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J Andrew Schulze was an American politician. He was a Democratic-Republican governor of Pennsylvania from 1823 until 1829.
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J Bracken Lee was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Utah from 1949 until 1957.
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J C B Ehringhaus was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of North Carolina from 1933 until 1937.
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J C W Beckham was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Kentucky from 1900 until 1907.
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J Caleb Boggs was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Delaware from 1953 until 1960.
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J (John) Gregory Smith was an American politician and railroad magnet. He was born in 1818 at St Albans, Vermont and died in 1891. He attended the University of Vermont and Yale Law School, and was admitted to the Vermont bar in 1842. His father was a lawyer who was actively involved in the expansion of the railroads in Vermont and J Gregory joined him both in the practice of law and railroad management. John Smith was on the board of the Vermont Central Railroad, a railroad chartered in 1843 and headquartered in Northfield, and was president of the Vermont and Canada Railroad, which he had started in 1845 to eventually connect the Vermont Central Railroad with Montreal. Upon his father's death in 1858, J Gregory Smith became president of the Vermont Central Railroad and his brother, Worthington C. Smith, was named president of the Vermont and Canada. The Central Vermont Railroad was organized in 1873 and assumed management of both the Vermont Central and Vermont and Canada Railroads. In 1883 the Consolidated Railroad of Vermont
was formed to purchase the Vermont Central and Vermont and Canada property, and immediately leased it to the Central Vermont Railroad thereby consolidating the Smith family's railroad holdings. The family expanded their holdings to include related industries such as the St. Albans Foundry, the National Car Company, and its subsidiary the Vermont Iron and Car Company. While expanding his holdings in Vermont and the northeast,
J Gregory Smith became interested in the idea of a railroad to the west and became president of the Northern Pacific Railroad Company in 1866, a position he held until 1872. Smith was also active in politics and was elected to the state senate in 1858 and 1859. In 1860, 1861, and 1862 he was elected to the house as a representative of St. Albans, and served as speaker of the house. In 1863 Smith was elected governor and served two terms before retiring to devote time to his duties as the president of Central Vermont and the Northern Pacific Railroad.
J Gregory Smith married Ann Eliza Brainerd of St Albans in 1843 and together they had six children: George Gregory (who married Frances Lewis), Edward Curtis (who married Anna B. James), Lawrence (who died in infancy), Annie B., Julia B. (who married Oliver Stevens), Helen L. (who married D. Sage Mackay).
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J K P Mansfiedl was an American soldier. He was born in 1803 and died in 1863. A general, he was commander of the Department of Washington during the earlier part of the American Civil War, and was killed at the Battle of Antietam.
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Sir James Matthew Barrie was a Scottish novelist and playwright. He was born in 1860 at Kirriemuir, Angus and died in 1937. He studied at Edinburgh University, graduating as M.A. in 1882. After entering journalism in 1883, first at Nottingham and then at London, he became renowned for his books and plays including the 1904 children's play 'Peter Pan'. His first book, Better Dead published in 1887 was a satire on London life, and was followed by the highly successful Auld Licht Idylls in 1888, with its sequel A Window in Thrums (that is, Kirriemuir), published in 1889. Among his novels and tales are When a Man's Single; My Lady Nicotine; The Little Minister; Sentimental Tommy; Tommy and Grizel; The Little White Bird. Successful plays are Walker, London ; The Professor's Love Story; The Little Minister (based on the novel); the Admirable Crichton; Quality Street; Little Mary. His plays on the whole have been even more successful than his other works.
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J P Barrington is a British squash player. He was born in 1940. He won the British open championship in 1966 and 1967 and again in 1969 beating Hunt in the longest final ever, and the amateur championship in 1967, 1968 and 1969. He also played for Ireland from 1966. He turned professional in 1969, but following his second failure to win the international championships became the first professional player to play exhibition matches around the world.
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Jam Sahib Ranjitsinhji was an English cricketer. He was born in 1872 and died in 1933. He played for Cambridge University, Sussex - whom he captained from 1899 to 1903 and England, and is known as one of the greatest stylists and a keen bowler. As a batsman he broke numerous records during the 1890s and in 1899 was the first to score 3000 runs in a single season.
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J Emile Harley was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of South Carolina from 1941 until 1942.
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J Frank Hanly was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Indiana from 1905 until 1909.
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J Howard Edmondson was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Oklahoma from 1959 until 1963.
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J Howard McGrath was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Rhode Island from 1941 until 1945.
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J Howard Pyle was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Arizona from 1951 until 1955.
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J Hugo Aronson was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Montana from 1953 until 1961.
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J J Hickey was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Wyoming from 1959 until 1961.
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Sir Joseph John Thomson (Sir J J Thomson) was an English physicist. He was born in 1856 at Cheetham and died in 1940. Educated at Owens College, Manchester and Trinity College, Cambridge, he was made a fellow of Trinity in 1880 and Cavendish professor of experimental physics in 1884. He was appointed professor of physics at the Royal Institution, London in 1905 and won the Nobel prize for physics in 1906. He was knighted in 1908 and in 1915 was elected to the Royal Society and in 1918 appointed master of Trinity College, Cambridge.
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J James Exon was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Nebraska from 1971 until 1979.
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J Joseph Garrahy was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Rhode Island from 1977 until 1985.
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J. L. Sullivan (John Lawrence Sullivan) was an American boxer. He was born in 1858 at Boston and died in 1918. He was the 1889 American Heavyweight Champion, having beaten Jake Kilrain in 75 rounds at Richburg.
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J. Lee Thompson was an English film director, writer and film producer. He was born in 1914 at Bristol and died in 2002 of congestive heart failure.
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J Lindsay Almond Jr was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Virginia from 1958 until 1962.
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J M Morehead was an American politician. He was a Whig governor of North Carolina from 1841 until 1845.
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J Melville Broughton was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of North Carolina from 1941 until 1945.
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J Millard Tawes was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Maryland from 1959 until 1967.
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J Pinckney Henderson was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Texas from 1846 until 1847.
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J Proctor Knott was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Kentucky from 1883 until 1887.
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Jack Britton was an American boxer, who won the world welterweight title in 1915, 1916 and again in 1919, holding it until 1922. He was born in 1885 and died in 1962.
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Jack Donaldson was an Australian professional sprinter who held almost all professional records from 65 yards to 400 yards. He was born in 1886 and died in 1933.
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In English poetry Jack Frost is the personification of frost.
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Jack Hobbs (nicknamed 'the master'), properly Sir John Berry Hobbs, was an English cricketer. He was born in 1882 at Cambridge and died in 1963. He started his first-class cricket career playing for Cambridgeshire in 1904 before joining Surrey in 1905, staying with them until 1935 and scoring a record 61237 runs in first-class cricket and a record 197 centuries. He played in every Test Match for England between 1907 and 1930, establishing himself as an outstanding opening batsman with his partner Herbert Sutcliffe. In 1926 he captained England, the same year scoring a record 316 runs at Lords. He was the first cricket player to be knighted, in 1953.
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Jack London was an American writer. He was born in 1876 at San Francisco and died in 1916. He wrote The Call of the Wild and White Fang.
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Jack M Campbell was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of New Mexico from 1963 until 1967.
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Jack William Nicklaus is an American golfer. He was born in 1940. He was US amateur champion in 1959 and 1961 and US Open Champion in 1962, 1967 and 1972 and has won more major championships than any other golfer.
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Jack Okey was an American film art director. He was born in 1890 and died in 1963.
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Jack R Gage was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Wyoming from 1961 until 1963.
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Jack Sheppard (real name John Sheppard) was an English highwayman. He was born in 1702 at Stepney, London and hanged in 1724 at Tyburn. He was a workhouse child who abandoned his apprenticeship with Owen Wood, carpenter in the Strand, and took up robbery. He escaped from prison many times, most notably escaping from the condemned cell in Newgate in 1724 where he was chained to the floor.
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Jackson Haines was an American ice figure-skater. He was born in 1840 at Chicago and died in 1879. He was originally a dancer and developed a radical technique of skating which shocked the more conventionally minded during the mid-nineteenth century. He instigated the Viennese school of skating.
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Jacob is a biblical character, the son of Isaac and the patriarch of the nation of Israel. He supplanted his elder brother Esau, obtaining his father' s special blessing and thus being seen as the inheritor of God's promises. He had twelve sons, to whom Jewish tradition traces the twelve tribes of Israel.
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Jacob A O Preus was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Minnesota from 1921 until 1925.
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Jacob B Jackson was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of West Virginia from 1881 until 1885.
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Jacob Brown was an American General. He was born in 1775 and died in 1828. A militia general in New York, when the War of 1812 started he joined the war and gained a victory at Sackett's Harbour in 1813 and was made a major-general in the regular army. In 1814 he won victories at Chippewa and at Lundy's Lane. In 1821 he succeeded to the command of the army as general-in-chief.
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Jacob Bryant was an English philologist and antiquary. He was born in 1715 and died in 1804. Educated at Eton and Cambridge, he became tutor of the sons of the famous Duke of Marlborough, the eldest of whom he accompanied to the Continent as secretary, and after his return received a lucrative post in the ordnance, which gave him leisure for researches into Biblical, Roman, and Grecian antiquities. His most important work was the New System of Ancient Mythology, 1774-1776. Amongst other things he endeavoured to prove the purely fictional nature of the Iliad, and that Melita, on which St Paul was wrecked, was not Malta, but an island in the Adriatic.
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Jacob Cats was a Dutch diplomat and poet. He was born in 1577 and died after 1652. He was one of the fathers of the Dutch language and poetry. He studied at Leyden, Orleans, and Paris, and settled at Middelburg, where he produced his Emblems of Fancy and Love, Galatea, The Mirror of Past and Present, etc. In 1627 and 1631 he was ambassador to England, where he was knighted by Charles I, and from 1636 to 1652 he was grand-pensioner of Holland. He represents the best side of the prosaic Flemish genius of the period, and his many works had a wide and prolonged popularity.
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Jacob Collamer was an American politician. He was born in 1791 and died in 1865. He was a Representative in the Vermont Assembly in 1821 and 1827. From 1833 until 1842 and from 1850 until 1854 he was a Justice of the Supreme Court of Vermont, a member of Congress from 1843 until 1849, and Postmaster-General from 1849 until 1850. From 1854 until his death he was a US Senator.
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Jacob Dolson Cox was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Ohio from 1866 until 1868.
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Jacob Duche was an American Episcopal clergyman. He was born in 1737 and died in 1798. He espoused the patriot cause at the beginning of the American Revolution. He was the first chaplain of the Congress in 1774. He despaired of success for the colonies, and in 1777 advised George Washington by letter to abandon the attempt. This made him so unpopular that he went to England.
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Sir Jacob Epstein was an American born sculptor who lived in England. He was born in 1880 and died in 1959.
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Jacob M Howard was an American politician. He was born in 1805 and died in 1871. He was a member of the Michigan Legislature in 1838 and represented that State in the US Congress from 1841 to 1843. He drafted the first Republican platform in 1854 and gave the party its name. He was a US Senator from 1862 to 1871.
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Jacob Jones was an American sailor. He was born in 1768 and died in 1850. He entered the US navy in 1799. He was a lieutenant of the Philadelphia from 1801 to 1803. In command of the Wasp he captured the British brig Frolic in 1812. This was one of the first important naval victories of the War of 1812. In 1813 he commanded the Macedonian in Decatur's squadron.
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Jacob Jordaens was a Dutch artist. He was born in 1593 at Antwerp and died in 1678.
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Jacob van Ruisdael was a Dutch painter. He was born in 1628 in Haarlem and died in 1682.
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Jacob Snider was a Dutch-American inventor. He died in 1866. A wine merchant in Philadelphia, his hobby was mechanics and he made a number of inventions, of which a breech-loading rifle was one. He took his rifle design to England in 1859 where it was accepted by the British government, but details of payment had not been settled by the time of his death in 1866.
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Jacob Stainer (also known as Jakob Stainer) was an Austrian violin maker. He was born in 1621 at Absam and died in 1683. He became a protégé of the archduke Ferdinand Charles from 1648 onwards. He was a highly successful maker of the violin, viol, viola da gamba, and other instruments and was the founder of the Tyrolese school of violin-making. Through pecuniary disputes he died penniless and allegedly insane.
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Jacob Stout was an American politician. He was a Federalist governor of Delaware from 1820 until 1821.
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Jacob Thompson was an American politician. He was born in 1810 and died in 1885. He represented Mississippi in the US Congress as a Democrat from 1839 to 1851. He was Secretary of the Interior in Buchanan's Cabinet from 1857 to 1861, and used that position to aid schemes of secession. He was Governor of Mississippi from 1862 to 1864. In 1864 he was sent as a Confederate commissioner to Canada, where he promoted the scheme to release the prisoners at Camp Douglas, Chicago, and burn the city.
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Jacob Tonson was an English publisher. he was born in 1656 and died in 1736. He started business at the Judge's Head, Chancery Lane, London in 1678, later moved to Gray's Inn Gate where his brother, Richard Tonson had opened a bookshop in 1676, and then to the Shakespeare's Head in the Strand. He became printer of parliamentary votes, was secretary to the Kit-Cat Club, for which he built a room at Barn Elms, and is remembered as the publisher of Milton's Paradise Lost, Rowe's Shakespeare and works by Dryden, Addison and Steele. he retired in 1720, the business being carried on by his nephew, also called Jacob Tonson, and his great-nephew who was also called Jacob Tonson.
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Jacob Van Arteveld was a brewer of Ghent. He was born about 1300 and died about 1345. He was selected by his fellow-townsmen to lead them in their struggles against Count Louis of Flanders. In 1338 he was appointed captain of the forces of Ghent, and for several years exercised a sort of sovereign power. A proposal to make the Black Prince, son of Edward III of England, governor of Flanders led to an insurrection, in which Arteveld lost his life
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The Jacobites were people who wanted the return of the Stuart monarchy after the expulsion of James II by William III.
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Jacobus Arminius (Jacob Harmensen) was a Dutch theologian. He was born in 1560 at Oderwater and died in 1609 following persecution by the clergy. He was the founder of the sect of Arminians or Remonstrants. He studied at Utrecht, in the University of Leyden, and at Geneva, where his chief preceptor in theology was Theodore Beza. On his return to Holland he was appointed minister of one of the churches in Amsterdam, and chosen to undertake the refutation of a work which strongly controverted Beza's doctrine of predestination; but he happened to be convinced by the work which he had undertaken to refute. Elected in 1603 professor of divinity at Leyden, he openly declared his opinions, and was involved in harassing controversies, especially with his fellow professor Gomarus. These contests, with the continual attacks on his reputation, at length impaired his health and brought on a complicated disease, of which he died.
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Jacobus Bellamy was a Flemish poet. He was born in 1757 at Flushing and died in 1786. A volume of sentimental and anacreontic poems was published in 1782, and was followed in 1785 by a collection of his patriotic songs under the title Vaderlandscho Gezangen, which secured him a place among the first poets of his nation. He ranks as one of the restorers of modern Dutch poetry.
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Jacobus Clemens (also known as Clemens Non Papa) was a Flemish composer. He was born in 1510 at Ieper in Burgundian Flanders and died in 1556. He is best known for his sacred music. In 1544 he was probationary choirmaster of Saint-Donatien in Brugge and in 1550 was singer and composer at Hertogenbosch.
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Jacobus Hendricus Van't Hoff was a Dutch chemist. He was born in 1852 at Rotterdam and died in 1911. Educated at Delft, Leiden, Bonn, and Paris, he graduated at Utrecht University in 1874. In 1878 he became professor of chemistry at Amsterdam , University, and in 1896 research professor of chemistry at the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences, Berlin. Van't Hoff is chiefly known for the theory he formed that the graphic chemical formulae developed by Kekule must be extended in three-dimensional space to accord with the facts of organic chemistry. This theory laid the foundation of stereochemistry. Next followed a study of the laws of chemical equilibrium, which enabled the Stassfurt salt deposits to be worked to economic advantage. Van't Hoff was awarded the Nobel prize for chemistry in 1901.
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Jacopo Facciolati was an Italian classical scholar. He was born in 1682 and died in 1769. He was professor in the University of Padua. The most important work with which he was connected was the Totlus Latinitatis Lexicon, compiled by Porcellini under his direction and with his co-operation.
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Jacopo Sannazaro was an Italian poet. He was born in 1458 at Naples and died in 1530. He entered the service first of the Duke of Calabria and then of Frederick of Naples. He wrote various short pieces in Italian for court performances and a number of sonnets and canzoni.
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Jacqueline du Pre was an English cellist. She was born in 1945 and died in 1987.
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Jacques Amyot was a French ecclesiastic and scholar. He was born in 1513 at Melun and died in 1593. Educated at the University of Paris and Bourges he became tutor to the sons of Henry II of France and was made bishop of Auxerre. He is best known for translating the works of some of the classical authors. His chief translations are those of Plutarch's Lives and his Morals, the romance of Theagenes and Chariclea by Heliodorus, and the Daphnis and Chloe of Longus. Sir Thomas North's English translation of Plutarch, of which Shakespeare made much use, was derived from that of Amyot.
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Jacques Benigne Boussuet was a French preacher and theologian. He was born in 1627 and died in 1704. At the age of fifteen he entered the College of Navarre, where he studied Greek and the Holy Scriptures, read the ancient classics, and investigated the Cartesian philosophy. In 1652 he was ordained a priest, and made a canon of Metz, where his piety, acquirements, and eloquence, gained him a great reputation. In 1670 he was appointed preceptor to the Dauphin, and in 1681 he was raised to the see of Meaux. He drew up the famous propositions adopted by the assembly of French clergy, which secured the freedom of the Gallican Church against the aggressions of the pope. In his latter years he opposed Quietism, and prosecuted Madame Guy on and when his old friend Fenelon defended her he caused him to be exiled. The great occupation of his life was his controversy with the Protestants.
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Jacques Charles Brunet was a French bibliographer and bookseller. He was born in 1780 and died in 1867. He started his bibliographic career by the preparation of several auction catalogues and of a supplementary volume to the Dictionaire Bibliographique of Cailleau and Duclos.
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Jacques Callot was a French engraver. He was born about 1593 and died in 1635. He distinguished himself in Italy and France, and was patronized by the Grand-duke of Tuscany and by Louis XIII. He preferred etching, probably because his active and fertile genius could in that way express itself more rapidly. In the space of twenty years he designed and executed about 1600 pieces, the characteristics of which are freedom, variety, and naivete.
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Jacques Cartier was a French navigator. He was born in 1494 at St. Malo and died after 1552. He commanded an expedition to North America in 1534, entered the Straits of Belle Isle, and took possession of the mainland of Canada in the name of Francis I. Next year he sailed up the St Lawrence as far as the present Montreal. He subsequently went to found a settlement in Canada, and built a fort near the site of Quebec.
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Jacques Cassini was a French astronomer. He was born in 1677 at Paris and died in 1756. The son of Giovanni Cassini, after several essays on subjects in natural philosophy, etc, he completed his great work on Saturn's satellites and ring. His labours to determine the figure of the earth are well known.
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Jacques Cazotte was a French writer. He was born in 1720 and executed by the revolutionists in 1792. He became first known by a romance of chivalry, Ollivier, published in 1763; and subsequently his Diable Amoureux, the Lord Impromptu, and OEuvres Morales et Badines, gave proof of his rich imagination. With the assistance of an Arabian monk he translated four volumes of Arabian Tales - a continuation of the Arabian Nights.
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Jaxques Clement was the assassin of Henry III of France. He was born in 1567. He became a Dominican, and the fanatical tool of the Dukes of Mayenne and Aumale, and the Duchess Montpensier. Having fatally stabbed the king, he was at once killed by the courtiers; but the populace, instigated by the priests, regarded him as a martyr; and' Pope Sixtus V even pronounced his panegyric.
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Jacques-Yves Cousteau is a French underwater explorer. He was born in 1910. He has pioneered aqualung diving and made numerous television documentaries.
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Jacques Cujas *also known as Jacques Cujacius) was a French jurist. He was born about 1520 and died in 1590. He was long professor of law at Bourges. He owed his reputation to the light shed by him on Roman law. He was the founder of the historic legal school, if not of scientific jurisprudence.
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Jacques D'Arsonval was a French physicist. He was born in 1851 and died in 1940.
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Jacques d'Arthois was a Flemish landscape painter active. He was born in 1613 and died in 1686. He specialized in large wooded landscapes, with figures that were often added by other artists, notably Teniers the Younger. Few dated works exist making the development of his style not easily followed, and the work of his brother, Nicolas, and his son, Jean-Baptiste, is sometimes indistinguishable from his. D'Arthois led an unstable life, being imprisoned for debt, and dying in poverty despite his successful career. Paintings from his busy studio in Brussels were often used to decorate churches; examples are in Brussels Cathedral.
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Jacques Auguste de Thou was a French lawyer and historian. He was born in 1553 at Paris and died in 1617. Educated at Paris and Valence, he travelled in Italy and in 1576 became councillor-clerk to the parliament of Paris. A trusted friend of Henry III he carried out diplomatic missions to Navarre in 1581 and in 1588 he became councillor of the state. He helped to draft the edict of Nantes in 1598 and was later one of the three finance controllers appointed by Marie de Medici.
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Jacques Delille was a French didactic poet. He was born in 1738 and died in 1813. His translation of Virgil's Georgics, published in 1770, with a Discours Preliminaire and numerous annotations, established his fame, and obtained him admission to the French Academy. He became professor of Latin poetry in the College of France, and of belles-lettres at the University of Paris. Though an adherent of the old system, Robespierre spared him on every occasion. At his request Jacques Delille wrote the Dithy rambe sur l'Immortalite de l'Ame, to be sung on the occasion of the public acknowledgment of the Deity. In 1794 he withdrew from Paris, but returned again in 1801, and was chosen a member of the Institute. He spent two years in London, chiefly employed in translating Paradise Lost. His reputation, which declined very much after his own day, mainly rests on the Georgics, and Les Jardins, a didactic poem.
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Jacques Dupre was an American politician. He was a Jeffersonian Republican governor of Louisiana from 1830 until 1831.
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Jacques Francois Fromental Halevy was a Jewish French composer. He was born in 1799 at Paris and died in 1862. Hestudied at the conservatory under Lambert and Cherubini, and was sent to Italy to finish his musical education. Here he wrote his first two operas Les Bohemiennes and Pygmalion. The first of his pieces performed was a little comic opera, L'Artisan, given at the Theatre Feydau in Paris, in 1827. His chef d'oeuvre, La Juive, appeared in 1835, and rapidly obtained a European celebrity. Among his other works are L'Eclaire, Guido et Ginevra, La Reine de Chypre, Le Val d'Andorre, La Fee aux Roses. He was a cultivated and scholarly composer but without much genius.
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Jacques Hebert was a French Revolutionary. He was born in 1757 at Alengon in 1757 and died in 1794. Jacques Hebert first attracted notice as editor of the violent Jacobin organ Le Pere Duchesne. In 1792 he became a member of the municipality of Paris, which contributed to the massacres of September, and he was named attorney-general under the commune. In 1793 the Girondists procured his arrest, but he was released by the convention. He was one of those who established the worship of reason, and he was always on the side of bloody measures. Having denounced Danton, the latter, in conjunction with Robespierre, secured his execution by the guillotine in 1794.
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Jacques Christophe le Blond was a French miniature painter and originator of colour printing. He was born in 1670 at Frankfort-on-the-Main and died in 1741. He spent the most of his life and all his means in comparatively unsuccessful experiments in printing engravings in colour, and in attempts to reproduce the cartoons of Raphael in tapestry.
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Jacques Louis David was a French historical painter. He was born in 1748 at Paris and died in 1825. He went to Rome in 1774, and passed several years there painting several important pictures. A second visit produced the Horatii, one of his masterpieces. In 1787 he produced The Death of Socrates, in 1788 Paris and Helen, and in 1789 Brutus. In the revolution he was a violent Jacobin, and wholly devoted to Robespierre. Several of the scenes of the revolution supplied subjects for his brush. What is considered his masterpiece, The Rape of the Sabines, was painted in 1799. He was appointed first painter to Napoleon about 1804; and after the second restoration of Louis XVIII, he was included in the decree which banished all regicides from France, when he retired to Brussels.
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Jacques Marquette was a French missionary. He was born in 1637 at Laon and died in 1675. He was one of the most noted of the pioneers of France in the New World. He entered the Jesuit order. In 1666 he emigrated to Canada. In the course of his missionary work among the Indians in the Great Lake region he made various explorations. He founded a mission at Sault Sainte Marie and one at Mackinaw. Jacques Marquette and Joliet, in 1673, made a long journey by canoes by way of the Illinois River to the Mississippi and down that stream to Arkansas; of this voyage Jacques Marquette left an account in his journal. The next year he built a log hut on the site of modern Chicago, and thence pushed on to Kaskaskia. While labouring among the Illinois Indians his health gave way, and he died on his return to the North.
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Jacques Necker was a French politician. He was born in 1732 and died in 1804. As finance minister from 1776 to 1781, he attempted reforms, and was dismissed through Queen Marie Antoinette's influence. Recalled in 1788, he persuaded Louis XVI to summon the States General (parliament), which earned him the hatred of the court, and in July 1789 he was banished. The outbreak of the French Revolution with the storming of the Bastille forced his reinstatement, but he resigned in September 1790.
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Jacques Normand was a French communist. He was born in 1809 and died in 1867. He went as an exile to the United States from France in 1848. He established the communistic colony of La Reunion in Texas in 1851, which was afterward expelled by the Government. He published numerous works on communism.
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Jacques Offenbach was a German composer. He was born in 1819 and died in 1880. He wrote the opera tales of Hoffmann.
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Jacques Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre was a French critic and novelist. He was born in 1737 at Havre and died in 1814. After spending three years as a government official at Mauritius, he returned to France in 1771, made the acquaintance of Rousseau and D'Alembert, and took up the profession of letters. His first volume was a description of his travels to Mauritius.
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Jacques Charles Francois Sturm was a French mathematician. He was born in 1803 at Geneva and died in 1855. At an early age he went to Paris to study mathematics and was made professor of mathematics at the College Rollin in 1830. In 1836 he became a member of the Academie des Sciences and in 1840 professor in the Ecole Polytechnique, and in 1840 was appointed to the chair of mechanics in the Faculte des Sciences, Paris. Jacques Sturm discovered the theory for the determination of the number of real roots of numerical equations between limits.
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Jacques Thibaud was a French violinist. He was born in 1880 and died in an air crash in 1953.
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Anne Robert Jacques Turgot was a French statesman. He was born in 1727 and died in 1781. Educated at the Sorbonne, in 1761 he became Intendant of Limoges, holding the office for thirteen years during which time he effected remarkable economic reforms in the district. In 1774 he was entrusted by Louis XVI with the financial administration of France, taking office as comptroller-general.
Called to the ministry when France was heading towards revolution, he made efforts to save the situation and avoid revolt instituting drastic economies which infuriated the classes who made their money out of the existing system. He secured the king's support to abolish the internal barriers to the freedom of trace in corn within the kingdom; sought to establish a system of local self-government and at the beginning of 1776 he attacked the corvee, the vested interests of the guilds, the salt tax, and the virtual exemption from taxation of the privileged classes. As a result he was attacked by the wealthy classes and in May 1776 he was dismissed and retired into private life.
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Jacques Villere was an American politician. He was a Jeffersonian Republican governor of Louisiana from 1816 until 1820.
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Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne was a French revolutionist. He was bom in 1756 at Rochelle and died in 1819. He bore a principal part in the murders and massacres which followed the destruction of the Bastille and voted immediate death to Louis XVI. He officiated as president of the Convention in October 1793. In 1795, on a reaction having taken place against the ultra party, he was arrested and banished to Cayenne.
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Jakob Georg Agardh was a German botanist. He was born in 1813 and died in 1901. The son of Karl Agardh, Jakob was also professor at Lund and published works on algae.
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Jakob Boehme was a German mystical writer. He was born in 1575 and died in 1624. He was apprenticed to a shoemaker in his fourteenth year, and ten years later he was settled at Gorlitz as a master-tradesman, and married to the daughter of a thriving butcher of the town. He was much persecuted by the religious authorities, and at his death the rites of the church were but grudgingly administered to him. Raised by contemplation above his circumstances, a strong sense of the spiritual, particularly of the mysterious, was constantly present with him, and he saw in all the workings of nature upon his mind a revelation of God, and even imagined himself favoured by divine inspirations. His first work appeared in 1616, and was called Aurora. It contains his revelations on God, man, and nature. Among his other works are De tribus Principiis, De Signatura Herum, Mysterium Magnum, etc. His writings all aim at religious edification, but his philosophy is very obscure and often fantastic. The first collection of his works was made in Holland in 1675 by Henry Betke; a more complete one in 1682 by Gichtel (published in ten volumes in Amsterdam). William Law published an English translation of them, in two volumes. A sect, taking their name from Jakob Boehme, was formed in England.
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Jakob Burckhardt was a Swiss historian of art and culture. He was born in 1818 at Basel and died in 1897. He was educated at the universities of Basel and Berlin. With the exception of three years from 1855 to 1858, during which he taught at the Zurich Polytechnic Institute, he spent the following half century from 1843 to 1893 as professor of the history of art and civilization at the University of Basel.
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Jakob Friedrich Fries was a German philosopher. He was born in 1773 and died in 1843. He studied at the universities of Leipzig and Jena and in 1805 became professor of philosophy and mathematics at Heidelberg, and in 1816 was appointed to the chair of theoretical philosophy at Jena. His works are numerous, the most important being Neue Kritik der Vernunft, System der Philosophie als evidente Wissenschaft, and Wissun, Glanbe nnd Ahnung. He aimed in his philosophical system to effect a reconciliation between the critical philosophy and faith.
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Jakob Ludwig Karl Grimm was a German philologist. He was born in 1785 at Hanau and died in 1863. He was educated partly at Cassel, and finally at Marburg University. In 1806 he became librarian to Jerome Bonaparte, king of Westphalia, and from 1816 to 1829 he occupied the post of second librarian at Cassel. From 1830 to 1837 he resided at Gottingen as professor and librarian, lecturing on the German language, literature and legal antiquities. Having, along with other six professors, resisted the unconstitutional encroachments of the King of Hanover, he was banished, and after his retirement to Cassel, he was, in 1841, called to Berlin as a professor and member of the Academy of Sciences. He sat in the National Assembly of 1848, and in that of Gotha in 1849. From that time until his death, which took place at Berlin in 1863, he occupied himself only with his various publications. He wrote on German mythology, German legal antiquities, the history of the German language, and published old German poems, etc. His two greatest works, both unfinished, are his Deutsche Grammatik (German Grammar, volumes.1 to 4, published between 1819 and 1837), and his Deutsches Worterbuch (German Dictionary) commenced in 1852, in conjunction with his brother Wilhelm, and being gradually completed by eminent scholars. He also published, in company with his brother, the Kinder-und Hausmarchen, one of the most popular collections of juvenile fairy tales.
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Jakob Ruysdael was a Dutch landscape painter. He was born in 1628 at Haarlem and died in 1682. He excelled in the delineation of wood and water.
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Jakob Joseph Von Gorres was a German publicist and author. He was born in 1776 at Coblentz and died in 1848. He began life with very advanced ideas, but ultimately his republican views became much modified, and he ended as an uncompromising Ultramontane Roman Catholic. He taught in a school at Coblentz, and having studied Persian, he produced a translation of part of the Shahnameh. In 1814 he started the Rheinische Merkur, the organ of the German national movement against Napoleon, but it was suppressed in 1816 as obnoxious to the Prussian government. He was latterly a professor at Munich. Among the chief works are Aphorisms on Art, Faith and Science, Mythological History of Asia, Christian Mysticism, etc.
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The Jakuns are an aboriginal people of the southern part of the Malay peninsular.
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James A Bayard was an American politician. He was born in 1767 at Philadelphia and died in 1815. A lawyer by trade, he represented Delaware in the House of Representatives from 1797 to 1803, and in the Senate from 1805 to 1813.
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James A Beaver was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Pennsylvania from 1887 until 1891.
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James A Mount was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Indiana from 1897 until 1901.
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James A Noe was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Louisiana during 1936.
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James A Rhodes was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Ohio from 1963 until 1971.
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James A Weston was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of New Hampshire from 1871 until 1872.
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James Abercrombie was a British soldier. He was born in 1706 and died in 1781. During the French and Indian war of 1758 he was a major-general commander and failed disastrously in an attack on Ticonderoga in July 1758 in which he suffered 2000 casualties out of an army of 15000 and was subsequently replaced by Sir Jeffrey Amherst.
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James Abram Garfield was the 20th president of the USA, for four months during 1881, until he was assassinated by a former supporter, Guiteau, armed with a British-made Bulldog revolver. James Abram Garfield was born in 1831 at Orange, Cuyahoga County and died in 1881. After miscellaneous experiences, including work on a canal tow-path, he entered Hiram College in Ohio. From there he went to Williams College, and graduated in 1856. For a short time he taught the classics in Hiram College, and in 1857 became the president of that institution.
Two years later he entered the State Senate. In the opening year of the war he was appointed lieutenant-colonel of volunteers; having been entrusted with a small independent command he routed the Confederates at Middle Creek, Kentucky on January the 10th, 1862. He was made a brigadier-general, served at Shiloh, etc., and became chief of staff in Rosecrans' Army of the Cumberland. In this capacity he rendered important services, and was made major-general after Chickamauga. He had been already elected to Congress, and took his seat in December, 1863. From this time he served continuously and was one of the leading debaters and orators on the Republican side. He was member of important committees, like Military Affairs and Ways and Means, and was chairman of the Committee on Banking and Currency and on Appropriations. General Garfield served on the electoral Commission of 1877 and was elected US Senator from Ohio in 1880. The same year he attended the National Convention, and on the thirty-sixth ballot received the nomination, through the influence of James Blaine.
Entering office on March the 4th, 1881, he chose James Blaine for the State Department, Windom for the Treasury, and R. T. Lincoln for War. He became almost immediately involved in the Republican factional quarrels of New York. His appointment of the 'Half-Breed' Robertson to the collectorship of New York caused the 'Stalwart' Senators, Conkling and Platt, to resign and demand a 'vindication'. In the midst of these proceedings President Garfield was shot at Washington on July the 2nd, by Guiteau, dying in September of the same year from the wound.
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James Adair was an American trader and writer. He was born in 1709 in Ireland and died in 1783. He lived for almost 40 years among the Indians, primarily the Chickasaw, in the region now constituting the south-eastern USA. His book The History of the American Indians in 1775, although it insists on the Jewish origin of the Indian race, is one of the best firsthand accounts of the habits and character of the Indian tribes of the region. The work contains an incomplete but valuable vocabulary of various Indian dialects.
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James Truslow Adams was an American historian. He was born in 1878 and died in 1949. His work 'The Founding of New England' written in 1921 was awarded the Pulitzer Prize.
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James Evershed Agate was a British writer. He was born in 1877 and died in 1947. He began work at nineteen in a cotton mill, leaving that in 1898 to spend sixteen years working in the Manchester cotton trade before turning to dramatic criticism with the Manchester Guardian and writing several books including his Ego series.
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James Agee was an American writer. He was born in 1909 and died in 1955. He wrote many varied works, including poetry, biographies, film reviews and the screenplay for the 1951 film The African Queen. His autobiographical novel 'A Death in the Family' published in 1957 won the Pulitzer Prize in 1958.
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James Anderson was a Scottish writer on political and rural economy. He was born in 1739 and diedin 1808. In 1790 he started the Bee, which ran to eighteen volumes and contained many useful papers on agricultural, economic and other topics.
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James Archer was a Scottish painter. He was born in 1822 and died in 1904. He is best known for his portraits, although he also painted several large subject paintings including 'The Worship of Dionysus' and 'St Agnes - a Christian Martyr'.
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James B A Robertson was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Oklahoma from 1919 until 1923.
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James B Edwards was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of South Carolina from 1975 until 1979.
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James B Frazier was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Tennessee from 1903 until 1905.
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James B Grant was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Colorado from 1883 until 1885.
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James B Hunt Jr was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of North Carolina from 1977 until 1985.
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James B Longley was an American politician. He was a Independent governor of Maine from 1975 until 1979.
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James B McCreary was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Kentucky from 1911 until 1915.
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James B Orman was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Colorado from 1901 until 1903.
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James B Ray was an American politician. He was a Independent governor of Indiana from 1825 until 1831.
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James B Richardson was an American politician. He was a Democratic- Republican governor of South Carolina from 1802 until 1804.
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Sir James Balfour was a Scottish lawyer and politician. He was born about 1522 and died in 1583. He took part in the conspiracy against Cardinal Beaton, and was condemned with Knox to the galleys; but after his release found it to his interest to change his opinions, and latterly he was appointed, through the favour of Queen Mary, Lord of Session and member of the privy-council. In 1567 he was appointed governor of Edinburgh Castle, but had no scruple in surrendering it to Murray, who made him president of the Court of Session. He was charged with a share in the murder of Lord Darnley, and helped to bring Regent Morton to his death. The Practicks of Scots Law, attributed to him, was long a text-book.
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James Ballantyne was a Scottish printer. He was born in 1772 at Kelso and died in 1833. Successively a solicitor and a printer in his native town, at Sir Walter Scott's suggestion he removed to Edinburgh, where the high perfection to which he had brought the art of printing, and his connection with Sir Walter Scott, secured him a large trade. The printing firm of James Ballantyne and Co. included Walter Scott, James Ballantyne and his brother John Ballantyne (who died in 1821). For many years he conducted the Edinburgh Weekly Journal. His firm was involved in the bankruptcy of Constable and Co., by which Sir Walter Scott's fortunes were wrecked, but James Ballantyne was continued by the creditors' trustee in the literary management of the printing-house. He survived Sir Walter Scott only about four months.
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James Barbour was an American politician. He was a Democratic-Republican governor of Virginia from 1812 until 1814.
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James Barron was an American sailor. He was born in 1769 and died in 1851. He was a commodore in the US Navy and was in command of the 'Chesapeake' when it was attacked and captured by the 'Leopard' in 1807. James Barron was subsequently court-martialled and found guilty of negligence in preparation, and was suspended for five years. In 1820 he killed Commodore Decatur in a duel arising out of his court-martial.
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James Barry was an Irish painter and writer on art. He was born in 1741 at Cork 1741 and died in 1806. He studied abroad with the aid of Burke; was elected Royal Academician on his return; and worked seven years on the paintings for the hall of the Society for the Encouragement of the Arts. In 1773 he published his Inquiry into the Real and Imaginary Obstructions to the Increase of the Arts in England; and in 1782 was elected professor of painting to the Academy. He was expelled in 1797 on the ground of his authorship of the Letter to the Society of Dilettanti. His chief painting was his Victors at Olympia.
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James Beattie was a Scottish poet and miscellaneous writer. He was born in 1735 at Laurencekirk, Aberdeenshire and died in 1803. He studied at Marischal College, Aberdeen, for four years, and received the MA degree. In 1753 he was appointed schoolmaster at Fordoun, a few miles from his native place; from whence he obtained a mastership in the Grammar School of Aberdeen, and ultimately was installed professor of moral philosophy and logic in Marischal College. In 1760 he published a volume of poems, which he subsequently endeavoured to buy up, considering them unworthy of him.
In 1765 he published a poem, the Judgment of Paris, and in 1770 his celebrated Essay on Truth, for which the University of Oxford conferred on him the degree of LLD; and George III honoured him, when on a visit to London, with a private conference and a pension. He next published in 1771 the first book of his poem the Minstrel, and in 1774 the second; this is the only work by which he is now remembered. In 1776 he published dissertations on Poetry and Music, Laughter and Ludicrous Composition, etc; in 1783 Dissertations, Moral and Critical; in 1786 Evidences of the Christian Religion; and in 1790-1793 Elements of Moral Science. His closing years were darkened by the death of his two sons.
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James Bell was a Scottish geographical writer. He was born in 1769 and died in 1833. His first literary work was on the Glasgow Geography, a popular work of the period, which was in 1822, chiefly by the labours of Mr. Bell, extended to five volumes. It formed the basis of his principal work, A System of Popular and Scientific Geography, published at Glasgow in six volumes. His Gazetteer of England and Wales was in the course of publication at the time of his death.
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James Gordon Bennett was an American journalist. He was born in 1795 at Banffshire, Scotland and died in 1872. He was educated at Aberdeen. He emigrated to Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1819 as a teacher, and went thence to Boston as a proof-reader. In 1822 he went to New York, and, after being connected with various papers, started the New York Herald in 1835. By his enterprise and not very scrupulous conduct of the journal it speedily became an enormous success, its yearly profit at his death being estimated at from a half to three quarters of a million dollars. It was the first paper which published a daily money article and stock lists. The expedition of Stanley to Africa in 1871 in search of David Livingstone was projected and supported by Bennett, who, however, died in the following year.
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James Bernouilli was a German mathematician. He was born in 1654 at Bale 1654 and died in 1705. He became professor of mathematics at Bale in 1687. He applied the differential calculus to difficult questions of geometry and mechanics; calculated the loxodromic and catenary curve, the logarithmic spirals, the evolutes of several curved lines, and discovered the so-called numbers of Bernouilli.
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James Biddle was an American naval officer. He was born in 1783 and died in 1848. During the War of 1812 he commanded the 'Hornet' when it captured the 'Penguin' and in 1817 took possession of Oregon for the United States.
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James Gillespie Birney was an American politician. He was born in 1792 and died in 1857. A lawyer, he became devoted to the Abolitionist cause, and was editor of the 'Philanthropist'. He became secretary of the National Anti-Slavery Society, and when in 1840 and 1844 the Abolitionists, as the Liberal Party, stood in the elections he was their candidate for President.
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Sir James Black is a British scientist. He was born in 1924. He was awarded a Nobel prize for medicine in 1988 for his work on drugs which prevent heart attacks.
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James Black Groome was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Maryland from 1874 until 1876.
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James Gillespie Blaine was an American statesman. He was born in 1830 and died in 1893. He entered Washington College, Pennsylvania, at the age of thirteen, graduated in 1847, studied law, acted as a teacher, and then having gone to Augusta, Maine, was for several years newspaper editor. He was sent to Congress by Maine as a republican in 1862, and was repeatedly re-elected. Soon becoming prominent he was several times speaker of the House of Representatives. In 1876 he entered the Senate, and the same year he was second in his candidature for presidential nomination by the republican national convention; he was also unsuccessful in his candidature in 1880; but in 1884 he was nominated by a large majority, though the presidency went to Mr. Cleveland. In 1888 though again a candidate for nomination he was defeated. In 1884 appeared the first volume of his Twenty Years of Congress, a work which has had a very favourable reception. He was an advocate for protectionism as against free trade.
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James Blanchard was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Michigan from 1983 until 1991.
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James Bogardus was an American inventor. He was born in 1800 and died in 1874. Among his inventions were the 'ring-flyer' or 'ring-spinner' used in cotton manufacture, invented in 1828, the eccentric mill invented in 1829, an engraving machine invenred in 1831, and the first dry gas-meter invented in 1832. In 1839 he gained the reward offered for the best plan for carrying out the penny postage system by the use of stamps. In 1847 he built the first complete cast-iron structure in the world, and the first wrought-iron beams were made from his design. His delicate pyrometer and deep-sea sounding machine were valuable additions to scientific instruments.
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James Boswell was a Scottish biographer. He was born in 1740 at Edinburgh and died in 1795. The eldest son of Lord Auchinleck, one of the supreme judges of Scotland, he studied law at Edinburgh and Cambridge, became a member of the Scottish bar, but never devoted himself with earnestness to his profession and cantered his ambitions on literature and politics. In l763 he became acquainted with Samuel Johnson - a circumstance which he himself calls the most important event of his life. He afterwards visited Voltaire at Eerney, Rousseau at Neufchatel, and Paoli in Corsica, with whom he became intimate. In 1768, when Corsica attracted so much attention, he published his account of Corsica, with Memoirs of Paoli. He became a member of the Literary Club in 1773. In 1785 he settled at London, and was called to the English bar. He wrote a biography of Samuel Johnson 'The Life of Samuel Johnson, LL.D.'
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James Bowdoin was an American statesman. He was born in 1727 at Boston and died in 1790. In 1785 he was appointed governor of Massachusetts, in which position he put down Shays' Rebellion.
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James Bradley was an English astronomer. He was born in 1692 at Sherborne, and died in 1762. He studied theology at Oxford, and took orders; but devoting himself to astronomy he was appointed, in 1721, professor of that science at Oxford. Six years afterwards he made known his discovery of the aberration of light, and his researches for many years were chiefly directed towards finding out methods for determining precisely that aberration. It is largely owing to Bradley's discoveries that astronomers have since been able to make up astronomical tables with the necessary accuracy. In 1741 he was made Astronomer Royal and removed to Greenwich.
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James Braid was a Scottish professional golfer. He was born in 1870 and died in 1950. He was the first man to win the Open championship five times and was a founder member of the Professional Golfers Association, whose match- play championship he won four times.
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James Brice was an American politician. He was a governor of Maryland during 1792.
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James Brindley was an English engineer and mechanic. He was born in 1716 at Thornsett, Derbyshire and died in 1772. He built the Bridgewater Canal in 1758 and the Grand Trunk Canal. *James Brown
James Brown is an American singer, songwriter, arranger, and dancer. He was born in 1933. While at the Alto Reform School (having been convicted of breaking into cars), he formed a gospel quartet which was discovered by the musician Little Richard, and James Brown developed into 'The Godfather of Soul'.
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Sir James Brooke the Bajah of Sarawak, was an English colonial governor. He was born in Bengal in 1803, and died in 1868. In 1838, having gone to Borneo, he assisted the Sultan of Brunei (the nominal ruler of the island) in suppressing a revolt. For his services he was made Rajah and Governor of Sarawak, a district on the north-west coast of the island, and being established in the government he endeavoured to induce the Dyak natives to abandon their irregular and piratical mode of life and to turn themselves to agriculture and commerce; and his efforts to introduce western values were successful. He was made a KCB in 1847, and was appointed Governor of Labuan. In 1863 he finally returned to England, leaving the government in the hands of his nephew, Charles Brooke.
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James Bruce was a Scottish explorer. He was born in 1730 at Kinnaird House, Stirlingshire and died in 1794 after falling down some stairs. He received his education at Harrow and at the University of Edinburgh, and entered the wine trade, but having inherited his father's estate in 1758 he soon gave up business. Erom 1763 to 1765 he held the consulship of Algiers, and in 1765 he visited successively Tunis, Tripoli, Rhodes, Cyprus, Syria, and several parts of Asia Minor, where he made drawings of the ruins of Palmyra, Baalbec, etc.
In 1768 he set out for Cairo, navigated the Nile to Syene, crossed the desert to the Red Sea, passed some months in Arabia Felix, and reached Gondar, the capital of Abyssinia, in 1770. In that country he ingratiated himself with the sovereign and other influential persons, and in the same year succeeded in reaching the sources of the Abai, then considered the main stream of the Nile. On his return to Gondar he found the country engaged in a civil war, and more than three years elapsed before he was able to return to Cairo.
After visiting France and Italy he returned to Scotland in 1774. His long-expected Travels did not appear until 1790, and were received with some incredulity, though succeeding travellers proved them in large part accurate.
James Bruce, Earl of Elgin, Earl of Kincardine was Governor-general of India. He was born in 1811 and died in 1863. Educated at Eton and Christ Church, he entered parliament in 1841 as member for Southampton, and in the same year succeeded to the earldom, becoming the eighth earl of Elgin and rwelfth earl of Kincardine. He was appointed Governor-general of Jamaica in 1842, and in 1846 Governor-general of Canada. In 1849 he was raised to the British peerage as Baron Elgin of Elgin. In 1857 he went as special ambassador to China, and concluded the Treaty of Tientsin in 1858. In 1859 he became postmaster-general in Palmerston's cabinet, in 1860 was sent on a special mission to Peking (Beijing), and in 1861 became Governor-general of India.
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James Bryce was an Irish writer and politician. He was born in 1838 at Belfast and died after 1905. Educated at Glasgow, and Trinity College, Oxford, he became a fellow of Oriel College and a barrister of Lincoln's Inn, and in 1870-1893 was regius professor of civil law at Oxford. He entered Parliament in 1880 as member for the Tower Hamlets division of London, and since 1885 represented South Aberdeen as a Liberal and Home Ruler, being Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in the Liberal ministry of 1892, and afterwards President of the Board of Trade. In 1905 he became Irish Secretary. His two most important works are The Holy Roman Empire (1864) and the American Commonwealth (1888); others are Transcaucasia and Ararat, and Impressions of South Africa.
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James Buchanan was the fifteenth president of the USA from 1857 to 1861. He was born in 1791 at Mercersburg, Pennsylvania and died in 1868. After graduating from Dickinson college, Carlisle, Pennsylvania he studied law at Lancaster for two years and was admitted to the bar in 1812. He served in the lower house of the state legislature from 1814 to 1816 and from 1821 to 1831 in the US congress. As the chairman of the judiciary committee he conducted the 1830 impeachment trial of Judge H Peck. An anti-slavery supporter, he put his own political ambitions before his moral views, and compromised with the Southern States over slavery so as to not lose their support in his bid for President.
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James Silk Buckingham was an English traveller, writer, and lecturer. He was born in 1786 near Falmouth and died in 1855. After trying several professions, and wandering over a great part of the world, he came to London, where he established the Athenaeum, well known as a literary journal. He also published his journal of travel in Palestine (1822), in Arabia (1825), in Mesopotamia (1827), and in Assyria and Media (1830). In 1832 he was chosen member of parliament for Sheffield, and retained his seat until 1837. Subsequently he made a tour of three years in America. In 1843 he became secretary to the British and Foreign Institute. He also published volumes on his Continental tours and an autobiography.
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James Donald Budge (Don Budge) is an American lawn tennis player. He was born in 1916 at Oakland, California. He was the first man to win all four major Grand Slam singles titles in one year. In 1938 he lost only one set during the entire Wimbledon tournament, and was the first player to win the Wimbledon's men's singles competition without losing a set since the abolition of the challenge round in 1922.
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James Burnett, Lord Monboddo, was a Scottish jurist. He was born in 1714 at Monboddo and died in 1799. After studying at Aberdeen he went to the University of Groningen, whence he returned in 1738, and commenced practice as an advocate at the Scottish bar. In 1767 he was made one of the lords of session. He distinguished himself by his writings as a metaphysician, having published a Dissertation on the Origin and Progress of Language (1771-76, three volumes), and Ancient Metaphysics (1778, etc, three volumes). His works contain a strange mixture of paradox and acute observation.
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James Butcher was an American politician. He was a governor of Maryland during 1809.
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James Butler, Duke of Ormonde, was an English statesman. He was born in 1610 at London in 1610 and died in 1688. He was a steady adherent of the royal cause, on the ruin of which he retired to France. At the Restoration he returned with the king, was created a duke, and appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland. After losing his office and the royal favour for some years, principally through the intrigues of Buckingham, he was again appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland, and retained the post until the death of Charles, when he resigned, his principles not suiting the policy of James.
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James C Dobbin was an American politician. He was born in 1814 and died in 1857. He represented North Carolina in the US Congress as a Democrat from 1845 until 1847. He was Secretary of the Navy in Pierce's Cabinet from 1853 until 1857.
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James C Jones was an American politician. He was born in 1809 and died in 1859. He was a Whig governor of Tennessee from 1841 until 1845, and was a Whig Senator of the United States from 1851 to 1857.
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James Campbell was an American politician. He was born in 1813 and died in 1893. He was Attorney-General for Pennsylvania in 1852 and Postmaster-General in Piercers Cabinet from 1853 until 1857.
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James Carney was an American Air Force sergeant, who as a linguist and communications specialist served at Tempelhof airport in West Berlin. He spied for the German Democratic Republic under the code name 'Kid', informing the GDR of how the US communications system in Germany was able to pinpoint dozens of vulnerable Warsaw Pact targets within minutes of the outbreak of war. In 1984 he fled to the GDR after his lover died in mysterious circumstances, and in 1990, following a long period of depression and anxiety, he returned to the USA in the company of the CIA where he was sentenced to thirty-eight years in prison.
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James Christie was an English auctioneer. He was born in 1730 and died in 1803. His first sale took place in 1766. Christie's auction house is still internationally famous in London.
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Sir James Bart Clark was a British physician. He was born in 1788 at Banffshire and died in 1870. After taking his arts degree at Aberdeen he studied medicine at Edinburgh, served in the navy as surgeon from 1809 until 1815, when he returned to Edinburgh. He took his degree of MD in 1817, practised in Borne from 1818 to 1826, returned to England in 1826, became physician to the Duchess of Kent in 1835, and on the accession of Queen Victoria was appointed first physician in ordinary to the queen, and shortly afterwards made a baronet. His chief works were treatises on the Sanative Influence of Climate (1829), and on Pulmonary Consumption and Scrofula (1835).
James Clark was an American politician. He was a Whig governor of Kentucky from 1836 until 1839.
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Sir James Clark Ross was an English admiral and Antarctic explorer. He was born in 1800 at London and died in 1862. He made five successful voyages to the Arctic regions with his uncle, Sir John Ross, and with Sir W E Parry. From 1829 to 1833 he was engaged in further voyages with his uncle, and in 1831, during one of them, reached the north magnetic pole. From 1839 to 1843 he commanded the expedition of the 'Erebus' and 'Terror' into the Antarctic seas, and reached latitude 78 degrees 10 minutes south. In 1847 he published 'Voyage of Discovery and Research in the Southern and Antarctic Seas', and in 1848 to 1849 took command of the ' Enterprise' in one of the numerous searches for Sir John Franklin.
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James Clinton was an American soldier. He was born in 1736 at New York and died in 1812. During the French and Indian War he captured a French sloop-of-war on Lake Ontario. As colonel of a New York regiment he was with Montgomery at Quebec in 1775. As brigadier-general he commanded at Fort Clinton when it was taken by the British in 1777, and was present at Yorktown. He was a member of the New York convention that adopted the Federal Constitution.
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James Connolly was an Irish Socialist. He was born in 1870 and died in 1916. With James Larkin he directed the great Dublin strike in 1913 which resulted in the formation of the Citizen Army. Connolly joined Sinn Fein and was Commander-in-Chief in the Easter rising of 1916, where upon he was executed by the British.
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James Fenimore Cooper was an American writer. He was born in 1789 at Burlington, New Jersey and died in 1851. Educated at Tyale College, he entered the American navy as a midshipman at the age of nineteen. In 1820 appeared the novel of Precaution, the first production of his pen. Though successful it gave no scope for his peculiar powers, and it was not until the production of The Spy in 1821 and The Pioneers that he began to take a high place amongst contemporary novelists. After that came a steady flow of novels dealing with life on the sea and in the backwoods, most of which, like the Pilot, Red Rover, Waterwitch, Pathfinder, Deer-slayer, and Last of the Mohicans, are familiar names to the novel-reading public. After visiting Europe and serving as Consul for the United States at Lyons for three years, James Cooper returned to America, where he died at Cooperstown, New York in 1851. Besides his novels he wrote a history of the US navy, and some volumes descriptive of his travels.
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James Corbett (Gentleman Jim) was an American boxer. He was born in 1866 and died in 1933. He won the Heavyweight Championship of the World in 1892 beating J. L. Sullivan.
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James Crichton, known as the Admirable Crichton, was a Scottish celebrity. He was born in 1560 and died in 1585. The son of Robert Crichton, lord-advocate, he was educated at the University of St Andrews, and according to the current accounts of him, before his twentieth year, had run through the whole circle of the sciences, could speak and write to perfection ten different languages, and was equally distinguished for his skill in riding, fencing, singing, and playing upon all sorts of instruments. He visited Paris, Genoa, Venice, Padua, etc, challenging all scholars to learned disputations, vanquishing doctors of the universities, and disarming the most famous swordsmen of the time in fencing. He was latterly tutor to a son of the Duke of Mantua, and is said to have been stabbed to the heart in a dastardly manner by his pupil. The story of his achievements seems to be rather highly coloured; but he was extravagantly praised by Aldus Manutius, the printer of Venice, by whom he was well known. He left some Latin poems, which are said to be possessed of no remarkable quality.
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James Croll was a Scottish geologist. He was born in 1821 and died in 1890. He was apprenticed to a millwright, then an insurance agent, from 1859 to 1867. He was keeper of the museum in the Andersonian University, Glasgow; and from 1867 until 1881 was connected with the Geological Survey of Scotland. He wrote The Philosophy of Theism; Climate and Time in their Geological Relations, his most important work; Discussions on Climate and Cosmology; Stellar Evolution, and The Philosophical Basis of Evolution.
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James Currie was a Scottish biographer. He was born in 1756 at Dumfriesshire and died in 1805. He tried in succession commerce, journalism, and medicine, and in 1780, after completing his studies at Edinburgh, he was appointed assistant-surgeon in the army. Disappointed in his hopes of promotion he settled at Liverpool, where he was made a physician to the infirmary, and increased his reputation by some publications on medicine. Having made an excursion into Scotland in 1792 he had become personally acquainted with Robert Burns, and upon the death of the poet he was induced to become the first editor of an edition of his works, to which he added a memoir. By this work a sum of Ł1400 was raised for Mrs. Burns and her family. James Currie also wrote a biography of Robert Burns.
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James D Black was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Kentucky during 1919.
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James D Porter was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Tennessee from 1875 until 1879.
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James D Williams was an American politician. He was bon in 1808 and died in 1880. He was almost continuously a member of the Indiana legislature from 1843 to 1874. He represented Indiana in the US Congress as a Democrat from 1875 to 1876, and was Governor of Indiana from 1876 to 1880. He was a member of the State Board of Agriculture for seventeen years, and its president four years. He greatly improved educational facilities.
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James Dalrymple, first Viscount Stair, was a Scottish lawyer and statesman. He was born in 1619 and died in 1695. In the English Civil War he sided at first with the parliament, but afterwards with the royalists. He was made a knight on the Restoration, and in 1671 president of the Court of Session. In 1682 he fell out of favour with the king, and retiring to Holland became an adherent of the Prince of Orange, who, after the Revolution, raised him to the peerage. The connection of his son, the Master of Stair, with the massacre of Glencoe brought some odium upon him in his last years. He wrote: The Institutes of the Laws of Scotland; Vindication of the Divine Perfections; and An Apology for his Own Conduct.
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James Dwight Dana was an American academic., He was born in 1813 and was a professor of Yale University. He made extensive reports, geological and other, upon material collected in a United States expedition to the Southern and Pacific Oceans, and in 1850 became associate editor of the American Journal of Science and Art of which he later became editor.
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James De Bow was an American statistician. He was born in 1820 at South Carolina and died in 1867. A voluminous writer of magazine articles upon economics and finance, he was appointed Superintendent of the US Census from 1853 to 1855.
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James Delancey was an American politician. He was born in 1703at New York and died in 1760. He was a member of the council of the province from 1729, Chief Justice from 1733, Lieutenant-Governor from 1753, acted as Governor from 1753 until 1755 and from 1757 until 1760. He presided over the Albany Convention of 1754.
James Delancey was an American soldier and agitator. He was born in 1732 and died in 1800. He served in the French and Indian War, and took a prominent part in the Assembly before the American War of Independence, but on its outbreak retired to England, and died there. His estates were confiscated.
James Delancey was an American soldier. He was bown in 1750 and died in 1809. During the American War of Independence he was noted as a bold and successful commander of the Tory light-horse, known as 'Cowboys'. After the war, his estates having been confiscated, he retired to Nova Scotia.
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James Destri played keyboards with the 70's punk rock band Blondie.
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Sir James Dewar was a British chemist and physicist. He was born in 1842 at Kincardine-on-Forth and died in 1923. Educated at Dollar Academy, Edinburgh University - where he was assistant to Lord Playfair when professor of Chemistry, - and Ghent, in 1873 he was elected Jacksonian Professor of Experimental Philosophy at Cambridge, and in 1879 a Professorial Fellow of St. Peter's College. In the latter year he also became Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution, London. Together with Frederick Abel he had a part in the invention of cordite but he is chiefly remembered for his work with the liquefaction of gasses - being the first to reduce hydrogen gas to the liquid and solid form - and researches on the electrical and other properties of matter at low temperatures. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society, was awarded several medals and prizes for his scientific researches, including the Rumford Medal in 1894 for his investigations into the properties of matter at its lowest temperatures, this branch of science, with which the. liquefaction of air and gases is connected, being peculiarly his own. He became president of the British Association in 1902 and was knighted in 1904.
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James Donaldson was a Scottish scholar. He was born in 1831, at Aberdeen and died after 1906. He was educated at Aberdeen and also at Manchester New College, London, and Berlin University. After being rector of Stirling High School, a classical master and rector of Edinburgh High School, he was appointed in 1881 to the Chair of Humanity (Latin) in Aberdeen University. In 1886 he became principal of the United College of St. Salvator and St. Leonard in St. Andrew's University, and in 1890 principal of the university. He published a Modern Greek Grammar for the
use of Classical Students (1853); Lyra Graeca: Specimens of Greek Lyric Poets, with Introduction and Notes (1854); History of Christian Literature and Doctrine from the Death of the Apostles to the Nicene Council (1861-1866); The Ante-Nicene Christian Library (24 volumes 1867-1872, edited jointly with Professor A. Roberts); The Apostolical Fathers (1874); Lectures on the History of Education in Prussia and England (1874); The Westminster Confession of Faith (1905); and other works, besides articles in the Encyclopaedia Britannica.
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James Drummond was an Irish Unitarian theologian. He was born in 1835 at Dublin in 1835 and died after 1905. After receiving his early education at a private school, he entered Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated and obtained the first gold medal for classics in 1855. In 1859 he became colleague of Gaskell in Cross Street Chapel, Manchester, and ten years later was appointed Professor of Theology at Manchester New College, London, of which institution (now known, since its removal to Oxford in 1889, simply as Manchester College) he was principal since 1885. His works included Spiritual Religion: Sermons on Christian Faith and Life (1870); The Jewish Messiah: a Critical History of the Messianic Idea among the Jews (1877); Introduction to the Study of Theology (1884); Philo-Judicus (1888); Via, Veritas, Vita (the Hibbert lectures for 1894); The Pauline Benediction (1897); The Epistles to the Thessalonians, etc. (1899); Some Thoughts on Christology (1902); and The Character and Authorship of the Fourth Goapel (1904).
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James Duane was an American statesman and jurist. He was born in 1733 and died in 1797. He was first prominent as a New York advocate for the New Hampshire land grants, was a member of the first Continental Congress, where he championed the British navigation acts and a colonial union subordinate to Parliament. In 1776 he opposed the Declaration of Independence as hasty. He was a member of the New York Provincial Congress from 1775 to 1777 and one of the committee to draft the State Constitution. He was a member of the convention that adopted the Federal Constitution in 1788, and from 1789 to 1794 was District Judge for New York.
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James Matthews Duncan was a Scottish gynaecologist. He was born in 1826 at Aberdeen and died in 1890. He was a co-discoverer of the anaesthetic property of chloroform.
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James E Boyd was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Nebraska from 1892 until 1893.
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James E Broome was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Florida from 1853 until 1857.
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James E Campbell was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Ohio from 1890 until 1892.
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James E Ferguson was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Texas from 1915 until 1917.
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James E Fielder was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of New Jersey during 1913.
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James E Folsom was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Alabama from 1947 until 1951.
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James E Holshouser Jr was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of North Carolina from 1973 until 1977.
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James B Eads was an American civil engineer. He was born in 1820 and died in 1887. He is noted for his engineering achievements which included the construction of the St Louis bridge with a central span of 520 feet (158 meters).
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James Esdaile was a Scottish surgeon and hypnotist. He was born in 1808 at Montrose and died in 1859. He conducted experiments into the use of hypnosis to alleviate pain, and was entrusted with a small hospital in Calcutta to allow him to conduct further experiments in 1846. He achieved some success, which was documented in the Bombay Medical Times of June 7th 1851 and in British government Reports of 1847 and 1848.
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James Cossar Ewart was a Scottish zoologist. He was born in 1851 at Penicuik, Midlothian and died in 1933. He studied medicine at Edinburgh University, graduated in 1874, and was soon after appointed demonstrator of anatomy in the university. From 1875 until 1878 he was Conservator of the museums of University College, London, in the latter year took his MD degree, and from 1878 until 1882 he was Professor of Natural History in Aberdeen University, being then appointed to the corresponding post at Edinburgh.
Afterwards (having been also connected with the Scottish Fishery Board for about ten years) he devoted much attention to the question of fish-culture and preservation, and visited North America, Denmark, and Norway for purposes of investigation. He carried out experiments in the hybridization of zebras and horses. His publications include: The Locomotor System of the Echinocerms (with G. J. Romanes, 1881); The Natural and Artificial Fertilization of Herring Ova (1884); On Whitebait (1886); On the Preservation of Fish (1887); The Electric Organ of the Skate (1888-89); The Cranial Nerves and Lateral Sense-organs of the Elasmobranchs (1889-91); The Development of the Limbs of the Horse (1894); The Penicuik Experiments (1899), and Guide to Zebras, Hybrids, etc. (1900).
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James F Byrnes was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of South Carolina from 1951 until 1955.
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James F Hinkle was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of New Mexico from 1923 until 1925.
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James F Robinson was an American politician. He was a Union governor of Kentucky from 1862 until 1863.
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James W Fannin was an American soldier. He was born in 1800 at Texas and died in 1836. He commanded a force in 1836 at Coleta River against General Urrea. After his surrender 357 of their number, including Fannin, were shot by the Mexicans.
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James Fenimore Cooper was an American novelist. He was born in 1789 at Burlington, New Jersey and died in 1851.He entered the navy in 1801, but resigned in 1811. In 1821 he published 'The Spy', the first of his historical novels and one of the first of American historical novels. This was followed by 'The Pioneers', 'The Last of the Mohicans', and a long series of romantic novels dealing with the American Revolution, frontier life, sea life and the American Indian. He also wrote a history of the American navy.
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James Fenner was an American politician. He was a Democratic-Republican governor of Rhode Island from 1807 until 1811.
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James Ferguson was a Scottish astronomer. He was born in 1710 at Keith and died in 1776. The son of poor parents. while a boy tending-sheep he acquired a knowledge of the stars, and constructed a celestial globe. With the help of friends he went to Edinburgh, where he studied mathematics and drawing, making such rapid progress in the latter that he was able to support himself by taking portraits in miniature. In 1743 he sailed for London where he painted and gave lectures in experimental philosophy. Amongst his audience was George III, then Prince of Wales, who afterwards settled on him a pension of 50 pounds a year. His principal works are: Astronomy Explained upon Sir Isaac Newton's Principles (1756); Lectures on Mechanics, Hydrostatics, etc (1760); Select Mechanical Exercises (1773).
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James Fergusson was a Scottish writer on architecture. He was born in 1808 at Ayr and died in 1886. He went out to India as partner of an important commercial house, but after some years retired from business to devote himself to the study of architecture and early civilizations. In 1845 he published Illustrations of the Rock-cut Temples of India; in 1849, A Historical Enquiry into the True Principles of Beauty in Art; in 1851, The Palaces of Nineveh and Persepolis Restored; in 1855, Illustrated Handbook of Architecture; in 1862, History of the Modern Styles of Architecture, a sequel to the handbook, both being afterwards combined in History of Architecture in All Countries (published in three volumes between 1865 and 1867), and completed by a History of Indian and Eastern Architecture (1876). He also wrote on the site of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem; Tree and Serpent Worship; Rude Stone Monuments in All Countries, etc.
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James Frederick Ferrier was a Scottish philosopher. He was born in 1808 in Edinburgh and died in 1864. After studying at Edinburgh and Oxford he was admitted to the Scottish bar in 1832, but gave bis attention more to literature than to law. His contributions to Blackwood's Magazine, then at the height of its fame, brought him into notice, and in 1845 he was appointed to the chair of moral philosophy at St Andrews. His chief work is the Institutes of Metaphysic, in which he attempts to build up in a rigorously logical and deductive method a complete system of knowing and being.
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Sir James Fitzjames Stephen was a British judge and writer. He was born in 1829 at Kensington and died in 1894. A son of Sir James Stephen, he was educated at Eton, King's College, London and Trinity College, Cambridge before being called to the bar in 1854. From 1879 until 1891 he was a high court judge, and in 1879 received a baronetcy. He wrote largely for The Saturday Review and The Pall Mall Gazette and also books on legal subjects.
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James Elroy Flecker was an English poet. He was born in 1884 at London and died in 1915.
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James David Forbes was a Scottish scientist. He was born in 1809 and died in 1868. He was educated at Edinburgh University, and admitted to the Scottish bar. In 1833 he was appointed to the chair of natural philosophy in the University of Edinburgh. In 1860 he became principal of the United Colleges of St Salvador and St Leonard, in the University of St Andrews. His fame rests chiefly on his study of glaciers. His chief publications on this subject are: Travels through the Alps of Savoy; Norway and its Glaciers; Tour of Mont Blanc and Monte Rosa; and Occasional Papers on the Theory of Glaciers. Forbes' theory of the glacier was that it was a viscous body, urged down slopes of a certain inclination by the mutual pressure of its parts.
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Sir James George Frazer was a British scholar and anthropologist. He studied the religion and magic of primitive peoples, the findings of which he published in the book The Golden Bough. He was born in 1854 and died in 1941.
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James Freeman Clarke was an American clergyman and author. He was born in 1810 and died in 1888. In 1841 he founded in Boston the Unitarian Church of the Disciples, of which he was pastor for forty-five years. He was prominent in the anti-slavery cause.
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James Anthony Froude was an English historian and miscellaneous writer. He was born in 1818 at Totness, Devon and died in 1894. He was educated at Oxford, was elected fellow of Exeter College, and received deacon's orders. He resigned his fellowship and withdrew from orders on the publication of his Nemesis of Faith, 1848.
Between the years 1856 and 1869 appeared his great work The History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, which was very popular, though it received but doubtful approval from historians. He was for some time editor of Fraser's Magazine, to which he contributed many articles, as well as to other periodicals. He was elected rector of St. Andrews University in 1869; travelled in the United States in 1874; and visited the Cape Colony on a political mission, between 1874 and 1875.
He was made literary executor to Carlyle, and his Life of Carlyle, and Carlyle's Reminiscences, and Letters and Memorials of Jane Welsh Carlyle, as edited by him, provoked an extraordinary amount of interest and controversy. Among his other works are Short Studies on Great Subjects; English in Ireland in the Eighteenth Century; Julius Caesar; Oceana, or England and her Colonies; The English in the West Indies, etc.
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James G Martin was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of North Carolina from 1985 until 1993.
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James G Scrugham was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Nevada from 1923 until 1927.
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James Gadsden was an American soldier. He was born in 1788 and died in 1858. He served in the War of 1812, was aide-de-camp to General Jackson in the subjugation of the Seminole Indians, and constructed works for the defense of the Gulf. He was appointed Minister to Mexico in 1853 by President Pierce, and negotiated the Gadsden Treaty, which secured the purchase of the southern portion of Arizona and New Mexico by the United States.
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James Galway is an Irish flutist. He was born in 1939 at Belfast, Northern Ireland. He studied at the Royal College of Music and Guildhall School in London, the Paris Conservatoire, and privately under French virtuoso flutists Jean Pierre Rampal and Marcel Moyse. Between 1961 and 1975 he played in the orchestras of Sadler's Wells Opera, Covent Garden Opera, the London Symphony, the Royal Philharmonic, and the Berlin Philharmonic. In 1975 he launched his career as a concert soloist and made his debut in the USA in 1978. He became widely known through television appearances, an international concert schedule, and recordings ranging from classical and popular music to jazz and folk music.
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James Garrard was an American politician. He was a Democratic-Republican governor of Kentucky from 1796 until 1804.
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James Gillray was an English artist and caricaturist. He was born in 1757 at Chelsea and died in 1815. He studied at the Royal Academy, and some clever sketches, published about 1780, first attracted attention to him. From this time until about 1810 he kept his position before the public by a succession of caricatures in which the king (George III) and the members of the House of Lords, and afterwards the French and the French celebrities of the day, were the chief objects of ridicule. In his closing years he suffered from mental ill-health which continued until his death.
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James Glaisher was an English aeronaut and meteorologist. He was born in 1809 and died in 1903. He was for a long while connected with the Greenwich Observatory, and was the author of various books. His balloon ascent with Henry Coxwell in 1862 of 37,000 feet (11,278 meters) was the highest on record for some years.
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James Gordon Bennett was a Scottish born American newspaper editor. He was born in 1800 and died in 1872. He founded the 'New York Herald' (as the Herald) in 1835. James Gordon Bennett arrived in America in 1819, settled in New York and established his newspaper in 1835. He introduced the idea of regular European correspondents, and the systematic sale of newspapers by newsboys. During the American Civil War, James Gordon Bennett employed sixty-three war correspondents.
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James Grahame was a Scottish poet. He was born in 1765 at Glasgow and died in 1811. He studied law in Edinburgh, and in 1791 became a Writer to the Signet. In 1795 he was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates, of which he continued a member until 1809, when he took orders as a clergyman of the Church of England. Previous to this all his literary productions had been published. While at the university he printed and circulated a collection of poetical pieces. These appeared in an amended form in 1797. In 1801 he published a dramatic poem entitled Mary, Queen of Scotland, and in 1802 appeared, anonymously, The Sabbath. The Birds of Scotland, and British Georgics followed. He subsequently held curacies at Shefton, Durham, and Sedgefield, but his health gave way, and he died at Glasgow in 1811.
James Grahame wa sa Scottish historian. He was born in 1790 and died in 1842. He published a 'History of the Rise and Progress of the United States of North America till the British Revolution of 1688', which was recognized as a thorough and authoritative work.
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James Grant was a British soldier. He was born in 1720 and died in 1806. He met with a severe defeat in command of an expedition against Fort Duquesne in 1758. He commanded two brigades of British troops at Long Island, and was in command of New Jersey during the battles of Trenton and Princeton. He served as a major-general in the battles of Brandy wine and Germantown in 1777, and defeated Lee at Monmouth in 1778.
James Grant was a Scottish novelist. He was born in 1822 at Edinburgh 1822 and died in 1887. He lived in America from 1832 to 1839, in which year he returned to England, and was gazetted ensign in the 62nd Foot. He resigned his commission in 1843; began to contribute to periodical literature, and in 1846 published his first book, The Romance of War. A large number of works followed, most of them bearing marks of his military training, or based on historical events, Adventures of an Aide-de-Camp (1848), Bothwell (1851), Jane Seton (1853), Philip Rollo (1854), Frank Hilton (1855), Yellow Frigate (1855), Harry Ogilvie (1856), Lucy Arden (1859), Mary of Lorraine (1860), Dick Rodney (1861), King's Own Borderers (1865), White Cockade (1867), British Battles on Land and Sea (1873), Old and New Edinburgh (1880-1883), etc. He became a Roman Catholic in 1875.
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James Gregory was a Scottish mathematician and the inventor of the reflecting telescope. He was born about 1638 at Drumoak, in Aberdeenshire and died in 1675. He received his education at Marischal College and in 1663 he published Optica Promota, explaining the idea of the telescope which bears his name. He spent some years in Italy, and published at Padua in 1667 a treatise on the Quadrature of the Circle and Hyperbola. He became professor of mathematics at St Andrews in 1668, and at Edinburgh in 1674, but died suddenly in 1675.
James Gregory was a Scottish physician. He was born in 1753 at Aberdeen and died in 1821. The eldest son of John Gregory, he studied medicine at Edinburgh, and in 1776 was appointed professor of the institutes of medicine. In 1780-82 he published his Conspectus Medicinae Theoreticae; in 1790 became professor of the practice of physic, and in 1792 issued his Philosophical and Literary Essays.
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James H Adams was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of South Carolina from 1854 until 1856.
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James H Brady was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Idaho from 1909 until 1911.
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James H Budd was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of California from 1895 until 1899.
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James H Duff was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Pennsylvania from 1947 until 1951.
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James H Hammond was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of South Carolina from 1842 until 1844.
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James H Hawley was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Idaho from 1911 until 1913.
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James H Higgins was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Rhode Island from 1907 until 1909.
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James H Peabody was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Colorado from 1903 until 1905.
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James H Price was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Virginia from 1938 until 1942.
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James Orchard Halliwell-Phillipps (also known as J O Halliwell) was an English Shakespearian scholar. He was born in 1820 and died in 1889. In 1839 he began his editorial labours with a reprint of Mandeville's Travels. He was a leading and active member of the Percy and Shakespeare societies; for the former he edited the Minor Poems of Lydgate, Early Naval Ballads of England, Nursery Rhymes of England, etc; and for the latter, The Coventry Mysteries, Tarleton's Jests, The Fairy Mythology of Shakespeare, etc. His chief Shakespearian publications are a Life of Shakspere (1848), the Works of Shakspere in 16 folio volumes, only 150 copies of which were printed; Calendar of the Records of Stratford-on-Avon; History of New Place; and Outlines of the Life of Shakspere. He issued also 47 volumes of lithographed facsimiles of the quarto plays, and a great number of pamphlets on Shakespeare, Stratford, and kindred topics. He also published a valuable Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words.
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James Hamilton was an English educationalist. He was born in 1769 at London and died in 1829. He went to New York in 1815 where he taught languages on a method of word-for-word translation before the study of grammar, adopted from General D'Angeli, a French emigre. His system (The Hamiltonian System) met with ridicule in America, but after a favourable report by experts he soon had many pupils. From 1823 he taught in Britain.
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James Hamilton, Jr was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of South Carolina from 1830 until 1832.
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James Hannay was a Scottish journalist, diplomat and man of letters. He was born in 1827 at Dumfries and died in 1873. At an early age he entered the navy, but left it in 1845 to become a reporter on the Morning Chronicle in London. In 1860 he went to Edinburgh as editor of the Edinburgh Courant, but resigned this post in 1864. In 1868 he was appointed British consul at Barcelona. He wrote several novels, amongst which Singleton Fontenoy and Eustace Conyers are the best; also, Lectures on Satire and Satirists, Studies on Thackeray, and a Course of English Literature.
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James Keir Hardie was a British labour leader. He was born in 1856 at Scotland and died in 1915. A miner from the age of seven, when he was 24 he was elected secretary to the Lanarkshire Miners' Union. From 1882 until 1886 he was editor of The Cumnock News, and in 1888 unsuccessfully contested Mid Lanark. In 1892 he became Labour MP for West Ham, holding the seat until 1895. He founded the Independent Labour Party in 1893 and in 1900 was elected MP for Merthyr Tydvill.
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James Hargreaves was an English inventor. He was born in 1720 at Blackburn, Lancashire and died in 1778. A weaver and carpenter, in 1760 he invented a machine for carding, and around 1764 he invented the spinning-jenny by which he was able to spin with several spindles at once. only to be attacked by weavers fearing (rightly) that his invention would threaten their employment. As a result of the attacks, James Hargreaves removed to Nottingham in 1768, and in 1770 he obtained a patent for his invention, but it was after all declared invalid on the ground that he had sold several of the machines before taking out the patent. For the rest of his life he carried on business as a manufacturer.
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James Harrington was an English political philosopher. He was born in 1611 at Upton and died in 1677. Having studied under Chillingworth at Oxford, and travelled on the Continent, he was, on the outbreak of the Civil War, desirous of procuring a reconciliation between the king and Parliament, but his efforts were futile. During the Protectorate he wrote his Oceana, which describes an ideal republic, and which was published in 1656. In the reign of Charles II he was imprisoned on a charge of plotting against the government, but was released on account of the decay of his mental faculties. He formed the Rota Club for the discussion of his theories.
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James Harris was an English philologist. He was born in 1709 at Salisbury and died in 1780. In 1744 he published a volume containing three treatises - on Art, on Music and Painting, and on Happiness. His most celebrated work is Hermes, or a Philosophical Inquiry concerning Universal Grammar published in 1751. Entering Parliament for Christchurch in 1761, he held the offices of lord of the Admiralty and lord of the Treasury. He was a follower of George Grenville, with whom he retired in 1865.
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James Hartness was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Vermont from 1921 until 1923.
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James Henderson Berry was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Arkansas from 1883 until 1885.
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James Henry Lane was an American soldier and politician. He was born in 1814 and died in 1866. He commanded a brigade at Buena Vista in the Mexican War. He represented Indiana in the US Congress as a Democrat from 1853 to 1855. He was a leader of the Free-Soil party and prominent in the Kansas disturbances from 1855 to 1859. He represented Kansas in the US Senate as a Republican from 1861 to 1866.
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James Hervey was an English divine. He was born in 1714 and died in 1758. Having taken orders he filled curacies in Hampshire and Devon, and in 1743 he became curate to his father, at whose death he succeeded to the livings of Weston Favel and Collingtree. His works, which had a great popularity notwithstanding their turgid and meretricious style, include Meditations among the Tombs; Reflections in a Flower Garden; a Descant on Creation; Contemplations on the Night and Starry Heavens; Theron and Aspasia, religious dialogues; and a volume of Letters.
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James Hillhouse was an American politician. He was born in 1754 and died in 1832. He was a captain in the American War of Independence. He was a Representative in the Connecticut Legislature from 1786 to 1789. He represented Connecticut in the US Congress as a Federalist from 1791 to 1795, and from 1796 to 1810 was a US Senator. From 1810 to 1835 he was commissioner of the Connecticut School Fund. He was a member of the Hartford Convention.
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James Hilton was an English writer. He was born in 1900. He wrote goodbye Mr Chips.
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James Hoge Tyler was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Virginia from 1898 until 1902.
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James Hogg (known as the Ettrick Shepherd) was a Scottish poet. He was born in 1772 at Ettrick, Selkirkshire and died in 1835. After receiving a very scanty education, he began to earn his living by daily labour as a shepherd. His early rhymings brought him under the notice of Sir Walter Scott, by whose advice he published a volume of ballads under the title of The Mountain Bard. The failure of an ill-judged agricultural scheme brought him to Edinburgh, where he published the Forest Minstrel in 1810, and started a weekly periodical entitled The Spy, which, after a short time, became defunct. The appearance of the Queen's Wake in 1813, with its charming ballad of Kilmeny, established James Hogg's reputation as a poet. In 1815 he published his Pilgrims of the Sun, which was followed by Mador of the Moor, the Poetic Mirror (a collection of imitations of living poets), Queen Hynde, and Dramatic Tales, as well as by The Brownie of Bodsbeck, and other prose tales; the Jacobite Belies (partly written by Hogg), etc. From 1817 he had held the farm of Altrive from the Duke of Buccleuch at a merely nominal rent; but his farming schemes were never successful, and he was generally short of money.
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James Henry Leigh Hunt was an English poet and essayist. He was born in 1784 and died in 1859. He was educated at Christchurch Hospital, where he attained some distinction, entered the office of his brother, an attorney, and afterwards obtained a situation in the war office. In 1808, in conjunction with his brother John, he started the Examiner newspaper, which soon became prominent for the fearlessness with which public matters were discussed. Before long official resentment took shape in two prosecutions of the brothers, the second of which, occasioned by an article in the paper of the 22nd of March, 1812, reflecting on the character of the prince regent, resulted in the brothers being sentenced to pay a fine of 500 pounds sterling each, and to suffer two years' imprisonment. During his confinement James Hunt wrote several works, amongst which are the Feast of the Poets, the Descent of Liberty, and the Story of Rimini.
In 1818 appeared Foliage, a collection of original poems and translations from Homer, Theocritus, Bion, etc; and in 1819 the Indicator was started, a weekly journal on the model of the Spectator, which contained some of his best essays. In 1822 he went to Italy, having received an invitation from Byron and Shelley, and, in conjunction with the former, carried on a newspaper called the Liberal; but it proved unsuccessful.
On his return to England James Hunt published Recollections of Lord Byron and some of his Contemporaries (published in two volumes in 1828), which provoked somewhat the indignation of the noble poet's friends. Among his subsequent works may be mentioned, A legend of Florence, a play represented with some success at Covent Garden in 1840; Stories from the Italian Poets (published in two volumes in 1846); Men, Women, and Books (published in 1847); A Jar of Honey from Mount Hybia (published in 1847); the Town, its Memorable Characters and Events (published in 1848); Autobiography (published in three volumes in 1850); Table Talk (published in 1850).
In 1842 Mrs Shelley settled an annuity of 120 pounds sterling upon James Hunt, and in 1847 a government pension of 200 pounds sterling a year was bestowed on him.
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James Hutton was a Scottish geologist. He was in 1726 born at Edinburgh and died in 1797. He studied at the university of Edinburgh and at Leyden, where he graduated as MD in 1749. Returning to Scotland he settled for a time on a farm of his own in Berwickshire, but about 1768 went to Edinburgh, and devoted himself to scientific researches. His name is especially connected with a geological system, the chief features of which are his recognition of the similarity of processes in the past and present, and his theory of igneous fusion as accounting for most geological phenomena. Among his numerous works are an Investigation of the Principles of Knowledge, Theory of Rain, Theory of the Earth, with Proofs and Illustrations (1795).
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James I was King of Scotland from 1424 to 1437.
James I was King of England from 1603 to 1625. He was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots (and was descended from Henry VII's daughter Margaret). He had been King of Scotland for 36 years, when he became King of England. Although he was King of both countries, James's attempt to create a full governmental union proved premature. An able theologian, he ordered a new translation of the Bible which became known as the Authorised King James's Version of the Bible. James himself was fairly tolerant in terms of religious faith, but the Gunpowder Plot in 1605 resulted in the re-imposition of strict penalties on Roman Catholics. As an arts patron, James employed the architect Inigo Jones to build the present Banqueting House in Whitehall, and the post of Poet Laureate dates from his reign.
Although he believed that kings took their authority from God, James accepted that his actions were subject to the law. Unable, like many of his predecessors, to put royal finances on a sound footing, James I was often in dispute with his Parliaments. A proposed 'Great Contract' in 1610, under which Parliament would provide a regular income to the Crown to meet government costs and maintain the navy and army, in exchange for modifying the monarch's fundraising, came to nothing. The Addled Parliament of 1614 lasted eight weeks. The outbreak of the Thirty Years War in 1618 in Europe spread, and financial pressures forced James I in 1621 to summon Parliament, but when the House of Commons tried to debate wider aspects of foreign policy and asserted their right to discuss any subject, James dissolved it. A further Parliament, summoned in 1624, failed to resolve foreign policy questions. On James I's death in 1625, the kingdom was on the edge of war with Spain.
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James II was King of Scotland from 1437 to 1460.
James II was King of England from 1685 to 1688. He was born in 1633 and died in 1701. James II was named after his grandfather James I, and grew up in exile after the Civil War (he served in the armies of Louis XIV) and, after his brother's restoration, commanded the Royal Navy from 1660 to 1673. James converted to Catholicism in 1669. Despite his conversion, James II succeeded to the throne peacefully at the age of 51. His position was a strong one - there were standing armies of nearly 20,000 men in his kingdoms and he had a revenue of around 2 million pounds. Within days of his succession, James announced the summoning of Parliament in May but he sounded a warning note: 'the best way to engage me to meet you often is always to use me well'.
A rebellion led by Charles's illegitimate son, the Duke of Monmouth, was easily crushed after the battle of Sedgemoor in 1685, and savage punishments were imposed by the infamous Lord Chief Justice, Judge Jeffreys, at the 'Bloody Assizes'. James's reaction to the Monmouth rebellion was to plan the increase of the standing army and the appointment of loyal and experienced Roman Catholic officers. This, together with James's attempts to give civic equality to Roman Catholic and Protestant dissenters, led to conflict with Parliament, as it was seen as James showing favouritism towards Roman Catholics. Fear of Catholicism was widespread (in 1685, Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes which gave protection to French Protestants), and the possibility of a standing army led by Roman Catholic officers produced protest in Parliament. As a result, James prorogued Parliament in 1685 and ruled without it. James attempted to promote the Roman Catholic cause by dismissing judges and Lord Lieutenants who refused to support the withdrawal of laws penalising religious dissidents, appointing Catholics to important academic posts, and to senior military and political positions. Within three years, the majority of James's subjects had been alienated.
In 1687 James II issued the Declaration of Indulgence aiming at religious toleration; seven bishops who asked James to reconsider were charged with seditious libel, but later acquitted to popular Anglican acclaim. When his second (Roman Catholic) wife, Mary of Modena, gave birth on the 10th of June 1688 to a son (James Stuart, later known as the 'Old Pretender' and father of Charles Edward Stuart, 'Bonnie Prince Charlie' ), it seemed that a Roman Catholic dynasty would be established. William of Orange, the Protestant husband of James' elder daughter, Mary (by James' first and Protestant wife, Anne Hyde), was therefore welcomed when he invaded on the 5th of November 1688. The Army and the Navy (disaffected despite James's investment in them) deserted to William, and James fled to France. James's attempt to regain the throne by taking a French army to Ireland failed when he was defeated at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690 and he spent the rest of his life in exile in France.
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James III was King of Scotland from 1460 to 1488.
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James Iredell was an American jurist. He was born in 1750 at England and died in 1799. He left England and went to America in 1767. He was a Judge of the North Carolina Supreme Court from 1777 to 1778. He was a commissioner to revise the laws of the State from 1787 to 1791. He was a leader of the Federalists in the North Carolina Convention of 1788, and was appointed a Justice of the US Supreme Court in 1790.
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James Iredell Jr was an American politician. He was a Democratic-Republican governor of North Carolina from 1827 until 1828.
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James IV was King of Scotland from 1488 to 1513.
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James J Florio was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of New Jersey from 1990 until 1994.
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James Jackson was an American politician. He was a Jeffersonian-Republican governor of Georgia from 1798 until 1801.
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Sir James Jeans wrote many popular books on astronomy. He was born in 1877 at Ormskirk and died in 1946.
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James Johnson was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Georgia during 1865.
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James Prescott Joule was an English scientist. He was born in 1818 at Salford and died in 1889. He studied the relationship between heat and mechanical work.
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James Joyce was an Irish writer. He was born in 1882 at Dublin and died in 1941. He wrote Ulysses and Finnegan's Wake.
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James K Vardaman was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Mississippi from 1904 until 1908.
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James Kent was an American jurist. He was born in 1763 and died in 1847. He was a member of the New York Legislature in 1790 and 1792. He was a Judge of the New York Supreme Court from 1798 to 1804, and Chief Justice from 1804 to 1814. He was Chancellor of New York from 1814 to 1823. He published 'Commentaries on American Law', a standard general treatise on American law.
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James Knox Polk (real name James Knox Pollock) was the eleventh president of the USA. He was born in 1795 at Mecklenburg County, North Carolina and died in 1849. Educated at the University of North Carolina, he was called to the bar in 1820 he practised at Columbia, Tennessee and also took an interest in politics. In 1823 he was elected to the legislature of Tennessee and in 1825 became a member of congress. For eight years he was speaker of the House of representatives, and from 1839 until 1841 governor of Tennessee. He was elected president of the USA in 1844, standing as a Democratic candidate and defeating Henry Clay. The Mexican War, which President Polk favoured, was prosecuted successfully during his administration, and the Oregon controversy with England was peacefully settled in 1846. The revenue Walker Tariff received his approval. He vetoed river and harbour bills in 1846 and 1847. The California gold discoveries occurred near the end of his term. He died in Nashville a few months after his retirement from office in 1849.
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James L Alcorn was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Mississippi from 1870 until 1871.
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James L Kemper was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Virginia from 1874 until 1878.
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James L Orr was an American politician. He was born in 1822 and died in 1873. He represented South Carolina in the US Congress as a Democrat from 1849 to 1859, and was Speaker from 1857 to 1859. He was a Confederate senator from 1861 to 1865, and Governor of South Carolina from 1865 to 1868.
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James Lawrence was an American sailor. He was born in 1781 and died in 1813. He was engaged in naval warfare on the Barbary coast from 1804 to 1809, commanding the Argus, Vixen and Wasp. In 1813 while commanding the Hornet he captured the British brig Peacock after an engagement of fifteen minutes with a loss of only one killed and two wounded. When placed in command of the Chesapeake he accepted a challenge from Captain Broke of the Shannon. His defeat was caused by the imperfect discipline of the newly shipped crew. Lawrence was mortally wounded. His last injunction was, 'Don't give up the ship'.
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James Paris Lee was a Scottish born gunsmith. He was born in 1831 at Hawick and died in 1904. In 1836 his parents emigrated to Galt, Ontario, Canada. He was a joint-inventor of the Lee-Metford and Lee-Enfield rifles employed by the British army.
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James Lenox was an American philanthropist. He was born in 1800 and died in 1880. He was the founder of the Lenox Library, New York.
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James Bowman Lindsay was a Scottish scientist. He was born in 1799 at Carmylie and died in 1862. He discovered the heating and lighting possibilities of electricity in 1834 and lit his garret in Dundee with electric light. He was also a pioneer of wireless telegraphy, and transmitted messages across the Firth of Tay.
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James B Lockwood was an American explorer. He was born in 1852 and died in 1884. He accompanied the Lady Franklin Bay expedition with A W Greely in 1882, and attained the most northerly point of land reached, at 83 degrees 24 minutes North.
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James Russell Lowell was an American poet and statesman. He was born in 1819 at Cambridge, Massachusetts, and died in 1891. He graduated from Harvard in 1838 and studied law, but soon took to literature. His Big-low Papers, published bewteen 1846 and 1848, helped powerfully the anti-slavery cause. In 1855 he became professor of modern languages and literature at Harvard and travelled in Europe to extend his knowledge. from 1857 to 1862 he was editor of the 'Atlantic Monthly' and from 1864 to 1872 with Professor Norton of the 'North American Review'. In 1877 he was appointed United States minister at the court of Madrid, and from 1880 to 1885 filled the same office in London.
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James M Mason was an American politician. He was born in 1798 and died in 1871. A Senator, he was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates from 1836 to 1832. He represented Virginia in the US Congress as a Jackson Democrat from 1837 to 1839. He was a US Senator from 1847 to 1861. He was author of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. He was appointed Confederate Commissioner to England in 1861 serving until 1865.
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James M Cox was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Ohio from 1917 until 1921.
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James M Curley was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Massachusetts from 1935 until 1937.
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James M Harvey was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Kansas from 1869 until 1873.
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James M Smith was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Georgia from 1872 until 1877.
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James M Wells was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Louisiana from 1865 until 1867.
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James Ramsay Macdonald was a Scottish politician. He was born in 1866 at Lossiemouth and died in 1937. He was instrumental in the formation of the British Labour Party and was its chairman from 1911 until 1914 when he resigned his position in opposition to Britain's declaration of war. He continued to oppose Britain's involvement in the Great War and along with other socialist leaders was refused transport to the Stockholm Conference. He lost his seat in the 1918 election, returning as leader of the Labour opposition in 1922.
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James Madison was the fourth president of the USA from 1809 to 1817. He was born in 1751 at Port Conway in King George County, Virginia and died in 1836. Educated at Princeton, he graduated in 1772, and was early distinguished for sound judgment, discretion, acquirements, industry and patriotism.
In 1774 he was a member of the Committee of Public Safety of Orange County, and in 1776 became a member of the Virginia Convention. From 1780 to 1784 he was a member of the Continental Congress, and, in spite of his youth and modesty, had a leading share in its deliberations, and especially its committee work, for which his sensible and methodical mind was peculiarly apt.
In the Virginia Assembly from 1784 to 1787 he did great service in securing religious liberty and in promoting the movement toward a better union of the States. Probably no one else contributed more to this end in all America. He advocated acceptance of the impost law by the states, suggesting the famous compromise known as the 'three-fifths rule' by which (in taxation) five slaves were rated as three freemen.
He was a member of the Alexandria-Mount-Vernon Conference of 1785, of the Annapolis Convention of 1786, and of the Constitutional Convention of 1787, in which he had the most influential part, through his own talents for constructive statesmanship and also through his persuasive and conciliatory spirit. His was the 'Virginia Plan' of federation in 1787.
In 1788 he wrote a portion of the Federalist and did more than any one else to secure the ratification of the Constitution by Virginia. From 1789 to 1797 he was a leading member of Congress, inclining more and more to the doctrines and party of Jefferson. He wrote the Virginia resolutions of 1798.
From 1801 to 1809 he was Secretary of State in Jefferson's Cabinet, and from 1809 to 1817 he was President of the United States, being elected over C C Pinckney in 1808, and over DeWitt Clinton in 1812. The chief event in his administration was the War of 1812, which he managed feebly. From 1817 to his death Madison lived in retirement at Montpelier, Virginia.
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James Clarence Mangan was an Irish poet. He was born in 1803 at Dublin and died in 1849.
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James Mansergh was an English civil engineer. He was born in 1824 at Lancaster and died in 1905. He started his career in railway work, but was best known for his sewerage, drainage and water-works including the Elan Valley water scheme for Birmingham which was opened by the king in 1904.
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James Clerk Maxwell was a Scottish mathematician. He was born in 1831 at Edinburgh and died in 1879. He created an electro-magnetic theory of light.
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James McDowell was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Virginia from 1843 until 1846.
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James McHenry was an Irish-born American politician. He was born in 1753 and died in 1816. He went to Philadelphia from Ireland about 1771. He served during the American War of Independence as a surgeon and aide. He was a member of the Maryland Senate from 1781 to 1786, a delegate from Maryland to the Continental Congress from 1783 to 1786, and a member of the Constitutional Convention in 1787. He was Secretary of War from 1796 to 1801 in the Cabinets of George Washington and Samuel Adams.
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James B McPherson was an American soldier. He was born in 1828 and died in 1864. A brilliant young general of the American Civil War, he graduated from West Point in 1853. In 1862 and 1863 he was with Grant in the Tennessee and Vicksburg campaigns, commanding a corps with distinguished success. In the spring of 1864 he was put in command of the Army of the Tennessee, and assisted Sherman in his advance into Georgia. He had a most important part in the fighting against Johnston at Resaca, New Hope Church, Dallas and Kenesaw Mountain. He was killed in the battle against Hood at Atlanta on July the 22nd, 1864.
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James Miller was an American soldier and governor. He was born in 1776 and died in 1851. He entered the army as a major in 1810. He commanded at Brownstown in 1812, and fought at Fort George, Chippewa and Lundy's Lane. He was Governor of Arkansas from 1819 to 1825.
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James Monroe was the fifth president of the USA. He was born in 1758 at Westmoreland County, Virginia and died in 1831. He entered William and Mary College, but left it in 1776 to enter the army. He was present at Trenton, Brandywine, Monmouth, etc., and in 1782 was already a member of the Virginia Assembly. He was soon a member of the State Council, and a delegate to the Continental Congress. In the Ratifying Convention of 1788, he ardently upheld the Anti-Federalist side. As US Senator from 1790 to 1794, envoy to France from 1794 to 1796, and Governor of Virginia from 1799 to 1802, he was naturally a Republican and an exponent of Jefferson's views. President Jefferson sent him in 1803 as additional envoy to France, where he helped Livingston to negotiate the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. Thence he was sent as Minister to London, where he remained until 1807.
He had just commenced another term as Governor in 1811, when he was appointed Secretary of State. This office he held until 1817, combining with it in 1814 to 1815 the War portfolio. As Republican candidate for President in 1816, Monroe received 183 electoral votes, and in 1820 he had almost no opposition; the eight years of his administrations are in fact embalmed in American history as the so-called 'era of good feeling'. His Cabinet included John Quincy Adams in the State Department, Crawford Treasury, John Calhoun War, and Wirt Attorney-General. The period is marked by the acquisition of Florida, the Seminole War, Missouri Compromise, seaboard defence policy, the visit of Lafayette, and the Monroe Doctrine.
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James Montgomery was a Scottish poet and hymn writer. He was born in 1771 at Irvine and died in 1854. He joined the 'Sheffield Register' in 1792, becoming editor and in 1795 the proprietor when the paper was renamed the ' Sheffield Iris'. He was fined and imprisoned for publishing seditious comments in the paper.
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James N Gillett was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of California from 1907 until 1911.
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James Nasmyth was a Scottish inventor. He was born in 1808 at Edinburgh and died in 1890. He invented the steam-hammer in 1839, and patented it in 1842.
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James W Nye was an American jurist and politician. He was born in 1814 and died in 1876. He was a New York county judge from 1840 to 1848. He was appointed Governor of Nevada in 1861, and represented Nevada in the US Senate as a Republican from 1865 to 1873.
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James O Davidson was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Wisconsin from 1906 until 1911.
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General James Edward Oglethorpe was an English soldier, politician and the founder of the US state of Georgia. He was born in 1698 at London and died in 1785. In 1732, at his suggestion, he received from king George II a grant of land for the purpose of founding a colony for English imprisoned debtors and persecuted Austrian Protestants, which he did in 1733, taking 120 emigrants and founding a colony Savannah in Georgia, named after George II. In 1735 he took another 300 emigrants to Savannah. The settlement prospered fairly. Oglethorpe, who had twice returned to England, commanded an unsuccessful expedition against St Augustine in 1741 in the war with Spain. The next year he repelled a Spanish attack on the colony, and returned finally to England in 1743. Subsequently, for the conduct of a force against the Young Pretender he received severe criticism. In 1752 he resigned the charter of Georgia to the crown.
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James Orton was an American geologist. He was born in 1830 and died in 1877. He was professor in Vassar College, and was recognized as an authority on the subject of the geology and physical geography of the west coast of South America and the Amazon Valley, which he had carefully explored.
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James Otis was an American revolutionary agitator. He was born in 1725 and died in 1783. Educated at Harvard he was called to the bar at Boston. When the British Government adopted a stronger coercive policy with its Writs of Assistance in 1761, James Otis opposed the measure in a celebrated speech. He was a member of the Massachusetts Legislature, and in 1764 published an influential pamphlet entitled 'Rights of the Colonies Vindicated'. He moved the appointment of a Stamp Act Congress, and was one of the delegates, and he made a spirited opposition to Townshend's acts. In 1769 he was arrested and beaten by some British officers and became insane for the remainder of his life.
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Sir James Outram was a British soldier. He was born in 1803 and died in 1863. He carried out a famous ride in disguise through Afghanistan in 1839 during the Afghan war. He distinguished himself during the Indian mutiny.
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James P Clarke was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Arkansas from 1895 until 1897.
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James P Coleman was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Mississippi from 1956 until 1960.
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James P Goodrich was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Indiana from 1917 until 1921.
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Sir James Paget was a British surgeon and lecturer. He was born in 1814 and died in 1899. He worked at St Bartholomew's hospital, London.
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James Palmer was an American sailor. He was born in 1810 and died in 1867. He commanded the 'Flirt' during the Mexican War. He commanded the 'Iroquois' atVicksburg, and was Farragut's flag-captain at New Orleans and Mobile.
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James Parton was an American writer. He was born in 1833 at England and died in 1891. He went to the United States from England in 1837. He wrote biographies of Horace Greeley, Aaron Burr, Andrew Jackson, Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson, and also other titles including General Butler in New Orleans, Noted Women in Europe and America, How New York is Governed and Captains of Industry. Of these his biography of Andrew Jackson is the most important.
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James Patton Preston was an American politician. He was a Democratic- Republican governor of Virginia from 1816 until 1819.
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James K Paulding was an American writer. He was born in 1779 and died in 1860. He was associated with Washington Irving in the publication of the Salmagundi in 1807. He was Secretary of the US Navy from 1838 to 1841. He was a facile essayist and humorist. He wrote a biography of George Washington, other works of non-fiction and at least one novel.
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James A Pearce was an American politician. He was born in 1805 and died in 1862. He represented Maryland in the US Congress as a Democrat from 1835 to 1839 and from 1841 to 1843. He was a US Senator from 1843 to 1862.
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James G Percival was an American poet. He was born in 1795 at Connecticut and died in 1856.
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James L Petigru was an American politician. He was born in 1789 and died in 1863. He was Attorney-General of South Carolina from 1822 to 1830. He ardently opposed the nullification and secession movements. He codified the Laws of South Carolina.
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James Philip Eagle was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Arkansas from 1889 until 1893.
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James Pleasants was an American politician. He was a Democratic-Republican governor of Virginia from 1822 until 1825.
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James Pollock was an American politician. He was born in 1810 and died in 1890. He represented Pennsylvania in the US Congress as a Whig from 1844. He was Governor of Pennsylvania from 1855 to 1858. He was director of the US mint from 1861 to 1866 and from 1869 to 1879.
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James Ponder was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Delaware from 1871 until 1875.
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James R Thompson was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Illinois from 1977 until 1991.
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James Andrew Brown Ramsay, Earl of Dalhousie and Marquis of Dalhousie was a Scottish statesman. He was born in 1812 and died in 1860. Educated at Harrow and at Christchurch, Oxford, after filling the offices of vice-president in 1843 and president of the board of trade in 1844, he was appointed governor-general of India in 1847. In this post he showed high administrative talent, establishing railway lines, telegraphs, irrigation works, etc, on a vast scale. He greatly extended the British empire in India, annexing the Punjab, Oude, Berar, and other native states, as well as Pegu in Burma. In 1849 he was made a marquis, and obtained the thanks of both houses of parliament. He outstayed his term of office to give the government the aid of his experience in the annexation of Oude; and when he returned to Europe in 1856 it was with a constitution so completely shattered that he was never able to appear again in public life. As he left no direct male issue, his marquisate expired with him.
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James Ratcliffe (Earl of Derwentwater) was an English Jacobite revolutionary. He was born in 1689 at London and died in 1716. The standard of revolt having been raised in Scotland, Lord Derwentwater commenced the movement in England on the 6th of October, 1715, but was forced, along with the other Jacobite nobles, to surrender at discretion on the 13th of November. He was executed on Tower Hill on the 24th of February 1716, his estates being confiscated, and in 1735 granted to Greenwich Hospital.
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James Redpath was an American statesman. He was born in 1833 at Scotland and died in 1891. He went to America from Scotland in 1848. He was an ardent abolitionist. He founded the Haytian Bureau of Emigration. He assisted Jefferson Davis in preparing his 'History of the Southern Confederacy', and engaged in the Irish Home Rule movement.
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James Rennell was an English geographer. He was born in 1742 and died in 1830. Joining the East India Company, he was appointed surveyor-general of Bengal in 1764 and retired in 1777. He produced maps of India and Bengal and wrote various works on geography.
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James Renwick was an American scientist. He was born in 1792 at New York and died in 1863. He became professor of mathematics and chemistry at Columbia College in 1820. He acted as US commissioner for the survey of the north- east boundary from 1840 to 1842. He wrote a number of works on mechanics, natural philosophy and the steam engine.
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James B Ricketts was an American soldier. He was born in 1817 at New York and died in 1887. He served during the Mexican War. He commanded a Federal battery at Alexandria and Bull Run, led a division at Chantilly, South Mountain, Antietam, in the Richmond campaign, and at Cedar Creek.
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James Robertson was a British soldier. He was born in 1710 and died in 1788. He went to America in 1756 as a major of British troops. He commanded a brigade at the battle of Long Island. He was appointed royal Governor of New York in 1779.
James Robertson was an American soldier. He was born in 1743 and died in 1814. He held the Cherokee Indians in check during the American War of Independence. He founded settlements on the Cumberland River in 1779. He defeated the designs of McGillivray for twelve years.
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James Rolph Jr was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of California from 1931 until 1934.
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James Burn Russell was a Scottish doctor. He was born in 1837 at Glasgow and died in 1904. He assisted Lord Kelvin in his preparations for the Atlantic Cable expedition. He was next medical officer of health in Glasgow for twenty-six years, and brought prominently forward the question of the housing of the poor. among his works are 'Lectures on the Theory and Prevention of Infectious Diseases', published in 1879, and 'On the Prevention of Tuberculosis' published in 1896.
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James S Boynton was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Georgia during 1883.
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James S Hogg was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Texas from 1891 until 1895.
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James Sant was an English portrait painter. He was born in 1820 and died in 1916. He was elected to the Royal Academy in 1870 but resigned in 1914.
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James Scarlett (Lord Abinger) was a British judge and politician. He was born in 1769 at Jamaica and died in 1844. Educated at Trinity College, Cambridge he was successful as a barrister and from 1834 until 1844 was chief baron of the Exchequer. He was a Whig member of parliament and later a Tory member of parliament. In 1835 he was made a peer and became the 1st Baron of Abinger.
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James A Seddon was an American politician. He was born in 1815 and died in 1880. He represented Virginia in the US Congress as a Democrat from 1845 to 1847 and from 1849 to 1851. He was Confederate Secretary of War from 1862 to 1865.
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James Service was an Australian politician. He was born in 1823 at Kilwinning, Scotland and died in 1899. He emigrated to Melbourne in 1853, where he founded a commercial firm. In 1857 he was elected to the Legislative Assembly; in 1860 he was minister for Lands, and introduced the first land bill involving the principle of 'selection before survey'. In 1883 he became premier of Victoria. In 1884 he carried a bill for the creation of the federal Council of Australasia. He was one of the four Victorian delegates at the colonial conference in 1887. He afterwards became a member of the upper house.
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James Sevier Conway was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Arkansas from 1836 until 1840.
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James Sharpless was an English artist. He was born in 1751 and died in 1811. He went to America from England in 1794, and executed many portraits of distinguished Americans in pastel, the most noteworthy being that of George Washington.
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James Shields was an Irish-born American soldier. He was born in 1810 and died in 1879. He went to the United States from Ireland in 1826, and was a member of the Illinois Legislature in 1836. He was Commissioner of the General Land Office from 1845 to 1847. He commanded a brigade during the Mexican War, gaining distinction at Cerro Gordo and Chapultepec. He represented Illinois in the US Senate as a Democrat from 1849 to 1855. He commanded a division in General Banks' army and gained a victory at Winchester in 1862, but was defeated at Port Republic by General Jackson.
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Sir James Edward Smith was an English botanist. He was born in 1759 at Norwich and died in 1828. Educated at Edinburgh University, studying medicine, he later studied botany under John Hope and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1785. In 1788 he founded the Linnean Society on the model of the Royal Society, and became its first president, holding the office until his death.
James Smith was an Irish colonist. He was born in l720 and died in 1806. He went to America from Ireland in 1729. He raised the first Pennsylvania company in 1774 for resisting Great Britain. He aided the American independence cause by 'An Essay on the Constitutional Power of Great Britain over the Colonies in America'. He represented Pennsylvania in the Continental Congress from 1776 to 1778, and signed the American Declaration of Independence.
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James Macie Smithson was an English scientist. He was born in 1754 and died in 1829. He bequeathed his estate of $500,000 for founding the Smithsonian Institution which was erected at Washington in 1846 'for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men'.
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James Speed was an American politician. He was born in 1812 and died in 1887. He was prominent in urging Kentucky to refrain from disunion, and was active in the national cause. He was US Attorney-General from 1864 to 1866 in the Cabinets of Abraham Lincoln and Johnson.
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James Stanhope (1st Earl Stanhope) was a British statesman and general. He was born in 1673 at Paris and died in 1721. After serving in Italy and Flanders and in the Peninsular, he was dispatched with Peterborough's expedition to Spain in 1705, his main achievement being the capture of Port Mahon in the Balearic Isles. In 1710 he was captured by the French, but returned to England in 1712. He took an active part in the suppression of the Jacobite rebellion of 1715 and in passing the Septennial Act. James Stanhope had entered parliament in 1701 and when he returned from Spain in 1712 he became prominent as a Whig politician. He helped to bring about the accession of George I and was made a secretary of state in 1714. His demise came with the collapse of the South Sea Bubble in 1720 when he was first minister, but he remained secretary of state until his death in 1721.
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Sir James Stansfeld was a British politician. He was born in 1820 at Halifax and died in 1898. Educated at University College, London he became member for Halifax in 1859 and in 1863 was made a lord of the admiralty. While in office he was accused of complicity in plots against Napoleon III, and as a result he resigned, but returned to politics in 1866 as under-secretary for India. In 1868 he became a lord of the treasury and in 1869 was made financial secretary to the treasury and in 1871 president of the poor law board. In 1872 he became the first president of the new local government board. He was out of office between 1874 and 1886, but after returning remained in politics until 1895. He is chiefly remembered for his opposition to the Contagious Diseases Act which he had repealed, and for his support of woman's suffrage.
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James Stark was an English artist. He was born in 1794 at Norwich, Norfolk and died in 1859. He studied under John Crome and at the RA schools. Despite ill health he painted woodland, river and coast scenery.
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James Starley was an English inventor. He was born in 1831 at Albourne, and died in 1881. He made improvements to the bicycle and invented the tricycle.
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Sir James Stephen was a British historian and administrator. He was born in 1789 at Lambeth and died in 1859. Educated at Trinity Hall, Cambridge he was called to the bar in 1811 and in 1825 he became counsel to the colonial office and board of trade, becoming under-secretary to the colonial-office in 1836, a post he held until 1847 when he was made KCB. A keen historian he was appointed regius professor of modern history at Cambridge in 1849.
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James Stephens was an Irish patriot. He was born in 1825 at Kilkenny and died in 1901. He was involved in the disturbances of 1848 opposing English occupation of Ireland and took refuge in Paris. In 1853 with John O'Mahoney he founded the Irish Republican Brotherhood, also known as the Fenian Society. In 1865 he was instrumental in organising the failed uprising in Ireland and was imprisoned in Dublin castle from which he escaped and fled to America, later retiring to France before returning to Ireland.
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James Hutchison Stirling was a Scottish philosopher. He was born in 1820 and died in 1909. Educated at Glasgow University, for some time he practised as a physician.
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James Francis Edward Stuart (the Old Pretender) was a reputed son of James II and pretender to the English throne. He was born in 1688 and died in 1766. He made an ineffectual attempt to land in Scotland in 1708, and in 1715 landed at Peterhead but the rebellion in his favour was virtually over and he retreated to Rome.
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James Sullivan was an American politician. He was born in 1744 at Maine and died in 1808. He was a member of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress in 1775. He was a Judge of the Massachusetts Supreme Court from 1776 to 1782, a delegate to the Continental Congress from 1784 to 1785, and Attorney-General of Massachusetts from 1790 to 1807. He was Governor of Massachusetts from 1807 until his death.
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James Sykes was an American politician. He was a Federalist governor of Delaware from 1801 until 1802.
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James Jospeh Sylvester was an English mathematician. He was born in 1814 at London and died in 1897. Educated at the Royal Institution school, Liverpool and St John's College, Cambridge he had to wait until 1872 before taking his degree on account of being Jewish. He became professor of natural philosophy at University College, London in 1837 and professor of mathematics at Virginia University, USA in 1841, and afterwards professor of mathematics at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich in 1855. On the foundation of the Johns Hopkins University at Baltimore, USA, he was appointed to the chair of mathematics in 1877. Finally in 1883 he became Savillian professor of geometry at Oxford.
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James T Blair Jr was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Missouri from 1957 until 1961.
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James T Lewis was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Wisconsin from 1864 until 1866.
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James T Morehead was an American politician. He was a National Republican governor of Kentucky from 1834 until 1836.
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James Tallmadge was an American politician. He was born in 1778 and died in 1853. He represented New York in the US Congress as a Democrat from 1817 to 1819. He proposed the exclusion of slavery from Missouri as a condition of its admission to the Union as a State, and delivered a widely popular speech in opposition to slavery. He was Lieutenant-Governor of New York from 1826 to 1827. He was one of the founders of the American Institute at New York and its president from 1831 to 1850.
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James Napper Tandy was an Irish patriot. He was born in 1740 at Dublin and died in 1803. He was a founder and the first secretary of the United Irishmen in 1791. He was an ardent sympathiser of the French Revolution and organised an armed force similar to the Parisian National Guard. He was forced to flee Ireland and took refuge in America, staying there until 1798 when he went to Paris. At Paris he joined Wolfe Tone. He made an abortive landing in the Donegal island of Aran in September 1798, afterwards setting sail for Hamburg where he was arrested and handed over to the British. He was charged with treason, found guilty but was reprieved and went to live in France.
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James Tassie was a Scottish artist. He was born in 1735 at Pollokshaws, Glasgow and died in 1799. After studying modelling at Foulis' academy in combination with Henry Quin at Dublin he invented a vitreous paste for the reproduction of gems. In 1766 he settled in London producing artificial gems, portrait medallions and cameos.
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James Thomas was an American politician. He was a Whig governor of Maryland from 1833 until 1836.
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James Thomson was a British poet. He was born in 1700 at Ednam, Roxburghshire and died in 1748. Educated at Edinburgh University with a view to following his father into the ministry he changed his mind and in 1725 settled in London where he wrote a series of four poems known as 'The Seasons'. Many of his other poems and plays were failures, but with Mallet in 1740 he wrote 'The Masque of Alfred' which contains the lyrics 'Rule Britannia'.
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James Thomson was a British poet. He was born in 1834 at Port Glasgow and died in 1882. Educated at the Royal Caledonian Asylum he became an army schoolmaster before writing for The National Reformer.
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James Thornhill was an English artist. He lived during the 17th century, and was commissioned to paint the inside of the dome of St Paul's Cathedral, London. With two assistants, the work took two years to complete and was hoped to rival the Cistern Chapel.
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James Joseph Jacques Tissot was a French painter. He was born in 1836 at Nantes and died in 1902. He studied under Flandrin and Lamofche. His early years, during which he painted mostly contemporary genre, were passed in Paris; but after the Franco-Prussian War he removed to London, where he produced some clever etchings in the studio of Seymour Haden, and worked as a portraitist and caricaturist. In the midst of his career he suddenly abandoned all secular art in order to devote himself to illustrating the life of Christ. About 1884 he set out for Palestine to collect materials for this work. Returning to Paris in 1895, he exhibited some 350 water-colour drawings of New Testament subjects marked by over-scrupulous historical realism. They were shown in London and published in Paris. Tissot was engaged in France on a set of Old Testament drawings when he died in 1902
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James Turner was an American politician. He was a Democratic-Republican governor of North Carolina from 1802 until 1805.
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James Ussher or James Usher was an Irish prelate. He was born in 1581 at Dublin and died in 1656. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and was ordained in 1601. He became chancellor of St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, in 1603, regius professor of divinity at Trinity College in 1697m was consecrated Bishop of Meath in 1621 and was tarnlstaed to Armagh in 1625. During his closing years he was a preacher at Lincoln's Inn, London. He calculated the chronology which is to be found in old editions of the Bible and was the author of several works.
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James V was King of Scotland from 1513 to 1542. He was born in 1512 and died in 1548. James V became king when he was just seventeen months old, however Scotland was ruled by a regency, initially his mother Margaret Tudor, until the Scottish parliament asked John, Duke of Albany the next in line to the throne after James V to return from France and rule as regent. In 1524 John returned to France, and James V step-father, Angus had James V imprisoned in Edinburgh castle. In 1528 James V came of age, escaped from Edinburgh castle to Stirling castle, abolished the office of regent and ruled for himself. Angus, estranged from James V mother fled to England and James V's mother married Henry Stewart.
James V consolidated his rule by suppressing an uprising among the nobles along the borders and in the highlands. He signed a peace treaty with France, and proved very inpopular with his nobles for his brutal suppression of their power and the high taxes he demanded from them.
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James V Allred was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Texas from 1935 until 1939.
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James Varnum was an American soldier and politician. He was born in 1748 and died in 1789. He commanded a regiment at White Plains, led the troops at Red Bank, and served under Lafayette in Rhode Island. He represented Rhode Island in the Continental Congress from 1780 to 1782 and from 1786 to 1787.
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James VI was King of Scotland from 1567 to 1625.
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James W Marshall was an American civil engineer. He was born in 1813 and died in 1885. He is credited with having discovered the first gold in California while superintending the construction of a mill-race in Coloma.
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James W Dawes was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Nebraska from 1883 until 1887.
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James W Gordon was an American politician. He was a Whig governor of Michigan from 1841 until 1842.
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James W Grimes was an American politician. He was born in 1816 and died in 1872. A Whig governor of Iowa from 1854 until 1858, he was a US Senator from 1859 until 1871, and chairman of the Committee on Naval Affairs from 1864 to 1871. He was one of the Republicans who voted 'Not guilty' at President Johnson's trial.
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James W Throckmorton was an American politician. He was a Conservative governor of Texas from 1866 until 1867.
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James S Wadsworth was an American soldier. He was born in 1807 and died in 1864. He was a prominent supporter of the Free-Soil party in New York. In 1861 he was a delegate to the Peace Convention in Washington. He was volunteer aide to General McDowell at Bull Run in 1861. He was in command of a brigade before Washington, and was military governor of the District of Columbia in 1862. He commanded a division at Fredericksburg and at Gettysburg, where he lost over half his men. He was killed while leading his division at the Wilderness.
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James Watson was an American astronomer. He was born in 1838 and died in 1880. He was professor of astronomy at the University of Wisconsin from 1859 to 1869. His discoveries in astronomy were numerous, and he made valuable contributions to the science.
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James Watt was a Scottish inventor. He was born in 1736 at Greenock and died in 1819. He invented the modern steam-engine - that is he patented the separate condenser for steam engines - though not the steam-engine, that had been invented in 130BC by Hero of Alexandria and the first practical steam engine designed by Dionysius Papin in 1690 and constructed by Thomas Savery in 1698.
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James Wayne was an American jurist and politician. He was born in 1790 and died in 1867. He was Judge of the Georgia Supreme Court from 1834 to 1839. He represented Georgia in the US Congress as a Democrat from 1839 to 1835. He was a Justice of the US Supreme Court from 1835 to 1867.
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James Whale was an English born homosexual Hollywood film director. He was born in 1893 at Dudley and died in 1957, committing suicide by drowning. He is best known for the horror films he directed for the Universal studios during the 1930's. A prisoner of War during the Great War, it was while a prisoner that he learned how to put on plays and after the war he worked on the London stage before moving to work on Broadway and then landing a contract with Paramount as a dialogue director, after which he moved to Universal.
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James Abbott McNeill Whistler was an American artist. He was born in 1834 at Lowell and died in 1903.
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James Whitcomb was an American politician. He was born in 1795 and died in 1852. He was Commissioner of the General Land Office from 1836 to 1841. He was Governor of Indiana from 1843 to 1848 and represented Indiana in the US Senate as a Democrat from 1849 until 1852.
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James Whitfield was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Mississippi from 1851 until 1852.
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James Whitney was a famous highwayman. He was born in 1660 and died in 1694.
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James Wilkinson was an American general. He was born in 1757 near Benedict, Maryland and died in 1825. He served under Benedict Arnold in the Northern army and was secretary of war, and general-in-chief of the forces in Louisiana. He was twice tried for dereliction of duty and on both cases honourably acquitted. He died in Mexico where he wrote 'Memoirs of My Own Time' in 1816.
James John Garth Wilkinson was an English homeopathic doctor. He was born in 1812 at London and died in 1899. He was a mystic by temperament and was influenced by William Blakes' poems. From 1839 he spent a lot of time translating and explaining the writings of Swedenborg. He was a strong anti-vaccinationist and anti-vivisectionist.
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James Wilson was an American statesman. He was born in 1742 at Scotland and died in 1798. He received a university education, and emigrated to Pennsylvania in 1766. He became an able lawyer, and was a delegate to the Continental Congress. He signed the American Declaration of Independence, and was one of the signers who also sat in the Federal Convention of 1787. Of this body he was one of the foremost members, and was on the Committee which drafted the Constitution. On him fell the burden, of its defence in the ensuing ratifying convention of Pennsylvania. In 1789 he was appointed by George Washington an Associate Justice of the US Supreme Court.
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James Withycombe was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Oregon from 1915 until 1919.
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James Wolfe was an English soldier. He was born in 1727 at Westerham and died in 1759 at the battle of Abraham which his forces none-the-less won and thus secured Canada for the British from the French. James Wolfe joined the army at an early age and fought in the war of the Austrian Succession and against the rising of the Young Pretender in 1745. He was a brigadier-general and commander of a division under General Amherst in the siege and taking of Louisbourg in 1758, and displayed great gallantry. He was promoted to major-general and selected by Pitt for the great stroke of 1759, the capture of Quebec. In June with eight thousand troops Wolfe appeared near the city. Strongly fortified by nature and under command of the ablest French general of the time, Montcalm, the 'Gibraltar of the New World' resisted all attempts, direct and otherwise. James Wolfe and the English became discouraged. However, a steep but practicable path from the river gave James Wolfe his opportunity to surprise his enemy. On the heights of Abraham the French were completely defeated, on September the 13th, 1759, and the surrender of Quebec soon followed.
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James Wood was an American politician. He was a Democratic-Republican governor of Virginia from 1796 until 1799.
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Sir James Wright was an English colonial governor. He was born in 1714 and died in 1785. He was appointed Chief Justice and Lieutenant-Governor of South Carolina in 1760. He became royal Governor of Georgia in 1764, but was compelled to retire in 1776.
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James Y Smith was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Rhode Island from 1863 until 1866.
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Jamsetjee Nasarwanjee Tata was a Parsee philanthropist. He was born in 1839 at Baroda and died in 1904. Educated at Elphinstone College, Bombay he made a career in cotton before turning his attention to developing the resources of the Central Provinces, and adapted the Japanese silk manufacture for its introduction into the Mysore district. He built and endowed the Research Institution at Bangalore. After his death, his sons Sir Ratan Tata and Sir Dorab Tata finished many of the enterprises their father had started.
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