are hunter-gatherers that live in swamps and wilderness. Reports from 2000 indicate that only about 800 Hadza are still living, and they are in danger of becoming extinct due to destruction of their habitat and diseases brought in from outside peoples.
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Hag is an old English term for a witch or sorceress. The term has evolved over the years to imply an old, ugly, inelegant woman, but when encountered in the works of William Shakespeare it refers to a witch or sorceress.
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The Haiducks, or Haiduks (derived from the Hungarian for a drover) is a term originally applied to the herdsmen of Hungary, and afterwards to the bands of Magyar foot soldiers, who placed themselves at the service of any potentate who was willing and able to pay them. Their fidelity to the cause of Bocskai, prince of Hungary, in the war of Succession was rewarded by a grant from that prince, in 1605, of a separate district of the country for their residence, with privileges of nobility, etc, which they continued to enjoy until 1848.
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Haile Selassie was Emperor of Ethiopia and figure head of the Rastafarian movement, although he knew nothing about that! He was born in 1891 and died in 1975. He fled to England following the Italian invasion of Ethiopia in 1936, but was restored by the Allies in 1941. He was overthrown by a military coup.
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Richard Hakluyt was an English geographer. He was born in 1552 and died in 1616.
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Franz Hals was a Dutch portrait painter. He was born in 1580 and died in 1666.
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Hamilcar Barca (Hamilcar the lightning) was a Carthaginian general and Hannibal's father. He was commander in Sicily during the first Punic War, he agreed peace in 241 BC. After suppressing rebellious mercenaries in Carthage, he invaded Spain. He was drowned after the siege of Helice around 229 BC.
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The Hamilton family are a family long connected with Scotland, though probably of English origin, the name being evidently territorial. The first person of the name in Scotland of whom we have reliable information was Walter Fitz-Gilbert of Hamilton, who, in 1296, swore fealty to Edward I of England for lands in Lanarkshire, and held Bothwell Castle for the English at the time of the Battle of Bannockburn. For his early surrender of this fortress King Robert Bruce gave him important grants of land. He continued faithful to King David Bruce, and had a command at Halidon Hill under the Steward of Scotland.
In 1445 the family was ennobled in the person of Sir James Hamilton of Cadyow, who was created Lord Hamilton of Cadyow. At first he adhered to the Douglases against the crown; but, deserting them opportunely, he was rewarded by large grants of their forfeited lands, and at a later period by the hand of the Princess Mary, eldest daughter of King James II and widow of Thomas Boyd, earl of Arran. He died in 1479.
His only son was James, second Lord Hamilton and first Earl of Arran, who died in 1529, and was succeeded by his son James, whose nearness to the throne, and his great possessions and following, made him a person of such mark and consequence that Henry II of France gave him a grant of the duchy of Chatelherault; and his eldest son was proposed at one time as the husband of Elizabeth I of England, and at another as that of Mary of Scotland. This son having become insane, the second son, Lord John Hamilton, created Marquis of Hamilton in 1599, succeeded in 1575 to the family estates.
Dying in 1604 he was succeeded by his son James, who was created Earl of Cambridge in 1619, and died in 1625. His son James, the third marquis, one of the ablest and most distinguished of the family, created Duke of Hamilton in 1643 by Charles I was taken prisoner by the parliamentary forces soon after the battle of Preston, and beheaded in March, 1649.
A successor was created Duke of Brandon in 1711, and was killed in a duel with Lord Mohun in 1712.
James George, seventh duke, on the death of Archibald, duke of Douglas, in 1761, became also the male representative and chief of the red or Angus branch of the house of Douglas, with the titles of Marquis of Douglas and Earl of Angus. He died in 1769, and was succeeded by his brother, Douglas, eighth Duke of Hamilton, who, in 1799, was succeeded by his uncle Lord Archibald Hamilton. He died in 1819, and was succeeded by his eldest son Alexander, who, dying in 1852, was succeeded by his only son William Alexander Anthony Archibald. In 1843 he married the Princess Marie of Baden, and he died at Paris July 15, 1863.
William Alexander Louis Stephen Douglas Hamilton, twelfth Duke of Hamilton, and ninth Duke of Brandon, premier peer of Scotland, and hereditary keeper of Holyrood House, died in 1895, and, leaving only a daughter, was succeeded by a distant kinsman.
The ennobled offshoots of the Hamiltons are numerous and distinguished. Among these are the Dukes of Abercorn, the Earls of Selkirk, Orkney, and Haddington, and the Viscounts Boyne.
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Hamilton Fish was an American politician. He was born in 1808 at New York and died in 1893. He was admitted to the bar in 1830. He was elected to the US House of Representatives from New York, serving from 1843 to 1845, and was a State Senator in 1847. He was a Whig Governor of New York from 1848 to 1850, and was a US Senator from 1851 to 1857. He was Secretary of State in Grant's Cabinet, serving from 1869 to 1877. He negotiated the Treaty of Washington in 1871, and the St. Domingo treaties.
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Hamilton R Gamble was an American politician. He was a Union governor of Missouri from 1861 until 1864.
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Hamites (descendants of Ham), is the name given to a number of races in North Africa, who are regarded as of kindred origin and speak allied tongues. They include the ancient Egyptians and their modern descendants, the Copts, the Berbers, Tuaregs, Kabyles, the Gallas, Falashas, Somali, Dan'kali, etc.
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Hammurabi was a king of ancient Babylonia, who lived about 2250 BC, and did much for the welfare of the country, encouraging agriculture and commerce by irrigation and otherwise, regulating the finances, building temples, etc. To him is attributed a code of laws discovered in the end of 1901, inscribed upon a block of stone found in the ruins of Susa, and extending to 282 paragraphs, being the oldest law-book known. The laws pertain to civil and criminal matters, are of an enlightened character, and long prevailed in Babylonia, as well as having an influence extending to the Persians, Jews, etc.
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The Han are the majority ethnic group in China, numbering about 990 million. The Hans speak a wide variety of dialects of the same monosyllabic language, a member of the Sino-Tibetan family. Their religion combines Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, and ancestor worship. The Han was a Chinese dynasty founded by the general Liu Bang, who overthrew the Qin dynasty. Its power was strengthened by the emperor Wu Di, who conquered a vast empire. Paper was invented by the Han Chinese, who also produced porcelain. The dynasty was overthrown in 8 AD but later restored for a second period, known as the Later Han which ran from 23 to 220.
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Hanaper was formerly an office in the Court of Chancery, so called because all writs regarding the public were once kept in a hanaper or hamper. The clerk of the hanaper received all fines due to the king for seals of charters, patents, commissions, and writs. The act 5 and 6 Victoria cap. ciii. transferred the duties of the hanaper office to other officials.
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Hancock Lee Jackson was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Missouri during 1857.
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Sir Frederick Handley Page was an English aircraft designer. He was born in 1875 at Cheltenham, Gloucester and died in 1962. Formerly an engineer, he turned his attention to aeronautics in 1907 and after two years of experimenting started his business as an aeronautical engineer and designer. In 1909 he founded the first British aircraft manufacturing firm, Handley Page, at Barking. In 1912 he moved his works to Cricklewood. During the Great War he turned his works over to the British government, and designed several new types of aircraft, including the first twin-engined bomber. He was awarded the CBE in 1918 and knighted in 1942.
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Handy-man (handyman) is a popular term for someone capable of doing all sorts of odd jobs, particularly in respect of small household maintenance, gardening and the like. The term seems to have first been coined in the late 19th century, though earlier variations such as handywright were used since the 17th century.
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A hangdog or hang-dog is a low, despicable, degraded person or a sneaking shamefaced person, fit only to hang a dog or to be hanged like a dog - hence the term. The term hang-dog was a fairly popular term of insult from the 17th to the 19th century.
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Henry Louis Aaron (Hank Aaron) is an American baseball player. He was born in 1934 at Mobile, Alabama. An outstanding batsman, during his twenty-three season career with the Milwaukee, later Atlanta Braves and Milwaukee Brewers he made 755 home runs, breaking Babe Ruth's long standing record of 714 home runs.
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Hannah Adams was an American writer. She was born in 1756 at Massachusetts and died in 1832. She was one of the first American female writers, publishing 'A History of New England' in 1799 and 'A History of the Jews' in 1812.
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Hannah F Gould was an American poet. She was born in 1789 at Massachusetts and died in 1865. She was an extensive contributor of verse to various periodicals, and published several popular poetical works.
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Hannah More was an English popular writer on moral and religious subjects. She was born about 1745 at Clifton, Bristol, and died in 1833. Her talents made her acquainted with Johnson, Burke, Garrick, and other literary men at a young age, and her plays, The Inflexible Captive, Percy, and the Fatal Captive, were fairly successful. After the production of the last in 1779 she devoted herself to the composition of works having a moral and religious tendency, the diffusion of tracts, and philanthropic labours. Her success was astonishing, the profits of her works during her lifetime exceeding 30,000 pounds. Her Strictures on the Modern System of Female Education, Coelebs in Search of a Wife, Practical Piety, and Moral Sketches, are among her best-known books.
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Hannah Snell was an English adventurer. She was born in 1723 at Worcester and died in 1792. Deserted by her Dutch sailor husband when she was twenty years old and seven moths pregnant, she set forth, following the death of her baby, disguised as a man to find him and enlisted in the army under the name James Gray, her brother-in-law. She subsequently deserted from the army and joined the navy where she saw action in the East Indies and fought at the siege of Pondicherri. Strangely, on one occasion she was stripped to the waist and flogged, the boatswain taking notice of her breasts seemed surprised, but like the rest of the crew had no suspicion of her sex and her true identity remained secret. Upon her return to Britain in 1750 she heard that her husband had been executed for murder, and she resumed her appearance as a woman, published an account of her adventures and made a living in the theatre singing sea shanties before opening a public house in Wapping, called 'The Widow in Masquerade'.
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Hannibal or Annibal was a Carthaginian leader. He was born in 247 BC and died in 183 BC after taking poison to avoid capture by the Romans. He was the son of Hamilcar Barca, also a general and leader of the popular party amongst the Carthaginians. He was just nine years old when his father made him swear at the altar eternal hatred to the Romans. He grew up in his father's camp in Spain, but returned to Carthage when his father fell in battle, in 229 BC.
At the age of twenty-two he returned to the army in Spain, then commanded by his brother-in-law Hasdrubal, and three years after, on the murder of Hasdrubal, received the chief command by acclamation. Hannibal now prepared to carry out his great designs against Rome.
His siege and capture of Saguntum, a city in alliance with Rome, led to a declaration of war from the Romans, who made preparations to carry on the war in Spain. But Hannibal, judging that Rome could be overthrown only in Italy, undertook his great march on Rome across the Pyrenees, the Rhone, and the Alps. He set out with 90,000 foot-soldiers, 40 elephants, and 12,000 horsemen. When he readied the northern foot of the Alps he still had 50,000 foot-soldiers, 9000 horse, and 37 elephants. When he arrived at the southern foot, after 15 days of incredible toils, his force had diminished to 20,000 foot-soldiers and 6000 horse. The point at which he crossed is generally believed to have been the Little St Bernard.
On the banks of the Ticino he first encountered a Roman army under Publius Scipio, and defeated it mainly by the superiority of his Numidian cavalry, 218 BC. Shortly after another Roman army, under Sempronius, was totally routed on the Trebia. After wintering in Cisalpine Gaul, Hannibal opened next year's campaign in 217 by defeating the Roman general Flaminius, whom he enticed into an ambush at Lake Thrasymenus. In this battle half the Roman army died, and the rest were taken prisoner.
Hannibal now marched into Apulia, spreading terror wherever he approached. Rome, in consternation, proclaimed Fabius Maximus dictator, who sagaciously resolved to hazard no more open battles, but exhaust the strength of the Carthaginians by delay. But for some time the wisdom of this policy was not understood by his countrymen, who, dissatisfied with his inactivity, appointed Minutius Felix his colleague. The result was that the latter was drawn into a battle by Hannibal, and would have died but for the aid of Fabius. After this the Roman generals avoided engagements, and Hannibal at this critical period saw his army wasting away in inactivity.
Next year, 216, however, the rashness of the new consul Terentius Varro gave Hannibal the last of his great victories. The battle was fought at Cannae, the Romans under Aemilius Paulus and Terentius Varro numbering more than 80,000 men, the Carthaginians about 50,000, and ended in a total defeat of the Romans, 40,000 or 50,000 of whom were killed and the rest scattered. Instead of marching on Rome, Hannibal now sought quarters in Capua, where luxurious living undermined the discipline and health of his troops.
The campaigns of 215, 214, and 213 were comparatively unimportant. While Hannibal was seizing Tarentum in 212, Capua was invested by two Roman armies. To relieve Capua Hannibal marched on Rome, and actually appeared before its gates in 211, but the diversion remained fruitless, and Capua fell. In 207 a reinforcement tardily sent by the Carthaginians to Hannibal, under command of his brother Hasdrubal, was intercepted by the Romans and destroyed at the Metaurus. Hannibal now retired to Bruttium (the toe of Italy), where he still maintained the contest against overwhelming odds, until, in 203, he was recalled to defend his country, invaded by Scipio.
In Africa he was defeated by the Romans at Zama in 202 BC and the second Punic war ended, after a bloody contest of eighteen years, in Carthage having to accept the most humiliating conditions of peace. Hannibal now devoted himself as civil magistrate to restoring the resources of Carthage, and was working at reforms of administration and finance when the jealous Romans sent ambassadors to demand his surrender. He fled to the court of Antiochus of Syria, and offered his services for the war then commencing against the Romans. They were accepted, but Hannibal's advice for the conduct of the war was not followed, and he himself as commander of the Syrian fleet failed in an expedition against the Rhodians. In 190 BC Antiochus was forced to conclude a disgraceful peace with the Romans, one of the terms of which was that Hannibal should be delivered up. Hannibal, again obliged to flee, took refuge with Prusias, king of Bithynia, and is said to have gained several victories for Prusias against Eumenes, king of Pergamus, an ally of the Romans. But the Roman senate once more sent to demand the surrender of their inveterate enemy, and Hannibal, finding that Prusias could not protect him, took poison rather than fall into the hands of the Romans.
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Hannibal Hamlin was an American politician. He was born in 1809 and died in 1893. He was admitted to the bar in 1833. He was a member of the Maine Legislature from 1836 to 1840 and in 1847, being chosen Speaker in 1837, 1839 and 1840. He was a Democratic Representative in Congress from 1842 to 1846, was elected a US Senator in 1848 and served until 1857. He changed his party affiliation on account of anti-slavery sentiments, and was chosen Governor by the Republicans in 1857. He resigned and served in the US Senate from 1857 to 1861, when he was elected Vice-President of the United States on the ticket with Abraham Lincoln, and was a member of the Senate from 1869 to 1881, when he was appointed Minister to Spain and served one year.
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Hanno was a Carthaginian navigator of the 5th and 6th centuries BC, who made a voyage on the western coast of Africa for the purpose of discovery and of settling colonies. He wrote an account of his voyage, which still survives in a Greek translation known as the Periplus of Hanno. From this account Hanno would appear to have gone as far as the coast of Guinea.
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Hans Aanrud was a Norwegian writer. He was born in 1863 and died in 1953. He wrote stories of peasant life and comedies including 'Storken' published in 1895, 'Ho it tilhest' published in 1901 and ' Hanen' published in 1906.
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Hans Grun Baldung was a German painter and wood engraver. He was born in 1470 at Swabia and died in 1552. His work, though inferior to Durer's, possessed many of the same characteristics, and on this account he has been sometimes considered a pupil of the Nuremberg master. His principal paintings are the series of panels (of the date 1516) over the altar in Freiburg cathedral; others of his works are to be found at Berlin, Colmar, and Basel. His numerous and often fantastic engravings have the monogram H. and B., with a small G in the centre of the H.
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Hans Sebald Beham was a German engraver and painter. He was born in 1500 at Nurnberg and died or was executed in about 1550. The brother of Barthel Beham, he was one of Durer's ablest pupils, but his subjects were often gross. His later career was that of a tavern and brothel keeper.
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Hansd Guido Von Blilow was a German pianist and composer. He was born in 1830 at Dresden and died in 1894. He was intended for a lawyer, but adopted music as a profession. He studied the piano under Liszt, and made his first public appearance in 1852. In 1855 he became leading professor in the Conservatory at Berlin; in 1858 was appointed court pianist; and in 1867 he became musical director to the King of Bavaria. His compositions Include overture and music to Julius Caesar, The Minstrel's Curse, and Nirwana; songs, choruses, and pianoforte pieces. He was considered one of the first of pianists and orchestral conductors.
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Hans Burgkmair was a German painter. He was born in 1472 at Augsburg and died in 1559. Several of his paintings are to be seen in galleries, but these have contributed far less to his fame than his woodcuts, which are not inferior to those of his friend Albert Durer. The most celebrated is the series of 135 cuts representing the Triumph of the Emperor Maximilian.
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Hans Christian Andersen was a Danish story-teller and poet. He was born in 1805 at Odense, Funen and died in 1875. He learned to read and write in a charity school, from which he was taken when only nine years old, and was put to work in a manufactory in order that his earnings might assist his widowed mother. In his leisure time he eagerly read national ballads, poetry, and plays, and wrote several tragedies full enough of sound and fury. In 1819 he went to Copenhagen, but failed in getting any of his plays accepted, and in securing an appointment at the theatre, having to content himself for some time with unsteady employment as a joiner. His abilities at last brought him under the notice of Councillor Collin, a man of considerable influence, who procured for him free entrance into a government school at Slagelse. From this school he was transferred to the university, and soon became favourably known by his poetic works.
Through the influence of Oehlenschlager and others he received a royal grant to enable him to travel, and in 1833 he visited Italy, his impressions of which he published in 1835 in The Improvvisatore - a work which rendered his fame European. The scene of his following novel, 0. T., was laid in Denmark, and in Only a Fiddler he described his own early struggles. In 1835 appeared the first volume of his Fairy Tales, of which successive volumes continued to be published year by year at Christmas, and which have been the most popular and wide-spread of his works. Among his other works are Picture-books without Pictures, A Poet's Bazaar - the result of a voyage in 1840 to the East - and a number of dramas. In 1845 he received an annuity from the government.
He visited England in 1848, and acquired such a command of the language that his next work, The Two Baronesses, was written in English. In 1855 he published an autobiography, under the title My Life's Romance, an English translation of which, published in 1871, contained additional chapters by the author, bringing the narrative to 1867. Among his later works we may mention, To Be or Not To Be published in 1857; Tales from Jutland published in 1859; The Ice Maiden published in 1863.
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Hans Christian Orsted was a Danish physicist. He was born in 1777 and died in 1851. He studied at the University of Copenhagen, spent several years at the expense of government in Holland, Germany, and Paris; was in 1806 appointed extraordinary professor of physics at Copenhagen; and in 1812-1813, while on a second tour in Germany, he drew up his views of the chemical laws of nature, which he afterwards published in Paris under the title of Recherches sur l'Identite des Forces Electriques et Chimiques. His fame first became diffused over the scientific world in 1819 by the discovery of the fundamental principles of electro-magnetism. In 1829 he became director of the Polytechnic School of Copenhagen, and on the occasion of his jubilee festival in 1850 he was created a privy-councillor.
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Hans Karl Diebitsch-Sabalkanski was a Russian soldier. He was born in 1785 at Grossleippe in Silesia and died in 1831. Educated at the military school of Berlin, in 1801 he quit the Prussian service for that of Russia. He was present at the battles of Austerlitz and Friedland, served with distinction in the Campaign of 1812, took part in the battles of Dresden and Leipzig, and was made lieutenant-general at the age of twenty-eight. He had the chief command in the Turkish war of 1828-29, stormed Varna, and made the famous passage of the Balkans, for which the surname of Sabalkanski was conferred on him. In 1830 he commanded the army sent against the revolted Poles, but did not distinguish himself in this service.
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Hans Egede was the apostle of Greenland. He was bom in 1686 in Norway and died in 1758. In 1721 Hans Egede set sail for Greenland with the intention of converting the natives to Christianity, and for fifteen years performed the most arduous duties as missionary, winning by his persevering kindness the confidence of the natives. In 1736 he returned to Copenhagen, where he was made a bishop and director of the Greenland Missions.
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Hans Geiger was a German physicist. He was born in 1882 at Neustadt-an-der- Haardt and died in 1945. He studied at Erlangen and moved to Manchester where he worked under Ernest Rutherford from 1906 to 1912. He investigated beta-ray radioactivity, and helped to devise a counter to measure it (the geiger counter). He was professor at Kiel in 1925 and at Tubingen in 1929 and later worked at Berlin.
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Hans Holbein was a German portrait and religious painter. He was born in 1497 at Augsburg and died in 1543 of the plague. He studied under his father, Hans Holbein the elder, a painter of considerable merit who lived between 1450 and 1526, and at an early age settled at Basel, where he exercised his art until about 1526. He then came to England, where letters from his friend Erasmus, whose Panegyric on Folly he had illustrated by a series of drawings, procured him the patronage of the chancellor Sir Thomas More.
He was appointed court painter by Henry VIII and in the Windsor collection has left portraits of all the eminent Englishmen of the time. The most celebrated of his pictures are the Madonna at Darmstadt, representing the Burgomaster Meyer and his wives kneeling to the Virgin; and the Solothurn Madonna. His famous Dance of Death has only been preserved in the engravings of Liltzelburger. There are a considerable number of engravings on wood and copper from Holbein's designs.
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Hans Makart was a German painte. He was born in 1840 at Salzburg 1840 and died in 1884. He studied at Vienna and Munich, and latterly settled at Vienna. He was a great colourist, but was deficient in conception and drawing. Among his chief works are: A Trilogy of Modern Amorettes; The Seven Deadly Sins; The Dream of a Man of Pleasure; The Gifts of Sea and Earth; Leda; and The Entrance of Charles V into Antwerp.
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Hans Memling was a Flemish religious painter. He was born in 1430 and died in 1494. He lived at Bruges, of which town he was a prosperous citizen, but little is known of his life. He was especially famous as a religious painter, and his works display a singular tenderness, ideality, and elevation. They are generally extremely well preserved.
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Hans Sachs was a German poet. He was born at Nuremberg in 1494 and died in 1576. He learned the trade of a shoemaker, and after the usual wanderjahre, or period of travelling from place to place, commenced business in his native city. He married in 1519, and prospered. An enthusiastic admirer of the Minnesingers, he took lessons under one of the chief meistersingers of Nuremberg, and to while away the tedium of the cobbler's art made verses himself. In this he soon surpassed all his contemporaries. Thousands of verses flowed from his fertile brain, crude, but full of imagery and humour. As a staunch follower of Luther, and an ardent advocate of his teachings, Sachs succeeded in imparting to his hymns a fervour which considerably aided the spread of the Reformation. A bronze statue to his memory was erected in 1874 at Nuremberg.
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Sir Hans Sloane was an English physician, naturalist, writer and collector of books. He was born in 1660 at Killyleagh, county Down, Ireland and died in 1753. Educated at Paris and Montpellier he became physician to the governor of Jamaica from 1687 until 1689. he was secretary of the Royal Society from 1693 until 1712, president of the Royal Society from 1727 until 1741 and president of the Royal College of Physicians from 1719 until 1735. He was made a baronet in 1716. Upon his death in 1753 he left his 50000 volumes of books and manuscripts under his will to the nation, thus forming the British library. Sloane square in London is named after Sir Hans Sloane.
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Hans van Meegeren, also known as Henricus van Meergern was a Dutch art forger. He was born in 1889 and died in 1947. He mainly forged Vermeer's paintings. His 'Vermeer' Christ at Emmaus was bought for Rotterdam's Boymans Museum 1937. He was discovered when a 'Vermeer' sold to the Nazi leader Hermann Goering was traced back to him after the Second World War, but even then the police didn't believe it to be a fake, believing instead he had collaborated with the Nazis. To convince them of his abilities as a forger van Meegeren painted another forgery under their supervision. Finally receiving the fame he lusted after, he was sentenced to a year's imprisonment, he died two months later.
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Haquin Spegel was a Swedish poet and divine. He was born in 1645 and died in 1714. He was archbishop of Upsala, but is best known for his psalms and religious poetry.
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Hardicanute was king of Denmark in 803.
Hardicanute or Harthacnut (Canute II) was the only legitimate son of Canute and King of England from 1040 to 1042, and king of Denmark in 1014. At the time of his father's death, in 1036, he was in Denmark, where he was immediately recognized as king. His half-brother Harold, however, who happened to be in England at the time, laid claim to the throne of that part of their father's dominions, and succeeded in getting possession of Mercia, Northumbria, and Wessex, but died in 1040, when Hardicanute peacefully succeeded him. He reigned until 1042, leaving the government almost entirely in the hands of his mother and the powerful Earl Godwin, while he gave himself up to feasts and carousals.
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Hardin R Runnels was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Texas from 1857 until 1859.
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The Hares are a tribe of north American Indians. They are one of the main branches of the Chippewayans.
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Harlan J Bushfield was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of South Dakota from 1939 until 1943.
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The Harmonists were a religious sect founded at Wurtemberg in 1788 by George Rapp and Frederick Rapp. They endeavoured to re-establish the social practices of the early Christian church, holding all goods in common. They were persecuted and so moved to America in 1803 settling in the Connoquenessing Valley, twenty-five miles from Pittsburgh. There they built houses, churches, mills and factories, and by 1805 there were 750 persons settled there who formed the Harmony Society. After two years they decided to adopt celibacy, and prohibited the use of tobacco. This caused the withdrawal of certain of their people. In 1814 the Harmonists purchased 30,000 acres of land in Posey County, Indiana, settling there in 1815. There they remained until 1824, calling their settlement 'Harmony'. In 1824 they removed to their last location, on the Ohio River, not far from Pittsburgh. In 1831, a German .adventurer, Bernhard Muller, settling among them, caused dissensions and a split in the society.
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Harold was son of Canute and was King of England from 1035 to 1040.
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Harold Rupert Leofric George Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis, was a British Field Marshal and Conservative statesman. He was born in 1891 and died in 1969. During the Second World War he commanded the 1st Division in the British Expeditionary Force and subsequently supervised the evacuation from Dunkirk, after which he was promoted to I Corps and then to command the British forces in Burma. He commanded over the withdrawal from Burma, and was sent to North Africa with Montgomery where he oversaw the victorious campaigns there in 1943, and later as commander of the Anglo-American ground force he directed the invasions of Sicily and Italy. He succeeded Eisenhower as Supreme Allied Commander in the Mediterranean and took the German surrender in Italy in April 1945. After the war he became Governor-General of Canada in 1946 until 1952 and British Minister of Defence from 1952 to 1954.
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Harold Blue Tooth was king of Denmark in 941.
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Harold E Hughes was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Iowa from 1963 until 1969.
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Harold E LeVander was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Minnesota from 1967 until 1971.
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Harold E Stassen was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Minnesota from 1939 until 1943.
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Harold Frederic was an American novelist and journalist. He was born in 1856 at Utica, New York, and died in 1898. After gaining journalistic experience in America, he went to London, and acted as correspondent to the New York Times from 1884 until his death. His novels deal mainly with life in New York state.
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Harold G Hoffman was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Jersey from 1935 until 1938.
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Harold Godwinson was Earl of Wessex, and later king of England. He was elected king by the Witan upon the death of Edward the Confessor in 1066. He died in 1066 at the Battle of Hastings.
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Harold I, Harold Haarfager (Beautiful-haired), was a King of Norway. One of the greatest monarchs of that country, he succeeded his father in 863. He brought all the Norwegian jarls under his power, and completely subjected the country, allowing his hair to remain uncut for twenty years until he attained this object in 885. Of the conquered jarls, Hrolf, or Rollo, emigrated to Neustria (France); others established themselves in Iceland, the Shetland Isles, the Faroes, and the Orkneys. In consequence of their incursions into his dominions, Harold embarked with a naval force to subdue them, and having conquered the Orkneys, etc, returned home. He fixed his residence at Trondhjem, and died there in 933.
Harold I, (Harold Hare foot) was a Danish king of England. He succeeded his father Canute in 1035 as king of the provinces north of the Thames, and became king of all England in 1037. His countrymen, the Danes, maintained him upon the throne against the efforts of Earl Godwin in favour of Hardicanute; and Harold latterly gained the earl over. After a reign of four years Harold died in 1040.
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Harold II was a king of England during 1066. On the death of Edward the Confessor, the King's Council (the Witenagemot) confirmed Edward' s brother-in-law Harold, Earl of Wessex, as King. With no royal blood, and fearing rival claims from William Duke of Normandy and the King of Norway, Harold had himself crowned in Westminster Abbey on the 6th of January 1066, the day after Edward's death. During his brief reign, Harold showed he was an outstanding commander. In September, Harald III (Harold Hardrada) of Norway (aided by Harold's alienated brother Tostig, Earl of Northumbria) invaded England and was defeated by Harold at the Battle of Stamford Bridge near York. Hardrada' s army had invaded using over 300 ships; so many were killed that only 25 ships were needed to transport the survivors home.
Meanwhile, William Duke of Normandy (who claimed Harold had acknowledged him in 1064 as Edward's successor) had landed in Sussex. Harold rushed south and, on 14 October 1066, his army of some 7,000 infantry was defeated on the field of Senlac near Hastings. Harold was hit in the eye by an arrow and cut down by Norman swords. An abbey was later built, in 1070, to fulfil a vow made by William I, and its high altar was placed on the spot where Harold fell. The ruins of Battle Abbey still remain with a stone slab marking where Harold died.
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Harold III (Harold Hardrada, the Hardy), was a King of Norway. The son of Sigurd, a descendant of Harold I (Harold Haarfager). In his youth he went to Constantinople (Istanbul), joined the Varangian Guard, and took part in the expedition to Italy and Sicily against the African pirates. He was ultimately appointed commander of the imperial bodyguard, and defeated the Saracens. About 1042 he returned to Norway, after having, on his way through Russia, married the daughter of the Grand-duke Jaroslav. In 1047 he succeeded his nephew, Magnus the Good, as sole king of Norway. In 1066 he joined Tostig, the brother of Harold II of England, in an invasion of that country, but was defeated and slain at the battle of Stamford Bridge.
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Harold J Arthur was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Vermont from 1950 until 1951.
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Harold Macmillan was a British Conservative statesman. He was born in 1894. He became an MP in 1924. He became Prime Minister in 1957 following Eden's resignation over the Suez canal crisis.
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Harold Pinter is a British playwright. He was born in 1930 in London. His plays include The Caretaker and The Birthday Party.
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Harold the Simple was king of Denmark in 1076.
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Harold W Handley was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Indiana from 1957 until 1961.
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James Harold Wilson was a British labour statesman and Prime Minister. He was born in 1916. He entered parliament in 1945. He became Prime minister in 1964.
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Haroun-Al-Raschid was a Caliph of Baghdad. He was born in 764 at Ray and died in 809.
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Harriet Elizabeth Beecher-Stowe also known as Harriet Stowe (born Harriet Elizabeth Beecher) was an American author and abolitionist. She was born in 1811 at Litchfield, Connecticut and died in 1896. Educated at Litchfield Academy and at Hartford in 1836 she married the anti-slavery advocate Calvin Stowe. She is best known for her novel 'Uncle Tom's Cabin' which was first serialised in 'The National Era' of Washington between 1851 and 1852 and published in book form in Boston in 1852, in which she exposed slavery, and thereby greatly helped in the abolition of slavery in the USA.
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Harriet Hosmer was an American sculptor. She was born in 1830 at Watertown, Massachusetts and died after 1906. She studied at Rome, and among her best-known works are ideal heads of Daphne and Medusa, Puck, the Sleeping Faun, Waking Faun, Beatrice Cenci, etc.
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Harriet Martineau was an English writer. She was born in 1802 at Norwich and died in 1876. Of French Huguenot descent, her first work, Devotional Exercises for the Use of Young Persons, appeared in 1823. Next came a number of stories, mostly intended to inculcate some useful lesson, such as those having the title of Illustrations of Political Economy (1831-34), which were followed by Illustrations of Taxation and Poor Laws and Paupers.
In 1834 Harriet Martineau visited the United States, after returning from which she published Society in America, and A Retrospect of Western Travel. In 1839 and 1840 appeared Deerbrook and The Hour and the Man, two novels, the first of which especially acquired a wide popularity. In 1848 she issued Eastern Life, Past and Present, the result of a visit made by her to the last in 1846. Up to about this time Harriet Martineau had been known as a Unitarian, but she now showed a decided leaning towards Positivism, and in 1853 published a condensation of Comte's Positive Philosophy.
Among her other works of importance may be mentioned her History of England during the Thirty Years' Peace. During the last twenty years of her life her writings consisted mainly of pamphlets and contributions to newspapers and periodicals. A remarkably candid autobiography which had been written for many years was published after her death, with some additions by a friend (Mrs. Chapman).
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Harris Flanagin was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Arkansas from 1862 until 1865.
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Harris M Plaisted was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Maine from 1881 until 1883.
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Harrison Gray Otis was an American politician. He was born in 1765 and died in 1848. He represented Massachusetts in the US Congress as a Federalist from 1797 to 1801. He was Speaker of the Massachusetts Legislature from 1803 to 1805, and president of the Senate from 1805 to 1806 and from 1808 to 1811. He was prominent at the Hartford Convention in 1814. He was a US Senator from 1817 to 1822.
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Harrison Ludington was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Wisconsin from 1876 until 1878.
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Harrison Reed was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Florida from 1868 until 1873.
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Harrison Weir was an English artist. He was born in 1824 at Lewes, Sussex and died in 1906. He taught himself painting as a child, and his first exhibited picture was in oil, and entitled The Wild Duck (1843, at the British Institution). In 1847 he was elected a member of the New Society of Painters in Water Colours. He is chiefly noted for his pictures of country life, animals, fruits, flowers, etc. As an illustrator of books and periodicals he was well known. He was the author of The Poetry of Nature ; Everyday in the Country; Animal Stories; Bird Stories; Our Cats; and the large work, Our Poultry and All About Them.
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Harry Baldwin was an English footballer. He was born in 1920 at Birmingham and died in 2010. He started his football career as a goalkeeper with West Bromwich Albion in 1937 and in 1939 moved to Brighton and Hove Albion. During the Second World War he served with the Royal Navy, before returning to his football team, making a total of 215 appearances with them before leaving football in 1952 only to return to football. During the 1947-1048 season he saved seven out of nine penalties for Brighton and Hove Albion. He finally retired from football in 1956, serving his last spell with Wellington Town.
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Harry Escombe was prime minister of Natal. He was born in 1838 at London and died in 1899. He emigrated at an early age to Natal, where he became one of the leading solicitors and barristers of the colony. In 1872 he became member for Durban in the Legislative Council, served in the Zulu Campaign of 1879 to 1880 and in the Transvaal war of 1881. He was elected prime minister in 1897 and held the post until 1899.
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Harry F Kelly was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Michigan from 1943 until 1946.
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Harry Flood Byrd was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Virginia from 1926 until 1930.
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Harry Furniss was a British caricaturist. He was born in 1854 at Wexford and died in 1925. He went to London as a young man where his drawings appeared in many leading illustrated periodicals.
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Harry G Leslie was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Indiana from 1929 until 1933.
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Harry H Woodring was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Kansas from 1931 until 1933.
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Harry Houdini was an American magician and escapologist. He was born in 1874 and died in 1926. His real name was Ehrich Weiss, and he became world famous for his escape tricks.
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Sir Harry Hamilton Johnston was an English explorer and administrator. He was in born 1858 at Kennington and died in 1927. Educated at Stockwell Grammar School and at King's College, London, he was for four years a student at the Royal Academy of Arts. From 1879 to 1880 he travelled in Tunis and Algeria, and in 1882 went through Portuguese West Africa and explored part of the course of the Congo. In 1885 he was British vice-consul in the Cameroons district, and in 1887 acting consul in the Niger Coast Protectorate. In 1889 he was sent to the Lake Nyassa and Tanganyika region to make peace between the African Lakes Company and the Arabs, and his exertions resulted in the foundation of the British Central Africa Protectorate, of which he was appointed commissioner and consul-general in 1891. After acting as consul-general in Tunis, he served from 1899 to 1901 as special commissioner, commander-in-chief, and consul-general for Uganda and adjoining territories. He was created CB in 1890 and KCB in 1896, GCMG in 1901. He published various works, among them being Essays on the Tunisian Question (1880-81), Life of Livingstone, History of the Colonization of Africa, The Uganda Protectorate (1902), British Mammals. The Nile Quest, Liberia, the Negro Republic in West Africa (1906).
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Harry L Davis was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Ohio from 1921 until 1923.
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Harry R Hughes was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Maryland from 1979 until 1987.
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Harry S Truman was an American politician and president. He was born in 1884 in Missouri. In 1934 he was elected to the senate for the Democrats. In 1945 he became president when Roosevelt died. In 1948 he was re-elected president and in 1952 he retired from politics.
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Harry (or Henry) the Minstrel, commonly called Blind Harry was a wandering Scottish poet of the 15th century. He was the author of a poetical narrative of the achievements of Sir William Wallace, of which there is a complete manuscript of date 1488 in the Advocates' Library. The date of the poem may probably be placed between 1470 and 1480. It professes to be based on Latin histories by John Blair and Thomas Gray, otherwise unknown. It has little or no value as history, and contains impossible incidents, yet discoveries during the 19th century vindicated its accuracy in several particulars once discredited. The modern Scottish version by William Hamilton of Gilbertfield was long a favourite book in Scottish homes. Of the poet we know hardly anything beyond a brief notice in John Major's history of 1521, in which he is said to have received food and clothing for reciting his history before the nobles.
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Harry Vardon was an English professional golfer. He was born in 1870 at Grouville, Jersey and died in 1937. An amateur golfer, he turned professional in 1903 and was six times British Open Champion in 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899, 1903, 1911 and 1914 and American Open Champion in 1900 and German Open champion in 1911 and the winner of the News of the World Tournament in 1912. His overlapping grip became known as the 'Vardon grip'.
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Harry W Nice was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Maryland from 1935 until 1939.
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Hartley Coleridge was an English poet. He was born in 1796 at Clevedon near Bristol and died in 1849. In 1815 he went to Oxford, and in 1818 took his degree but was refused his fellowship from Oriel College on account of his drinking. Leaving Oxford he went first to London and the to the Lake District where he wrote sonnets and prose.
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The Haruspices were priests or soothsayers of Etruscan origin, who foretold events from observing the entrails of animals. They were introduced to Rome by Romulus in around 750 BC and abolished by Constantine in 337.
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Harvey L Wollman was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of South Dakota from 1978 until 1979.
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Harvey Parnell was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Arkansas from 1928 until 1933.
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Hasdrubal (more correctly Asdrubal, 'Baal is his help'), was the name of several Carthaginian leaders, particularly the brother of Hannibal, the hero of the Second Punic War. On the departure of Hannibal for Italy, in 218 BC, he was left in command of the army in Spain, in which capacity he carried on a long series of military operations against the Roman troops, which were commanded by Cnaeus and Publius Scipio. His brother Hannibal requiring his assistance in Italy, Hasdrubal led an army from Spain into that country in 207 BC, but before he could join forces with his brother he was defeated on the right bank of the Metaurus by Nero and Livius. Nero is said to have thrown Hasdrubal's head into Hannibal's camp, by way of announcing the defeat and death of his brother.
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The Hausa are a Muslim people of north Nigeria.
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Hawkeye is a nickname for an inhabitant of the state of Iowa, USA.
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The Hawkubites were a gang of thugs who roamed the streets of London after dark molesting women, children, old men and watchmen during the reign of Queen Anne from around 1711 until around 1714.
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Henry Hawley Smart was an English soldier and novelist. He was born in 1833 at Dover and died in 1893. Educated privately, he entered the army in the 1st Regiment of Foot and saw action in the Crimean War and in India during the Indian Mutiny. Retiring from the army with the rank of captain, he devoted himself to writing, producing some thirty novels based around the themes of racing, hunting and military life. His first novel, 'Breezie Langton' was published in 1869.
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The Hay-ward was a former British public official in charge of the town or village's commons
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A hayward was a town officer appointed in the early New England colonies to look after hedges and boundaries of private property and prevent encroachment, Also his office was akin to that of the impounder and common driver.
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Hazen S Pingree was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Michigan from 1897 until 1900.
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William Hazlitt was an English writer. He was born in 1778 at Maidstone and died in 1830.
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Headsman is an old term for a chief.
Headsman is an old term for an executioner, especially one who beheads the victims.
In mining, a headsman is someone who moves coal etc from the workings into position ready to be transported to the surface.
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Heber M Wells was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Utah from 1896 until 1905.
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Hecataeus was an eminent ancient Greek historian and geographer. He was probably born about 550 BC and died about 476 BC. He visited Egypt, Thrace, Greece, the coasts of the Euxine, Italy, Spain, and Africa. His two great works were his Tour of the World and his Genealogies or Histories. Only fragments of his writings are extant.
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Hector Berlioz was a French composer. He was born in 1803 and died in 1869. He gave up medicine to study music at the Paris Conservatoire, where he gained the first prize in 1830 with his cantata Sardanapale. For about two years he studied in Italy, and when on his return he began to produce his larger works, he found himself compelled to take up the pen both in defence of his principles and for his own better maintenance.
As critic of the Journal des Debats and feuilletonist he displayed scarcely less originality than in his music, his chief literary works being the Traite d'Instrumentation, 1844; Voyage Musical, 1845; Les Soirees d'Orchestre, 1853; and A travers Chant, 1862. His musical works belong to the Romantic school, and are specially noteworthy for the resource they display in orchestral colouring. The more important are Harold en Italie; Episode de la Vie d'un Artiste, and Le Retour a la Vie; Romeo and Juliette, 1834; Damnation de Faust, 1846; the operas Benvenuto Cellini, Beatrice and Benedict, and Les Troy-ens; L'Enfance du Christ, and the Requiem. He married an English actress, Miss Smithson, but latterly lived apart from her. After his death appeared Memoires written by himself.
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Hector Boece (Hector Boyce) was a Scottish historian. He was born about 1465 at Dundee and died in 1536. He studied first at Dundee, and then at the University of Paris, where he became professor of philosophy in the College of Montaigu, and made the acquaintance of Erasmus. About 1500 he quitted Paris to assume the principalship of the newly-founded university of King's College, Aberdeen. In 1522 he published in Paris a history in Latin of the prelates of Mortlach and Aberdeen. Five years afterwards appeared the work on which his fame chiefly rests, the History of Scotland in Latin - Scotorum Historic a prima gentis origine, etc. It abounds in fable, but the narrative seems to have been skilfully adjusted to the conditions of belief in his own time. In 1536 a translation of the history was published, made by John Ballentyne or Bellenden for James V.
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Hector St John de Crevecoeur was an English writer. He was born in 1731 and died in 1813. Emigrating to America in 1754 he was captured during the American War Of Independence, made a prisoner and later exchanged in England. In 1783 he was appointed French Consul at New York. He wrote extensively concerning America.
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Hector Hugo Munro (Saki) was a British novelist. He was born in 1870 and died in 1916.
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Sir Hector Munro was a British general. He was born in 1726 and died in 1805. In 1764 he suppressed the mutiny at Patnar and won the Battle of Buxar, which virtually subjugated Hindustan. After spending some years at home he returned to India in 1777, captured Pondichery from the French in 1778, helped to gain the port of Porto Novo in 1781, and captured Negapatam. From 1768 to 1801 he sat as a member of Parliament for the Inverness Burghs.
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The Hedui were a Celtic people of north-east France. They were subjugated by Julius Caesar in 52 BC. In 21 an insurrection was quelled by Silius.
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Heidi India Range (also known as 'Tinkerbell') is an English singer. She was born in 1963 at Liverpool. A performer from an early age, she first appeared on stage singing at the Neptune Theatre in Liverpool when she was three. Originally a member of the pop group 'Atomic Kitten' from when she was fifteen years old, she left the band because they weren't performing the type of music she liked and in 2001 joined pop group the 'Sugarbabes' from where she is best known to an international audience.
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Heinrich Barth was a German explorer. He was born in 1821 at Hamburg 1821 and died in 1865. He graduated at the University of Berlin as Ph.D. in 1844; and set out in 1845 to explore all the countries bordering on the Mediterranean. The first volume of his Wanderungen durch die Kustenlander des Mittelmeeres was published in 1849, in which year he was invited by the English government to join Dr. Overweg in accompanying Richardson's expedition to Central Africa. The expedition set out from Tripoli in February, 1850, and in spite of the death both of Richardson and Overweg, Barth did not return to Tripoli until the autumn of 1855. His explorations, which extended over an area of about 2,000,000 square miles, determined the course of the Niger and the true nature of the Sahara. The English account of it was entitled Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa (published in five volumes bewteen 1857 and 1858). An important work on the African languages was left unfinished.
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Heinrich Berghaus was a German geographer. He was born in 1797 and died in 1884. He served with the German army in France in 1815 and from 1816 to 1821 was employed with the great trigonometrical survey of Prussia under the War Department. From 1824 to 1855 he was professor of applied mathematics in the Berlin Academy of Architecture and afterwards resided at Stettin.
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Heinrich Karl Brugsch was a German Egyptologist. He was born in 1827 and died in 1894. He early devoted himself to the study of Egyptian antiquities, and resided a number of years in Egypt, being for some time in the employment of the Egyptian government, by which he was created a bey, and latterly a pasha. He also travelled in Persia. His works are very numerous, and include an autobiography. His History of Egypt from the Monuments has been translated into English.
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Heinrich Wilhelm Dove was a German physicist. He was born in 1803 and died in 1879. He is distinguished by his researches into the laws of climate and meteorological phenomena. Among his works are Meteorological Researches (1837), Distribution of Heat on the Surface of the Globe (1852), Law of Storms (1857).
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Heinrich Augiust Fouque (Baron de la Motte) was a Prussian soldier. He was born in 1698 and died in 1774. He served with distinction as a general during the Seven Years' War. He was descended from an old Norman family which had fled on account of religious persecutions to the Hague. Heinrich Fouque's Memoires, containing his correspondence with Frederick the Great, are highly interesting.
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Heinrich Eudolf Hermann Friedrich Gneist was a German jurist. He was born in 1816 at Berlin and died in 1895. He studied at the university of Berlin, in which, in 1844, he became professor-extraordinary, and in 1858 ordinary professor. He took part in politics as a member of the Prussian House of Deputies, and of the diet of the German Empire, ranging himself on the liberal side. He wrote extensively on law, constitutional history, etc, and had a specially thorough knowledge of English constitutional history, his works on the English Constitution and the English Parliament having been translated and published in England in 1886.
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Heinrich Heine was a German lyric poet. He was born in 1797 at Dusseldorf and died in 1856.
He studied law at Bonn, Berlin, and Gottingen; took his degree Gottingen, and in 1825 renouced his Jewish faith for Christianity. He afterwards lived at Hamburg, Berlin, and Munich, but in 1830 he settled in Paris, supported himself by his literary labours, and lived there until his death. From 1837 to the overthrow of Louis Philippe in 1848 he enjoyed a pension of 4800 francs from the French government. Of the numerous literary works of Heine may be mentioned in particular - Gedichte (Poems); Reisebilder (Pictures of Travel); Buch der Lieder (Book of Songs); Deutschland Ein Wintermarfben (Germany, a Winter Tale); Shakspere's Madchen und Frauen (Maidens and Wives); Die Romantische Schule; Letzte Gedichte und Gedanken (Last Poems and Thoughts); Atta Troll; Romanzero; etc.
As a poet Heine is remarkable for the simplicity and pathos of many of his lyric pieces. His powers of wit and raillery were also great, but he often transgressed the bounds of propriety and decorum. Scepticism and over-sensuousness are prominent characteristics. During the latter years of his life he suffered great agony from a spinal complaint, which confined him almost constantly to bed.
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Heinrich Rudolf Hertz was a German physicist. He was born in 1857 and died in 1895. He confirmed Maxwell's electromagnetic theory of waves and discovered information about their behaviour. The measurement of the frequency of radio waves is named after him.
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Heinrich Himmler was a German Nazi leader. He was born in 1900 at Munich and died in 1945. After joining the Nazi party in 1925 he was appointed head of the SS which he developed from Hitler's personal bodyguard into a powerful party weapon. He was the founder and head of the Gestapo, and instigated the systematic liquidation of racial groups, being responsible for the deaths of more than seven million people.
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Heinrich Kiepert was a German geographer. He was born in 1818 at Berlin and died in 1899. He studied history and geography under Ritter at Berlin. In 1845 he became director of the Geographical Institute of Weimar, and in 1859 professor of geography at the University of Berlin. His services were secured for the Berlin Statistical Bureau in 1865. He published numerous maps, much esteemed for their accuracy.
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Heinrich Wilhelm Matthaeus Olbers was a German astronomer. He was born in 1758 and died in 1840. He studied medicine in Gottingen, and practised in Bremen. Astronomy, however, became the ruling passion of his life. He directed his attention particularly to comets, and in 1815 he discovered a new one, which bears his name. Another discovery for which he is still better known is that of two minor planets, Pallas in 1802, and Vesta in 1807.
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Heinrich Ritter was a German philosopher. He was born in 1791 and died in 1869. He studied theology and philosophy at Halle, Gottingen, and Berlin from 1811 to 1815. In 1824 he became an extraordinary professor of philosophy in Berlin, accepted an ordinary professorship at Kiel in 1833, and subsequently occupied the chair of philosophy at Gottingen University from 1837 until his death. Ritter's chief work is a general History of Philosophy (Geschichte der Philosophie; published in 12 volumes. 1829-1855). He also published a System of Logic and Metaphysics; a Cyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences; a popular Treatise on Immortality; and other works.
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Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff was a German electrician. He was born in 1803 and died in 1877. He went to Paris, and there he invented a thermo-electric battery in 1844 and in 1851 the Ruhmkorff coil, by which sparks 45 cm in length can be produced.
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Heinrich Schliemann was a German explorer and archaeologist. He was born in 1822 at Neu-Buckow and died in 1890. Having obtained a place as correspondent and bookkeeper to an Amsterdam firm, and having been sent by them to St Petersburg, he established himself there in business on his own account. Following his travels in India, China, Japan and Greece he began excavations at Troy in 1870 which continued with breaks until 1882. In 1876 he explored Mycenae and in 1884 he excavated the site of Tiryns, discovering the foundations of the palace. He also wrote a number of books about his excavations.
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Heinrich Matthias Thurn (Count Von Thurn) was a Bohemian Protestant leader. He was born in 1580 and died in 1640. In 1618 he raised the standard of revolt against the emperor and invaded Austria, but fled after the disastrous battle of the White Hill at Prague in 1620. Later he served in the Swedish army, being present at Breitenfeld in 1631 and Lutzen in 1632. He was finally defeated by Wallenstein at Steinau on the Oder in 1633.
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Count Heinrich Von Bruhl was a minister and favourite of Augustus III, king of Poland. He was born in 1700 and died 1763. In 1747 he became the primeminister of Augustus III, to gratify whose wishes he exhausted the state, plunged the country into debt, and greatly reduced the army. He acquired great wealth and lived in greater state than the king himself. His profusion was often beneficial to the arts and sciences, and his library of 62,000 volumes formed a chief part of the Royal Library at Dresden.
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Baron Heinrich Friedrich Karl von Stein was a German statesman. He was born in 1757 at Nassau and died in 1831. After studying law at Gottingen, he entered the Prussian service where he rose quickly and rendered great service to King Frederick William III between 1804 and 1806. In 1807 he was dismissed for urging the establishment of a responsible cabinet, but resumed office as minister of the interior.
Denounced by Napoleon Bonaparte for his politics, Heinrich von Stein escaped arrest by fleeing to Bohemia and in 1812 went to St Petersburg at the request of Tsar Alexander I. After the Battle of Leipzig in 1813 he presided over the commission for the control of occupied territory.
He worked hard at the Congress of Vienna to secure a consolidation of Germany before retiring to private life.
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HEINRICH VON STEIN
Baron Heinrich Friedrich Karl von Stein was a German statesman. He was born in 1757 at Nassau and died in 1831. He studied at Gottingen, entered the mining department of the Prussian government, became head of the mines and manufactures in 1784 department in Westphalia, visited the mining districts of England in 17S6, became president of the provincial chambers of Westphalia in 1796, and a minister of state in 1804. .For the severity of his criticisms on the administration he was dismissed in 1807, but in a few months he was recalled, with power to introduce his reforms. Accordingly he abolished serfage by edict, made military service obligatory on all classes, and rearranged the financial and administrative affairs. By means of these reforms he laid the basis of Prussia's future greatness, but in less than a year he was proscribed by Napoleon and dismissed from office. He afterwards visited St Petersburg, and was instrumental in bringing about the coalition which crushed Napoleon. When the military struggle was over he spent his life in retirement.
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Heinrich von Stephen was a German administrator. He was born in 1831 at Stolp and died in 1896. He entered the German postal service as a clerk, and was quickly promoted, in 1856 becoming secretary to the Berlin post office. He introduced major improvements to the German postal service and in 1870 became postmaster-general of Prussia, and in 1880 was appointed state secretary of the Imperial post office. As well as improving the German postal service Heinrich von Stephen also took an active part in the foundation of the International Postal Union in 1874.
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Heinrich von Sybel was a German historian. He was born in 1817 at Dusseldorf and died in 1895. Educated at Dusseldorf and at Berlin University, he settled as a teacher at Bonn in 1841. In 1846 he was made professor of history at Marburg; in 1856 at Munich and in 1861 at Bonn. In 1875 he left Bonn to become director of the Prussian archives.
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Heinrich Von Treitschke was a German historian and publicist. He was born in 1834 at Dresden and died in 1896. Educated at Bonn, Leipzig, Tubingen, Heidelberg and Gottingen he obtained a post at Leipzig university in 1857, but his seal for a union with Prussia compelled him to leave Saxony in 1863 and he went to Freiburg, and afterwards to Kiel and Heidelberg. He spoke widely on political philosophy, arguing for the authority of the state and calling for individual blind obedience to the state, and calling for a unification of Germany into a single powerful kingdom.
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Heitor Villa-Lobos was a Brazilian composer. He was born in 1887 and died in 1959.
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Helen Blavatsky was a Russian occultist. She was born in 1831 and died in 1891. She married at the age of seventeen the sixty-year-old Baron Blavatsky, but left him at the end of three months. She made extensive travels in Europe, Asia, and North America, took up the subject of theosophy and Eastern lore, and with Colonel Olcott, an Englishman, founded in 1875 the Theosophic Society, whose leader she continued to be until her death in London in 1891. Besides editing a theosophistic journal, Lucifer the Lightbringer, she published various works, including The Secret Doctrine; Key to Theosophy; Isis Unveiled; etc.
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Helen Maria Fiske Jackson was an American writer. She was born in 1831 and died in 1885. After the death of her husband, Edwin B Hunt, in 1863, she began writing prose and poetry for periodicals under the pen-name of Helen Hunt. In 1876 she married William S Jackson. She was appointed special commissioner to the Mission Indians of California by President Arthur in 1883, as a consequence of her special interest in them, as shown by her writings.
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Helen Keller was an American writer and campaigner for the disabled. She was born in 1880 at Tuscumbia, Alabama and died in 1968. She became deaf and blind at the age of 19 months, but remarkably was taught to communicate when she was seven years old and went on to use both sign language and verbal language, graduated from Radcliffe College in 1904 and wrote several books based on her experiences.
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Helena is the name of several saints, of whom the chief was the mother of the Emperor Constantine the Great, a woman of humble origin, and a native either of Bithynia or of Britain. She became the wife of Constantius Chlorus, who, however, was compelled to repudiate her when made Cassar by Diocletian in 292 AD. At the same time he made her son his sole heir, and Constantine, on his accession, took her to reside with him at the palace, and gave her the title of Augusta. She did much for the advancement of religion, and is said to have discovered the true cross, in honour of which she founded the church of the holy sepulchre at Jerusalem. She died shortly after at the age of eighty, in 328 or 326 AD.
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Helena Ghika (Princess Koltzoff-Massalsky) was a Romanian writer. She was born in 1828 at Bucharest and died in 1888. She wrote novels, historical studies and travel writings in French under the pseudonym Dora d'Istria. She was the daughter of Prince Michael Ghika, and niece of Gregory Ghika X., hospodar of Wallachia. She was carefully educated, and acquired by frequent travels an extensive knowledge of modern languages and literature. In 1849 she married Prince Koltzoff-Massalsky.
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Helene Adele is an English woman. She was born in 1907. Helene Adele was the victim of an attempt to pervert the course of justice by two Metropolitan police constables in 1928. In July 1928 Helene Adele was staying in a taxicab parked in a garage in London, with permission that she might sleep overnight in the taxi, when two PCs inspected the garage on their patrol. One constable entered the cab and tried to force Helene Adele to have sex with him. She refused, threatened to report the officer, and was subsequently arrested and charged on fabricated charges of using insulting words and behaviour. The truth came out in court, and Helene Adele was acquitted and the two constables charged with perjury and attempting to pervert the course of justice. At the officers trial an Acting-Sergeant gave false evidence that at the time of the incident one of the officers had been at the station. Both officers were convicted to 18 months hard-labour and the Acting-Sergeant was dismissed from the force for giving false evidence.
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Helenus was a Trojan soothsayer, a son of Priam and Hecuba, the twin-brother of Cassandra, and husband of Andromache after Hector's death. He foretold the destiny of Aeneas.
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Heliodorus was a Greek romance writer. He was born at Emesa, in Syria, in the 4th century. Though of the family of priests of the Syrian god of the Sun, he became a Christian, and Bishop of Tricca in Thessaly. His youthful work, AEthiopica, or the Loves of Theagenes and Charicleia, is a tale of adventure in poetical prose, with an almost epic tone. It is, however, sometimes asserted that Heliodorus, the romance-writer, was a Neo-Pythagorean sophist of the 3rd century, erroneously confounded with the bishop.
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Heliogabalus, or Elagabalus was a Roman emperor. He was born in about 205 and died in 222. The son of Sextus Varius Marcellus he was originally called Varius Avitus Bassianus. He received his name from having been, while still a child, priest of Elagabalus, the Syro-Phoenician Sun-god. After the death of Macrinus he was invested, at the age of fourteen with the imperial purple, but his licentiousness soon displeased the populace, and he was killed in an insurrection of the praetorians after a reign of less than four years.
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Hellene is an alternate name for a Greek.
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Hellenists is a name for those Jews who, especially in Egypt after the time of Alexander the Great, became imbued with Greek culture and civilization, and spoke and wrote in Greek. To them was due the formation of the peculiar dialect termed the Hellenistic dialect of Greek, the special feature of which was its use of foreign, and more particularly of Hebrew and Aramaic words and idioms. The most noted of the Jewish Hellenistic philosophers was Philo of Alexandria, and the chief of the learned labours of the Alexandrian Jews was the Septuagint version of the Old Testament.
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Helmuth Johannes Ludwig Von Moltke was a Prussian general. He was born in 1848 and died in 1916. He invented the German plan of campaign for the Great War.
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Helmuth Carl Bernhard von Moltke (Count von Moltke) was a German field-marshal. He was born in 1800 near Mecklenburg and died in 1891. He entered the Danish army in 1819 and left that service for the Prussian in 1822, and became a staff-officer in 1832. In 1835 he superintended the Turkish military reforms, and he was present during the Syrian campaign against Mehemet Ali in 1839. He returned to Prussia and became colonel of the staff in 1851, and equerry to the crown prince in 1855. In 1858 as provisional director of the general staff he acted in unison with Von Roon and Bismarck in the vast plans of military reorganization soon after carried out. The conduct of the Danish war in 1864 was attributable to his strategy, as was also the success of the Austro-Prussian war of 1866, and the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-1871. In the latter year he was made field-marshal, and became count in 1872. He retired from the position of cliief of the general staff in 1888.
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The helot were a class of slaves in ancient Sparta.
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The Helots were slaves in ancient Sparta. They were the property of the state, which alone had the disposal of their life and freedom, and which assigned them to certain citizens, by whom they were employed in private labours. Agriculture and all mechanical arts at Sparta were in their hands, and they were also obliged to bear arms for the state in case of necessity. They behaved with great bravery in the Peloponnesian War, and were rewarded with liberty in 431 BC, but 2000 appear to have been subsequently secretly massacred. Several times they rose against their masters, but were always and finally beaten.
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The Helvetii were a Celtic people living in the area now called Switzerland (Helvetia after them) around Roman times. They were persecuted by the Romans under Vitellius for refusing to acknowledge him as Emperor and were almost wiped out by Julius Caesar in 58 BC near Geneva.
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Hendrick was a Mohawk chief. He was born in 1680 and died in 1755. He represented the Six Nations at a treaty congress in 1754 at Albany, and faithfully aided the British against the French.
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Hendrick Antoon Lorentz was a Dutch scientist. He was born in 1853 and died in 1928. He shared the Nobel prize for physics in 1902.
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Hendrik Conscience was a Flemish novelist. He was born in 1812 at Antwerp and died in 1883. Having educated himself he taught for a short time in a school, and then served in the army for six years. He was for a time tutor in Flemish to the royal princes, and from 1868 conservator of the Wiertz museum at Brussels. He wrote novels mainly dealing with the history of his country and provide accounts of everyday life in Belgium. They include The Lion of Flanders; Jakob van Artevelde; Batavia; Wooden Clara; Blind Rosa; The Poor Nobleman; The Young Doctor; Maternal Love; etc. He also wrote a History of Belgium.
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Hendrik Willem Mesdag was a Dutch painter. He was born in 1831 ay Groningen and died in 1905. He started painting landscapes, using the method of painting on a window and then later enlarging the picture onto canvas, until in 1868 he moved to painting marine pictures.
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Hendrik van Balen was a Dutch painter. He was born in 1560 at Antwerp and died in 1632. His works, chiefly classical, religious, and allegorical - some of them executed in partnership with Breughel - are to be found in most of the European galleries. He was the first master of Van Dyck and Snyders. Three of his sons also followed the art.
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Heneage Finch, first Earl of Nottingham, was an English jurist. He was born in 1621 and died in 1682. He was the son of Heneage Finch, recorder of the city of London, and was an ardent royalist. He was called to the bar in 1645, and at the Restoration was appointed solicitor-general, in which capacity he signalized his zeal in the prosecution of the regicides. In 1661 be was elected member for the University of Oxford and obtained a baronetcy, and six years afterwards took a prominent part in the impeachment of the Earl of Clarendon. In 1670 he became attorney-general, and in 1675 he obtained the chancellorship. In 1681 his services were rewarded with the earldom of Nottingham.
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Hengist was a prince of the Jutes and the founder of the Kingdom of Kent in Great Britain, in conjunction with his brother Horsa. In 449 the Britons sued for aid from the Saxons against the inroads of the Scots and Picts. The Saxons under Hengist and Horsa accordingly landed at the mouth of the Thames, and defeated the northern tribes near Stamford in 450 AD. Being reinforced from home they afterwards united with the Scots and Picts against the Britons, whom they ultimately dispossessed. Hengist, who had lost his brother in the battle near Eglesford (now Ailsford) in 445 AD, founded the Kingdom of Kent, established his residence in Canterbury, and died about the year 488.
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Henri Francois D'Aguesseau was a distinguished French jurist and statesman. He was born in 1668 at Limoges in 1668 and died in 1751. He was in 1690 advocate-general at Paris, and at the age of thirty-two procureur-general of the parliament. He risked disgrace with Louis XIV by successfully opposing the famous papal bull Unigenitus. He was made chancellor in 1717, was deprived of his office in 1718 on account of his opposition to Law's system of finance, but had to be recalled in 1720. In 1722 he had to retire a second time; but was recalled in 1727 by Cardinal Fleury, and in 1737 again got the chancellorship, which he held until 1750.
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Henri Frederic Amiel was a Swiss writer. He was born in 1821 at Geneva and died in 1881. He was professor of aesthetics and French literature and then of moral philosophy at Geneva and wrote verse, but is best known for his posthumous Journal Intime comprising 17,000 manuscript pages written between 1848 and 1881.
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Henri Arnaud was a pastor and military leader of the Vaudois of Piedmont. He was born in 1641 and died in 1721. At the head of his people he successfully withstood the united forces of France and Savoy, and afterwards did good service against France in the War of the Spanish Succession. He had to retire from his country, and was followed by a number of his people, to whom he discharged the duties of pastor until his death.
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Henri Barbusse was a French writer. He was born in 1874 and died in 1935.
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Henri Louis Bergson was a French philosopher. He was born in 1859 at Paris. He was awarded the Nobel prize for literature in 1927.
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Henri Marie du Crotay de Blainville was a French naturalist. He was born in 1777 and died in 1850. After attending a military school, and also studying art, his interest in Georges Cuvier's lectures led him to the study of medicine and natural history. Georges Cuvier chose him for his assistant in the College of France and the museum of natural history, and in 1812 secured for him the chair of anatomy and zoology in the Faculty of Sciences at Paris. In 1825 he was admitted to the Academy of Sciences; in 1829 he became professor in the Museum of Natural History, lecturing on the mollusca, zoophytes, and worms; and in 1832 he succeeded Georges Cuvier in the chair of comparative anatomy there. His chief works were L'Organisation des Animaux ou Principes d'Anatomie Comparee (1822);
Manuel de Malacologie et de Conchylio-logie (1825); Cours de Physiologic Generale (1829 32); Manuel d'Actinologie (1834); Osteographie, a work on the vertebrate skeleton.
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Henri Alexis Brialmont was a Belgian soldier, military writer and engineer. He was born in 1821 at Venlo and died in 1903. He entered the army in 1843 as a lieutenant of engineers and retired in 1886. Educated at the Military School, Brussels, he made a special study of the principles of fortifications and was appointed Inspector-General of Fortifications on the general Staff in 1875. During his career he wrote a number of works, many of which deal with fortifications.
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Henri Chapu was a French sculptor. He was born in 1833 at Mee and died in 1891.
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Henri Christophe was King of Haiti. He was born in 1767 in the West Indies and died in 1820. He was employed as a slave in St Domingo on the outbreak of the blacks against the French in 1793. From the commencement of the troubles he signalized himself by his energy, boldness, and activity in many bloody engagements. Toussaint-L'Ouverture gave him the commission of brigadier-general, and he was largely instrumental in driving the French from the island. After the death of Jean Dessalines Henri Christophe became master of the northern part of the island. In 1811 he had himself proclaimed King of Haiti by the name of Henri I. He also sought to perpetuate his name by the compilation of the Code Henri - a digest founded upon the Code Napoleon. His cruelty provoked a revolt, which being unable to quell he shot himself, 1820.
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Henri Coiffier de Ruze (Marquis de Cinq-Mars) was a French courtier. He was born in 1620 and died in 1642. A favourite of Louis XIII., he was introduced at court by Cardinal Richelieu. The king made him master of the robes and grand equerry of France when only in his nineteenth year, and he soon aspired, not only to a share in the management of public affairs, but even to the hand of the beautiful Maria di Gonzaga, princess of Mantua. Thwarted, however, by the cardinal, Cinq-Mars concocted a plot for the overthrow of Richelieu, and entered into treaty with Spain. To propitiate Richelieu the king was compelled to sacrifice his favourite, who was arrested at Narbonne and beheaded with his friend the young councillor De Thou at Lyons in 1642.
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Henri Benjamin Constant de Rebecque was a French politician. He was born in 1767 at Lausanne and died in 1830. During the French Revolution he distinguished himself by his works upon politics and on revolutionary subjects, and was elected to the office of tribune; but his speeches and writings rendered him odious to the First Consul, and he was dismissed in 1802.
Similarity of sentiments connected him with Madame de Stael; and with her he travelled through several countries until Napoleon permitted him to return to Paris for a limited period. He then went to Gottingen, and again appeared at Paris in 1814, showing himself zealous in the cause of the Bourbons, though he suffered himself to be elected counsellor of state by Napoleon. Subsequently he was elected a member of the Chamber of Deputies. His numerous writings include essays on the liberty of the press (1814); on the principles of politics (1815), etc; besides his more elaborate philosophical work, De la Religion consideree dans sa Source, ses Formes, et ses Developpements (1824).
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Henri-Eugene-Phillipe Louis D'Orleans, Duc D'Aumale, was a French prince and statesman. He was born in 1822 and died in 1897. A son of Louis Philippe, the king of the French, in 1847 he succeeded Marshal Bugeaud as governor-general of Algeria, where he had distinguished himself in the war against Abd-el-Kader. After the revolution of 1848 he retired to England; but he returned to France in 1871, and was elected a member of the assembly; became inspector-general of the army in 1879, and was expelled along with the other royal princes in 1886, but was allowed to return.
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Henri de Kock was a French novelist. He was born in 1819 and died in 1892. The son of the novelist Paul-Charles de Kock, he assisted his father in various works, and produced a large number of novels and plays of his own.
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Henri de la Tour D'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne, was a Marshal of France. He was born in 1611 at Sedan and died in 1675. He was the second son of Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, duke of Bouillon, and of Elizabeth, princess of Nassau-Orange. He learned the art of war under his uncles Maurice and Henry of Nassau in the Dutch service, entered the service of France in 1630, served with distinction in Germany and North Italy, and in 1643 received the command of the army of the Rhine in the Thirty Years War, and was made a marshal. His successes in this post, as in the battle of Nordlingen in 1645, greatly contributed to the close of the war. During the disturbances of the Fronde the victories of Turenne led to the termination of the civil war. In the war against Spain he also distinguished himself, and after its close in 1659 he was named marshal-general of France. When war was renewed with Spain in 1667 he conquered Flanders in three months. In the Dutch war of 1672 Turenne had the chief command. He first marched against the Elector of Brandenburg, and having driven him back as far as the Elbe forced him to sign the Treaty of Vossem in 1673; while in the brilliant campaign of 1674-1675 he destroyed two Austrian armies by the battles of Muhlhausen and Turkheim, and conquered and devastated the Palatinate. In 1675 he was killed while making preparations to engage Montecuculi.
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Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec was a French painter. He was born in 1864 at Albi and died in 1901.
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Henri du Vergier (Comte de La Rochejaquelein) was the chief of the Vendean royalists. He was born in 1772 and died in 1794. During the French revolution he put himself at the head of the peasants of La Vendee, and gained sixteen victories in ten months. At the age of twenty-two he was shot by a republican soldier in the battle of Nouaille, in March, 1794. He was one of the most sincere and courageous of the French royalists.
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Henri Duparc was a French composer. He was born in Paris in 1848. He died in 1933.
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Henri Duveyrier was a French explorer and geographer. He was born in 1840 at Paris and died in 1892. He undertook an exploration of the Sahara in 1858 until 1861 and studied the Berber people of Morocco in 1876.
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Henri Alphonse Esquiros was a French poet, romancist, and miscellaneous writer. He was born in 1814 at Paris 1814 and died in 1876. His first work, a volume of poetry, Les Hirondelles, appeared in 1834. This was followed by numerous romances, and a commentary on the life of Christ:
L'Evangile du Peuple, for which he was prosecuted and imprisoned. He then published Les Chants d'un Prisonnier, poems written in prison; Les Vierges Folles; Les Vierges Sages; L'Histoire des Montagnards; etc. Having to leave France in 1851 he resided for years in England, and wrote a series of essays for the Revue des Deux Mondes on English life and character, which were translated under the title of The English at Home, and were very popular. He also wrote a similar work on the Dutch.
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Henri Fantin-Latour was a French painter. He was born in 1836 at Grenoble and died in 1904.
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Count Henri Gregoire, bishop of Blois, was a French a churchman and statesman of the French Revolution. He was born in 1750 and died in 1831. In 1789, while cure of Embermenil, in the district of Nancy, he was sent by the clergy of Lorraine as their representative to the states-general. As one of the secretaries of the constituent assembly he joined the extreme democratic section, and in the convention voted for the condemnation, though not for the death, of the king. Although extreme in his democratic opinions, he was an unflinching Jansenist. He was a member of the Council of Five Hundred, of the corps legislatif, and of the senate in 1801. On the conclusion of the concordat he resigned his bishopric. He voted against the establishment of the imperial government, and alone in the senate resisted the restoration of titles of nobility. He himself afterwards accepted the title of count, but in the senate was always one of the small body who opposed Napoleon, and in 1814 was one of the first to vote for his deposition. He passed the latter part of his life in retirement. He left numerous works, among them Ruines de Port Royal, 1801; Essai Historique sur les Libertes de l'Eglise Gallicane; Histoire des Sectes Religieuses depuis Le Commencement de ce Siecle, 1810 and 1828; Annales de la Religion, 1795-1803.
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Baron Henri Jomini was a Swiss soldier and military historian. He was born in 1779 at Payerne, canton of Vaud and died in 1869. He first served with the troops of his own country, but in 1804 joined the French army with the rank of major, accompanied Marshal Ney to Germany in 1805-1807, and to Spain in 1808, in the capacity first of aide-de-camp, then of chief staff-officer, In 1808 he became a brigadier-general. He distinguished himself during the Russian campaign of 1812, but subsequently entered the Russian service. He latterly retired to Brussels. Some of his most important works are Traites des Grandes Operations Militaires ou Histoire Critique des Guerres de Frederic le Grand; Principes de la Strategie; Vie Politique et Militaire de Napoleon; Precis de 1'Art de Guerre; etc.
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Henri Matisse was a French painter. He was born in 1869 at Le Cateau and died in 1954.
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Henri Milne-Edwards was a French naturalist. He was born at Bruges in 1800 and died 1885. The son of English parents, he studied medicine and received his degree in Paris; succeeded Cuvier at the Academy des Sciences in 1838; was appointed professor of natural history at the Museum in 1841, professor of zoology in 1862. He published Elements of Zoology, Natural History of Crustaceans, etc, but his great work was Lecons sur la Physiologie et l'Anatomie Comparee published between 1857 and 1883 in 14 volumes.
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Henri Murger was a French peot. He was born in 1822 at Paris and died in 1861. He lived a life of extreme privation and formed an informal club or society of unconventional young artists and authors similarly situated which was named 'Bohemia,' and the associates 'Bohemians' - a name famous in general literary history. He contributed a great mass of 'copy' to numerous periodicals, and at last made a reputation by his Scenes de la Vie de Boheme. He also published two volumes of poetry, Ballades et Fantaisies, and Les Nuits d'Hiver; and wrote dramas for the Luxembourg theatre, and tales, etc, for the Revue des Deux Mondes.
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Henri Victor Regnault was a French chemist and physicist. He was born in 1810 and died in 1878. He was educated at the Ecole Polytechnique, Paris; became professor at this institution in 1840, and professor of physics at the College de France the following year; chief engineer of mines in 1847; and director of the porcelain manufacture at Sevres in 1854. He published Cours Elementaire de Chimie, and Premiers Elements de Chimie, both popular works.
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Victor Henri Rochefort (Marquis de Rochefort-Lucay) was a French journalist, dramatist, and politician. He was born in 1831 at Paris and died after 1906. At Paris he first studied medicine, but on the death of his father in 1851 he obtained a post in the prefecture. In 1859 he wrote for the Charivari, and he became one of the principal writers on the Figaro. Having been dismissed from the latter post by order of the ministry, he founded a weekly paper called La Lanterne in 1868, in which he vigorously attacked the emperor and the ministry. It was seized early in its career by the police, and Rochefort was fined and imprisoned. In 1869 he was returned to the legislative assembly by the first arrondissement of Paris. He then started a new paper, the Marseillaise, and for its attacks on the imperial family he was sentenced to six months' imprisonment in January 1870. After Sedan he became a member of the government of National Defence. He fled from Paris in May 1871 when he foresaw the end of the Commune, of which he had been a vigorous supporter, but was arrested by the Versailles government and sentenced to transportation to New Caledonia. He escaped in 1874, and after the general amnesty of 1880 returned to Paris on July the 12th, where he founded his new journal the Intransigeant. He was returned as deputy by the department of the Seine, but resigned his seat in February 1886. His influence suffered from his joining in the Boulangist movement.
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Henri Rousseau was a French painter. He was born in 1844 and died in 1910.
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Henri Etienne Sainte-Claire Deville was a French chemist. He was born in 1818 and died in 1881. His principal works included the sodium method of preparing aluminium and researches on the platinum metals. His experiences with high temperature methods in this connection led to pioneering work on the artificial preparation of minerals and to his discovery of thermal dissociation.
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Henri-Louis Jacquet Droz was a Swiss mechanist. He was born in 1752 and died in 1791. The son of Pierr-Jacquet Droz, he followed the same line as his father, and constructed an automaton representing a young female which played different tunes on the harpsichord; a pair of artificial hands for a young man who was mutilated; etc.
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Henrietta Maria was queen of Charles I of England. She was born in 1609 at Paris and died in 1669. She was the youngest child of Henry IV of France, by his second wife, Maria de'Medici. The proposed marriage between Charles, Prince of Wales, and the Infanta of Spain having failed, a matrimonial negotiation was opened with Henrietta, whom he had first met at a ball in Paris while on his way to Spain. The marriage was celebrated by proxy at Paris in 1625, but her first popularity in England was soon destroyed by her bigotry, hauteur, and despotic ideas as to divine right. Much of the subsequent procedure which brought Charles I to the block may be traced indirectly to her influence. On the breaking out of the English Civil War she proceeded to Holland, procured money and troops, and afterwards joined Charles I at Oxford. She again went to the Continent in 1644, and resided in France until the Restoration. On that occasion she visited England, but soon returned to France, and died near Paris in 1669.
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Henrietta Eliza Vaughan Stannard was a British novelist. She was born in 1856 and died in 1911. She wrote under the pseudonym John Strange Winter.
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Henriette Sontag was an operatic singer. She was born in 1805 at Coblentz and died in 1854 of cholera. She appeared with brilliant success in all the capitals of Europe, where she was recognized as a worthy rival of Malibran. In 1829 she married Count Rossi, an Italian nobleman, and in the following year retired from the stage. Twenty years later, however, in consequence of loss of fortune, she was obliged to return to the stage, when it was found that her voice had lost none of its power or charm.
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Henrik Hertz was a Danish dramatic poet. He was was born in 1798 at Copenhagen of Jewish parents and died in 1870. He published several comedies anonymously between 1826 and 1830. Poetical Epistles from Paradise, in which he imitated and satirized the affected style and spirit of his contemporaries, raised a great commotion at the time. He wrote a great number of poems and novels, but his best works are his plays. Among his best known are Sparekassen, Ninon, Svend Dyring's Huus, a tragedy founded on an old saga, and King Rene's Daughter, which has been translated and performed in France, Germany, and Britain.
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Henrik Ibsen was a Norwegian dramatist. He was born in 1828 at Skien and died in 1906. His first play, Catilina, was produced in Christiania in 1850. He was successively director of the theatre at Bergen and of the Norske Theatre at Christiania, which he managed from 1857 to 1862. In 1864 he left his native country and up until 1892 he resided chiefly abroad. His dramas are partly in prose, partly in verse, and include historical plays and satirical comedies of modern life. Some of them have been represented in English. Among them are: Emperor and Galilean, The Pillars of the House, A Doll's House, Ghosts, The Wild Duck, Rosmersholm, The Lady from the Sea, Hedda Gabler, Master-Builder Solness, Little Eyolf, John Gabriel Borkman, When We Dead Awaken. Henrik Ibsen was also a lyric poet of repute.
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