Henry A Wise was an American politician. He was born in 1806 and died in 1876. He represented Virginia in the US Congress as a Democrat from 1833 to 1843, but supported the Whig party in opposition to Jackson's bank policy. He was Minister to Brazil from 1844 to 1847. He was elected Governor of Virginia in 1856, after a severe struggle with the Know-nothings, whom he denounced as abolitionists in disguise. He served until 1859. During his administration occurred John Brown's raid. As a member of the Virginia Convention in 1861 he laboured for conciliation. He led a Confederate brigade in the Kanawha Valley and defended Roanoke Island. He wrote a book of political history called 'Seven Decades of the Union'. Research Henry A. Wise
Henry Addington (ViscountSidmouth) was an English politician. He was born in 1757 and died in 1844. He entered parliament, in 1783, as a warm supporter of Pitt. He was elected speaker of the House of Commons in 1789, and in 1801 invited by the king to form an administration, chiefly signalized by the conclusion of the Peace of Amiens. He quarrelled with Pitt, whom he bitterly attacked. He was home secretary from 1812 until 1822, his repressive policy making him remarkably unpopular with the nation at large. He retired from official life in 1824. Research Henry Addington
Henry Aldrich was Dean of Christchurch, Oxford. He was born in 1647 and died in 1710. He was distinguished as a writer on logic, as an architect, and as a musician. His Compendium of Logic was a text-book until the end of the 19th century. He adapted many of the works of the older musicians, such as Palestrina and Carissimi, to the liturgy of the Church of England, and composed many services and anthems, some of which are still heard in English cathedrals. Research Henry Aldrich
Henry Alford was an English priest and writer. He was born in 1810 at London and died in 1871. Educated at Trinity College, Cambridge he was ordained in 1833 and became a fellow of Trinity in 1834. He wrote 'The Queen's English' published in 1864 and several hymns. Research Henry Alford
Henry Bowen Anthony was an American journalist and politician. He was born in 1815 at Coventry, Rhode Island and died in 1884. He was a Whig governor of Rhode Island from 1849 until 1851. From 1859 to 1884 he represented Rhode Island as a Republican Senator. He left a valuable collection of books upon his death, known as the Harris Library, which he left to the Brown University from whence he had graduated in 1833. Research Henry B. Anthony
Henry Balnaves of Halhill was a Scottish reformer. He was born in about 1500 at Kirkcaldy and died in 1579. Educated at St Andrews he became a lord of session and a member of the Scottish parliament in 1538. He was one of the commissioners appointed in 1543 to treat of the proposed marriage between Edward VI and Mary. In 1547 he was one of the prisoners taken in the castle of St Andrews and exiled to France. Recalled in 1554, he busily engaged in the establishment of the reformed faith; assisted in revising the Book of Discipline, and accompanied Murray to England in connection with Lord Darnley's murder. Research Henry Balnaves
Henry Charlton Bastian was an English physician and biologist. He was born in 1837 at Truro in 1837 and died in 1915. He was educated at Falmouth and at University College, London, where he was assistant-curator in the museum from 1860 until 1863. He obtained the degree of M.A. in 1861 from the University of London, graduating subsequently in medicine at the same university (M.B. 1863, M.D. 1866). In 1864 to 1866 he was a medical officer in the then Broadmoor Criminal Lunatic Asylum (now Broadmoor Secure Hospital), and in the latter year was appointed lecturer on pathology and assistant-physician in St Mary'sHospital. In 1867 he became professor of pathological anatomy in University College, subsequently he was also professor of clinical medicine, and he was appointed to the chair of medicine and clinical medicine. Apart from numerous contributions to medical and other periodicals, and to Quain's Dictionary of Medicine, he wrote The Modes of Origin of Lowest Organisms (published in 1871); The Beginnings of Life (published in 1872); Evolution and the Origin of Life (published in 1874); Lectures on Paralysis from Brain Disease (published in 1875); and The Brain as an Organ of Mind (published in 1880), which was translated into French and German. He was also an advocate for spontaneous generation. Research Henry Bastian
Henry Walter Bates was an English traveller and naturalist. He was born in 1825 at Leicester and died in 1892. He learned the hosierytrade, but in 1847 went to the Amazon with Wallace, and remained there for eleven years engaged in studying the natural history of the region. Returning to England, he published in 1862 The Naturalist on the River Amazons, a work regarded as a classic in its own department. In 1864 he was appointed assistant-secretary to the Royal Geographical Society, and this position he held until his death in 1892. Research Henry Bates
Henry Bathurst (Earl Bathurst) was an English statesman. He was born in 1762 and died in 1834. He was the son of the second earl of Bathurst and was a prominentTory politician. Various capes, islands, and districts were named after him. In 1807 he was president of the Board of Trade; in 1809, secretary for foreign affairs; and in 1812, secretary for the colonies, a post held by him for sixteen years. He was also president of the council under Wellington, from 1828 until 1830. Research Henry Bathurst
Henry Beaufort was an English cardinal. He was born in 1377 and died in 1447. The natural son of John of Gaunt and half-brother of Henry IV, king of England, he was made Bishop of Lincoln, whence he was translated to Winchester. He repeatedly filled the office of lord-chancellor, and took part in all the most important political movements of his times. Research Henry Beaufort
Henry Ward Beecher was an American preacher. He was born in 1813 at Connecticut and died in 1887. He was a son of Lyman Beecher, himself a distinguished clergyman, and was minister at Lawrenceburg, Indiana in 1837, and of Plymouth Congregational Church, Brooklyn, New York, in 1847. The latter pulpit he continued to occupy until his, though in 1882 he ceased his formal connection with the Congregationalists on the ground of disbelief in eternal punishment. From 1861 to 1863 he was editor of the Independent, and for about ten years after 1870, of the Christian Union. He was also the author of a considerable number of works, of which his Lectures to Young Men published in 1850, Life Thoughts, published in 1858, Lectures on Preaching published between 1872 and 1874, and the weekly issues of his sermons, commanded wide circulation. Few contemporary preachers appealed to as large and diverse a public. Research Henry Beecher
Henry Bell was a British engineer. He was born in 1767 at Linlithgowshire and died in 1830. He was apprenticed as a millwright, and afterwards served under several engineers, including Rennie. He settled in Glasgow in 1790, and subsequently in Helensburgh. In 1798 he turned his attention specially to the steam-boat, the practicability of steamnavigation having been already demonstrated. In 1812 the Comet, a small thirty-ton vessel built at Glasgow under Henry Bell's directions, and driven by a three horse-power engine made by himself, commenced to ply between Glasgow and Greenock, and continued to run until she was wrecked in 1820. This was the beginning of steamnavigation in Europe. It has been asserted that Fulton, who started a steamer on the Hudson in 1807, obtained his ideas from Henry Bell in the previous year. Henry Bell is also credited with the invention of the 'discharging machine' used by calico-printers. A monument has been erected to his memory at Dunglass Point on the Clyde. Research Henry Bell
Sir Henry Bessemer was an English inventor and engineer. He was born in 1813 and died in 1898. He invented the bessemer converter which is a three stage process for making cheap steel from pig-iron by blowing a blast of air through it when in a state of fusion, so as to clear it of all carbon, and then adding just the requisite quantity of carbon to produce steel. He was knighted in 1879. Research Henry Bessemer
Sir Henry Rowley Bishop was an English composer. He was born in 1780 at London and died in 1855. He trained under Bianchi, composer to the London Opera House. From 1809, when his first opera, the Circassian Bride, was produced at Drury Lane, until his masque The Fortunate Isles, written to celebrate Queen Victoria's marriage, he composed about a hundred works for the stage - among others the music of Guy Mannering, The Slave, The Miller and his Men, Maid Marian, The Virgin of the Sun, Aladdin, Hamlet, versions of operas by Rossini, Meyerbeer and others, Waverley, Manfred, etc and the ditty home sweet home. From 1810 to 1824 he acted as musical composer and director to Govent Garden Theatre. He also arranged several volumes of the National Melodies, and completed the arrangement of the music for Moore's Irish Melodies, commenced by Stevenson. Shortly after the accession of Queen Victoria he was knighted. He was elected Reid professor of music in Edinburgh University in 1841, and in 1848 professor of music in the University of Oxford. Research Henry Bishop
Sir Henry Blount was an English traveller. He was born in 1602 and died in 1682. He travelled through various parts of the south of Europe and Egypt, and published an account of his travels, which passed through at least eight editions. He was knighted by Charles I, and during the English civil war took part with the royalists. After the king's death he came to London, and was employed by Oliver Cromwell and the Parliament in several important affairs. Research Henry Blount
Henry George Bohn was an English publisher. He was born in 1796 and died in 1884. He was the son of a Westphalian book-binder who settled in London in 1795. In 1846 he began issuing notable books at low cost. Research Henry Bohn
Henry St John Bolingbroke (ViscountBolingbroke) was an English statesman and political writer. He was born in 1678 at Battersea, London and died in 1751. Educated at Eton and at Oxford, where he had a reputation both for ability and libertinism. In 1700 he married a considerable heiress, the daughter of Sir Henry Winchcomb, but they speedily separated. In 1701 he obtained a seat in the House of Commons, attaching himself to Harley and the Tories. He at once gained influence and became secretary of war in 1706, though he retired with the ministry in 1708. He continued, however, to maintain a constant intercourse with the queen, who preferred him to her other counsellors, and on the overthrow of the Whig ministry in 1710, after the Sacheverell episode, he became one of the secretaries of state. In 1712 he was called to the House of Lords by the title of ViscountBolingbroke, and in 1713, against much popular opposition, concluded the Peace of Utrecht. At this period the Tory leaders were intriguing to counteract the inevitable accession of power which the Whigs would receive under the House of Hanover; but shortly after the conclusion of the peace a contention fatal to the party broke out between the lord high-treasurer (Harley, Earl of Oxford) and Bolingbroke.
Queen Anne, provoked by Oxford, dismissed him, and made Bolingbroke prime-minister, but died herself four days later. The Whig dukes at once assumed the power and proclaimed the elector king. Bolingbroke, dismissed by King George while yet in Germany, fled to France in March, 1715, to escape the inevitable impeachment by which, in the autumn of that year, he was deprived of his peerage and banished.
James III., the Pretender, invited him to Lorraine and made him his secretary of state, but dismissed him in 1716 on a suspicion of treachery. He remained for some years longer in France, where (his first wife having died) he married the Marquise de Villette, niece of Madame de Maintenon, occupying himself with various studies. In 1723 he was permitted to return to England, living at first retired in the country in correspondence with Jonathan Swift and Pope. He then joined the opposition to the Walpole ministry, which he attacked during eight years in the Craftsman and in pamphlets with such vigour and skill that in 1735 a return to France became prudent, if not necessary.
In 1742, on the fall of Walpole, he came back in the expectation that his allies would admit him to some share of power; but, being disappointed in this respect, he withdrew entirely from politics and spent the last nine years of his life quietly at Battersea, dying in 1751. He wrote an excellent and forcible style, his chief works being A Dissertation upon Parties; Letters on the Spirit of Patriotism, on the Idea of a Patriot King, and on the State of Parties at the Accession of George I; Letters on the Study of History (containing attacks on Christianity), and other works. Pope was indebted to him for suggestions for his Essay on Man. He was clever and versatile, but reportedly unscrupulous and insincere. Research Henry Bolingbroke
Henry Briggs was an English mathematician. He was born in 1556 and died in 1631. He was the first Savilian professor of geometry at Oxford. In 1616 he visited Napier, the inventor of logarithms, and afterwards published his work on logarithms, which suggested an important improvement upon Napier's system. Research Henry Briggs
Henry Brooke was an Irish dramatist and novelist. He was born in 1703 and died in 1783. He was educated at Dublin University and was a friend of Jonathan Swift, Pope and Garrick. Research Henry Brooke
Henry Brougham (BaronBrougham and Vaux) was a Scottish politician. He was born at in 1778 at Edinburgh and died in 1868. He was educated at Edinburgh, studied law there, and was admitted a member of the Society of Advocates in 1800. Along with Jeffrey, Horner, and Sydney Smith he bore a chief part in the starting of the Edinburgh Review in 1802, to which he contributed a great number of articles.
Finding too circumscribed a field for his abilities in Edinburgh he removed to London, and in 1808 was called to the English bar. In 1810 he entered parliament as member for the borough of Camelford, joined the Whig party, which was in opposition, and soon after obtained the passing of a measure making the slave-trade felony. From 1812 until 1816 he remained without a seat, when he was returned for Winchelsea. He represented this borough up to 1830. On his return to parliament he at once began an agitation for social, political, and especially educational reform. In 1825 he was elected LordRector of Glasgow University, and also introduced a bill into parliament for the incorporation of the London University, of which he may be considered one of the chief founders.
He bore an active part in establishing the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge in 1827. Meantime his reputation as a brilliant speaker and able barrister had been gradually increasing, and his fearless and successful defence of Queen Caroline in 1820 and 1821 placed him on the pinnacle of popular favour. At the general election of 1830 he was returned for the large and important county of York. In the ministry of Earl Grey he accepted the post of lord-chancellor, and was raised to the peerage in 1830 with the title of BaronBrougham and Vaux. In this post he distinguished himself as a law reformer, and aided greatly in the passing of the Reform Bill of 1832.
In 1834 the Whig ministry were dismissed, and this proved the end of his official life, as he was never afterwards a member of any ministry, though for years he continued an active member of the House of Lords. In connection with his later years we may mention his presidency of the Law Amendment Society and of the Social Science Association. In legal procedure he was the means of introducing various reforms. He latterly resided much at Cannes. LordBrougham accomplished a large amount of literary work, contributing to newspapers, reviews, and encyclopaedias, besides writing several independent works; and he had no mean reputation in mathematics and physical science. His works, collected by himself, and published in eleven volumes between 1857 and 60, include; 1st, Lives of Men of Science, time of George III; 2nd, Lives of Men of Letters, time of George III.; 3rd, 4th, British Statesmen, time of George III; 5th, Foreign Statesmen, time of George III; 6th, Natural Theology; 7th, Rhetorical and Literary Dissertations and Addresses; 8th, Rhetorical and Political Dissertations; 9th and. 10th, Speeches on Social and Political Subjects; llth, The British Constitution. He also wrote an autobiography published posthumously under the title: Life and Times of Henry, LordBrougham. Research Henry Brougham
Henry Thomas Buckle was an English historical writer. He was born in 1822 and died in 1862. The son of a wealthy London merchant, at an early age he entered his father's counting-house, but at the age of eighteen, on inheriting his father's fortune, he devoted himself entirely to study. The only thing he allowed to distract him from his more serious pursuits was chess, in which he held a foremost place amongst contemporary players. His chief work, a philosophic History of Civilization, of which only two volumes (1858 and 1861) were completed, was characterized by much novel and suggestive thought, and by the bold co-ordination of a vast store of materials drawn from the most varied sources. Three volumes of his Miscellaneous and Posthumous works were edited by HelenTaylor in 1872. Research Henry Buckle
Henry Bullinger was a Swiss reformer. He was born in 1504 and died in 1575. He was the intimate friend of Zuinglius, whom he succeeded in 1531 as pastor of Zurich. He kept up a close correspondence with the principal English reformers. The Zurich Letters, published by the Parker Society, contains part of this correspondence, and among others, letters addressed to him by Lady Jane Grey. He wrote numerous theological works. Research Henry Bullinger
Henry C Murphy was an American politician. He was born in 1810 and died in 1882. He represented New York in the US Congress as a Democrat from 1843 to 1845 and from 1847 to 1849. He was Minister to the Netherlands from 1857 to 1861. He was a student and writer on the Dutch history of New York. Research Henry C Murphy
Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman was a Scottish liberal politician and Prime Minister of Great Britain. He was born in 1836 and died in 1908. The son of Sir James Campbell of Stracathro, a Glasgowmerchant who received the honour of knighthood, and younger brother of James Campbell, long Conservative member of parliament for Glasgow and Aberdeen Universities: Bannerman was the name of his maternal uncle. Sir Henry represented the Stirling burghs as a member of the Liberal party from 1868. He was financial secretary at the war office, secretary to the admiralty, chief secretary for Ireland from 1884 to 1885), secretary for war twice (in 1886 and from 1892 to 1895), on the latter occasion being first under Mr. Gladstone and then under Lord Rosebery. He was made GCB in 1895, and from 1899 onward was leader of the Liberal party in the House of Commons, a position in which he contended with peculiar difficulties with a very fair measure of success. On the resignation of the Unionist government early in December 1905, he was called upon to form a new government, a task which he successfully accomplished; and the immense majority which the general election of January-February 1906 secured him seemed to prove that the country as a whole was in favour of the new ministry, without having received very definite pledges regarding legislative measures that were to be introduced by it. He held the position of Prime Minister until 1908. Research Henry Campbell-Bannerman
Henry Carey was an English composer, dramatist, and poet. He was born in 1696 at London and died in 1743. He was a natural son of George Saville, the Marquis of Halifax. He composed the words and music of many popular songs, including Sally in Our Alley, God Save the King, etc. He also wrote farces and other works. He is said to have committed suicide.
Henry Charles Carey was an American political economist. He was born in 1793 and died in 1879. The eldest son of Matthew Carey, in 1821 he established the firm of Carey & Lea, which became the leading publishing house in the country. He withdrew in 1835 and devoted himself to political economy, on which subject the most important of his writings have been translated into other languages.
In 1836 he published an essay on the Rate of Wages, which he afterwards expanded into Principles of Political Economy. His other important works are The Credit System, The Past, the Present, and the Future, The Principles of Social Science, etc. Originally a freetrader he became an advocate for protection; held that the growth of population was self-regulating; and was opposed to the theories of Ricardo and others on the law of diminished returns from the soil and on rent. He was also opposed to any arrangement on the subject of international copyright. He viewed free trade as the ideal, and protection as the means of attaining it. Research Henry Carey
Henry Francois Cary was an English divine. He was born in 1772 and died in 1844. Educated at Oxford, in 1797 he received the Vicarage of Abbot's Bromley, Staffordshire. In 1805 appeared his translation of Dante in English blank-verse. He subsequently translated the Birds of Aristophanes and the Odes of Pindar. In 1826 he was appointed assistant librarian in the British Museum, and retired in 1837. Research Henry Cary
Henry Cavendish was an English physicist and chemist. He was born in 1731 at Nice and died in 1810. The son of Lord Charles Cavendish, and grandson of the second Duke of Devonshire, he devoted himself exclusively to science, and greatly contributed to the progress of chemistry, having discovered the peculiar properties of hydrogen, the composition of water, etc. He also wrote on electricity, and determined the mean density of the earth. He lived in great retirement, and though very wealthy his habits were extremely simple. His writings consist of treatises in the Philosophical Transactions. Research Henry Cavendish
Henry Chrales Ferdinand Marie Dieudonne Chambord (Comte de Chambord, Duke of Bordeaux), was the last representative of the elder branch of the French Bourbon dynasty. He was born in 1820 and died in 1883. He was called by his partisans Henry V of France. Charles X, after the revolutionary outbreak of 1830, abdicated in his favour; but the young count was compelled to leave the country with the royal title unrecognized by the nation. He lived successively in Scotland, Austria, Italy, and London, keeping a species of court, and occasionally issuing manifestoes. In 1846 he married the Princess Maria-Theresa, eldest daughter of the Duke of Modena; and in 1851 inherited the domain of Frohsdorf, near Vienna, where for the most part he subsequently resided. While abstaining from violent attempts to seize the crown, he let slip no opportunity of urging his claims, especially after Sedan;
but his belief in divine right, his devotion to the see of Rome, and his failure to recognize accomplished facts and modern tendencies, destroyed all chance of his succession. He died in 1883, leaving no heir. Research Henry Chambord
Henry Clay was an American statesman, orator and political leader. He was born in 1777 at the 'Slashes', Virginia and died in 1852. He studied law, and at the age of twenty moved to Kentucky. Having served in the Legislature, he was, at a very early age, elected to the US Senate, and represented Kentucky at Washington from 1806 until 1807. He was soon attached to the cause of internal improvements, with which his name became identified. In rapid succession came his term as Speaker of the Kentucky Assembly, as US Senator again from 1809 until 1811 and as member of the House, which he entered in 1811. Although a newcomer, he was immediately chosen Speaker, and served until his resignation in 1814. He was a leader of the war party which forced Madison into the contest with Great Britain. His life in Congress was interrupted in 1814, as he had been chosen one of the envoys to treat for the peace finally negotiated at Ghent in December, 1814. In 1815 he was again in the House and served continuously as its Speaker until 1821. During this period he was a powerful advocate of the Spanish-American States in insurrection, and was instrumental in effecting the Missouri Compromise.
After a brief absence from Congress he was again Speaker of the House from 1823 until 1825. In 1824 he was a candidate for the Presidency, and received thirty-seven electoral votes. In the exciting contest in the House of Representatives Adams was finally chosen President, and his appointment of Clay as Secretary of State caused not unnaturally the groundless charge of a 'bargain' between the two. Clay had ardently supported the tariff of 1824, and denominated the protective the 'American System'. While he was Secretary the principal diplomatic matter which arose was the Panama Congress. He retired from office in 1829, but in 1831 he entered the Senate from Kentucky. For twenty years he was the natural leader of the great party known first as the National Republican, but soon as the Whig. He was nominated as its candidate for President in December 1831, but was overwhelmingly defeated by Jackson.
He was active in the bank controversy and other questions of the time, and brought about the tariff compromise of 1833, and the settlement with Prance in 1835. In 1840 he failed to receive the Whig nomination, and in 1843 he retired from the Senate. The Whig National Convention of 1844 nominated him by acclamation, but Clay's trimming 'Alabama Letter' tipped the scale in favour of Polk. He re-entered the Senate in 1849, and took the foremost part in the great compromise bill of 1850. Although by far the most popular man in the party, he never again received the nomination for President. In comparison with his great colleagues he shone chiefly as a brilliant debater, magnetic platform orator and contriver of compromise measures intended to preserve the Union. Research Henry Clay
Henry Dundas Cockburn was a Scottish judge. He was born in 1779 and died in 1854. The son of Archibald Cockburn, one of the barons of the Court of Exchequer, he studied for the Scottish bar, and was admitted a member of the Faculty of Advocates in 1800. He attached himself to the Liberal party, rose to eminence in his profession, and became, under Earl Grey, solicitor-general for Scotland. He was a good example of the blending of wit, law, and learning common enough at the old Scots bar. His Memorials of His Time (published in 1856) is an invaluable record of the social history of Scotland. Not less interesting is his life of his friend Lord Jeffrey, published in 1854. Research Henry Cockburn
Henry Thomas Colebrooke was an English Oriental scholar. He was born in 1765 at London and died in 1837. He became professor of Sanskrit at Calcutta and director of the Bengal Asiatic Society. His translations from the Sanskrit and his essays on Hindu subjects are valuable contributions to Oriental scholarship. Research Henry Colebrooke
Henry Nelson Coleridge was an English writer. He was born in 1800 and died in 1843. He was the son of ColonelColeridge, a brother of the elder Coleridge and a distinguished student at Cambridge, and a contributor along with Macaulay and Praed to Knight's Quarterly Magazine. He is best known as the editor of the Literary Remains and Table Talk of his uncle, Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Research Henry Coleridge
Henry Constable was an English poet. He was born in 1562 and died in 1613. He was educated at Cambridge. He early became a Roman Catholic, and endeavoured to secure the removal of the disabilities of English Catholics. He was imprisoned in the Tower of London for a time in 1604, on his return from a long sojourn abroad. His chief work was his book of sonnets, Diana, published in 1592, when few sonnets in the Italian form had been written. His pastoral in England's Helicon (1600), entitled The Shepherd's Song of Venus and Adonis, is said to have suggested Shaekspeare's Venus and Adonis. Research Henry Constable
Henry Cooper is a British former boxer. He was born in 1934 at London. He was Amateur Boxing Association light-heavyweight champion in 1952 and 1953 before turning professional. In 1959 he won the British heavyweight title, beating Brian London, which he subsequently held apart from a brief spell until 1971 when he lost it to Joe Bugner in a controversial decision, and subsequently announced his retirement. In 1963 he floored Cassius Clay (later known as Muhammed Ali), though he didn't go on to win the fight. In 1966 he again fought Cassius Clay for the World Heavyweight title, and lost again. Since retiring from boxing he has been a popular figure in advertising and as a guest on television shows in the UK. Research Henry Cooper
Henry Cort was the English inventor of the processes of puddling and rolling iron. He was born in 1740 at Lancaster and died in 1800. He started in business at Gosport, Hampshire; erected ironworks, and studied with great success methods of improving the process of manufacturing iron. By the unfortunate selection of a partner he was involved in a complication of lawsuits, and finally ruined. In 1794, however, he received a pension of 200 pounds a year from government. Research Henry Cort
Henry Octavius Coxe was an English palaeographer. He was born in 1811 at Bucklebury, Berkshire and died in 1881. In 1833 he joined the manuscript department of the British Museum being appointed sub-librarian in 1838 and becoming head librarian at the Bodleian in 1860. In 1857 he made an unsuccessful expedition to the Levant in search of manuscripts. Research Henry Coxe
Henry Coxwell was an English aeronaut. He was born in 1819 and died in 1900. At a young age he began to make balloon ascents, and devoted great part of his life to ballooning. In 1862 he made a famous balloon ascent in company with Dr. James Glaisher. He published a book in two volumes, entitled My Life and Balloon Experiences, published between 1887 and 1889. Research Henry Coxwell
Henry Cristophe was king of northern Haiti. He was born in 1767 at the British West Indies and died in 1820. Born a slave, he was a lieutenant of Toussaint L'Ouverture during the war for Haitian independence. Following the ousting of the French from Haiti, Henry Cristophe formed a separate state in northern Haiti and proclaimed himself king, ruling as king Henry I from 1811 until he shot himself following a stroke in 1820. Following his death his state was absorbed into the Haitian Republic. Research Henry Cristophe
Henry Winter Davis was an American lawyer and politician. He was born in 1817 at Maryland and died in 1865. He attained considerable celebrity as a lawyer, and was elected to the Congress of the United States as a Democrat, serving from 1855 until 1861, and decided a tie vote for Speaker, in 1859, by voting for Pennington, the Republican candidate. He was again a member of Congress from 1863 until 1865, and served as chairman of the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Though representing a slave state, he was an ardentadvocate of emancipation and black suffrage, but opposed the assumption of extraordinary powers by the executive. Research Henry Davis
Henry Dawes was an American statesman. He was born in 1816. He was a member of the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention in 1853. He was a Representative from Massachusetts from 1857 until 1873, and succeeded Charles Sumner in the Senate in 1875 and served until 1893. He was for a time chairman of the Ways and Means Committee in the House, and was prominent in legislation for the tariff and for Indian education. Research Henry Dawes
Henry Dawson was an English landscape-painter. He was born in 1811 and died in 1878. In early life he was a worker in a Nottingham lace-factory, but this occupation he gave up for art in 1835. After struggling some time at Nottingham he moved to Liverpool in 1844, and thence to Croydon in 1850, and latterly he resided at Chiswick. It was a long time before his abilities were fully recognised, and his pictures began to fetch high prices only a little before his death. Among the best of them are Wooden Walls of Old England, London from Greenwich Hill, Houses of Parliament, The Rainbow, Rainbow at Sea, The Pool below London Bridge. Research Henry Dawson
Henry de Bracton was one of the earliest writers on English law. He lived during the thirteenth century. He studied law at Oxford, became a judge, and afterwards chief-justice of .England, but he is chiefly remembered now from his treatise De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliae (On the Laws and Customs of England). Research Henry de Bracton
Sie Henry De la Beche was an English geologist. He was born in 1796 and died in 1855. He founded the geological survey of Great Britain, which was soon undertaken by the government, De la Beche being appointed director-general. He also founded the Jermyn Street Museum of Economic or Practical Geology, and the School of Mines. His principal works are: Geology of Jamaica, Classification of European Rocks, Geological Manual, Researches in Theoretical Geology, Geology of Cornwall, Devon, and West Somerset, etc. Research Henry De La Beche
Henry William De Saussure was an American jurist and director of the US Mint. He was born in 1763 at South Carolina and died in 1839. He was director of the US Mint from 1794 until 1795, and coined the first gold pieces issued from that mint. From 1809 to 1837 he was a chancellor of South Carolina, and was eminent as a jurist. Research Henry De Saussure
Henry de Turberville was an English knight. He was a follower of King John and took part in the victory over the French fleet in the Dover Straits in 1217. he was seneschal of Gascony from 1226 until 1231 and again from 1234 until 1238. He fought in the Welsh war of 1233, capturing Carmarthen. He died in 1239. Research Henry de Turberville
Henry Dearborn was an American soldier. He was born in 1751 and died in 1829. A captain at Bunker Hill, he distinguished himself at the Battle of Stillwater, Battle of Saratoga and at the Battle of Monmouth. He became a major-general in 1795. He was a US Congressman from 1793 until 1797, and Secretary of War in Jefferson's Cabinet from 1801 until 1809. From 1822 until 1824 he was US Minister to Portugal. Research Henry Dearborn
Count Henry Francois Delaborde was a French general. He was born in 1764 at Dijon and died 1833. He distinguished himself in the republican armies; fought through the whole of the Napoleonic wars, and was ennobled in 1807. After the second restoration he was placed on the list of the officers who were to be criminally prosecuted but in consequence of a technical error the case against him lay over, and he lived retired and unannoyed until his death. Research Henry Delaborde
Henry Austin Dobson was an English poet. He was born in 1840 at Plymouth in 1840 and died in 1921. He was educated at Beaumaris, Coventry, and Strasburg, and in 1856 obtained a clerkship under the Board of Trade, where he rose to be one of the officials known as principals. His earliest verses first appeared in book form under the title Vignettes in Rhyme and Vers de Sociote published in 1873. His other volumes of verse include Proverbs in Porcelain (1877), Old World Idylls (1883), and At the Sign of the Lyre (1885), which the Athenaeum pronounced to be 'of its kind as nearly as possible perfect', Among his prose works may be mentioned his Lives of Hogarth, Fielding, Stede, Goldsmith, Horace Walpole, and Richardson; Thomas Bewick and his Pupils; Four Frenchwomen, a study on Charlotte Corday, the Princesse de Lamballe, and Mesdames Roland and de Genlis; three series of Eighteenth Century Vignettes; A Paladin of Philanthropy, and several editions of standard works. His collected poema were published in one volume in 1897. Many of Henry Dobson's poems are written in various French forms, such as the rondeau and ballade, and all are marked by gracefulness, ease, and careful finish. Research Henry Dobson
Sir Henry Doulton was an English potter and inventor. He was born in 1820 at Lambeth and died in 1897. His father, John, was the owner of a pottery works in Lambeth, London. On leaving University College School, in 1835, Henry entered the factory at the age of 15 and perfected the process of enamel glazing He scored his first distinct success in 1846 with glazed pipes for sanitary purposes, and in 1851 and 1862 the firm obtained medals for stoneware vessels and appliances for chemical purposes. At the South Kensington Exhibition in 1871 a striking display was made of the new Doulton artistic ware, and a quantity was bought by Queen Victoria. Doulton exhibited at Vienna in 1873, and at Paris five years later, when he was made a chevalier of the Legion of Honour. He then established a school of artists in connection with his manufactory, with the object of promoting originality in design. He received the Albert gold medal of the Society of Arts in 1885, and was knighted at the Jubilee two years later. Research Henry Doulton
Henry Drummond was a Scottish divine and traveller. He was born in 1851 at Stirling and died in 1897. Educated at the universities of Edinburgh and Tubingen, he entered the ministry of the Free Church, and having devoted much attention to science, in 1877 he was appointed lecturer on natural science in the Free Church College (ordivinity hall), Glasgow, becoming professor in 1884.
He travelled much, and wrote a popular book on Tropical Africa (1888). His most remarkable work is Natural Law in the Spiritual World (1883), which has passed through many editions and been translated into various languages. He is author also of Travel Sketches in Our New Protectorate; The Greatest Thing in the World.; The Ascent of Man (1894), etc. Research Henry Drummond
Henry Erskine was a Scottish barrister. He was born in 1746 at Edinburgh and died in 1817. He was the third son of Henry David Erskine, the tenth earl of Buchan. After studying at the universities of St Andrews, Edinburgh, and Glasgow, he adopted the legal profession, and in 1768 was called to the bar. He twice held the office of lord-advocate, was for long the leader of the Scottish bar, and held a high reputation as a wit. Research Henry Erskine
Henry Fawcett was an English politician and economist. He was born in 1833 at Salisbury and died in 1884. He was educated at Cambridge, studied law for a while at the Middle Temple, but soon renounced it. In 1858, when out partridge shooting, an left him totally blind. Undiscouraged, however, by his disability he gave his attention to economic studies.
In 1863 he was elected to the chair of political economy at Cambridge. In 1865 he was elected member of Parliament for Brighton, which he represented until the general election of 1874, when he was elected for Hackney. He became Postmaster-general in the second Gladstone administration, and effected many reforms in his department.
In 1883 he was made LordRector of Glasgow University. Amongst his principal writings are: A Manual of Political Economy, Lectures on the Economic Position of the British Labourer, and articles on Indian finances. Research Henry Fawcett
Henry Fielding was an English writer. He was born in 1707 at Sharpham Park near Glastonbury and died in 1754. He was educated at Eton, whence he moved to Leyden; but the straitened circumstances of his father shortened his academical studies, and the same cause, added to a dissipated disposition, turned his attention to the stage. His first dramatic piece was entitled Love in Several Masks, was produced at Drury Lane in 1728, and met with a favourable reception. The Temple Beau, The Author's Farce, The Modern Husband, Don Quixote in England, and many others quickly followed, a number of them being little more than free translations from the French. He himself became a stage-manager, and for some time conducted the Haymarket Theatre.
About 1736 or 1737 he married a Miss Craddock, a lady of some fortune, and at the same time, by the death of his mother, became possessed of a small estate in Dorsets. He immediately commenced on the life of country gentleman on a scale which, in three years, reduced him to greater poverty than ever, with a young family to support. He then, for the first time, dedicated himself to the bar as a profession, and for immediate revenue wrote on various miscellaneous subjects. The Champion, a periodical paper on the model of the Spectator, but written in a freer style, and An Essay on the Knowledge and Characters of Men, were among his writings.
In 1740 he was called to the bar, and went on circuit, but with so little success that he was compelled to return to literature. In 1712 the first of his great novels, Joseph Andrews, appeared, which he had at first conceived as a burlesque of Richardson's Pamela. It was a great sucess, and was followed by A Journey from this World to the Next, and the History of Jonathan Wild.
In 1749 he was appointed a Middlesex justice, a not very reputable office, but which Fielding's honesty and earnest discharge of his duties did something to render more respectable. In the same year his masterpiece, the satirical comedy, The History of Tom Jones, appeared, and was followed two years afterwards by Amelia. At length, however, his constitution, exhausted both by hard work and good living, gave way, and in the June of 1754 he had to seek the milder climate of Lisbon, where he died on the 8th of October of the same year. The chief merits of Henry Fielding as a novelist are wit, humour, correct delineation of character, and knowledge of the humanheart. He drew from a very varied experience of life, which he reproduced with an artistic realism entitling him to be considered, far more than Richardson, as the creator of the English novel. Research Henry Fielding
Henry Flood was an Irish statesman and orator. He was born in 1732 near Dublin and died in 1791. He was a friend of Grattan, whom afterwards he opposed, and entered the Irish Parliament as MP for Kilkenny in 1759, a seat he exchanged for Callan in the following year. He was privy-councillor for Great Britain as well as for Ireland in 1775, vice-treasurer for Ireland from 1775 to 1781. In 1783 he had a personal dispute in the house with Grattan, when a remarkable display of the power of invective was made on both sides. He afterwards became a member of the British parliament. His speeches and some poetical pieces have been published. Research Henry Flood
Henry Ogg Forbes was a Scottish naturalist and traveller. He was born in 1851 and died after 1906. He was educated at AberdeenGrammar School and Aberdeen and Edinburgh Universities. He Studied medicine for a time, and after two years' biological and geological investigations in Portugal between 1875 and 77, in 1878 he began a six years' course of exploration in the islands of the East Indian Archipelago, where he made large collections and numerous observations, ethnological, biological, and geographical. Subsequently he led expeditions to explore MountOwenStanley, in New Guinea, and held the post of Acting Deputy-Commissioner in British New Guinea from 1886 to 1889. From 1890 to 1893 he was Director of the Canterbury (NZ) Museum, and in the latter year explored the Chatham Islands. He also explored the island of Socotra beyween 1898 and 1899. His most important publication was A Naturalist's Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago.Since 1894 he was Director of Museums to the Corporation of Liverpool. Research Henry Forbes
Henry Ford was an American motor car manufacturer. He was born in 1863 and died in 1947. Henry Ford founded the Ford motor car company in 1903, and pioneered the cheap motor car with the famous Model T Ford built from 1909 to 1927. He introduced mass-production methods which revolutionised the motor industry. Research Henry Ford
Henry Richard Vassal Fox, LordHolland, was an English Whig politician. He was born in 1773 and died in 1840. He succeeded to the peerage by the death of his father when less than one year old. In 1798 he took his place in the House of Lords, and as the nephew of Charles James Fox was at once acknowledged as a Whig leader, In 1806 he was commissioner for settling disputes with the United States; lord privy seal in 1806-1807; and chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. He and his wife made Holland House the resort of the wit, talent, and beauty of his day. He wrote a Life of Lope de Vega (published in 1806), Three Comedies from the Spanish (published in 1807), Foreign Reminiscences (published in 1850), and Memoirs of the Whig Party (published in 1852). Research Henry Fox
Sir Henry Bartle Edward Frere was the British South African High Commissioner, whose abortive attempt to unite South Africa resulted in the Zulu War. He was born in 1815 ay Clydale, Wales and died in 1884. He entered the East India Company's civil service in 1833; mastered the native languages with great rapidity, and introduced important improvements into the system of tax collection. From 1847 to 1850 he was resident at Sattara, and at the latter date succeeded Sir Charles Napier as chief-commissioner at Scinde. He rendered valuable services during the mutiny, at the close of which he was nominated to the viceroy's council at Calcutta. He returned to England in 1867. In 1872 he negotiated a treaty with the Sultan of Zanzibar, abolishing the slave-trade in that ruler's dominions. In 1877 he went to South Africa as commissioner for the settlement of native affairs, but this mission was a failure. He was the author of a life of his uncle, John Hookham Frere, numerous lectures, pamphlets, etc. Research Henry Frere
John Henry Fuseli was a Swiss artist. He was born in 1741 at Zurich and died in 1825.
He was educated for the church, but a political pamphlet written by him and Lavater led to his taking refuge in England in 1765, bent on a literary career. On the advice of Sir Joshua Reynolds he devoted himself to art, went to Italy and studied there for nearly nine years. He was elected ARA. in 1788, RA. in 1790, lecturer on painting in 1799 and was keeper of the Royal Academy from 1804 until 1825. He was a friend to William Blake. Among his notable pictures are his contributions to Boydell's Shakespeare Gallery, and forty-seven pictures from Milton. He had considerable literary gifts, and his lectures on painting were long respected. Research Henry Fuseli
Henry John Gauntlett was an English composer. He was born in 1805 at Wellington, Shropshire, and died in 1876. He primarily composed hymn tunes and chants, and made improvements to English organs. Research Henry Gauntlett
Henry George was an American writer on political economy and social reform. He was born in 1839 and died in 1897. On leaving school he became a clerk, and then went to sea, subsequently he worked as a compositor in California, became a journalist and editor of local papers. In 1879 he published Progress and Poverty, a work that attained an enormous circulation not only in the USA, but in Britain and elsewhere. In it many of the older views of wealth, wages, and capital were attacked, and the conclusion is finally reached that all taxes should be replaced by a single tax levied on land values, thus practically making and recognizing the land as national property, whilst still leaving it in the occupation of individuals. As an opponent of the theory of Malthus, he maintained that increase of population should result in greater plenty instead of greater poverty. This work evoked many replies, and its reasoning ia more specious than conclusive. He visited and lectured in the United Kingdom on several occasions between 1881 and 1889, and also visited Australia. His other works include : Our Land and Land Policy; the Irish Land Question; Social Problems; Property and Land; Protection and Free Trade, a defence of the latter; The Condition of Labour: an open Letter to Pope Leo XIII; etc. Research Henry George
Henry D Gilpin was an American lawyer. He was born in 1801 and died in 1860. He was US attorney for Pennsylvania in 1832, solicitor of the US Treasury in 1837, and Attorney-General for the United States from 1840 until 1841. He was deeply interested in historical work and edited the papers of James Madison in 1840. Research Henry Gilpin
Henry Glassford Bell was a Scottish poet, miscellaneous writer, and lawyer. He was born in 1803 at Glasgow 1803 and died in 1874. He was educated at the Glasgow High School and Edinburgh University. In 1828 he became editor of the Edinburgh Literary Journal, which had a short but brilliant career. In 1832 he passed as advocate, and in 1836 competed with Sir W Hamilton for the chair of logic and metaphysics in Edinburgh University. In 1839 he was appointed sheriff-substitute of Lanarkshire, and in 1867 sheriff-principal. He was author of several volumes of poetry, a Life of Mary Queen of Scots, etc. Research Henry Glassford Bell
Henry W Grady was an American journalist and orator. He was born in 1851 and died in 1889. He became associated with the AtlantaConstitution in 1880. He made himself the spokesman of the 'New South', and delivered a famous speech on The New South in 1886, and one upon 'The Future of the Negro' in 1889. Research Henry Grady
Henry Grattan was an Irish orator and statesman. He was born in 1746 at Dublin and died in 1820. Educated at Trinity College and Middle Temple he was called to the Irish bar in 1772, and in 1775 elected member for Charlton in the parliament of Ireland. In 1780 he moved resolutions asserting the crown to be the only link between Britain and Ireland, and in 1782 led the volunteer movement, which was instrumental in securing the concession of independence to Ireland. For these services the Irish parliament voted him 50,000 pounds and a house and lands. The corruption of its members and the uncertain relations with England resulted in the failure of 'Grattan's parliament.' Henry Grattan himself became opposed to the popular feeling as represented by the United Irishmen, and in 1797 temporarily seceded from parliament, and lived in retirement. In 1800 he came forward as member for Widdow to oppose the Union, and on the passage of Pitt's measure was returned to the imperial parliament in 1805 for Malton in Yorkshire, and in 1806 for Dublin. He supported the war policy of the administration, but was latterly chiefly occupied in promoting Catholic emancipation. Research Henry Grattan
Henry Guide was the third duke of Guise. He was born in 1550 and died in 1588. The eldest son of Francois Guide, he was a bitter opponent of the Huguenots, and fought against them at Jarnac and Moncontour, and advised the massacre of St Bartholomew in 1572. From revenge he personally conducted the assassins to the house of Coligny. In 1576 was formed the Catholic League, first projected by his uncle, the Cardinal of Lorraine. A period of civil war followed, the party of Guise proved too strong for his opponents, and having brought about a rising of the Catholics in Paris in May 1588, he entered the city in triumph. He might now have made himself master of the throne, but negotiations were set on foot, and the duke's displays of imprudent ambition led to his assassination in the king's cabinet, on December the 23rd 1588, at Blois, whither the states had been summoned in order finally to ratify the treaty that had been arranged. Research Henry Guise
Henry Hallam was an English historian. He was born in 1777 at Windsor and died in 1859. A son of the dean of Bristol, he was educated at Eton and Oxford, and studied for the law, but abandoned it for literary pursuits. His contributions to the Edinburgh Review brought him into notice, and his View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages, which appeared in 1818, at once established his reputation. His next work, the Constitutional History of England, published in 1827, showed like the first the solid learning, patient research, accuracy and impartiality of statement, which are the characteristics of Henry Hallam's work. In 1837 to 1839 appeared his last great work, the Introduction to the Literature of Europe, a useful survey of literary history, though wanting in the fineness of judgment necessary for such a work. Research Henry Hallam
Henry Wager Halleck was an American soldier. He was born in 1815 at New York and died in 1872. He graduated at the US Military Academy in 1839 and entered the engineers. He published 'Elements of Military Art and Science' in 1846, which was a classic work at that time, and a treatise on 'International Law'. He was raised to the rank of captain for his services in the Mexican War. He was prominent in the military and political movements in California from 1846 to 1854. In 1854 he left the army and settled in San Francisco as a lawyer and director of a mining company. On the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 he was appointed major-general of the US army and assigned to the Department of Missouri,, and successfully organized that district. In 1862 he received command of the Mississippi Department, and was soon after appointed commander-in-chief of the army, a position he retained until Grant was made lieutenant-general. After the American Civil War he commanded the Pacific Division until 1869, and the Division of the South from 1869 to 1872. Research Henry Halleck
Viscount Henry Hardinge was an English soldier. He was born in 1785 and died in 1856. He was a son of the Reverend Henry Hardinge, rector of Stanhope, Durham. He was gazetted ensign in 1798, and was present at all the great battles and sieges in the Peninsula. He lost his left hand at the Battle of Ligny. He became member of parliament for Durham in 1820, was made secretary-at-war, secretary for Ireland, and in 1844 succeeded LordEllenborough as Governor-general of India. Being forced into war by an invasion of Sikhs he took a command under Lord Gough, and after the great battles of Mudki, Ferozeshah, and Sobraon dictated a peace in the Sikh capital of Lahore. In reward of his services he was created Viscount Hardinge and received a pension of 3000 pounds. In 1852, on the death of the Duke of Wellington, he succeeded to the post of Commander-in-chief. In 1855 he was made a field-marshal. Research Henry Hardinge
Sir Henry Harwood was an English naval commander. He was born in 1888 and died in 1959. He was commodore of the South American Division of the Royal Navy during the Second World War and commanded the British ships at the Battle of the River Plate at which the German pocket battleship Graf Spee was engaged and trapped (afterwards he sent a message to his men saying 'thank you, boys'). In 1942 he was made Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean fleet. Research Henry Harwood
Sir Henry Havelock was a British soldier. He was born in 1795 at Bishop-Wearmouth, near Sunderland and died in 1857 of dysentry. Having entered the army, he served with distinction in the Burmese war of 1824 to 1826. In 1829 he married a daughter of Marshman, the celebrated missionary, became a Baptist, and was noted during the remainder of his life by his earnest religious zeal. He attained his captaincy in 1838, participated in the Afghan war, was present at the storming of Ghazni and the capture of Kabul, and in Sale's march to Jelalabad, and assisted in the defence of that city, and in the defeat of Mohammed Akbar in 1843.
He was made a Companion of the Bath, and brevet-major, took part in the Mahratta war, and distinguished himself in the Sikh war of 1845, being present at Mudki, Ferozeshah, and Sobraon. In 1851 he was promoted to the adjutant-generalship of the queen's forces in India, and he commanded a division in the Persian war of 1856 to 1857. On the outbreak of the Indian mutiny he was despatched to Allahabad in order to support Sir H. Lawrence at Lucknow and Sir H. Wheeler at Cawnpore. On his march to Cawnpore he defeated the rebels at Fattihpur, Aong, Pandunadi, and Maharajpur. On arriving at Cawnpore he found that Nana Sahib had massacred the prisoners. Pursuing his march to Lucknow, he defeated the rebels at Bithoor, and finally, with the aid of Outram, won the battle of Alumbagh. Having captured Lucknow, Henry Havelock and Outram were shut up there until relieved by Sir Colin Campbell on the 17th of November 1857. He died of dysentery at Dilkusha on the 24th. He was raised to the rank of major-general, made a K.C.B., and (before his death was known) created a baronet. Research Henry Havelock
Sir Henry Holland was an English physician. He was born in 1788 and died in 1873. He was educated at the University of Edinburgh, where he took the degree of MD in 1811. In 1816 he established himself in London as a physician, and he rapidly acquired a great reputation. In 1840 he was appointed physician in ordinary to the prince consort, in 1852 physician in ordinary to the queen, and in 1853 was created a baronet. He published Travels in the Ionian Isles, Albania, and Greece; Medical Notes and Reflections; Mental Physiology; and Recollections of Past Life, etc. Research Henry Holland
Henry Home was a Scottish lawyer and author. He was born in 1696 and died in 1782. He studied law at Edinburgh, and was called to the bar in 1724. He soon acquired reputation by a number of publications on the civil and Scottish law. In 1752 he became a judge of session, and assumed the title of LordKames. In addition to his legal works he published Essays on British Antiquities;
Essays on the Principles of Morality and Natural Religion, in which he advocates the doctrine of philosophical necessity; Introduction to the Art of Thinking; and his best-known work, Elements of Criticism, in which, discarding all arbitrary rules of literary composition, he endeavours to establish a new theory on the principles of human nature. In 1776 he published the Gentleman Farmer; and in 1781 Loose Thoughts on Education. Research Henry Home
Henry Hudson was an English sailor and explorer. He died in 1611. He sailed from London on a small boat, the Hopeful in 1607 in the service of the Muscovy Company in search of a north-east passage to the Spice Islands and touched at Greenland and Spitsbergen. In 1609 he set out from Amsterdam in the Half Moon with a crew of twenty men, crossed the Atlantic and discovered and explored the Hudson river. In 1610 he sailed again to find a north-west passage, investigating the bay later called after him, there he was caught in ice. Discontent occurred among the crew who mutinied and Henry Hudson and seven others were set adrift in a small boat, never to be seen or heard again. Research Henry Hudson
Henry J Hunt was an American soldier. He was born in 1819 and died in 1889. He was prominent during the Mexican War. He served on McClellan's staff in 1861, and was chief of artillery in the Army of the Potomac from 1862 to 1865, engaging in all its battles. Research Henry Hunt
Henry I (Henry Beauclere - Henry Fine Scholar) was King of England from 1101 to 1135. He was born in 1068 at Selby and died in 1135. The youngest son of William the Conqueror, he was hunting with William Rufus when that prince was killed, in 1100, and instantly riding to London, caused himself to be proclaimed king, to the prejudice of his elder brother Robert, then absent as a Crusader. Henry I re-established by charter the laws of Edward the Confessor, recalled Anselm to the primacy, and married Matilda, daughter of Malcolm III of Scotland, thus conciliating in turn the people, the church, and the Scots.
Robert landed an army, but was pacified with a pension, and the promise of succession in event of his brother's decease. Soon after, however, Henry I invaded Normandy, took Robert prisoner in 1106, and reduced the duchy. He was successful also in the struggle with France. The last years of his reign were very troubled. In 1120 his only son William was drowned in returning from Normandy, where, three years later, a revolt occurred in favour of Robert's son. The Welsh also were a source of disturbance. Henry I appointed as his heir his daughter Matilda or Maud, whom he had married first to the Emperor Henry V, and then to Geoffrey Plantagenet of Anjou. Henry was succeeded by Stephen. Research Henry I
Henry I (Henry the Fowler) was King of Germany and founder of the Saxon Dynasty. He was born in 876 and died in 936. His surname The fowler, was according to tradition, given to him because his election to the German empire was announced to him while fowling. He was the son of Otho the Illustrious, duke of Saxony. Henry I, on the death of his father, became Duke of Saxony and Thuringia. He was elected emperor of Germany in 919, and was the true founder of the empire. By his prudence and activity Suabia and Bavaria were forced to tender allegiance, and Lorraine was reunited to the German Empire in 925. He was defeated, however, by the Hungarians, and forced to pay a yearly tribute to obtain a truce for nine years. He spent this period in developing a sound military organization, and turning his arms against various Slavonic tribes in the south, was everywhere victorious. At the end of the truce with the Hungarians he refused the tribute, and completely routed them in 933. Besides his military reforms he diminished the feudal privileges, and granted to the cities of the empire their first municipal charters. Research Henry I of Germany
Henry II (Henry Curtmantle) was king of England from 1154 to 1189. He was born in 1133 and died in 1189. Henry was the son of Geoffrey, count of Anjou, and Matilda, daughter of Henry I. He was invested with the Duchy of Normandy, by the consent of his mother, in 1150; in 1151 he succeeded to Anjou and Maine, and by a marriage with Eleanor of Guienne gained Guienne and Poitou. In 1152 he invaded England, but a compromise was effected, by which Stephen was to retain the crown, and Henry to succeed at his death, which took place in 1154.
Henry II was the first of the Plantagenet line, and ruled over an empire which stretched from the Scottish border to the Pyrenees. One of the strongest, most energetic and imaginative rulers, Henry was the inheritor of three dynasties who had acquired Aquitaine by marriage; his charters listed them: 'King of the English, Duke of the Normans and Aquitanians and Count of the Angevins'. The King spent only 13 years of his reign in England; the other 21 years were spent on the continent in his territories in what is now France. Henry's rapid movements in carrying out his dynastic responsibilities astonished the French King, who noted 'now in England, now in Normandy, he must fly rather than travel by horse or ship'.
By 1158, Henry had restored to the Crown some of the lands and royal power lost by Stephen; Malcom IV of Scotland was compelled to return the northern counties. Locally chosen sheriffs were changed into royally appointed agents charged with enforcing the law and collecting taxes in the counties. Personally interested in government and law, Henry made use of juries and re-introduced the sending of justices (judges) on regular tours of the country to try cases for the Crown. His legal reforms have led him to be seen as the founder of English Common Law. Henry's disagreements with the Archbishop of Canterbury (the king's former chief adviser), Thomas O Becket, over Church-State relations ended in Becket's murder in 1170 and a papal interdict on England. Family disputes over territorial ambitions almost wrecked the king's achievements. Henry died in France in 1189, at war with his son Richard who had joined forces with king Philip of France to attackNormandy.
Henry II ranks among the greatest English kings both in soldiership and statecraft. He partitioned England into four judiciary districts, and appointed itinerant justices to make regular excursions through them; revived trial by jury, discouraged that by combat, and demolished all the newly erected castles as 'dens of thieves.' Research Henry II
Henry II was King of France. He was born in 1519 and died in 1559 in a jousting accident. He succeeded his father, Francis I, in 1547. Throughout his reign his mistress, Diana of Poitiers, exercised an important influence over king and court. After a brief war with England for the recovery of Boulogne, a war of longer duration and more serious results originated in 1551 in disputes between Henry and the pope as to the duchies of Parma and Placentia, and continued to devastate Europe until the general peace of Cateau-Cambresis, 1559. To confirm the peace Philip II, who had become a widower by the death of Mary of England, was to marry Elizabeth, Henry's eldest daughter by Catharine de Medici. In the course of a tournament held to celebrate the event, Henry was mortally wounded by a splinter from the lance of LordMontgomery, captain of the Scottish guard. He was succeeded in 1559 by his eldest son, Francis II. Research Henry II of France
Henry III was king of England from 1216 to 1272. He was born in 1207 at Winchester and died in 1272. Henry III was the son of John by Isabel of Angouleme, and was only nine when he became King. At the time of his accession the dauphin of France, Louis, at the head of a foreign army, supported by a faction of English nobles, had assumed the reins of government; but was compelled to quit the country by the Earl of Pembroke, who was guardian of the young king until 1219.
As Henry approached manhood he displayed a character wholly unfit for his station. He discarded his most able minister Hubert de Burgh, and after 1230, when he received homage in Poitou and Gascony, began to bestow his chief favours upon foreigners. His marriage in 1236 with Eleanor of Provence, increased the dislike to him felt by his subjects, and although he received frequent grants of money from parliament, on condition of confirming the Great Charter, yet his conduct after each ratification was as arbitrary as before.
At length the nobles rose in rebellion under Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester and husband of the king's sister; and in 1258, at a parliament held at Oxford, known in history as the Mad Parliament, obliged the king to sign the body of resolutions known as the Provisions of Oxford. A feud arose, however, between Montfort and Gloucester, and Henry III recovered some of his power. War again broke out, and Louis was called in as arbitrator, .but his award being favourable to the king, Leicester refused to submit to it. A battle was fought near Lewes, in which Henry III was taken prisoner. A convention, called the Mise of Lewes, provided for the future settlement of the kingdom; and in 1265 the first genuine House of Commons was summoned. Leicester, however, was defeated and killed in the Battle of Evesham in 1265, and Henry was replaced upon the throne. After his death, his son Edward I succeeded him. Research Henry III
Henry III was King of France. He was born in 1551 and died in 1589. He was the third son of Henry II of France and Catharine de Medici and succeeded his brother, Charles IX, in 1574. In the previous year he had been chosen king of Poland, which he was obliged to quit secretly when called to the throne of France. In 1576, after a civil war, he granted to the Protestants the favourable edict of Beaulieu, but the concession led to the formation of the League, and Henry, to re-establish his authority, declared himself its head.
Civil war, however, again broke out, and though hostilities were again put an end to by the Peace of Bergerac in 1577, they were renewed in 1580 until the Peace of Fleix in November 1580. The death of his brother the Duc d'Anjou in 1584, which left Henry of Navarre, a Calvinist, heir-apparent to the throne, brought on another war, called the War of the Three Henries, the leading persons engaged in it besides the king being Henry of Guise, the real head of the League, and Henry of Navarre.
In 1588 Henry of Guise expelled the king from his capital. An apparent reconciliation at Blois was followed by the assassination of the Guises, and Henry, finding himself everywhere opposed by the Catholic party, was compelled to ally himself with Henry of Navarre. The two princes advanced on Paris, but in 1589 Henry III of France was stabbed by Jacques Clement, a Dominican, and died the next day. He was the last of the branch of Orleans-Angouleme of the stock of the Valois, and was succeeded by Henry of Navarre, the first of the house of Bourbon. Research Henry III of France
Henry III was Emperor of Germany. He was born in 1017 and died in 1055. The son of the Emperor Conrad II, Henry was the second German Emperor belonging to the house of the Salian Franks. He was chosen king in 1026 and succeeded his father in the imperial dignity in 1039. He weakened the power of the great feudal lords; and forced the Duke of Bohemia in 1042, and the king of Hungary in 1044, and again in 1047, to accept their dominions aa imperial fiefs. His influence was also paramount in Italy, especially in Milan, and in the south, where the Normans in Apulia and Calabria paid him homage. In 1046 he deposed the rival popes Benedict IX, Sylvester III, and Gregory IV, and caused Suitger, bishop of Bamberg, to be elected in their stead as Clement II. His efforts to secure the permanence of the influence of the empire over the see of Rome were thwarted by CardinalHildebrand (Gregory VII.). His first wife was a daughter of Canute the Great of England. Research Henry III of Germany
Henry IV was King of England from 1399 to 1413. He was born in 1367 and died in 1413. Henry IV was the eldest son of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, third son of Henry III. by the heiress of Edmund, earl of Lancaster, second son of Henry III and the first king of the house of Lancaster.
He was made Earl of Derby and Duke of Hereford, but having in 1398 preferred a charge of treason against Mowbray, duke of Norfolk, he was banished with his adversary. On the death of John of Gaunt in 1399 Richard withheld Henry's inheritance, and Henry, landing in England, gained possession of Richard's person. The deposition of Richard by parliament, and the election of Henry, was followed by the murder of the late king. A plot against the king in 1400 was discovered in time to prevent its success, and many executions of men of rank followed; but an insurrection in Wales under Owen Glendower proved more formidable.
The Scots were decisively defeated by the Percies at Homildon, and their leader, the Earl of Douglas, was captured in 1402. An order from Henry not to permit the ransom of that nobleman and other Scottish prisoners was regarded as an indignity by the Percies, who set Douglas free, made an alliance with him, and joined Glendower. The king met the insurgents at Shrewsbury in 1403, the battle ending in the defeat and death of Percy. The Earl of Northumberland was pardoned, and but few victims were executed.
A new insurrection, headed by the Earl of Nottingham and Scrope or Scroop, archbishop of York, broke out in 1405, but was suppressed by the king's third son, Prince John. The rest of this king's reign was comparatively untroubled. In 1405 James, son and heir to King Robert of Scotland, was captured at sea on his way to France, and was detained a prisoner in England. Henry died in 1413, and was succeeded by Henry V. Research Henry IV
Henry IV was king of France. He was born in 1553 at Pau and died in 1610. He was son of Anthony of Bourbon, duke of Vendome, and of Jeanne d'Albret, daughter of Henry, king of Navarre, and herself afterwards queen of Navarre. Educated by his mother in the Calvinistic faith, he early joined, at her wish, the Protestant army of France, and served under Admiral Coligny. In 1572 he married Margaret of Valois, sister of Charles IX., and after the massacre of St Bartholomew, which took place during the marriage festivities, was forced to adopt the Catholic creed.
In 1576 he escaped from Paris, retracted at Tours his enforced abjuration of Calvinism, put himself at the head of the Huguenots, and took a leading part in all the subsequent religious wars. On becoming presumptive heir to the crown in 1584 he was obliged to resort to arms to assert his claims. In 1587 he defeated the army of the League at Coutras, and after the death of Henry III gained the battles of Arques in 1589 and Ivri in 1590. He was obliged, however, to raise the siege of Paris; and convinced that a peaceful occupation of the throne was impossible without his professing the Catholic faith, he became nominally a Catholic in 1593. After his formal coronation in 1594 only three provinces held out against him - Burgundy, reduced by the victory of Fontaine - Frangaise in 1595; Picardy, reduced by the capture of Amiens in 1596; and Brittany, which came into his hands by the submission of the Duke of Mercoeur in the spring of 1598.
The war against Spain was concluded in 1598 by the Peace of Vervins to the advantage of France. The same year was signalized by the granting of the edict of Nantes, which secured to the Protestants entire religious liberty. He made use of the tranquillity which followed to restore the internal prosperity of his kingdom, and particularly the wasted finances, in which he was successful with the aid of his primeminister Sully. At the instance of Sully Henry divorced Margaret of Valois, and in 1600 married Maria de Medici, niece of the Grand-duke of Tuscany, mother of Louis XIII. She was crowned at St Denis in 1610, but on the following day Henry was stabbed by a fanatic named Ravaillac, while examining the preparations for the queen's entry into Paris. The great benefits which Henry IV of France bestowed upon France entitle him to the designation which he himself assumed at an assembly of the Notables at Eouenin 1596, the Regenerator of France (Restaurateur de. la France). Research Henry IV of France
Henry IV was German emperor. He was born in 1050 and died in 1106. The son of Henry III of Germany, at the death of his father he was only five years old. His whole life was a series of troubles, partly of his own causing. His severe treatment of the Saxons led to a rising which was cruelly punished. His treatment of the conquered people was such that they complained to the pope, and Gregory VII (Hildebrand), accordingly summoned Henry, in 1076, to appear before him at Rome and answer the charges, at the same time forbidding the sale of ecclesiastical dignities. Henry not only disregarded the threat, but instigated the bishops, assembled by his order at Worms, to renounce their obedience to the pope. Gregory, however, pronounced sentence of excommunication against him, and Henry, finding himself deserted, was obliged to go to Italy and make his submission to the pope in 1077.
The insolence with which the pope used his victory produced a reaction; the Italian princes, who had long been dissatisfied with Gregory, offered Henry their assistance. The German princes, however, at the instigation of the pope, elected Rudolph, duke of Suabia, king. Henry hastened back to Germany and overcame his rival, who died in 1080. Gregory again excommunicated Henry; but at the Council of Brixen, in 1080, he was deposed by the German and Italian bishops as a heretic and a sorcerer, and Guibert, archbishop of Kavenna (Clement III) set up in his place.
In 1084 Henry succeeded in establishing Clement at Rome, but was obliged to return to Germany to maintain his ground against two rivals who successively arose. In 1085 Henry was again obliged to cross the Alps in aid of his protege Clement III. But the dissatisfaction against him in Germany had not subsided, and though he succeeded in crushing the rebellion of his eldest son, Conrad, who died deserted at Florence in 1101, his second son Henry made himself master of his father's person in 1105 by stratagem, and compelled him to abdicate the throne at Ingelheim. Research Henry IV of Germany
Henry James was an American writer. He was born in 1843 at New York and died in 1916. After travelling in the USA and Europe and following irregular studies in Law at Harvard, in 1856 Henry James started writing short stories and literary reviews before writing novels. He had a friendship, for a while, with HG Wells and in 1915 became a British subject and was awarded the Order of Merit.
Sir Henry James was director of the Ordnance Survey. He was born in 1803 at Rose-in-Vale and died in 1877. In 1854 he succeeded Colonel Hall as director- general of the Ordnance Survey and in 1859 introduced the art of photozincography. Research Henry James
Henry James Jukes (known as Jim Jukes) was an English engineer. He was born in 1873 and died in 1912. He was an engine room greaser on the ship Titanic, and died when the Titanic sank in 1912. Research Henry Jukes
Henry Kingsley was an English novelist. He was born in 1830 at Barnack, Northamptonshire and died in 1876. A younger brother of Charles Kingsley, he left England for the goldfields of Australia where he stayed for five years before returning to England working as a novelist and a journalist - serving as a war correspondent during the Franco-Prussian War. Research Henry Kingsley
Henry Knox was an American patriot. He was nborn in 1750 at Boston and died in 1806. A bookseller before the American Revolution. He exchanged this occupation for that of an artillery officer, fought at Bunker Hill, and obtained much credit for his transfer of ordnance in the winter of 1775 - 1776 from the Canadian frontier and the Lake George region to the army around Boston. He was made a brigadier-general of artillery, fought with distinction at. Trenton, Brandywine, Monmouth and Yorktown, and received the grade of a major-general. He was active in the Cincinnati Society, and became Secretary of War under the old Congress in 1785. George Washington reappointed him to this position, which he filled until 1795. Research Henry Knox
Henry Labouchere (Baron Taunton) was an English politician. He was born in 1798 and died in 1869. Descended from a Huguenot family, his father was a banker from Amsterdam who had emigrated to England. Educated at Winchester and at Christ Church, Oxford he entered parliament in 1826 as member for a Cornish borough and in 1832 took office in the Whig government, filling a succession of minor posts until 1839. As a cabinet minister he was president of the board of trade from 1839 until 1841 and again from 1847 until 1852 and was secretary for the colonies from 1855 until 1858. From 1846 until 1847 he was chief secretary for Ireland. In 1859 he was made a peer, being given the title of Baron Taunton, having represented Taunton in parliament since 1830. Upon his death the title became extinct. Research Henry Labouchere
Henry Laurens was an American statesman. He was born in 1724 and died in 1792. He was a member of the first South Carolina Provincial Congress in 1775. He was a delegate from South Carolina to the Continental Congress from 1777 to 1780, and was its president from 1777 to 1778. He was appointed Minister to Holland in 1779; was captured during the voyage by the British, and confined in prison for fifteen months. In 1781 he was appointed one of the commissioners to negotiate a treaty of peace with Great Britain. In 1782 he signed the preliminary Treaty of Paris. Impaired health forced him to retire from public life. Research Henry Laurens
Henry Lee was an American insurgent and politician. He was born in 1756 at Virginia and died in 1818. Educated at Princeton, he attained distinction in the latter half of the American War of Independence as major of an insurgent corps called 'Lee's Legion', whence he derived his epithet of 'Light-Horse Harry'. In 1779 he captured Paulus Hook, and received a gold medal. In 1781 he ably covered the retreat of Greene's army, took a distinguished part at Guilford, Eutaw Springs, and the operations in the Carolinas and Georgia. He was a member of the Continental Congress, of the ratifying convention of 1788, was a Federalist, and Governor of Virginia in 1792-1795. In 1794 he led the expedition to suppress the Whiskey Rebellion. As Congressman, 1799-1801, it was his lot to pronounce the eulogy on George Washington, containing the famous characterization, 'First in war', etc. His death was caused by injuries inflicted by a Baltimore mob in 1814. Research Henry Lee
Sir Henry Lytton, Lord Dalling and Bulwer, was an English diplomatist and author. He was born in 1804 and died in 1872. The elder brother of LordLytton he was attached to the British embassies at Berlin, Brussels, and the Hague from 1827 to 1830, when he entered parliament. In 1837 he was sent as secretary of legation to Constantinople (Istanbul); subsequently he was minister at Madrid and Washington, and he succeeded LordStratford de Redcliffe as ambassador at the Porte from 1858 until 1865. He wrote, among others, France, Social, Literary, and Political; Life of Byron, Life of Palmerston, and Historical Characters. He was raised to the peerage in 1871. Research Henry Lytton
Henry Moore was an English painter. He was born in 1831 at York and died in 1896. He painted marine pictures, producing studies of the sea and sky.
Henry Moore is an English sculptor. He was born in 1898 at Castleford. Research Henry Moore
Sir Henry Morgan was a Welsh buccaneer. As the leader of the West Indian buccaneers he sacked Porto Bello and committed atrocities against the inhabitants. He was captured and sent to England in chains, however Charles II pardoned him and made him governor of Jamaica. He was born in 1635 and died in 1688. Research Henry Morgan
Henry Nettleship was an English Latin scholar. He was born in 1839 at Kettering, Northamptonshire and died in 1893. In 1868 he became an assistant- master at Harrow; but in 1873 returned to Oxford as lecturer, and in 1878 was elected to the Corpus professorship of Latin, an office which he held until his death. Research Henry Nettleship
Henry Neville was an English political writer. He was born in 1620 in Berkshire and died in 1694. He became a member of the Council of State in 1651. Coming into conflict with Oliver Cromwell, he was forced to retire during the latter's lifetime, but re-entered Parliament in 1658. His strongly republican views were shown in his opposition to the House of Lords as an institution. In 1663 he spent a short time in the Tower under an unfounded accusation of treason. Research Henry Neville
Henry of Huntingdon was an English historian. He was born towards the end of the llth century and died after 1154. The Archdeacon of Huntingdon, he composed in Latin a general history of England from the earliest times down to his own day, the latter part being of considerable value. A letter of his, De Mundi Contemptu (On Contempt of the World), contains curious contomponiry anecdotes of kings, nobles, and prelate's. The time of his death is not known, but he must have been alive in 1154. Research Henry of Huntingdon
Henry William Paget was a British soldier and statesman. He was born in 1768 and died in 1854. Educated at Westminster and Christ Church, Oxford, he sat in the House of Commons from 1790 until 1796 and from 1806 until 1812, then succeeding his father as the earl of Uxbridge. He served in Flanders in 1794 and commanded the British cavalry at Waterloo in 1815, losing a leg in the battle and subsequently being made the first marquis of Anglesey. Research Henry Paget
Henry L Pinckney was an American politician. He was born in 1794 and died in 1863. He was a member of the South Carolina Legislature from 1816 to 1833, and represented South Carolina in the US Congress as a Democrat from 1833 to 1837. Research Henry Pinckney
Sir Henry Bart Pottinger was a distinguished British soldier and diplomat. He was born in 1789 and died in 1843 at Hong Kong. He went to India as a cadet in 1804 and soon became known for his energy and administrative ability. Rising gradually to the rank of major-general, he was, after the Afghancampaign in 1839, raised to the baronetage as a reward for his services. In 1841 he went as minister-plenipotentiary to China, and contributed much to bring hostilities to a conclusion. He was successively governor and commander-in-chief of Hong Kong in 1843 and governor of the Cape of Good Hope in 1846 and governor and commander-in-chief of Madras from 1847 to 1854. Research Henry Pottinger
Henry Proctor was a British soldier. He was born in 1787 and died in1859. He went to America in 1812 as colonel in the British army. He repulsed General Hull at Amherstburg, and gained victories at Brownstown and at the River Raisin. He was repulsed from Fort Meigs by General Harrison and by Major Croghan from Fort Stephenson in 1813, and totally defeated by General Harrison at the Battle of the Thames. Research Henry Proctor
Henry Seymour Rawlinson (Baron Rawlinson of Trent) was a British soldier. He was born in 1864 and died in 1925. He served in South Africa and during the Great War at Ypres, Loos and commanded the Fourth Army at the Somme and at Amiens. From 1920 to 1925 he was Commander-in-Chief in India. Research Henry Rawlinson
Henry J Raymond was an American journalist. He was born in 1820 and died in 1869. He became assistant editor of the New York Tribune on its foundation in 1841. He was connected with the Courier and Enquirer from 1843 to 1851. In 1851 he established the New York Times and was of great influence as its editor. He represented New York in the US Congress as a Republican from 1865 to 1867. He wrote a 'Life of Daniel Webster' and 'The Life and Public services of Abraham Lincoln'. Research Henry Raymond
Henry H Richardson was an American architect. He was born in 1838 and died in 1886. He was the architect of Trinity Church, Boston, and many other noble structures. His architecture is noticeable for harmony and massiveness rather than for elaborate details. He was recognized as the leader of the new school of American architects. Research Henry Richardson
Sir Henry Rider Haggard was an English novelist. He was born in 1856 at Bradenham Hall, Norfolk and died in 1925. The son of a Norfolk landed proprietor, he became secretary to Sir Henry Bulwer, governor of Natal, in 1875, and held various other appointments in South Africa, including the mastership of the high-court of the Transvaal; but after 1879 mainly resided in England, being called to the bar in 1884. He made Africa the scene of Some of his novels, and his pictures of life and fighting among Kaffirs and other South African peoples are often more highly coloured than artistic. His first book was Cetewayo and his White Neighbours (1882), but he became much better known by his King Solomon's Mines (1886), and still more by his romantic She (1887), which were followed by Allan Quatermain, Jess, Maiwa's Revenge, Mr. Meeson's Will, Colonel Quaritch, V.C., Cleopatra, Eric Bright-eyes, Nada the Lily, Montezuma's Daughter, Joan Haste, Swallow, a Story of the Great Trek, Pearl-Maiden, Ayesha (a continuation of She), etc.
His tales are strong in incident and adventure, but weak in character-drawing. He greatly interested himself in the agriculture and rural industries of England, and made personal investigations by travel and otherwise, one result being the work (in two volumes) entitled Rural England (1902). Research Henry Rider Haggard
Sir Henry EnfieldRoscoe was an English chemist. He was born in 1833 at London and died in 1915. His chief researches were on vanadium and the chemical action of light, but he was also notable for the stimulus he gave to the study of technical chemistry in Britain, and for his literary work. Research Henry Roscoe
Sir Frederick Henry Royce was an English motor mechanic and car designer. He was born in 1863 and died in 1933. He designed and built his own car which so impressed C S Rolls that the two formed the famous car manufacturing partnership of Rolls-Royce. Research Henry Royce
Henry Russell was an English composer. He was born in 1813 at Sheerness and died in 1900. For a time he was chorus-master at Her Majesty's Theatre, London. In 1833 he settled at Rochester, New York, as a music teacher, afterwards giving vocal entertainments in the United States and Canada, as he did on his return to England in 1841. The success of his tours was unprecedented. He composed more than 800 songs, including 'To The West', ' The Ivy Green', 'The Old Armchair', 'A Life on the Ocean Waves', 'Cheer, boys, cheer' and 'Woodman, spare that tree'. Research Henry Russell
Henry S Foote was an American politician. He was bron in 1800 and died in 1880. He was elected a US Senator from Mississippi in 1847, and served until 1852, when he became Governor of the State and served in that post until 1854. He was a zealous opponent of secession in the Southern convention at Knoxvllle in 1859, but served in the first two Confederate Congresses. He published 'Texas and the Texans' and 'The War of the Rebellion'. Research Henry S. Foote
Henry Sacheverell was an English preacher. He was born in 1674 at Marlborough and died in 1724. He caused a sensation in 1709 by attacking the principles of the revolution settlement. This led the Whig government to have him impeached of high treason before the House of Lords. The whole Tory party united behind him, and the trial caused the ruin of the Whig party. Research Henry Sacheverell
Henry Rowe Schoolcraft was an American anthropologist. He was born in 1793 and died in 1864. He was regarded as an expert on Indian affairs and ethnology, studied the natural sciences and passed many years as Indian agent for the American Government in the region of the great lakes. Mackinaw was his headquarters. He led a Government expedition in 1832. At various times he was commissioned in regard to Indian matters. Besides poems, Schoolcraft wrote a number of books of travel, and works relating to American languages and antiquities. Research Henry Schoolcraft
Henry Shrapnel was an English soldier and inventor. He was born in 1761 and died in 1842. He joined the Royal Artillery in 1779 and in 1784 started experiments at his own expense which culminated in his invention of the shrapnel shell which was adopted by the British army in 1803 and first used at the siege of Surinam in 1804 and later in the Peninsular War and at the Battle of Waterloo. Research Henry Shrapnel
Henry Warner Slocum was an American soldier. He was born in 1827 at Delphi, New York and died in 1894. Educated at the military academy at West Point he left the army in 1856 and practised as a lawyer, but rejoined the army on the outbreak of the American Civil War. During the American Civil War he was present at both the Battles of Bull Run, Gaine's Mill, Antietam, Chancellorsville and at Gettysburg, and commanded the left wing on Sherman's famous march to the sea. In 1865 he settled at Brooklyn as a practising lawyer, also taking an active role in politics and municipal affairs. Research Henry Slocum
Henry Thomas Smart was an English composer. He was born in 1813 at London and died in 1879. A nephew of George Smart, he studied for the army and the law before turning to music and becoming organist at Blackburn, Lancashire in 1831, remaining at the post until 1836 when he became organist to several London churches. Henry Smart also composed an opera, hymns and organ music. Research Henry Smart
Henry Smith was an American politician. He was a governor of Rhode Island during 1805.
Henry John Stephen Smith was a British mathematician. He was born in 1826 at Dublin and died in 1863. Educated privately and at Balliol College, Oxford, he became a fellow of the university and lecturer in mathematics. In 1860 he was appointed Savillian professor of geometry at Oxford University. Research Henry Smith
Henry Smith Lane was an American politician. He was born in 1811 and died in 1881. He was a Republican member of the Indiana Legislature from 1838 to 1843. He was a lieutenant-colonel during the Mexican War. He served in the US Senate from 1861 to 1867. Research Henry Smith Lane
Henry Clifton Sorby was an English geologist. He was born in 1826 at Woodbourne near Sheffield and died in 1908. Educated privately, he made a study of the microscopic structure of rocks, being a pioneer in this field of research. His paper on the microscopical structure of crystals, published in 1858 made his reputation. He received the Wollaston medal of the Geological Society in 1869, and was president of the geological section of the British Association in 1880. As well as rocks, Henry Sorby also made microscopic studies of the structure of steel, animal and vegetable colourings and other things. Research Henry Sorby
Sir Henry Morton Stanley was a Welsh journalist and African explorer. He was born in 1841 and died in 1904. He was originally James Rowlands, but after going to America at the age of seventeen found employment with a Mr H. M. Stanley and assumed his benefactors name. After serving in the American Civil War he became a journalist and war correspondent. In 1869 he was commissioned to find Livingston, and met him on November 10th 1871 at Ujili on Lake Tanganyika, and returned to the coast at Bagamoyo, bringing with him the traveller's journals and papers.
On his return from the Ashanti expedition of 1873 - 1874 he was provided by the proprietors of the Daily Telegraph and New York Herald with funds for a journey across Central Africa, which he commenced from Bagamoyo on November 17th 1874. On this occasion he circumnavigated the Victoria Nyanza and LakeTanganyika, partly surveyed the Albert Nyanza, and traced the Congo from Nyangwe, the lowest point on the Lualaba reached by Cameron and Livingstone, to the highest point reached from the ocean by Tuckey in 1816, proceeding thence to Banana. He returned to the Congo at the instance of the King of Belgium and remained there from August 1879 until June 1884. His last visit to Africa was in 1887 as leader of the Emin Pasha relief expedition, when he discovered Ruwenzori and the Albert Edward Nyanza. Research Henry Stanley
Henry Benedict Maria Clement Stuart was a pretender to the English throne, and the Duke of York. He was born in 1725 and died in 1807. On the death of Charles Edward in 1788 he styled himself Henry IX, king of England. Research Henry Stuart
Sir Henry Tate was an English art collector and sugar refiner and merchant. He was born in 1819 at Chorley, Lancashire and died in 1899. He entered a career at a sugar refinery at Liverpool and while there invented a device for cutting sugar loaves into sugar cubes for household use. This invention made his fortune. In 1890 he donated his art collection, the Tate collection and a picture gallery to the people of Britain which was housed at the 'Tate Gallery' in London. Henry Tate was made a baronet in 1898. Research Henry Tate
Henry K Thatcher was an American sailor. He was born in 1806 and died in 1880. He commanded the USS Constellation on the Mediterranean station from 1863 to 1863. In command of the USS Colorado he led the first division of Commodore Porter's fleet in both attacks on Fort Fisher. He succeeded Farragut in command of the Western Gulf squadron at Mobile, whose surrender he secured. He was promoted rear-admiral and retired in 1868. Research Henry Thatcher
Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony, was a prince of Germany. He was born in 1129 and died in 1195. He succeeded his father, Henry the Proud, in 1139, assuming the government of Saxony himself in 1146. At the diet of princes in Frankfort in 1147 he demanded restitution of Bavaria, taken from his father by Conrad VII; but was worsted in the war which followed. It was restored to him, however, in 1154, after the death of Conrad, by the Emperor Frederick, Henry's cousin.
His possessions then extended from the Baltic and the North Sea to the Adriatic, and he was successful in opposing the league formed against him at Merseburg in 1166. About two years afterwards he separated from his wife and married Matilda, daughter of Henry II of England. He then went on an expedition to the Holy Land, and during his absence his enemies, and even the emperor, made encroachments on his dominions.
In 1174 he followed Frederick I on his fifth expedition to Italy, but left him at the siege of Alessandria. He was then put under the ban of the empire, and his dominions were given to other princes. Henry defended himself for a time successfully, but was at last obliged to take refuge in England. In 1182 he asked pardon of the emperor on his knees, and Frederick promised him his hereditary possessions, Brunswick and Luneburg, on condition of his undergoing exile for three years. He, therefore, again went to England, but returned to Brunswick in 1184.
In 1188 he was once more compelled to leave the country, and it was only in 1190, at the close of a year's fighting, that a reconciliation was finally effected. Henry was much in advance of his age in fostering industry, science, commerce, and the arts. Research Henry The Lion
Henry the Navigator (Don Henrique el Navegador), was a Portuguese prince. He was born in 1394 and died in 1458. The fourth .son of King John I of Portugal, in his youth he gave brilliant proofs of courage.
When the Portuguese conquered Ceuta in 1415 Henry distinguished himself by his bravery, and was knighted by his father, after whose death he chose for his residence the city of Sagres, in Algarve, near CapeSt Vincent, and vigorously prosecuted the war against the Moors in Africa. He erected at Sagres an observatory and a school of navigation.
From time to time he sent vessels on voyages to the coasts of Barbary and Guinea; resulting in the discovery of the islands of Puerto Santo and Madeira, and some years later of the Azores.
In 1433 Gilianez, one of his navigators, safely doubled Cape Bojador, and other adventurers, pushing still further south, discovered Cape Blanco in 1441 and Cape Verd in 1445. A profitable commerce with the natives of West Africa was soon developed, and the Senegal and Gambia partially explored.
After acting as general against the Moors in 1458 Henry died at Sagres on the 18th of November, 1458. His efforts not only laid the foundations of the commerce and colonial possessions of Portugal, but gave a new direction to navigation and commercial enterprise. Research Henry The Navigator
Henry II, known as Henry the Saint, was Emperor of Germany. He was born in 972 and died in 1024. He was a son of Henry the Quarreller of Bavaria, and great-grandson of the Emperor Henry I (Henry the Fowler). He inherited Bavaria in 995, and on the death of Otho III in 1002 laid claim and was elected to the empire. He had to proceed to Italy to assert hia sovereignty there, the Lombard cities having chosen Harduin of Ivrea as their king. During his absence Boleslas of Poland extended his sway over the whole of Bohemia, but after repeated campaigns Henry Thhe Saint succeeded in recovering Bohemia, and in 1018, in the Peace of Budissin (Bautzen), reduced him to complete subjection. In the midst of these campaigns against Boleslas he made another expedition into Italy in 1013 against Harduin. On this occasion Henry the Saint was crowned emperor by Pope Benedict VIII He made a third expedition into Italy in 1022 to aid Benedict VIII against the Greeks. Research Henry The Saint
Sir Henry Thompson was an English surgeon, astronomer, writer, socialite and painter. He was born in 1820 at Framlingham, Suffolk and died in 1904. A businessman, he went to London and was apprenticed to a doctor at Croydon. In 1844 he entered University College, London as a medical student. In 1850 he was made house surgeon at University College Hospital and in 1851 started as a medical practitioner in London. An FRCS in 1853, in 1866 he became professor of surgery at University College Hospital and Hunterian professor at the College of Surgeons in 1883. He specialised in surgery of the urinary organs, something he had studied in Paris. He was knighted in 1869 and made a baronet in 1899. As a socialite he was famous for his dinners for eight people, consisting of eight courses, served at eight o'clock which he called octaves. The 300th of which was attended by King George V. Research Henry Thompson
Henry David Thoreau was an American naturalist and writer. He was born in 1817 at Concord and, Massachusetts died in 1862. Educated at Harvard, he worked for a time as a teacher and as a surveyor before becoming a recluse and a naturalist. He wrote 'Walden' published in 1854. Research Henry Thoreau
Henry Thrale was an English brewer. He was born in 1728 and died in 1881. In 1758 he inherited his father's brewery at Offley, Hertfordshire. From 1765 until 1780 he was member of parliament for Southwark. He is famous for being a friend and host of Dr Johnson. Research Henry Thrale
Henry Duff Traill was an English writer and journalist. He was born in 1842 at Blackheath and died in 1900. Educated at the Merchant Taylors' School and St John's College, Oxford, he became a barrister and in 1871 a civil servant and a part time journalist. He was the first editor of 'Literature' and wrote biographies of Coleridge, Sterne, William III, Shaftsbury, Strafford, Lord Salisbury, Lord Cromer and Sir John Franklin as well as writing numerous letters to the Pall Mall Gazette, St James' Gazette, Saturday Review and the Daily Telegraph. Research Henry Traill
Henry V was King of England from 1413 to 1422. He was born in 1386 at Monmouth and died in 1422 of dysentery. Soon after his accession, Henry V restored their estates to the Percies, and liberated the Earl of March, but in other respects based his internal administration upon that of his father. He laid claim to the French crown.
Henry V landed near Harfleur in August, 1415, and though its capture cost him more than half his army he decided to return to England by way of Calais. A large French army endeavoured to intercept him at the plain of Agincourt, but was completely routed in October, 1415. A year later the French were defeated at sea by the Duke of Bedford. In 1417 the liberal grants of the Commons enabled Henry once more to invadeNormandy with 25,000 men.
The assassination of the Duke of Burgundy, which induced his son and successor to join Henry, greatly added to his power, and the alliance was soon followed by the famous Treaty of Troyes signed on May the 21st, 1420, by which Henry engaged to marry the PrincessCatharine, and to leave Charles VI in possession of the crown, on condition that it should go to Henry and his heirs at his decease.
Henry V returned in triumph to England, but on the defeat of his brother, the Duke of Clarence, in Normandy by the Earl of Buchan, he again set out for France, drove back the army of the dauphin, and entered Paris. A son was at this time born to him, and all his great projects seemed about to be realized, when he died of dysentry at Vincennes in August, 1422, at the age of thirty-four, and in the tenth year of his reign. He was succeeded by his son Henry VI. Research Henry V
Henry V was Emperor of Germany. He was born in 1081 and died in 1125. The the son and successor of Henry IV of Germany, on his ascension the question of investiture distracted the empire anew. PopePascal would only confer the imperial crown upon condition that the rights claimed by Gregory should be formally conceded. Henry therefore seized the pope at the altar, and imprisoned him until he yielded two months later, and crowned Henry in April 1121.
Disturbances, however, arose in Germany, especially with Lothaire of Saxony, and the pope, declaring that his peace with the emperor had been compulsory, formented the strife. The war continued two years, and devastated Germany, and after a second expedition to Italy and excommunication by successive popes, Henry was compelled to yield in the matter of investiture, and in 1122 subscribed the Concordat of Worms. Henry was the last of the Salic or Frankish family of emperors, which was succeeded by the Suabian house. He married Matilda, a daughter of Henry I of England. Research Henry V of Germany
Henry Van Dyke was an American divine and diplomat. He was born in 1852 at Germantown, Pennsylvaina and died in 1933. He was educated at the universities of Princeton and Berlin where he studied for the ministry. He was pastor of the United Congregational Church of Newport, from
1878 to 1882, and from 1882 to 1900 of the Brick Presbyterian Church, New York. From 1900 until 1913 he was professor of English Literature at Princeton. In 1913 he was appointed US minister to the Netherlands and Luxembourg, resigning in February 1917. A prolific author, his works number about 40, of which the best known are: The Reality of Religion, 1884; The Story of the Psalms, 1887; The Christ Child in Art, 1894; The Gospel for an Age of Doubt, 1896 ; Le Genie de 1'Amerique, 1909. He also published many volumes of poetry. Research Henry Van Dyke
Sir Henry Vane was an English politician. He was born in 1589 and died in 1654. The Son of Henry Vane, a Kentish gentleman, he was educated at Brasenose College, Oxford. In 1611 he was knighted, and in 1614 entered the House of Commons. He was soon an official of the royal household, and became one of the chief counsellors of Charles I. Made secretary of state in 1620, he had a hand in the momentous events that followed, being largely responsible for
the condemnation of Strafford. He then became less devoted to Charles, and was dismissed, possibly on account of treachery, whereupon he appeared as a supporter of the parliamentary cause. He remained politically active until his death. Research Henry Vane
Sir Henry Vane the younger was an English politician. He was born in 1612 and died in 1663. A noted Puritanstatesman, he went to Boston in 1635, and was Governor of the Massachusetts colony the next year. He sided with Mrs. Hutchinson in the celebrated Antinomian controversy. He was a member of the General Court, but soon returned to England.
He was knighted, entered Parliament, became treasurer of the navy, and was prominent in the impeachment of Strafford, as commissioner to Scotland, and member of the Westminster Assembly. In the Commonwealth he sat in the Council of State, was a Republican leader, and frequently opposed to Oliver Cromwell. He presided Over the State Council in 1659, and at the Restoration was excepted from the general pardon. Although not one of the Regicides, yet as a strong Republican he was executed by Charles II on general charges of treason. He is supposed to have invented the 'previous question' and the constitutional convention. Research Henry Vane 2
Henry Vaughan was a Welsh religious poet. He was born in 1622 at Newton-on-Usk and died in 1695. He was called the Silurist from his native district, the country of the Silures. He studied law, favoured the Royalist cause, and became a physician at Brecon. A poet of the ''metaphysical' school, he was influenced by Donne, Carew, and Herbert, whose work, The Temple, inspired his volume of devotional poems, Silex Scintillans, published in 1650, which in turn influenced Wordsworth. After his death he was buried at Llansantffraed. His poems were edited by E K Chambers, and publisged in two volumes in 1896. He left translations from Juvenal, Ovid, Boetius, and later writers. Research Henry Vaughan
Henry VI was son of Henry V and King of England from 1422 to 1461. Henry VI was born in 1421 at WindsorCastle and died in 1471. He succeeded to the thrones of England and France before the age of one, when his father Henry V and his grandfatherCharles VI of France died within months of each other. Henry was crowned King of England in 1429 and, in 1431, King of France. His minority was dominated by his uncles CardinalBeaufort and the Duke of Gloucester (who opposed each other). Another uncle, the Duke of Bedford, was Regent of France; his death in 1435, combined with Burgundy breaking the alliance with England, led to the collapse of English rule in northern France. The dual monarchy proved too difficult for the King and England to maintain; the successes of the Dauphin and Joan of Arc began to weaken England's grip on its French possessions and Normandy was lost in 1450.
Henry's cultural patronage and genuine interest in education (he founded Eton and King's College, Cambridge) were outweighed by his patchy and partisan interest in administration. Failure in France and domestic unrest including the Cade rebellion of 1450 encouraged factionalism. In 1453 the King became ill and Richard, Duke of York, was made Protector in 1454. The King recovered in 1455, but civil war between the Yorkist and Lancastrian factions broke out (the Wars of the Roses). For the rest of his reign, Henry's queen, Margaret of Anjou, was determined to fight, rather than negotiate a compromise, for the Lancastrian cause of her husband and son. Pitted against Henry was the Duke of York, asserting his legitimate claim to the throne as he was descended by his mother from Edward III's second surviving son (Henry VI was descended from Edward's third surviving son). The Duke of York was killed at the Battle of Wakefield in 1460. In 1461, his son Edward, an able commander, defeated the Lancastrians at the Battle of Towton. London opened its gates to the Yorkist forces; Henry and his queen fled to Scotland.
An unsuccessful military campaigner, Henry was captured and imprisoned in the Tower of London in 1465, but was restored to the throne in 1470. His brief period of freedom ended after the Battle of Tewkesbury in 1471 at which his son Edward, Prince of Wales was killed, when the YorkistEdward IV regained the throne, and Henry was executed in the Tower of London. Research Henry VI
Henry VI was German emperor. He was born in 1165 and died in 1197. The son of Frederick I and Beatrice of Burgundy, he was the third emperor of the house of Hohenstaufen, and was crowned king in 1169, and succeeded his father as emperor in 1190. He kept Richard I (Richard the Lionheart) in prison, and obtained a large ransom for him. Research Henry VI of Germany
Henry VII was the first Tudor King of England from 1485 to 1509. He was born in 1456 and died in 1509. Although supported by Lancastrians and Yorkists alienated by the previous king, Richard III's usurpation, Henry VII's first task after becoming king was to secure his position. In 1486 he married Elizabeth of York, the eldest daughter of Edward IV, thus uniting the Houses of York and Lancaster and bringing to a close, once and for all, the civil unrest which had been the Wars Of The Roses. Henry's reign was troubled by revolts, sometimes involving pretenders (such as Perkin Warbeck and Lambert Simnel) who impersonated Edward V or his brother. In 1485, Henry formed a personal bodyguard from his followers known as the 'Yeomen of the Guard'. Henry strengthened the power of the monarchy by using traditional methods of government to tighten royal administration and increase revenues (reportedly including a daily examination of accounts). Royal income rose from an annual average of 52,000 to 142,000 pounds by the end of Henry's reign. Little co-operation was required between the King and Parliament; during Henry's reign of 24 years, only seven Parliaments sat for a mere ten and a half months. Henry used dynastic royal marriages to establish his dynasty in England, and help maintain peace. One daughter, Margaret, was married to James IV of Scotland (from whom Mary, Queen of Scots and her son, James VI of Scotland and James I of England, were descended); the other daughter married Louis XII of France. Henry spent money shrewdly and left a full treasury on his death in 1509.
Henry VII encouraged the exploration of what was to becone the USA. On March the 5th, 1495, Henry VII granted to John Cabot, his three sons, their heirs and assigns, a patent for the discovery of unknown lands in the Eastern, Western and Northern seas, with a right to occupy such territories and to have exclusive commerce with them, paying to the king one-fifth part of all the profits. The enterprise was to be 'at their own proper cost and charge'. In his book of private expenses for 1497 there is an item, 'To him that found the new isle, 10 pounds', no doubt referring to Cabot. Research Henry VII
Henry VII was Emperor of Germany. He was born in 1262 and died in 1313. He was chosen emperor in 1308. Among the first acts of his reign were recognition of the independence of the Swiss cantons of Schwyz, Uri, and Unterwalden, and the granting of the Kingdom of Bohemia to his son John. He compelled the Milanese to give him the iron crown of Lombardy, suppressed by force the revolt which then broke out in Upper Italy, captured part of Rome, which was in the hands of Neapolitan troops, and was crowned Roman Emperor by two cardinals. Research Henry VII of Germany
Henry VIII (nicknamed Copper Nose) was King of England from 1509 to 1547. He was born in 1491 and died in 1547. Henry VIII was the son of Henry VII and was 17 when he became king in 1509. He was soon prevailed upon to join in a league formed against Louis XII of France. Some campaigns in France followed, but the success of the English at the Battle of the Spurs in 1513 was succeeded by no adequate result, the taking of Tournay being the only fruit of this expensive expedition.
Meantime, more splendid success attended the English arms at home, James IV of Scotland being completely defeated and slain at Flodden Field in 1513. Henry, however, granted peace to the Queen of Scotland, his sister, and established an influence which rendered his kingdom long secure on that side. Finding himself deluded by his allies, he soon after made peace with France, retaining Tournay and receiving a large sum of money.
From l515 until 1529 the government was practically in the hands of Wolsey, no parliament being summoned in that period until 1523. After the election of Charles V to the German Empire, both Charles and the French king, Francis I, sought the alliance of England. A friendly meeting took place between Henry and Francis at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520, but the interest of Charlea preponderated, and Henry declared war against France, though with no important results.
Now came the determination of the king to divorce his wife Catharine of Aragon, who was older than he, had borne him no male heir - though a girl - and had, moreover, been in the first place the wife of his elder brother. The last of these points was the alleged ground for seeking divorce, though Henry was probably influenced largely by his attachment to Anne Boleyn, one of the queen's maids of honour. Wolsey, for his own ends, had at first been active in promoting the divorce, but drew back and procrastinated when it became apparent that Anne Boleyn would be Catharine's successor. This delay cost Wolsey his power and the papacy its authority in England. Henry in disgust eagerly caught at the advice of Thomas Cranmer, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, to refer the case to the universities, from which he soon got the decision that he desired.
In 1533 his marriage with Catharine was declared null and an anticipatory private marriage with Anne Boleyn declared lawful; and as these decisions were not recognized by the pope, two acts of parliament were obtained, one in 1534 setting aside the authority of the chief pontiff in England, the other in 1535 declaring Henry the supreme head of the church. But although Henry discarded the authority of the Roman Church, he adhered to its theological tenets; and while, on the one hand, he executed Bishop Fisher and Sir Thomas More for refusing the oath of supremacy, he brought many of the reformers to the stake. Finding that the monks and friars in England were the most direct advocates of the papal authority, and a constant source of disaffection, he suppressed the monasteries by act of parliament, and thereby inflicted an incurable wound upon the Catholic religion in England.
The fall of Anne Boleyn was, however, unfavourable for a time to the reformers. Henry then married Jane Seymour, and the birth of Prince Edward in 1537 fulfilled his wish for a male heir. The death of the queen was followed in 1540 by Henry's marriage with Anne of Cleves, the negotiations of which were conducted by Cromwell. The king's dislike to his wife, which resulted in another divorce, became extended to the minister who had proposed the union, and Cromwell's disgrace and death soon followed.
A marriage with Catharine Howard in 1541 proved no happier, and in 1542 she was executed on a charge of infidelity. In 1543 he married his sixth wife, Catharine Parr, a lady secretly inclined to the Reformation, who survived the king. In the meantime Scotland and France had renewed their alliance, and England became again involved in war. James V ravaged the borders, but was defeated at Solway Moss in 1542, and in 1544 Boulogne was captured, Henry having again allied himself with Charles V. Charles, however, soon withdrew, and Henry maintained the war alone until 1546. Disease now so much aggravated the natural violence of Henry that his oldest friends fell victims to his tyranny. The Duke of Norfolk was committed to the Tower, and his son the Earl of Surrey was executed. Control of Wales was strengthened by the Acts of Union of 1536 and 1542 which united England and Wales administratively and legally, and gave Wales representation in Parliament. Henry died in 1547, leaving his sickly 10-year-old son to inherit the throne as Edward VI.
Henry's nickname of copper nose came about after, having spent the money left him by his miserly father, he minted inferior silver coins. The silver soon wore away from the prominent parts of the coins, notably the king's nose, revealing the base copper below, and the nickname was born. Research Henry VIII
Henry Vizetelly was an English writer. He was born in 1820 and died in 1894. He pioneered the illustrated press, starting the Pictorial Times in 1843, the Illustrated Times in 1855 and was Paris correspondent of the Illustrated London News in 1865. He wrote the novel The Man With The Iron Mask in 1870. Research Henry Vizetelly
Henry Wace was an English churchman. He was born in 1836 and died in 1924. He was professor of ecclesiastic history at King's College, London in 1875 and principal in 1883. In 1903 he became dean of Canterbury. Research Henry Wace
Henry Ware was an American theologian. He was born in 1764 and died in 1845. He was Hollis professor of divinity in Harvard College from 1805 to 1840. His acceptance caused the separation of the Unitarians, of whom he became a leader, from the Orthodox Congregationalists. Research Henry Ware
Henry Wheaton was an American journalist and statesman. He was born in 1785 at Rhode Island and died in 1848. He edited the New York National Advocate from 1812 to 1815, in which the question of neutral rights was ably discussed during the American Civil War. From 1816 to 1827 he was reporter for the US Supreme Court. His reports are exceedingly valuable, containing carefully prepared notes and citation of authorities on all difficult points. He was Charge d'Affaires in Denmark from 1827 to 1835, Minister Resident to Prussia from 1835 to 1837, and Minister Plenipotentiary from 1837 to 1846. He wrote 'Elements of International Law', a 'History of the Law of Nations', and a 'History of the Northmen'. Research Henry Wheaton
Henry Wilson was an American politician. He was born in 1812 at New Hampshire and died in 1875. He was in his early life a farmer, and a shoemaker in Natick, Massachusetts. He was a Whig member of the Massachusetts Legislature, but renounced the Whig policy at the convention of 1848, and aided in forming the Free-Soil party. In 1853 he was the defeated Free-Soil candidate for Governor. A coalition of parties sent him to the US Senate in 1855, and he was continued there by Republican votes until 1873. Senator Henry Wilson was one of the principal opponents of slavery. During the American Civil War he was chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs. When President Grant was re-nominated in 1872, Senator Henry Wilson received the second place on the ticket. They carried the country, and Henry Wilson was Vice-President from 1873 until 1875. He wrote various historical works, chief of which is 'Rise and Fall of the Slave Power', published in three volumes. Research Henry Wilson
Henry Wisner was an American politician. He was born in 1725 and died in 1790. He was a delegate from New York to the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1776. He supported the insurgents during the Revolution by the manufacture of munitions. He opposed the adoption of the American Constitution as creating too centralized a government. Research Henry Wisner
Henryk Dembinski was a Polish general, and leader in the Hungarian revolution of 1849. He was born in 1791 and died in 1864. He served under Napoleon during the Russian campaign of 1812; was governor of Warsaw and commander-in-chief of the Polish army during the revolution of 1830; waa appointed by Kossuthcommander of the Hungarian troops in 1849, and served until Kossuth's resignation compelled him to seek refuge in France, where he remained until his death. Research Henryk Dembinski
Henry Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton was an English colonist. He was born in 1573 and died in 1624. He was active in the colonization of America, sending, among others, expeditions under Bartholomew Gosnold in 1602, and under LordArundel in 1605. He was treasurer (i. e., president) of the Virginia Company from 1620. Research Henry Wriothesley
Hephsestion was a Macedonian noble. A native of Pellahe was a friend of Alexander the Great and accompanied the king in his Asiatic campaigns, and died at Ecbatana in 325 or 324 BC. Alexander had his body conveyed to Babylon, and erected a monument to him costing 10,000 talents. Research Hephsestion
In Ancient Greek history, the Heraclidae were descendants of Hercules, who were expelled from the Peloponnesus about 1200 BC, but reconquered it around 1100 BC assisted by the Dorians. Research Heraclidae
Heraclitus was a Greek philosopher. He was born at Ephesus and lived about 513 BC. He travelled in different countries, particularly in Africa. On his return to Ephesus he was offered the chief magistracy, but refused it. He is said to have latterly repaired to solitary mountains to live on roots and herbs; but, being attacked by a fatal disease, was obliged to return to the city, where he died soon afterwards, it is said in his sixtieth year.
He left a work on Nature, in which he treats also of religion and politics. Some fragments only of this work remain. He is considered as belonging generally to the Ionic school of philosophers, though he differed from it in important particulars. He considered fire as the first principle of all things, describing it as an ethereal substance, 'self-kindled and self-extinguished,' from which the world is evolved (not made) by a natural operation. It is also a rational principle, and the source of the human soul. Phenomena exist in a constant state of flux, always tending to assume new forms, and finally returning again to their source. Research Heraclitus
Heraclius was a Roman emperor of the East. he was born in about 575 at Cappadocia and died in 641. The son of Heraclius, exarch of Africa, at the head of a fleet from Carthage, in 610, he assisted in dethroning Phocas, the murderer and successor of the Emperor Mauritius, and himself ascended the throne. In a succession of splendid victories he crushed the Persians under Chosroes; but the energy of his earlier years seems to have worn itself out, and he made no effort to check the victorious progress of Mohammed. Before his deathSyria, Palestine, Mesopotamia, and Egypt had fallen under the dominion of the caliphs. He was succeeded by his son, Constantine III. Research Heraclius
Herbert Adams was an American sculptor. He was born in 1858 and died in 1945. After serving an apprenticeship in the USA, he studied in Paris between 1885 and 1890. One of his best known works is the McMillanFountain in Washington DC. Research Herbert Adams
Herbert Henry Asquith was an English politician. He was born in 1852 at Morley, Yorkshire and died in 1928. Educated at the City of London School and Balliol College Oxford he was called to the Bar in 1876 and became a QC in 1890. From 1886 until 1918 he was Liberal member of parliament for East Fife, being Home Secretary from 1892 until 1895 and Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1905 until 1908. From 1908 until 1916 he was prime minister, resigning in 1916 over a lack of progress in the Great War. He lost his seat in 1918 only to return to parliament in 1920 as member of Paisley as an Independent Liberal, rejoining the Liberal party and becoming leader from 1923 until 1926. In 1925 he was created the first earl of Oxford and Asquith. He is perhaps most notable for introducing the old-age pension in Britain. Research Herbert Asquith
Herbert Clark Hoover was the 31st president of the USA from 1929 to 1933. He was born in 1874 and died in 1964. Hoover earned a reputation as a humanitarian during the 1900 Boxer Rebellion in China when, caught in China, Hoover organised relief for trapped foreigners, and then again during the Great War, rescuing many Europeans from starvation, only to mishandle his own domestic economics resulting in the Great Depression that swept America following the stock market crash in 1929. Research Herbert Clark Hoover
Herbert Morrison was a British labour statesman. He was born in 1888 and died in 1965. He was home secretary during the second world war. Research Herbert Morrison
Herbert Spencer was a British philosopher. He was born in 1820 at Derby and died in 1903. Privately educated, from 1837 until 1846 he was engaged in civil engineering, and from 1848 until 1853 was sub-editor of 'The Economist'. He was the first philosopher to apply Darwinism to psychology, publishing in 1855 'Principles of Psychology' - in the same year suffering a nervous breakdown - followed in 1860 by the first prospectus of his System of Synthetic Philosophy, the first of the ten volumes of which, 'First Principles', was published in 1862, the remaining volumes occupying him for a further thirty-six years. Research Herbert Spencer
Sir Herbert Stewart was a British soldier. He was born in 1843 and died in 1885. Educated at Winchester, he entered the army in 1863, served in India and took part in the Zulu War of 1879. In the Boer War of 1881 he was taken prisoner at Majuba, and afterwards served in the Egyptian campaign of 1882, being made a KCB in 1884. In the Nile Expedition for the relief of general Charles Gordon he led a column across the desert and was mortally wounded at the Battle of Abu Klea. Research Herbert Stewart
Herbert Alfred Vaughan was Bishop of Salford and Archbishop of Westminster. He was born in 1832 at Gloucester and died in 1903. He was the eldest of eight sons of John Vaughan of Courtfield, Herefordshire. He was educated for the priesthood at Stonyhurst College, and then in Belgium, Paris, and Rome. Ordained in 1854, he became vice-principal of St Edmund's College, Ware, and was from 1869 head of a missionary college at Mill Hill before becoming bishop of Salford in 1872. In 1892 he became archbishop of Westminster, and in 1893 a cardinal. His great work was the erection of the cathedral at Westminster. Research Herbert Vaughan
Hereward the Wake was an English patriot. After the Norman conquest he held out at the head of the English resistance for about a year in the Isle of Ely, until William penetrated into the marshes by building a causeway. Hereward escaped, but his fate after that is unknown. Research Hereward the Wake
Herman Balck was a German general. He was born in 1893 and died in 1950. Balck served a distinguished career as a regimental officer during the Great War and then during the Second World War proved himself probably Germany's finest field officer, establishing the first bridgehead across the Meuse at Sedan, and later commanding a division during the invasion of Russia, being promoted to full general because of his successes. Research Herman Balck
Herman Melville was an American writer. He was born in 1819 at New York and died in 1891. After he deserted from a whaling vessel in the Marquesas Islands he spent several months among the Typees and then wrote novels and accounts of his adventures which were very popular. Most famous is his novel 'Moby Dick'. Research Herman Melville
Hermann Adler was a German Jewish scholar. He was born in 1839 at Hanover and died in 1911. Educated at London University, in 1863 he became principal of the Jews' College in London. In 1879 he was appointed assistant to his father, the chief rabbi in the British Empire, and in 1891 succeeded to the office of chief rabbi himself. Hermann Adler distinguished himself by his liberal and sympathetic outlook on life, and was prominent in moves for social improvement. Research Hermann Adler
Hermann Boerhaave was a Dutch physician. He was born in 1668 and died in 1738. Destined for the clerical profession, in 1682 he was sent to Leyden to study theology. In 1689 he received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, soon after he started studying medicine around 1690 and in 1693 was made Doctor of Medicine at Harderwyck and in 1701 the University of Leydenchose him to deliver lectures on the theory of medicine. In 1709 he was appointed to the chair of medicine and botany. He now published his Institutiones Medicae in Vans Aimuse Exercitationis, and Aphorismi de Cognoscendis et Curandis Morbis in Usum Doctrinse Medicinae, the former expounding his medical system, the latter classifying diseases and treating of their cause and cure. In 1714 he was made rector of the university, and soon after appointed to the chair of practical medicine. He was also appointed professor of chemistry. His fame brought people from all parts of Europe to ask his advice. Research Hermann Boerhaave
Hermann Wilhelm Goering was a German Nazi politician. He was born in 1893 at Rosenheim, Bavaria and died in 1946. After a brilliant military career as an infantry officer and ace pilot during the Great War in 1922 he joined the Nazi party and was appointed field marshal by Hitler and announced as his successor as Fuehrer of the Third Reich. Towards the end of the Second World War he revolted against Hitler, was sentenced to death, escaped and was captured by the Americans and subsequently stood trial for war crimes. Condemned to execution at his trial he committed suicide shortly before sentence could be carried out. Research Hermann Goering
Hermann Johann Philip Sprengel was a German chemist and physicist. He was born in 1834 near Hanover and died in 1900. He came to England in 1859 to work at Oxford and afterwards London. He is mainly associated with the Sprengel pump, used for obtaining high vacua by the fall of drops of mercury in a narrow tube, and his work on explosives. Research Hermann Sprengel
Hermann Sudermann was a German dramatist and novelist. He was born in 1857 at Matzicken, East Prussia and died in 1928. Educated at Konigsberg and Berlin he worked as a journalist before producing his first play, 'Die Ehre' in 1888, which met with acclaim and going on to write more successful plays and novels. Research Hermann Sudermann
Hermann Von Helmholtz was a German physiologist and physicist. He was born in 1821 at Potsdam and died in 1894. Educated at Berlin, in 1848 he became professor of anatomy at the Academy of Fine Arts, Berlin, and in 1849 he obtained the chair of physiology at Konigsberg, from which he was successively transferred to the same post at Bonn in 1855 and at Heidelberg in 1858. In 1871 he was appointed professor of physics at Berlin. His work in physics was chiefly in those areas most closely related to physiology, such as acoustics and optics. He discovered the law of the conservation of energy in 1847 (published in a paper entitled the Conservation of Force). He also published works on optics and the sensation of tone as a physiological basis for the theory of music. Research Hermann Von Helmholtz
Hermas was one of the so-called apostolic fathers, generally supposed to be the person mentioned by that name in Romans XVI 14, though others maintain that he lived much later, he is known as the author of a work entitled the Shepherd, circulated at Rome early in the second century, and for which a place in the canon was even claimed. Only a few fragments exist of the Greek original, but the Latin translation, made at a very early period, appears to be complete. Research Hermas
Hermes Trismegistus was a mythical personage, the reputed author of a great variety of works, probably written by Egyptian Neo-Platonists, who ascribed the authorship of the highest attainments of the humanmind to Thoth, the Egyptian Hermes; regarding him as the source of all knowledge and inventions, the Logos incarnate, thrice greatest. Clement of Alexandria mentions the contents of forty-two books of Hermes which were extant in his time. Of those which now remain the most important is the Poimandres or Poimander, a dialogue on nature, the creation, the deity, the soul, knowledge, and similar topics. Of the extant works none belongs, in all probability, to an earlier date than the 4th or perhaps the 3rd century. Research Hermes Trismegistus
Hernando Cortes was a Spanish adventurer. He was born in 1488 and died in 1547. In 1511 he took part in the conquest of Cuba and in 1518 he captured Mexico for Spain, and destroyed the ancient civilisation there. Research Hernando Cortes
Hernando De Alarcon was a 16th century Spanish navigator. He sailed from Acapulco in 1540 and disproved the idea that California was an island. He was the first European to explore the Colorado River. Research Hernando De Alarcon
Hernando de Soto (also known as Fernando de Soto) was a Spanish explorer. He was born in 1496 at Jerez de los Caballeros and died in 1542. In 1519 he joined an expedition to Darien and in 1524 helped to conquer Nicaragua, afterwards sailing along the coast of central America. In 1532 he brought reinforcements to Pizarro in Peru, where he took a prominent part in the conquest. Soon after Charles V appointed him governor of Cuba and Florida. In 1539 he sailed to Florida on an expedition in search of gold and for nearly four years explored the country between the Atlantic and the lower Mississippi, crossing the Mississippi in 1541 and reaching Arkansas. He died of fever, along with many of his men, on the banks of the Mississippi while on the expedition, around 1542. Research Hernando de Soto
Hero of Alexandria was one of the most distinguished Greek mathematicians and mechanists of ancient times. He lived about 150-100 BC. A common pneumatic toy, called Hero's fountain, is attributed to him, and he also invented the seolipile, a heliostat, etc. Research Hero of Alexandria
Herod (Herod the Great) was King of the Jews. He was born in about 74 BC at Ascalon, in Judea. He was the second son of Antipater the Idumean, who, being made procurator of Judea by Julius Caesar, appointed Herod to the government of Galilee. He at first embraced the party of Brutus and Cassius, but after their death reconciled himself to Antony, by whose interest he was first named Tetrarch, and afterwards king of Judea. After the battle of Actium he successfully paid court to Augustus, who confirmed him in his kingdom.
On all occasions his abilities as a politician and commander were conspicuous; but his passions were fierce and ungovernable, and his wife Mariamne, her brother, grandfather, and mother, and his own sons by her, were all put to death by him. He rebuilt the temple at Jerusalem with great magnificence, and erected a stately theatre and amphitheatre in that city. He also rebuilt Samaria, which he called Sebaste, and constructed many strong fortresses throughout Judea, the principal termed Caesarea, after the emperor.
The birth of Jesus Christ is said to have taken place in the last year of the reign of Herod, about 4 BC, the year was also signaled by the massacre of the children of Bethlehem. Herod's policy and influence gave a great temporary splendour to the Jewish nation, but he was also the first to shake the foundation of the Jewish government, by dissolving the national council, and appointing the high-priests and removing them at pleasure, without regard to the laws of succession. Research Herod
Herod Agrippa I was a Jewish politician. He was the son of Aristobulus by Berenice, daughter of Herod the Great. From his attachment to Caligula he was imprisoned by Tiberius, but on the accession of Caligula in 37 he received the government of part of Palestine, and latterly all the dominions of Herod the Great. To please the Jews, with whom his rule was very popular, he caused St James to be put to death, and imprisoned St Peter. Research Herod Agrippa I
Herod Agrippa II was a Jewish politician. He was the son of Herod Agrippa I and the last of the Herodian line. Being too young to govern, Judea was, on his father's death, reduced to a Roman province. He subsequently received the kingdom of Chalcis, and obtained the superintendency of the temple at Jerusalem, where, with his sister, Berenice, he heard the defence of Paul before Festus. Being driven from Jerusalem by the revolt of the Jews he joined Cestius, and later on Vespasian, and during the siege of Jerusalem was very serviceable to Titus. After its reduction in 70 he and Berenice (with whom he was suspected to have an incestuous intercourse) returned to Rome. He is supposed to have died there in 94. Research Herod Agrippa II
Herod Antipas was a Jewish politiciam. He was the son of Herod the Great by his fifth wife, Cleopatra, and was appointed tetrarch of Galilee on his death in 4 BC. This was the Herod who put to deathSt John the Baptist, in compliment to his wife Herodias, supposedly in revenge for his reproaches of their incestuous marriage. Having visited Rome he was accused of having been concerned in the conspiracy of Sejanus, and was stripped of his dominions, and in 39 AD was sent with his wife into exile at Lugdunum (Lyons), or, as some say, to Spain, where he died. Research Herod Antipas
Herodotus was a Greek historian. He was born in 484 BC at Halicarnassus in Asia Minor and died in 420 BC. Before writing his history he travelled extensively, visiting the shores of the Hellespont and the Euxine, Scythia, Syria, Palestine, Babylon and Ecbatana, Egypt as far as Elephantine and other parts of northern Africa, everywhere investigating the manners, customs, and religion of the people, the history of the country, productions of the soil, etc.
On returning home he found that Lygdamis had usurped the supreme authority in Halicarnassus, and put to death the noblest citizens, among others his uncle, the epic poet Panyasis, and Herodotus was forced to seek an asylum in the island of Samos. Having formed a conspiracy with several exiles he returned to Halicarnassus and drove out the usurper, but the nobles who had acted with him immediately formed an aristocracy more oppressive than the government of the banished tyrant, and Herodotus withdrew to the recently founded colony of Thurii, in Italy, where he seems to have spent most of his remaining life.
Here, at an advanced age, we are told by Pliny, he wrote his immortal work, a statement strengthened by the fact that events are noticed in the body of the book which occurred so late as 409 BC, while its abrupt ending proves almost beyond question that he was prevented by death from completing it. The history is divided into nine books, each bearing the name of a muse, and is written in the Ionicdialect. The object of the historian is to narrate the conflict between the Greeks and Persians, and he traces the enmity of the two races back to mythical times. Rapidly passing over the mythical period he comes to Croesus, king of Lydia, of whom and of his kingdom he gives a comparatively full history.
The conquest of Lydia by Cyrus induces him to relate the rise of the Persian monarchy and the subjugation of Asia Minor and Babylon. The history of Cambyses and his Egyptian expedition leads him to introduce the valuable details of the history, geography, and manners and customs of Egypt, which occupy the second book.
The Scythian expedition of Darius causes the historian to treat of the Scythians and the north of Europe; and the subsequent extension of the Persian kingdom affords him the opportunity for giving an account of Gyrene and Libya. In the meantime the revolt of the Ionians breaks out, which eventually brings on the conflict between Greece and Persia. An account of this outbreak and of the rise of Athens after the expulsion of the Peisistratidae, is followed by what properly constitutes the principal part of the work, and the history of the Persian War now runs on in an uninterrupted stream until the taking of Sestos. Research Herodotus
Herschel V Johnson was an American politician. He was born in 1812 and died in 1880. He represented Georgia in the US Senate as a Democrat from 1848 to 1849. He was Judge of the Georgia Supreme Court from 1849 to 1853. He was Governor of the State from 1853 to 1857. He was defeated as Democratic candidate for Vice-President of the United States in 1860, on the Douglas ticket. He served in the Confederate Senate. Research Herschel V. Johnson
The Heruli were an ancient Germanic people, originally found on the northern shores of the Black Sea. Under the leadership of Odoacer they helped in the overthrow of the Western Empire. Around the end of the 6th century they ceased to exist as a separate people. Research Heruli
Hesba Stretton was the pseudonym of Sarah Smith, English writer. She was born in 1832 at Wellington, Shropshire and died in 1911. A regular contributor to 'Household Words' and 'All the Year Round' her first book 'Jessica's First Prayer' was published in 1867 and proved very popular, being translated into numerous European languages. She helped to found the London Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. Research Hesba Stretton
Hesiod was a Greek poet who lived around 730 BC. Little is known of his life. Of numerous works attributed to him there only remain the Theogony, a collection of the oldest fables concerning the birth and achievements of the gods; the Shield of Heracles, a fragment of a larger work; and a didactic poem, Works and Days, which deals with agriculture, the choice of days, etc, with prudential precepts concerning education, domestic economy, etc. Research Hesiod
The Lady Hester Stanhope was an English eccentric. She was born in 1776 at Chevening, Kent and died in 1839. The eldest daughter of Charles Stanhope, the 3rd Earl Stanhope and a niece of William Pitt she went in 1803 to keep house for her uncle, William Pitt, over whom she acquired a remarkable ascendancy. On his death in 1806 she received a pension of 1200 pounds a year, but finding private life unsatisfactory after the position she had held she left England in 1810 with a small entourage, and by 1813 had settled at Mount Lebanon in Syria. There she lived out the rest of her life in a quasi Oriental style, surrounded by obsequious servants and exercising a sort of dominion over the neighbouring tribes. Research Hester Stanhope
A hetman was the elected chief (general) of the Don and Ukraine Cossacks. The hetman was elected by the people throwing their fur caps at their choice, the winner being the man with the most caps at his feet. The dignity was abolished among the Cossacks of the Ukraine by Catharine the Great and the last hetman of the Don Cossacks was Count Platoff who died in 1814. Research Hetman
Hewett Cottrell Watson was an English botanist. He was born in 1804 and died in 1881. In 1844 he assisted in preparing the 'London catalogue of British Plants' and wrote several other botanical works. Research Hewett Watson
Hezeki'ah was the twelfth, and one of the best of the kings of Judah. He succeeded Ahaz about 717 BC and died about 698 BC. He repressed idolatry, fought successfully against the Philistines, and hoped to become entirely independent of Assyria, but had his fenced cities captured, and was mulcted in a large tribute. About this time Hezekiah had a serious illness from which he miraculously recovered, and celebrated his fresh lease of life in a thanksgiving, preserved in Isaiah xxxviii. Among the ambassadors who came with letters and gifts to congratulate him on his recovery was the viceroy of Babylon, to whom he displayed the royal treasures. For this he received a terrible rebuke, and he was told by Isaiah that from Babylon would come the ruin and captivity of Judah. The greater part of the Scripture records bearing on the reign of Hezekiah is occupied by the two invasions of Sennacherib, and the sudden destruction of the Assyrian army. Hezekiah did not long survive this deliverance. Research Hezekiah
Hezekiah Niles was an American journalist. He was born in 1777 and died in 1839. He was the founder of Niles Register a weekly journal, which he edited from 1811 to 1836, and published 'The Principles and Acts of the American Revolution.' Research Hezekiah Niles
Hidalgo was a Spanish nobleman of the lower class. There were hidalgos de naturaleza, of noble birth, and hidalgos de privilegio, that is, those on whom the king had conferred nobility, and those who purchased nobility. The title is long obsolete. Research Hidalgo
Hideki Tojo ('Lamisori' the razor) was a Japanese soldier and politician. He was born in 1885 at Tokyo and died in 1948. In 1919 he was appointed military attache in Germany. From 1937 to 1940 he served with the Kwantung army in Manchuria as Chief of Staff, became Minister of War in 1940 and in 1941 Prime Minister of Japan. Following the Second World War he was arrested on charges of war crimes and sentenced to death. Following a failed suicide attempt he was executed in 1948. Research Hideki Tojo
Hideki Yukawa was a Japanese physicist. He was born in 1907 and died in 1981. He suggested in 1935 the existence of virtual particles. Confirmation came in 1947, when the British physicist Cecil Powell discovered the pion. Yukawa was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1949. Research Hideki Yukawa
Hiero I was an ancient Greek ruler or 'Tyrant' (that is, absolute monarch) of Syracuse in Sicily. The brother of Gelon, whom he succeeded in 478 BC He was an enlightened ruler, and a patron of genius and learning. His court became the rendezvous of the most distinguished writers of his time, including Pindar, Aeschylus, Bacchylides, Epicharmus, and Simonides. The Hiero of Xenophon contains the finest eulogium of this monarch. He was several times victor in the Grecian games. Pindar has celebrated his victories: Several odes of this poet are filled with his praises. Hiero died at Catana, 467 BC. Research Hiero I
Hiero II was King or Tyrant of Syracuse from 269 until 214 BC. The son of Hierocles, a noble Syracusan, who claimed a descent from the family of Gelon, He was chosen by the soldiers as general in 275 BC and recognized as king about 270. In 264 he made an alliance with the Carthaginians against Rome, and thus began the first Punic War. Being defeated by the Romans he made peace by the payment of tribute, and was ever after a faithful and useful ally to them. His subjects enjoyed great prosperity during his reign. Hiero devoted himself to the construction of military machines of all kinds, and ships of great size, under the direction of Archimedes, who lived in Syracuse during this reign. Research Hiero II
The Himyarites are a race or group of races in Arabia, regarded as descendants of Himyar, one of the mythical ancestors of the Arabs. According to tradition they became the dominant race in Yemen about 3000 years before Mohammed, and spread to the Euphrates on the one hand and Abyssinia on the other. Their most successful period appears to have been from about 100 BC until 629 AD, when they succumbed to Mohammedanism. The Himyaritic language, not now spoken, formed, with the Arabic and Ethiopia, the southern branch of the Semitic family of tongues. During the 19th century hundreds of Himyaritic inscriptions were collected, and deciphered by means of alphabets with the corresponding Arabic letters which had been preserved. The Mahrah tribes of south Arabia are the direct descendants of the ancient Himyarites. Research Himyarites
Hincmar was Archbishop of Rheims, an ecclesiastic and statesman. He was born about 806 and died in 882. He was at first a monk in the Abbey of St Denis. In 845 he was elected archbishop of Rheims, where he exercised extensive political as well as ecclesiastical authority. He was a man of enlightenment, one of the best scholars of his age, and was distinguished as a defender of the liberties of the church. He wrote two treatises on Predestination, and numerous other works. Research Hincmar
Hiouen-Thsang was a Chinese traveller and Buddhist priest. He was born about 602 and died in 664. He wrote travels in India, and translated many Hindu books on Buddhism into Chinese. Research Hiouen-Thsang
Hipparchus was a Greek astronomer. He was born in 190 BC at Nicaea in Bithynia and died in 120 BC. He resided for some time at Rhodes, but afterwards went to Alexandria, then the great school of science. A commentary on Aratus is the only work of his extant. He compiled the first known star catalogue and first ascertained the true length of the year, discovered the procession of the equinoxes and determined the revolutions and mean motions of the planets. Research Hipparchus
Hippias was a ruler of Athens. The son of Pisistratus, after whose death in 527 BC he assumed the government, in conjunction with his brother Hipparchus. The latter being assassinated while conducting a solemn procession to the temple of Minerva, Hippias seized the reins of the government alone, and revenged the death of his brother by imposing taxes on the people, selling offices, and putting to death all of whom he entertained the least suspicion. His tyranny became at last unbearable, and he was expelled from the city in 510 BC. Research Hippias
Hippocrates was a Greek doctor. He was born in 460 BC on the island of Cos and died in 370 BC. He established medicine as a science. Besides practising and teaching his profession at home he travelled on the continent of Greece, and died at an advanced age at Larissa, in Thessaly. His writings, which were early celebrated, became the nucleus of a collection of medical treatises by a number of authors of different places and periods, which werelong attributed to him, and still bear his name. The best edition is that of Littre. Among his genuine writings are the first and third books on epidemics; the aphorisms; on diet in acute diseases; on air, waters, and localities; on prognostics; on wounds of the head. Hippocrates was one of the first to insist on the importance of diet and regimen in disease. He had remarkable skill in diagnosis, practised auscultation, and taught the doctrine of 'critical days.' Research Hippocrates
Hippolyte Adolphe Taine was a French historian. He was born in 1828 at Vouziers and died in 1893. Educated at Paris, his religious opinions debarred him from an academic career for some years and he worked as an independent until in 1864 he was appointed professor of aesthetics at in the Ecole des Beaux Arts. Research Hippolyte Taine
Hippolytus was an early Christian bishop and writer, the details of whose history are involved in obscurity. He appears to have lived about the beginning of the 3rd century, and is supposed to have suffered martyrdom under Alexander Severus. The most important of his writings is the Philosophumena, a refutation of heresies, discovered in 1842. Research Hippolytus
Hipponax was a Greek poet. He was born in 540 BC at Ephesus. Of his whose works only a fragment of 100 lines remain. He was deformed in person; was banished from Ephesus for his satirical raillery, and lived in extreme poverty. Research Hipponax
The Hipurinas are (were?) a tribe of South American Indians widespread in western Brazil where they used bark canoes and poisoned arrows. In 1905 they were reported to be less than 3000 in number remaining. Research Hipurinas
Hiram Denio was an American jurist. He was born in 1799 at New York and died in 1871. He was a Judge of the Court of Appeals from 1853 to 1866. Research Hiram Denio
Sir Hiram Stevens Maxim was an Anglo-American inventor. He was born in 1840 at Sangerville, Maine and died in 1916. He invented the automatic quick-firing gun (machine gun). Research Hiram Maxim
Hiram R Revels was an American politician. He was born in 1822 and died some time after 1897. He represented Mississippi in the US Senate as a Republican from 1870 to 1871. He was the first man of African descent (Black man) to sit in the US Senate. Research Hiram Revels
Hirohito was a marine biologist and Emperor of Japan. He was born in 1901 at Tokyo and died in 1989. He was the first Japanese prince to visit the Western world, in 1921. His reign was marked by militarization, war with China in 1931 and 1932 and again from 1937 to 1945 and allied to the Axis forces during the Second World War from 1941 until 1945. After Japan surrendered at the end of the Second World War, and was occupied by America, Hirohito was forced to renounce his legendary divinity and most of his authority. Research Hirohito
A Hmong is a member of a south east Asian highland people. They are predominantly hill farmers, rearing pigs and cultivating rice and grain, and many are involved in growing the opiumpoppy. Estimates of the size of the
Hmong population vary between 1.5 million and 5 million, the greatest number being in China. Although traditional beliefs remain important, many have adopted Christianity. Their language belongs to the Sino-Tibetan family. The Hmong wear distinctive costumes and elaborate silverjewellery. They are relatively recent arrivals on the south east Asian peninsula, many having moved south in order to avoid harassment by Chinese emperors. Today the
Hmong live in China (Guizhou, Yunnan, Hunan), Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, and Myanmar. Research Hmong
Hohenstaufen was a German princely family, several members of which filled the imperial throne. The founder of the family was Frederick, lord of Hohenstaufen, a castle in the Suabian Alps, who for his services to the Emperor Henry IV received the duchy of Suabia, and the hand of his daughter Agnes. His son Conrad was elected emperor in 1138. After the death of Conrad in 1152 the confidence which was felt in the Hohenstaufen family caused the choice to fall on his nephew, Frederick III of Suabia, who was followed by Henry VI in 1190, who added by his wife the kingdom of Sicily and Naples to the hereditary dominions of the family; and he again by Otto IV in 1197 and Frederick II, all belonging to the same house. After the death of Frederick II his son Conrad was acknowledged as his successor, with the title of Conrad IV, by most of the states of the empire; but Innocent IV laid him under an interdict, declared him to be deprived of all his lands, and persecuted him with relentless hatred until his death in 1254. The possessions of the family ultimately fell to Bavaria, Baden, and Wurtemberg. Research Hohenstaufen
Homer (Homeros) was an ancient Greek poet. Nothing is known with certainty about him, some even doubting whether he ever existed. The most probable opinion is that he was a native of some locality on the sea-board of Asia Minor, and that he lived between 950 and 850 BC. The earliest mention of the name of Homer is found in Xenophanes in the 6th century BC. The common statement that he was blind may safely be discarded. The poems that have been generally attributed to Homer are the Iliad and Odyssey. The Batrachomyomachia, or Battle of the Frogs and Mice, and certain hymns to the gods also passed under his name, though belonging to a later period.
The Iliad in its present form consists of twenty-four books, and tells the story of the siege of Troy from the quarrel of Achilles with Agamemnon to the burial of Hector, with subordinate episodes.
The Odyssey is also in twenty-four books, and records the adventures of Odysseus (Ulysses) on his return voyage to his home in Ithaca after the fall of Troy.
Even as early as the beginning of the Christian era, certain Greek critics (the Separatists) maintained that the two poems were the work of different poets, but the general belief continued to be that there was one author for both. The entire system of Homeric criticism, however, was revolutionized in 1795 by F. A. Wolf in his Prolegomena to Homer. He asserted that the Iliad and Odyssey were not originally committed to writing, and were not two complete and independent poems, but originally a series of songs of different poets (Homer and others), celebrating single exploits of heroes, and first connected as wholes by Pisistratus, about 540 BC. Some of Wolf's arguments have been proved erroneous, but since his time the old views in regard to the Iliad and Odyssey have been held by comparatively few of the ablest scholars, though what theory is now the most common is difficult to say.
Among the most conservative theories is that which assigns to Homer a central or basal portion of both Iliad and Odyssey, to which additions by other poets were gradually united; but generally the Odyssey is regarded as of somewhat later date than the Iliad, and not by the poet who produced the Iliad in its original form. Research Homer
The Homoiousians were a sect of Arians, followers of Eusebius, who maintained that the nature of Christ is not the same with, but only similar to that of the Father, as distinguished from the Homoousians, who maintained that he was of the same nature. Research Homoiousians
Homoousians were the orthodox party in the church during the great controversy upon the nature of Christ in the 4th century, who maintained that the nature of the Father and the Son is the same, in opposition to the Homoiousians, who held that their natures were only similar. Research Homoousians
Honore Balzac was a French novelist. He was born in 1799 at Tours and died in 1850. Before he was 24 years old he had published a number of novels under various assumed names. Research Honore Balzac
Honore Daumier was a French painter and cartoonist. He was born in 1808 at Marseilles and died in 1879. He produced almost 4000 lithographs. Research Honore Daumier
Honore De Urfe was a French writer. He was born in 1568 at Marseilles and died in 1625 as a result of falling from his horse. He became a soldier and served in the religious wars. Later he was an official at the court of the count of Savoy, but he was again in the field when he was killed by falling from his horse at Villafranca on June the 1st 1625. His fame rests upon his Astree, a long pastoral romance, the earliest and most famous of its kind in French literature. He also wrote some poems, and published a volume entitled Epitres Morales. Research Honore De Urfe
Hopewell is a North American Indian agricultural culture of the central USA, dating from about 200. The Hopewell built burial mounds up to 12 m high and structures such as Serpent Mound in Ohio. Research Hopewell
Quintus Horatius Flaccus, commonly known as Horace, was the greatest of Latin lyric poets. He was born in 65 BC near Venusia, in southern Italy and died in 8 BC. His father was a freedman, a collector of taxes, and had purchased the farm at which his son was born. When Horace was about twelve years old his father moved with him to Rome, where he received an excellent education. At the age of eighteen he went to Athens to complete his studies.
After the assassination of Julius Caesar, Brutus came to Athens, and Horace, along with other Roman youths, joined his army. He was appointed to a military tribuneship, was present at Philippi, and on the defeat of Brutus saved himself by flight. On the proclamation of an amnesty to the vanquished Horace returned to Italy, but found his father dead, his paternal estate confiscated, and himself reduced to poverty. He was, however, enabled to purchase a clerkship in the quaestor's office, which enabled him to subsist frugally and to cultivate his poetical talent.
His poems procured him the friendship of Virgil and Varius, and to them he was indebted for his first acquaintance with Maecenas, who was the friend and confidant of Augustus Caesar, and who expended his wealth for the encouragement of literature and the arts.
Maecenas received Horace among his intimate friends, and, after some years, presented him with a small estate or farm in the Sabine country about 15 miles from Tibur (Tivoli), which was sufficient to maintain him in ease and comfort during the rest of his life. He had also a cottage at Tibur, and at Rome or one or other of these country residences the latter part of his life was spent. Although he was ultimately introduced to Augustus he never sought favours from him, and he is said to have declined an offer of the management of his private correspondence.
His works consist of four books of odes; a book of epodes or short poems, two books of satires; and two books of epistles, one of which is often cited as a separate work, under the title of Ars Poetica. The lyrics of Horace are largely based on Greek models, but the exquisite beauty of his language is all his own. It is, however, in his satires and epistles that he shows the greatest power and originality, wit and humour, gravity and gaiety, shrewdness and common sense, tender sentiment, and at times melancholy. His writings have been often translated, and into many languages. In English Pope and Swift have given free imitations of various parts of his writings. The poetical translation of Francis is well known, but is inferior to that of Sir Theodore Martin. Research Horace
Horace B Claflin was an American merchant. He was born in 1811 at New York and died in 1885. From 1865 until the time of his death the sales of his firm, H B Claflin & Co, exceeded those of any other in the world. Research Horace Claflin
Horace Greeley was an American journalist and politician. He was born in 1811 at New Hampshire and died in 1872. He started his working lige on a farm before becoming a compositor and in 1831 he went to New York where he was unsuccessful in launching 'The Morning Post', the first daily penny paper. In 1833 he edited the Evening Post the first daily penny paper issued in America, and in 1834 founded the New Yorker. He was editorially connected with the Jeffersonian and the Log Cabincampaign journals of considerable popularity, and in 1841 issued the first number of the Tribune which he continued to edit until his death. From 1848 to 1849 he represented New York in the US Congress, where he redressed abuses of the mileage system. In 1851 he visited Europe, and was one of the jurors in the Great Exhibition. He opposed the American Civil War but earnestly advocated the abolition of slavery during the American Civil War, and made most powerful appeals to the administration through the columns of his paper . During the period of reconstruction following the American Civil War he advocated universal amnesty and impartial suffrage, and became one of the bondsmen of Jefferson Davis in 1867. In 1872 he was Presidential candidate for the Liberal Republican and Democratic parties, but was defeated by General Grant. Eccentric in habit and in thought, frank and open-minded, firm in his convictions, ever mindful of the welfare of society, he was called by John G Whittier, 'the later Franklin'. Chief among his miscellaneous works are his Hints towards Reforms (1850), Glances at Europe (1851), History of the Struggle for SlaveryExtension (1856), The American Conflict (1864), Recollections of a Busy Life (1869). Research Horace Greeley
Horace Mann was an American educationalist. He was born in 1796 at Massachusetts and died in 1859. Educated at Brown University, he graduated in 1819. From 1837 to 1848 he was secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Education. He reformed the educational system of the State, introducing normal schools and teachers' conventions, and exerted a wide influence throughout the United States in regard to educational matters. From 1848 to 1853 he was an anti-slavery Whig Congressman, and from 1853 to his death was president of Antioch College. Research Horace Mann
Horace Maynard was an American politician. He was born in 1814 and died in 1882. He represented Tennessee in the US Congress as an American and Republican from 1857 to 1863 and from 1866 to 1875. He was Minister to Russia from 1875 to 1880. He was Postmaster-General in Hayes' Cabinet from 1880 to 1881. Research Horace Maynard
Horace Benedict Saussure was a Swiss physicist. He was born in 1740 at Conches in 1740 and died in 1799. After studying botany he was professor of philosophy at Geneva from 1762 until 1786. He specialised in the flora and geology of the Alps, and was one of the first to reach the summit of Mont Blanc, and undertook a large number of other climbs for research purposes and scientific observation. He invented and improved many meteorological instruments, including the hygrometer. Research Horace Saussure
Horace Elisha Scudder was an American author. He was born in 1838 at Boston and died in 1902. After working as a publisher's reader he was editor of ' The Riverside Magazine' from 1867 to 1870 and then of the 'Atlantic Monthly' from 1890 to 1898. He wrote 'Dream Children' in 1864, 'Stories from my Attic', 'Boston Town', 'Life of Noah Webster', 'History of the United States' and in 1879 'The Bodley Books'. Research Horace Scudder
Horace Walpole was a British Politician. He was born in 1717 and died in 1797. He made a large fortune mainly from lucrative sinecure officers and this enabled him to purchase his villa at Strawberry Hill and set his printing press there. Research Horace Walpole
Horapollo was the alleged author of a work in Egyptian hieroglyphics pretended to have been translated from the Egyptian into Greek. By many authorities the book is supposed to have been written about the 6th century and translated as late as the 15th. Research Horapollo
The Horatii were three Roman brothers, who, according to tradition, in the reign of Tullus Hostilius engaged three Alban brothers (the Guriatii), in order to decide the supremacy between Rome and Alba. Victory went to Rome, and the sole surviving Horatius was triumphantly conducted back to the city. But his sister had been betrothed to one of the Guriatii, and her demonstrative grief so enragod Horatius that he stabbed her. For this he was condemned to death, but his father and the people begged for mercy and he was spared. Research Horatii
Horatio William Bottomley was an English politician, journalist and financier. He was born in 1860 and died in 1933. He founded the Financial Times and later established John Bull. In 1906 he was elected Liberal member for South Hackney, retaining his seat until 1912 and being re-elected in 1918. In 1922 he was imprisoned for fraud, and released in 1927. Research Horatio Bottomley
Horatio Gates was an American general. He was born in 1728 at Maldon in Essex, England and died in 1806. He served under Braddock against the French colonists on the Ohio in 1755. He rose to the rank of major by merit alone. In 1775 he joined the American army as adjutant-general with the rank of brigadier. In 1776 he superseded Schuyler, and compelled the surrender of General John Burgoyne's army at Saratoga on October 17th 1777. Placed in command of the army of the southern districts in 1780, he suffered a severe defeat at Camden, South Carolina and was replaced by General Greene and brought to court-martial, but was finally acquitted, and reinstated in his command in 1782 after the capture of Cornwallis. He then retired to Virginia, and in 1790, having emancipated all his slaves, he removed to New York, where he died. Research Horatio Gates
Horatio Greenough was an American sculptor. He was born in 1805 and died in 1852. He designed a model from which the Bunker Hill Monument was made; constructed the 'Rescue', and a statue of George Washington, and became one of the most eminent of American sculptors. Research Horatio Greenough
Horatio King was an American politician. He was born in 1811 and died in 1897. He was a clerk in the US Postal Department from 1839 to 1854. He was First Assistant Postmaster-General from 1854 to 1861. In 1861 he was Postmaster-General in Buchanan's Cabinet. Research Horatio King
Horatio Nelson (Duke of Bronte) was an English naval commander. He was born in 1758 and died in 1805 from a sniper's gunshot at the Battle of Trafalgar. He was created Duke of Bronte by the Neapolitan government in 1799. Oddly, Horatio Nelson suffered from sea sickness. Horatio Nelson's dying words were indeed 'Kiss me Hardy', a popular myth that he actually said 'kismet Hardy' is believed to have been started at a time when affection between male friends was viewed as inappropriate, however during the 18th and 19th centuries such affection was quite usual and acceptable.
As well as a national hero, Horatio Nelson was famously cruel to his wife, who doted on him, abandoning her for the prostitute Emma Hamilton - at the time affairs with prostitutes and infidelity was quite the usual practice. Research Horatio Nelson
Horatio Seymour was an American politician. He was born in 1810 and died in 1886. He was in early life the military secretary of Governor Marcy of New York. With the politics of that State he was thereafter identified. As Assemblyman, Mayor of Utica, and Speaker of the Assembly, he had become noted as a leader of the Democratic party, and in 1850 he was defeated as its candidate for Governor.
From 1853 to 1855 he was Governor, but the State was close, and the Republicans held control for a few years. Seymour's attitude in the American Civil War is difficult to characterize. He supported the Union, but could hardly be reckoned as a War Democrat. In 1862 he was elected Governor over the Republican candidate, and served from 1863 to 1865. During his term occurred the Draft Riots in New York City, in July, 1863. Governor Seymour's speech to the mob has been the subject of severe criticism. He was defeated for re-election in 1864. In 1868 he presided over the Democratic National Convention, and received against his will the nomination for President. In the election he was defeated by General Grant, receiving only eighty electoral votes. Research Horatio Seymour
Horatio Smith (also known as Horace Smith) was an English writer. He was born in 1779 at London and died in 1849. Educated at Chigwell, Essex he worked in a London counting-house before becoming a writer, producing three novels and writing articles for periodicals. In 1812 he became famous when, together with his elder brother James Smith, he wrote the poem 'Rejected Addresses' in response to the competition organised by the Drury Lane)Theatre for a poem to be recited at the reopening of the theatre. The poem wittily parodied the leading poets of the day. Horatio Smith subsequently became a stock-broker and retired in 1820 a wealthy man. Research Horatio Smith
Horatius Codes was a hero of ancient Rome. The Tarquins having, after their banishment, sought refuge with the Etrurian king Porsenna, the latter advanced against Rome in 507 BC to restore them. According to tradition Horatius Codes, along with two companions, held the Sublician bridge against the enemy, while the Romans broke it down behind them. When this was nearly finished he sent back his two companions, and as the bridge fell he plunged into the Tiber with his armour and safely reached the opposite bank. Research Horatious Codes
Horatius Bonar was a Scottish divine and hymn-writer. He was born in 1808 and died in 1889. Educated at the Edinburgh High School and University, he became a minister of the Scottish Church, but left it for the Free Church in 1843, and after being nearly thirty years a minister at Kelso, was from 1866 until his death minister of Ohalmers Memorial Church, Edinburgh. He wrote many religious tracts, sermons, and other works, including Songs for the Wilderness; The Bible Hymn-book; Hymns Original and
Selected; The Desert of Sinai; Hymns of Faith and Hope; Days and Nights in the East; Hymns of the Nativity and other Pieces; etc. Some of his hymns, such as 'I heard the voice of Jesus say', have been extremely popular. Research Horatius Bonar
Hortense Eugenie Beauharnais was Queen of Holland. She was born in 1783 and died in 1837. She became Queen of Holland by marrying Louis Bonaparte, and after Louis' abdication of the throne she lived apart from him. She wrote several excellent songs, and composed some deservedly popular airs, among others the well-known Partant pour la Syrie. Napoleon III. was her third and youngest son. Research Hortense Beauharnais
The Hottentots were a peculiar African race, supposed to be the aboriginal occupants of the south end of that continent, at and near the Cape of Good Hope. Their limits may be said to have been the river Orange on the north and north-east, and the Kei on the east. The complexion is a pale olive, the cheek-bones project, the chin is narrow and pointed, and the face consequently is triangular. The lips are thick, the nose flat, the nostrils wide, the hair woolly, and the beard scanty. When the Dutch first settled at the Cape in the middle of the l7th century the Hottentots were a numerous nation, of pastoral and partially nomadic habits, and occupied a territory of 100,000 square miles. By 1900 the race was nearly extinct within the wide territory which formerly belonged to it, having been entirely hunted out and dispersed by the Boers.
Amongst the offshoots of the Hottentot race are the Griquas, descended from Hottentot mothers and Dutch fathers, giving name to the districts Griqualand East and West. The Koras or Korannas, about the middle of the river Orange, are favourable specimens of the Hottentot race. They are taller, stronger, and more cleanly than the tribes further west. Other tribes are the Gonas or Gonaquas, much mixed with the Amakosa Kaffres; the Namaquas, dwelling towards the mouth of the river Orange; the Hill Damaras, farther north. The Bosjesmen or Bushmen are a degraded tribe of Hottentots. Research Hottentots
Sir Douglas, Baronet, KCB, was a British soldier. He was born in 1776 and died in 1861. The son of Admiral Sir Charles Douglas. He served in Spain in the Peninsular war, and acquired much reputation by his writings on military subjects, especially by his Treatise on Naval Gunnery in 1819. From 1823 to 1829 he was governor of New Brunswick, and from 1835 to 1840 Lord High-commissioner of the Ionian Islands. He attained the rank of general in 1851. Research Howard Douglas
Howard Hanson was an American composer. He was born in 1896 and died in 1981. He composed Symphonies No. 1 (Nordic) and No. 2 (Romantic). Research Howard Hanson
Howard Staunton was a British chess player. He was born in 1810 and died in 1874. He defeated Fournie de Saint-Amant in a famous chess match held at Paris in 1843, and was for many years one of the best chess players in the world, beating such celebrated players as Popert, Horwitz and Harrwitz. Howard Staunton was ultimately beaten himself by Andersen at the London tournament of 1851. He wrote several books on the game of chess including the 1847 'The Chess Player's Handbook' and 'The Chess Player's Text-Book' and the 1849 'The Chess Player's Companion'. He edited 'The Chess Player's Chronicle' and 'The Chess World' and from 1844 until his death was chess editor of 'The Illustrated London News'. Research Howard Staunton
Howell Cobb was an American politician. He was born in 1815 and died in 1868. he entered Congress as a Democrat in 1843, and served until 1853 and again 1855; was elected Speaker in 1849; was a warm defender of the Union, but also a strong advocate of State rights and of the compromise measures of 1850; was elected Governor of Georgia by the Union party in 1851. In 1857 he became President James Buchanan's Secretary of the Treasury. In 1860 he urged forward the secession movement, and was a delegate to the provisional Congress which adopted the Confederate Constitution. Research Howell Cobb
Howell E Jackson was an American jurist. He was born in 1832 and died in 1895. He served in the Tennessee Legislature in 1880. He represented Tennessee in the US Senate as a Democrat from 1881 to 1886, when he was appointed a US Circuit Judge. In 1893, he was appointed by President Harrison a Justice of the Supreme Court. Research Howell Jackson
Hubertus Strughold was a German Nazi aviation medicine scientist who knowingly supervised the murderous experiments at Dachau concentration camp during 1941 and 1942 into the reactions of the human body to low pressure, cold, hypothermia and re-warming using prisoners - many of whom died unnecessarily. Not surprisingly, Strughold was never convicted of his war crimes and after the Second World War like many other Nazi scientists he joined the USAAF to work as a scientist, his research being used (unsuccessfully) as the basis for the American air-sea-rescue service until a British scientist realised that people rescued from cold water need to be kept horizontal to minimise the risk of a heartattack - something Strughold with his disregard for the lives of his victims had never bothered about. Strughold was named chief scientist of the American Aerospace Medical Division In 1961 and received The Americanism Medal from the Daughters Of The American Revolution. In 1985, the Texas Senate declared June the 15th 1985 as Dr. Hubertus Strughold Day. The American aerospace
Medical Association presents the Hubertus Strughold Award each year for dedication and outstanding contributions in advancing the frontiers of Space Medicine, for sustained contributions to further the goals of the Space Medicine Branch and to whom best exemplifies the ideals of Hubertus Strughold. Research Hubertus Strughold
Hugh Clapperton was a Scottish explorer. He was born in 1788 at Annan, Dumfriesshire and died in 1827. Apprenticed as a cabin boy upon a trading ship he was subsequently press-ganged into the Royal Navy and deserted at Gibraltar in 1806, joining a privateer. Recaptured he was pardoned and made a midshipman, seeing service in the West Indies before from 1814 until 1817 being a naval commander on the Great Lakes of Canada. In 1822 he accompanied Oudney and Denham to Central Africa and journeyed to Lake Chad and Sokoto to determine the course of the Niger. Research Hugh Clapperton
Hugh Falconer was a British naturalist and palaeontologist. He was born in 1808 in Scotland and died in 1865. After studying arts at Aberdeen and medicine at Edinburgh he went to India as a surgeon in 1830. Here he made valuable geological researches, and turned his attention to the introduction of tea cultivation. In 1837 he accompanied Barnes' second mission to Cabul. He visited England in 1843 and published an illustrated descriptive work entitled Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis (Ancient Fauna of the Sivalik Hills). He returned to India in 1848, where he had been appointed superintendent of the botanic garden at Calcutta. In 1855 he returned to England. Research Hugh Falconer
Hugh A Garland was an American politician. He was born in 1805 and died in 1854. A Virginia Assemblyman for five years, was clerk of the US House of Representatives from 1838 to 1841. He secured a Democratic majority at the opening session, in 1839, by omitting the names of the contested New Jersey delegates. Research Hugh Garland
Viscount Hugh Gough was an English general. He was born in 1779 at Woodstown, county Limerick and died in 1869. He joined the army in 1794, and was present the year after at the capture of the Cape of Good Hope. He served in Spain from 1809 until 1813; was made major-general in 1830, and sent to India as commander of the Mysore division of the army in 1837. He commanded the land forces in the Chinese war of 1841; was made baronet, and returned to India as commander-in-chief; suppressed the revolt of the Mahrattas in 1843; and commanded in the Sikh wars of 1845 to 1848. He was superseded by Sir Charles Napier in 1849. He was made baron in 1846; created viscount and pensioned in 1849 and field-marshal in 1862. Research Hugh Gough
Hugh Hefner is an American publisher. He was born in 1926 at Chicago, Illinois. He is best known as the founder of the Playboy soft-porn organisation. In June 1963 he was arrested on obscenity charges by Chicagopolice after his Playboy magazine published a pictorial entitled, 'The Nudist Jayne Mansfield'. The trial resulted in a hung jury that voted 7-5 for acquittal. Extraordinarily, he also has had a rare species of marshrabbit named after him: Sylvilagus palustris hefneri. Research Hugh Hefner
Hugh Judson Kilpatrick was an American soldier. He was born in 1836 and died in 1881. A cavalry officer, he was engaged at Big Bethel, Falmouth and Bull Run. He commanded a cavalry brigade at Leesburg in 1862, and at Richmond, and a division at Gettysburg, Boonesborough and Resaca. He took part in Sherman's march to the sea. He was Minister to Chili from 1865 to 1868, and in 1881. He was a popular Republican campaign orator. Research Hugh Kilpatrick
Hugh L. White was an American jurist and politician. He was born in 1773 and died in 1840. He was a Justice of the Supreme Court of Tennessee from 1801 to 1807, when he became a US District Attorney. He was again a Judge of the State Supreme Court from 1809 to 1817. He was a commissioner to adjust the claims of American citizens against Spain from 1820 to 1824. He represented Tennessee in the US Senate as a Democrat from 1825 to 1835 and from 1836 to 1839. He received the electoral votes of Tennessee and Georgia for President of the United States in 1836, as a Whig.
Hugh Legare was an American politician. He was born in 1789 and died in 1843. He was an anti-nullification member of the South Carolina Legislature from 1820 to 1822 and 1824 to 1830. He was State Attorney-General from 1830 to 1832. He was charge d'affaires at Brussels from 1832 to 1836. Was a member of the US Congress as a Union Democrat from 1837 to 1839, and was Attorney-General of the United States in Tyler's Cabinet from 1841 to 1843, and Secretary of State in 1843. Research Hugh Legare
Hugh M'Calmont, first Earl Cairns, was an Irish jurist. He was born in 1819 and died in 1885. He graduated with distinction at Dublin University, came to London to study law, was called to the bar in 1844, and was made QC in 1856. In 1858, LordDerby being premier, he was appointed solicitor-general, and received a knighthood, having been member of parliament for Belfast since 1852. He now took a prominent position in parliament, was made attorney-general by LordDerby in 1866, and also lord justice of appeal, and the following year was raised to the upper house as Baron Cairns. In 1868 he became lordchancellor under Benjamin Disraeli, retiring with the fall of the government the same year. He strongly opposed the disestablishment of the Irish Church, and the Irish land legislation that immediately followed. In 1874 he again became lordchancellor under Benjamin Disraeli, and held this position during the six years that the administration lasted, being created Viscount Garmoyle and Earl Cairns in 1878. After 1880 he took less part in public affairs. Research Hugh M'Calmont
Hugh McCulloch was an American banker. He was born in 1808 and died in 1895. He was cashier and manager of a bank at Fort Wayne, Indiana from 1835 to 1856, and president of the Indiana State Bank from 1856 to 1863. While Controller of the Currency from 1863 to 1865 he organized the bureau and inaugurated the American national banking system. He was Secretary of the Treasury in the Cabinets of Abraham Lincoln and Johnson from 1865 to 1869. He successfully accomplished the funding of the national debt. He was again Secretary of the Treasury from 1884 to 1885. Research Hugh McCulloch
Hugh Mercer was a Scottish-born American revolutionary. He was born in 1720 and died in 1777. He went to America from Scotland in 1747. He served in the French and Indian War. He was chosen brigadier-general in 1776, with command of the flying camp. He commanded a column at Trenton and led the advance at Princeton, where he was surrounded by the British and fought to the death rather than surrender. Research Hugh Mercer
Hugh of Lincoln was a boy allegedly stolen by the Jews in 1255, tortured for ten days before being crucified. Eighteen of the richest Jews of Lincoln were hanged for supposedly taking part in the affair, and the boy was then buried in state. Research Hugh of Lincoln
Hugh Percy (Duke of Northumberland) was an English soldier. He was born in 1743 and died in 1817. In 1775, being then known as Earl Percy, he led a brigade to reinforce the British at Lexington, and allegedly allowed wanton plundering by his troops during the retreat. Several citizens were murdered. In 1776 he led a column at the reduction of Fort Washington and was the first to enter the American lines. He returned to England in 1776. Research Hugh Percy
Hugh Peters was an American clergyman. He was born in 1599 at England and died in 1660. He went to America from England in 1635. In 1636, he succeeded Roger Williams as pastor of the first church in Salem, and excommunicated Williams' adherents. He took an active part in public affairs. In 1638, he was appointed to collect and revise the Massachusetts Colonial Laws. In 1641, he was a commissioner to England and influenced the removal of imposts on New England commerce. He afterward played an important part in the English Civil War. Research Hugh Peters
Hugh Henry Rose (Baron Strathnairn) was a British soldier. He was born in 1801 at Berlin and died in 1885. The son of Sir George Rose, minister to Prussia, he entered the army and from 1840 until 1841 was attached to the staff of the Turkish troops then fighting with Mehemet Ali. He then acted as consul-general for Syria, before in 1852 becoming charge d'affaires at Constantinople. During the Crimean War he returned to the army and was present at Alma and Inkerman. During the Indian Mutiny he was commander of the army of Central India and defeated Tantia Topi and took Jhansi, Kalpi and Gwalior in 1858. In 1860 he became commander-in-chief in India and in 1865 in Ireland and was made a baron in 1866 and a field marshal in 1877. Research Hugh Rose
Hugh Thomson was an Irish artist. He was born in 1860 at Northern Ireland and died in 1920. In 1885 he removed to London and there worked on The English Illustrated Magazine and illustrated many classic novels of the time. Research Hugh Thomson
Hugh Seymour Walpole was an English novelist. He was born in 1884 the son of the Bishop of Edinburgh and served with the Russian Red Cross in the Great War. Research Hugh Walpole
Hugo Chavez is a Venezuelan politician. He was born in 1954. Elected president by a landslide majority in 1998, he took on the American oil firm Exxon-Mobile, resulting in an American government funded and led coup on April 12th 2002, in which Chavez was taken hostage. He subsequently regained power, through his enormous public popularity with the poor (on June the 13th 2002 200,000 people demonstrated against the president, and 500,000 simultaneously demonstrated in support of him) and has been the subsequent victim of smear campaigns in the western media claiming him to be a terrorist and dictator. His domestic claim to fame is his 'bricks and milk' programme, whereby houses are built for the poor and food provided to them by the government, paid for by taxation on oil production. Research Hugo Chavez
Hugo Grotius, or Hugo de Groot was a Dutch scholar. He was born in 1583 at Delft and died in 1645. He entered the University of Leyden when only eleven years old and was a pupil of J J Scaliger, under whose supervision he edited Marcianus Capella and the Phenomena of Aratus. When he was fifteen years old he graduated, and the following year he accompanied the Dutch ambassador to France. Having sided with tlie party of the Remonstrants, Hugo Grotius was condemned to life imprisonment by the opposite and successful party, but he escaped. Louis XIII granted him a pension, which was subsequently withdrawn. After several vicissitudes he went to Stockholm, entered the service of Queen Christina, and was appointed ambassador to France in 1635. His greatest work is De Jure Belli et Pacis (published in 1625), on the fundamental principles of international law. He also wrote on the history of the Low Countries, Annotations on the Old and New Testaments, etc. Research Hugo Grotius
Huguenots is a term of unknown origin, applied by the Roman Catholics to the Protestants of France during the religious struggles of the 16th and 17th centuries. During the early part of the 16th century the doctrines of Calvin, notwithstanding the opposition of Francis I, spread widely in France. Under his successor Henry II, 1547-1559, the Protestant party grew strong, and under Francis II became a political force headed by the Bourbon family, especially the King of Navarre and the Prince of Conde. At the head of the Catholic party stood the Guises, and through their influence with the weak, young king, a fanatical persecution of the Huguenots commenced. The result was that a Huguenot conspiracy, headed by Prince Louis of Conde, was formed for the purpose of compelling the king to dismiss the Guises and accept the Prince of Conde as regent of the realm. But the plot was betrayed, and many of the Huguenots were executed or imprisoned.
In 1560 Francis II died, and during the minority of the next king, Charles IX, it was the policy of the queen mother, Catharine de Medici, to encourage the Protestants in the free exercise of their religion in order to curb the Guises. But in 1562 an attack on a Protestant meeting made by the followers of the Duke of Guise commenced a series of religious wars which desolated France almost to the end of the century. Catharine, however, began to fear that Protestantism might become a permanent power in the country, and suddenly making an alliance with the Guises between them they projected and carried out the massacre of St. Bartholomew's on August the 25th, 1572. The Protestants fled to their fortified towns and carried on a war with varying success.
On the death of Charles IX, Henry III., a feeblesovereign, found himself compelled to unite with the King of Navarre, head of the house of Bourbon and heir-apparent of the French crown, against the ambitious Guises, who openly aimed at the throne, and had excited the people against him to such a degree that he was on the point of losing the crown. After the assassination of Henry III the King of Navarre was obliged to maintain a severe struggle for the vacant throne; and not until he had, by the advice of Sully, embraced the Catholic religion in 1593, did he enjoy quiet possession of the kingdom as Henry IV.
Five years afterwards he secured to the Huguenots their civil rights by the Edict of Nantes, which confirmed to them the free exercise of their religion, and gave them equal claims with the Catholics to all offices and dignities. They were also left in possession of the fortresses which had been ceded to them for their security. This edict afforded them the means of forming a kind of republic within the kingdom, which Richelieu, who regarded it as a serious obstacle to the growth of the royal power, resolved to crush. The war raged from 1624 to 1629, when Rochelle, after an obstinate defence, fell before the royal troops; the Huguenots had to surrender all their strongholds, although they were still allowed freedom of conscience under the ministries of Richelieu and Mazarin. But when Louis XIV and Madame de Maintenon set the fashion of devoutness, a new persecution of the Protestants commenced. They were deprived of their civil rights, and bodies of dragoons were sent into the southern provinces to compel the Protestant inhabitants to abjure their faith.
The first Huguenots to settle in America were a small band who had been induced to emigrate under the charter of the Carolinas granted to Sir Robert Heath in 1630. Upon reaching Virginia their means of transportation failed, so they remained in that colony. The Edict of Nantes was revoked in 1685, and by this act more than 500,000 Protestant subjects were driven out to carry their industry, wealth, and skill to other countries. In Massachusetts they made a settlement at Oxford in 1686, but were massacred and driven away by the Indians. Parties went to Virginia about 1700 under Claude Philippe de Richebourg. By 1737, they had become an important element in South Carolina, where they founded at Charleston the 'South Carolina Society', a benevolent organization. They also made early settlements in the Middle States, notably in New York.
In the reign of Louis XV a new edict was issued repressive of Protestantism, but so many voices were raised in favour of toleration that it had to be revoked. The revolution first put the Protestants on an equality with their Catholic neighbours. Research Huguenots
The Hui are one of the largest minority ethnic groups in China, numbering about 25 million. Members of the Hui live all over China, but are concentrated in the northern central region. They have been Muslims since the 10th century. Research Hui
The Humanists were a party which, during the Renaissance of the sixteenth century, cultivated literature, especially classical literature. Their influence was decidedly in favour of progress and reform, and in this way they may be considered as heralding and co-operating with the great religious reformers. Erasmus is the great type of the humanist, as Luther is of the religious reformer. Research Humanists
Humanitarians is a term sometimes applied to the various classes of anti-Trinitarians, who regard Christ as a mere man. Their opinions must not be confounded with Arianism, which admits the pre-existence of Christ, and his pre-eminence among God's creatures. The term is also applied to the followers of St Simon, who maintained the perfectibility of human nature without the aid of supernatural grace. Research Humanitarians
Humbert I was king of Italy. He was born in 1844 and died in 1900. He was the eldest son of Victor Emmanuel II. He was almost killed at Custozza during the war with Austria. In 1878 he succeeded his father and narrowly missed assassination in the same year. He secured for Italy admission into the triple alliance by his visit to Vienna in 1881. In 1897 another attempt was made on his life, which also failed, however in 1900 he was assassinated. Research Humbert I
Sir Humphrey Gilbert was an English navigator. He was born in 1539 and died in 1584. He was a half brother of Sir Walter Raleigh, and sought to discover a north-west passage to India, and wrote a treatise on the subject. In 1578 he made an expedition which met with no success. In 1583 he planted a colony at Newfoundland which did not prosper. On his return he was lost at sea. Research Humphrey Gilbert
Humphrey Marshall was an American soldier and politician. He was born in 1813 and died in 1873. He represented Kentucky in the US Congress as a Whig from 1849 to 1853, and from 1855 to 1859. He was a brigadier-general in the Confederate army and a Confederate Senator. Research Humphrey Marshall
Sir Humphry Davy was an English chemist. He was born in 1778 at Penzance and died in 1829.
After having received the rudiments of a classical education he was placed with a surgeon and apothecary, and early developed a taste for scientific experiments. He studied under Lavoisier and Nicholson and became superintendent of the Pneumatic Institution in Bristol. There he studied the properties of nitrous oxide, and as a result was made assistant lecturer and was appointed professor of chemistry in the Royal Institution at the age of twenty-four.
In 1803 he was chosen a member of the Royal Society. His discoveries with the galvanic battery, his decomposition of the earths and alkalies and ascertaining their metallic bases, his demonstration of the simple nature of the oxymuriatic acid (to which he gave the name of chlorine), etc, obtained him an extensive reputation; and in 1810 he received the prize of the French Institute. In 1814 he was elected a corresponding member of that body. Having been elected professor of chemistry to the Board of Agriculture he delivered lectures on agricultural chemistry during ten successive years. The numerous accidents arising from fire-damp in mines led him to enter upon a series of experiments on the nature of the explosive gas, the result of which was the invention of his safety-lamp.
He was knighted in 1812, and created a baronet in 1818. In 1820 he succeeded Sir J Banks as president of the Royal Society, and at the time of his death he was a member of most of the scientific societies of Europe. His health had been failing for some time, and in his last year he had gone abroad for his health. His most important works are: Philosophical Researches;
Elements of Agricultural Chemistry; Electro-Chemical Researches; Elements of Chemical Philosophy; Researches on the Oxymuriatic Acid; On Fire-damp. He also contributed some valuable papers to the Philosophical Transactions, and was author of Salmonia, or Days of Fly-fishing; and Consolations in Travel, or the Last Days of a Philosopher. Research Humphry Davy
The Huns were a nomadic and warlike people of Asia, of Mongolian race, part of whom entered Europe, probably in the 4th century AD, conquered the Alans, and drove the Goths out of Dacia. They continued to extend their dominion along the Danube until the time of Attila (434 AD), who, uniting the whole Hunnish power in one hand became the most powerful prince of his time. Soon after Attila's death in 453 the Hunnish empire declined and disappeared and the Hun race became extinct. Research Huns
Huron is a nickname for a member of a confederation of five Iroquoian North American Indian peoples living near lakes Huron, Erie, and Ontario in the 16th and 17th centuries. They were almost wiped out by the Iroquois. In the 17th century, surviving Hurons formed a group called Wyandot, some of whose descendants now live in Quebec and Oklahoma. Research Huron
The Hussites were followers of John Huss in Bohemia during the early 15th century, whose demands prefigured many elements of the Protestant Reformation . The agitation for Czech independence and church reform began well before the execution by burning of John Huss at the Council of Constance in 1415. These goals, articulated in his teaching, became vital causes that inspired a national movement when he was martyred.
After the death of John Huss, his adherents took up arms for the defence of their principles, and under the leadership of Johann Ziska, captured Prague, fortified MountTabor, and repeatedly defeated the troops sent against them by the Emperor Sigismund, who had succeeded to the crown of Bohemia. Ziska died in 1424, and was succeeded by Procopius, who also distinguished himself by many victories. The excesses of this party, however, who were called the Taborites, alienated the moderate Hussites, who called themselves Calixtines, and who finally united with the Catholics by the Compact of Prague in 1433 to acknowledge Sigismund as king, certain concessions, especially the use of the cup for the laity, having been made to them by the Council of Basel. The Taborites thus weakened were totally defeated at Bomischbrod on the 31st of May, 1434, and afterwards declined as a political party, finally becoming merged in the Bohemian Brethren. Research Hussites
A hustler is a person who makes a living by dishonest means. Typically the term is applied to confidence tricksters who scam their victims in games such as pool (pool hustling) or poker, where the confidence trickster deceives the victim into thinking that they can win, and entices the victim to place a large wager on a game's outcome - the victim believing they are the better player - only to lose the game and the wager. Research Hustler
The Hutu are the majority ethnic group of both Burundi and Rwanda, numbering around 9,500,000. The
Hutu tend to live as peasant farmers. Traditionally they have been dominated by the Tutsi minority; there is a long history of violent conflict between the two groups. The Hutu language belongs to the Bantu branch of the Niger- Congo family. Research Hutu
The Hycsos (Hykshos) or Shepherd Kings, were wandering tribes of Semitic descent who conquered Egypt in 2100 BC and were driven out some five hundred years later. The only detailed account of them in any ancient writer is a passage of a lost work of Manetho, cited by Josephus. Their epoch covers the 13th to the l7th dynasties. Research Hycsos
Hyde Clarke was an English engineer, financier and philologist. He was born in 1815 at London and died in 1895. He edited Railway Register from 1845 to 1847 and founded the London and County Bank. Research Hyde Clarke
Sir Hyde Parker was a British naval officer. He was born in 1739 and died in 1807. He served on HMS Phoenix on the American station, and in 1776 engaged in the attack on New York. He conveyed the troops which captured Savannah in 1778. Research Hyde Parker
Hyder Ali was a distinguished Indian Prince. He was born in 1728 to a general in the service of the Rajah of Mysore. He died in 1782 during a war with the British. By his military talents he became the actual ruler of Mysore, and in 1762 deposed Kandih Rao, and had himself chosen Rajah. He encouraged agriculture and commerce, reorganized the army, and so greatly extended his dominions that in 1766 they contained 84,000 square miles, and afforded an immense revenue. In 1780 he formed an alliance with the Mahrattas against the English, took Arcot, but was defeated by Sir Eyre Coote on June the 1st, 1781. The Mahrattas now joining in a league against him, he carried on a disadvantageous war, during the continuance of which he died, in 1782. He was succeeded by bis son, Tippoo Saib. Research Hyder Ali
Hypatia, known as the Divine Pagan, was a Greek femal philosopher of the eclectic school. The daughter of Theon, a celebrated astronomer and mathematician of Alexandria towards the close of the 4th century. Her father taught her not only all the branches of polite learning, but also geometry, astronomy, and finally philosophy. She acquired a great reputation in the latter study, and as a preceptress in the school of Plotinus gathered a numerous auditory of students from all parts of the East. She was as virtuous and beautiful as she was learned. But the jealousy and intolerance of Cyril, the Patriarch of Alexandria, were aroused at the influence exercised by Hypatia; the lower and more ignorant Christian clergy in particular were stirred against her, and at length in 415, a number of them, having excited a popular tumult, seized her as she was returning from the schools, dragged her through the streets of Alexandria, stripped her naked, and finally tore her to pieces in 415. Research Hypatia
Hyperboreans was the name given in early Greek legend to a people who lived 'beyond Boreas' or the north wind, and were not exposed to its blasts, but enjoyed a delightful climate and perpetual health. Their natural life lasted 1000 years, and was spent in the worship of Apollo. Research Hyperboreans
Hyperides was an Athenian orator, the pupil of Plato and Isocrates, he was born about 400 BC and died in 322 BC. Along with Demosthenes and Lycurgus he was one of the leaders of the patriotic and anti-Macedonian party. As an orator he was specially distinguished for his grace and subtlety of expression, as well as for his tact in handling the question under consideration. He was murdered at AEgina by the emissaries of Antipater in 322 BC. Of his orations one has reached us nearly entire; the others only in fragments. Research Hyperides
Abbreviations
People
Research Henry A. Buchtel
