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Jan Jakon Ankarstrom was a Swedish soldier. He was born about 1762 and died in 1792. He was at first a page in the Swedish court, afterwards an officer in the royal body-guards. He was a strenuous opponent of the sovereign's measures to restrict the privileges of the nobility, and joined Counts Horn and Ribbing and others in a plot to assassinate Gustavus III. Jan Ankarstrom carried out the assassination on the 15th of March, 1792. Jan Ankarstrom was tried, tortured, and executed in the April, dying boasting of his deed.
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Jan Bosboom was a Dutch painter of architecture. He was born in 1817 and died in 1891.
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Jan Both was a Dutch painter. He was born in 1610 and died in 1652. His subjects are the Italian lakes in the style of Claude Lorraine, wrought in warm colours with beautiful sunlight effects.
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Jan Brueghel was a Flemish painter. He was born in 1568 at Brussels and died in 1625. He was the younger and most talented son of Pieter Brueghel the Elder. He devoted his early career to flower painting and still lives, and his suave renderings earned him the nickname 'Velvet' Brueghel. Subsequently, Jan achieved fame for his beautifully detailed landscapes peopled with biblical and mythological figures. He also painted landscape settings for numerous portraitists, notably the Flemish master Peter Paul Rubens. Jan's best works include The Battle of Arbela and Bowl with Jewels.
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Jan De Witt was Grand-pensionary of Holland. He was born in 1625 or 1632 and died in 1672. He is celebrated as a statesman and for his tragical end. The son of Jacob de Witt, burgomaster of Dort, he became the leader of the political party opposed to the Prince of Orange, and in 1652, two years after the death of William II, was made grand-pensionary. In 1665 the war with England was renewed and conducted by Jan De Witt with great ability until its termination in 1665. In 1672 Louis XIV invaded the Spanish Netherlands and involved Holland in war. Jan De Witt's popularity, already on the decline, buffered still further in the troubles thus occasioned, and he felt it necessary to resign his office of grand-pensionary. At this time his brother Cornelius, who had been tried and put to torture for conspiring against the life of the young Prince of Orange, lay in prison. Jan de Witt went to visit him, when a tumult suddenly arose amongst the people, and both brothers were murdered, on August the 20th, 1672. Jan De Witt was renowned as a man of high character, simple and modest in all his relations.
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Jan Henryk Dombrowski was a Polish soldier. He was born in 1755 and died in 1818. He supported the rising of the Poles under Kosciusko in 1794. In 1796 he entered the service of France, and at the head of a Polish legion rendered signal services in Italy in 1796-1801. He took a distinguished part in the invasion of Russia in 1812, and also in the campaign of 1813. After Napoleon's abdication he returned to Poland, and the year following was made a Polish senator by Alexander I.
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Jan Davidsz Van Heem was a Dutch painter. He was born in 1603 at Utrecht and died in 1683. He studied under his father, and soon obtained large sums for his pictures, which are characterized by great delicacy and attention to detail and truth and brilliancy of colouring. His Madonnas, etc, bordered with garlands of fruits and flowers, were also famous. He was a master of fruit and flower painting.
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Jan Christiaan Smuts was a South African statesman. He was born in 1870 and died in 1950. After fighting as a General against Britain during the Boer War he fought with the Commonwealth during the Great War and was a founder of the League of Nations. He was South African Prime Minister from 1919 until 1924.
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Jan Havicksz Steen was a Dutch artist. He was born in 1626 at Leiden the son of a brewer and died in 1679. He studied at Utrecht, and later under Jan van Goyen at The Hague. He worked alternately at Leiden, The Hague, Delft and at Haarlem where he was influenced by Adrian Ostade and his genre. He is renowned for his renderings of tavern scenes and working class festivals.
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Jan Swammerdam was a Dutch naturalist. He was born in 1637 at Amsterdam and died in 1680. Educated at Leiden University, he graduated in medicine, but specialised in entomology, producing the standard work on insects his 'History of Insects'.
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Jan Rudolf Thorbecke was a Dutch statesman and jurist. He was born in 1798 at Zwolle and died in 1872. Educated at Leiden and in Germany, in 1830 he became professor of jurisprudence at Leiden. He acted as chairman of the Liberal committee that drafted the constitution of 1844, rejected by William II, and in 1848 he presided over the state commission appointed by the king for the revision of the constitution. He was the head of Liberal governments from 1849 until 1852, 1862 until 1866 and 1871 until 1872.
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Jan Van Eyck was born in 1390 and died in 1441.
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Jan van Huysum was a Dutch flower and fruit painter. He was born in 1682 at Amsterdam and died in 1749. He worked at first with his father Justus Huysum, a picture-dealer and painter, but afterwards set up on his own account, devoting himself to the painting of fruit and flowers, in which he reached the highest perfection, surpassing all his predecessors in softness and delicacy of colour, fineness of pencilling, and exquisite finish. He was extremely jealous of rivalry, and kept his methods of working, preparation of colours, etc, a deep secret. His brother, Jakob copied his flower and fruit pieces so perfectly that they have been mistaken for that master's work.
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Jan Vermeer was a Dutch painter. He was born in 1632 at Delft and died in 1675.
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Jane Addams was an American social reformer and Nobel laureate. She was born in 1860 at Cedarville and died in 1935. In 1889, with Ellen Starr Addams established Hull House in Chicago, one of the first settlement houses in the USA and she also played a prominent part in the formation of the National Progressive party in 1912 and of the Woman's Peace party, of which she became chairperson in 1915. In 1915 she was elected president of the International Congress of Women at The Hague, Netherlands, and president of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, which was established by The Hague congress and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931, sharing the award with the American educator Nicholas Murray Butler.
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Jane Austen was an English author. She was born in 1775 at Steventon in Hampshire and died in 1817. Her father was rector of the parish at Steventon. Her principal novels are, Sense and Sensibility; Pride and Prejudice; Mansfield Park; and Emma. Two more were published after her death, entitled Northanger Abbey, and Persuasion, which were, however, her most early attempts. Her novels are marked by ease, nature, and a complete knowledge of the domestic life of the English middle classes of her time.
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Jane Barlow was an Irish novelist. She was born in 1860 at Clontarf and died in 1917. Educated at home, her works of poems and short stories are renowned for their depiction of the Irish peasantry.
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Jane Marcet was a Swiss author. She was born in 1769 at Geneva and died in 1858. She married Alexander Marcet, a lecturer at Guy's Hospital, London in 1799 and wrote fiction and non-fiction for children.
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Jane McCrea was an American woman. She was born in 1753 and died in 1777. She was taken prisoner by Indians led by Le Loup, a Wyandotte chief, in 1777. On the way to the English camp they were met by other Indians led by Duluth, sent by David Jones, Miss McCrea's lover, to escort her to the English camp, where they were to be married. During the ensuing quarrel Le Loup allegedly shot Miss McCrea. The story has many versions of events, and has become something of a legend in America.
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Jane Seymour was an English queen. She was born in 1509 and died in 1537. The daughter of Sir John Seymour, she had been a lady-in-waiting to both Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn when they were married to Henry VIII. Eleven days after Anne Boleyn was executed, Jane Seymour married Henry VIII and subsequently bore him a son, but died twelve days later. She was the best loved of Henry VIII's wives.
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Jane Shore was a mistress of Edward IV. She left her husband, William Shore a goldsmith by trade, for the English court in 1470. She was popular at court and amongst the people and gained considerable influence over the King and, after his death, the Marquess of Dorset and William Hastings. The Duke of Gloucester (later Richard III) had her accused of sorcery and publicly punished. She died in poverty in 1527.
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Jane Taylor was an English composer. She was born in 1783 and died in 1824. She was an aunt of Isaac Taylor and is noted for writing children's hymns.
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Jane Wenham was an English 'witch'. She was born in 1642 and died in 1730. She was the last person to be sentenced to death for witchcraft in England, her trial taking place in 1712, but was reprieved. At her trial she was accused by a 16 year old girl - Ann Thorn of Walkern, Hertfordshire - of taking the form of a cat and urging her to commit suicide. The vicar of Hitchin also testified that Wenham could fly, but couldn't recite the Lords Prayer. The judge, Mr Justice Powell, humorously observed that there was no law against flying and directed the jury towards an acquittal. However, the jury returned a guilty verdict and the judge had no choice but to pass sentence, accusing the accusers and jury of ignorance and superstition, though he then interceded with Queen Anne on Wenham's behalf and obtained a reprieve for her. It later transpired that Ann Thorn was unhappy because of her boyfriend's attitude towards her and when this improved she stopped spreading malicious rumours. The case was instrumental in the abolition of the death penalty for witchcraft in
England.
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Janet Pilgrim is an American glamour model. She was born in 1934 at Wheaton, Illinois.
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Janie Jones is an English singer and former brothel-keeper. She was born in 1941. In 1974 she was sentenced to seven years imprisonment for controlling prostitutes - an unprecedented sentence which concluded a campaign of police harassment and perjury, believed to be because unlike a rival brothel-keeper, Ms Jones did not invite senior policeman to her celebrated Friday night musical evenings at which guests would secretly watch through a two-way mirror as another guest performed sexual intercourse with Franie Kum, one of the prostitutes. The unusually harsh sentence was handed out by Judge King-Hamilton, whom Private Eye magazine later claimed had been a client of the Earls Court dominatrix, Lindi St Clair.
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Janos Arany was a Hungarian poet. He was born in 1819 and died in 1882. He was for some time a strolling player, but became professor of Latin at the Normal School of Szalonta, professor of Hungarian literature at Nagy Koros, and secretary of the Hungarian Academy. He was the author of The Lost Constitution; Katalin; and a series of three connected narrative poems on the fortunes of Toldi, the Samson of Hungarian folk-lore etc.
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Janos Bacsanyi was a Hungarian poet. He was born in 1763 and died in 1845. His first work was 'The Valour of the Magyars' published in 1785.
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Janos Garay was a Hungarian poet, dramatist and author. He was born in 1812 at Szegszard and died in 1853. He studied at Pesth, where he held a minor post in the public library. His heroic poem, Csatar (1834), was succeeded by a number of dramas, mostly historical, the chief being Arbocz (1837), Orszagy Ilona (1837), and Batory Erzsebet (1840). His cycle of historic ballads, showing Uhland's influence, was published in 1847, under the title Arpadok, and his lyric poems, Balatoni Kagylok (Shells from Lake Balaton), in 1843. His last work was a historical epic, Szent Laszlo (St. Ladislaus), published 1850.
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Jared Ingersoll was an American politician. He was born in 1749 and died in 1822. He was a delegate from Pennsylvania to the Continental Congress from 1780 to 1781. He was a member of the convention which framed the Federal Constitution in 1787. He was twice chosen Attorney-General of Pennsylvania and was US District Attorney for Eastern Pennsylvania. He was defeated as Federal candidate for Vice-President of the United States in 1812.
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Jared Irwin was an American politician. He was a governor of Georgia from 1796 until 1798.
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Jared Sparks was an American historian. He was born in 1789 and died in 1866. Educated at Harvard, after a short experience as a Unitarian clergyman, he became the editor of the North American Review in 1824; holding this position until 1831. Afterward he was professor in Harvard, and president of that college from 1849 to 1853. His voluminous works include the edition of the 'Diplomatic Correspondence of the American Revolution' in twelve volumes; the writings of George Washington with a biography, in twelve volumes; the 'Library of American Biography' and an edition of Franklin's works, and a biography of Gouverneur Morris.
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Jared W Williams was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of New Hampshire from 1847 until 1849.
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Jared Y Sanders was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Louisiana from 1908 until 1912.
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Jascha Heifetz is a Russian-born American violinist. He was born in 1901 and died in 1987.
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The Jat are an ethnic group living in Pakistan and north India, and numbering about 11 million; they are the largest group in north India. The
Jat are predominantly farmers. They speak Punjabi, a language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-European family. They are thought to be related to the Romany people.
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The Javanese are the largest ethnic group in the Republic of Indonesia. There are more than 50 million speakers of Javanese, which belongs to the western branch of the Austronesian family. Although the Javanese have a Hindu-Buddhist heritage, they are today predominantly Muslim, practising a branch of Islam known as Islam Jawa, which contains many Sufi features In pre-independence Indonesia, Javanese society was divided into hierarchical classes ruled by sultans, and differences in status were reflected by strict codes of dress. Arts and crafts flourished at the court. Although the majority of Javanese depend on the cultivation of rice in irrigated fields, there are many large urban centres with developing industries.
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Jawaharial Nehru was an Indian politician. He was born in 1889 and died in 1964. He dedicated himself to liberating India from British rule and then addressing the problem of poverty in India.
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Jay Bowerman was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Oregon from 1910 until 1911.
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Jay Gould was an American railway tycoon. He was born in 1836 and died in 1893. First engaged in surveying, he entered the brokerage business in 1857 and amassed an immense fortune through railway speculations. Towards his death he was said to control nearly one-eighth of the railway mileage in the United States.
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Jean Louis Rodoplphe Agassiz was a Swiss born American naturalist and geologist. He was born in 1807 at Motier and died in 1873. After studying medicine at Zurich, Munich and Heidelberg he was professor of natural history at Neuchatel from 1832 until 1846. While lecturing at Harvard in 1846 he was offered the post of professor of natural history at Harvard where he later established the museum of comparative zoology.
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Jean Louis Baron Alibert was a French physician. He was born in 1766 and died in 1837. He was chief physician at the Hospital St Louis.
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Jean Jacques Joseph Antoine Ampere was a French historian. He was born in 1800 at Lyons and died in 1864. the only son of Andre Ampere, he was professor of French literature in the College of France. His chief works were Histoire Litteraire de la France avant la 12e siecle published in 1839; Introduction a l'Histoire de la Litterature frangaise au moyen age published in 1841; Litterature. Voyages et Poesies published in 1833; La Grece, Rome et Dante, etudes Litteraires d'apres Nature; 1'Histoire romaine a Rome, published in four volsmes between 1856 and 1864.
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Jean Pierre Frederic Ancillon was a German author and statesman of French extraction. He was born in 1767 at 1767 and died in 1837. His father was pastor of the French reformed church at Berlin, he became professor of history in the military academy at Berlin, and in 1806 he was charged with the education of the crown-prince. He successively occupied several important offices of state, being at last appointed minister of foreign affairs. He wrote on philosophy, history, and politics, partly in French, partly in German.
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Jean Anouilh was a French dramatist. He was born in 1910 and died in 1987.
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Jean Baptiste Bourguignon D'Anville was a celebrated French geographer. He was born in 1697 and died in 1782. He published a great number of maps and writings illustrative of ancient and modern geography.
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Jean Baptiste Audebert was a French engraver and naturalist. He was born in 1759 and died in 1800. He published Histoire Naturelle des Singes, des Makis, et des Galeopitheques; Histoire des Colibris, etc; and began Histoire des Grimpereaux et des Oiseaux de Paradis, which was finished by Desray - all finely illustrated works.
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Jean Sylvain Bailly was a French astronomer and statesman. He was born in 1736 at Paris and died in 1793. After some youthful essays in verse he was induced by Lacaille to devote himself to astronomy, and on the death of the latter in 1753, being admitted to the Academy of Sciences, he published a reduction of Lacaille's observations on the zodiacal stars. In 1764 he competed ably but unsuccessfully for the Academy prize offered for an essay upon Jupiter's satellites, Lagrange being his opponent; and in 1771 he published a treatise on the light reflected by these satellites. In the meantime he had won distinction as a man of letters by his eulogiums on Pierre Corneille, Leibnitz, Moliere, and others; and the same qualities of style shown by these were maintained in his History of Astronomy (1775-87), his most extensive work. In 1784 the French Academy
elected him a member. The revolution drew him into public life. Paris chose him, May 12, 1789, first deputy of the tiers-etat, and in the assembly itself he was made first president, a post occupied by him on June the 20th 1789, in the session of the Tennis Court, when the deputies swore never to separate until they had given France a new constitution. As mayor of Paris his moderation and impartial enforcement of the law failed to commend themselves to the people, and his forcible suppression of mob violence on July the 17th, 1791, aroused a storm which led to his resignation and retreat to Nantes. In 1793 he attempted to join Laplace at Melun, but was recognized and sent to Paris, where he was condemned by the revolutionary tribunal, and executed on November the 12th.
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Jean Louis Guez de Balzac was a French writer. He was born in 1594 and died in 1654. His writings, which had a great reputation in their day owing to the elegance of his style, are now neglected. The most esteemed are his Familiar Letters, Le Prince, Le Socrate Chretien, and Aristippe.
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Jean Baptiste Colbert was a French minister of finances. He was born in 1618 at Rheims and died in 1683. After serving in various subordinate departments Jean Baptiste Colbert was made intendant, and at length comptroller-general of the finances. His task was a difficult one. He found disorder and corruption everywhere. The state was the prey of the farmers-general, and at the same time maintained only by their aid. The people were obliged to pay 90,000,000 livres of taxes, of which the king received scarcely 35,000,000, the revenues were anticipated for two years, and the treasury empty. Jean Baptiste Colbert at once commenced a system of stringent reforms, abolishing useless offices, retracting burdensome privileges, diminishing salaries, and distributing and collecting the taxes by improved methods until he had reduced them almost to one-half. To his talents, activity, and enlarged views the development and rapid progress of industry and commerce in France were largely due. He constructed the Canal of Languedoc; declared Marseilles and Dunkirk free ports; granted premiums on goods exported and imported; regulated the tolls; established insurance offices; made uniform laws for the regulation of commerce, laboured to render the pursuit of it well esteemed, and invited the nobility to engage in it.
The French colonies in Canada, Martinique, etc, showed new signs of life; new colonies were established in Cayenne and Madagascar, and to support these Jean Baptiste Colbert created a considerable naval force. Under the protection and in the house of the minister in 1663 the Academy of Inscriptions was founded. Three years afterwards he founded the Academy of Sciences, and in 1671 the Academy of Architecture. He enlarged the Royal Library and the Garden of Plants, and built an observatory, in which he employed Huyghens and Cassini. He began the measurement of the meridian in France, and sent men of science to Cayenne. After having conferred the greatest benefits on his country he died out of favour with the king and the people.
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Jean Baptiste Corot was a French landscape painter. He was born in 1796 at Paris and died in 1875. He studied under Michallon and Victor Bertin and afterwards in Italy. He exhibited for the first time in the Salon in 1827, but some years elapsed before the high qualities of his work were recognized.
The fortune which he inherited from his father enabled him, however, to follow out the bent of his genius, and the last twenty-five years of hia life were a continuous triumph. He frequently painted figure subjects, including the large sacred pictures, the Flight into Egypt and the Baptism of Christ; but his most characteristic and successful work was in landscape. His woodland scenes, painted for the most part at dawn or twilight in a scheme of pale greena and silvery grays, show a singularly subtle feeling for this phase of nature, and are undoubtedly among the most important contributions of the century to landscape art. Few artists have been so successful in painting light and air, or in infusing work manifestly closely studied from nature with an ideal charm. His defect is one of limitation in range, but within this limit he has no rival.
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Jean Baptiste le Moyne (Sieur de Bienville) was a French colonist. He was born in 1680 and died in 1765. He accompanied his brother to the Mississippi region of America and in 1701 assumed the direction of the colony of Louisiana. In 1713 he was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of the colony, and in 1718 Governor. In 1718 he founded New Orleans. He was removed from his position in 1720 but was reappointed in 1733, returning to France in 1743.
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Jean Baptiste Lully was a French composer. He was born in 1632 at Florence and died in 1687.
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Jean Denis Barbie du Bocage was a French geographer. He was born in 1760 at Paris 1760 and died in 1825. He produced the Atlas to Barthelemy's Voyage'du Jeune Anacharsis. His maps and plans to the works of Thucydides, Xenophon, etc, exhibit much erudition, and materially advanced the science of ancient geography. He also prepared many modern maps, and published various excellent dissertations. He held many honourable posts.
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Jean Bart was a French sailor. He was born in 1650 at Dunkirk and died in 1702. The son of a poor fisherman, he became captain of a privateer, and after some brilliant exploits was appointed captain in the royal navy. In recognition of his further services he was made commodore, subsequently receiving letters of nobility. Brusque, if not vulgar in manner, and ridiculed by the court for his indifference to ceremony, he made the navy of the nation everywhere respected, and furnished some of the most striking chapters in the romance of naval warfare. After the peace of Ryswick he lived quietly at Dunkirk, and died there while equipping a fleet to take part in the war of the Spanish Succession.
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Jean Jacques Barthelemy was a French author. He was born in 1716 and died in 1795. He was educated under the Jesuits, for holy orders, but declined all offers of clerical promotiona bove the rank of Abbe. He gained considerable repute as a worker in philology and archseology; and after his appointment as director of the Royal Cabinet of Medals, in 1753, spent some time travelling in Italy collecting medals and antiquities. His best-known work, not inaptly characterized by himself as an unwieldy compilation, was the Travels of the Younger Anacharsis in Greece. It was very popular and was translated into various languages. Though taking no part in the revolution he was arrested on a charge of aristocracy in 1793, but was set at liberty, and subsequently offered the post of librarian of the National Library.
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Jean Bernard Jaureguiberry was a French admiral. He was born in 1815 at Bayonne and died in 1887. During the Franco-German war he distinguished himself by his skilful handling of troops at Orleans and at Le Mans. He had a battleship - the Jaureguiberry - named after him.
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Jean Baptiste Biot was a French mathematician and physicist. He was born in 1774 at Paris and died in 1862. He was professor of physics at the College de France, in 1800 and discovered the circular polarisation of light. In 1803 he became a member of the Academy of Sciences and in 1804 was appointed to the Observatory of Paris, in 1806 he was made a member of the Bureau des Longitudes, in 1809 became also professor of physical astronomy in the University of Paris. In connection with the measurement of a degree of the meridian he visited Britain in 1817. Besides numerous memoirs contributed to the Academy and to scientific journals, he wrote Essai de Geometric Analytique; Traite de Physique Experimentale et Mathematique; and Traite Elementaire de Physique Experimentale, as well as works on the astronomy of the ancient Egyptians, Indians, and Chinese.
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Jean Joseph Louis Blanc was a French historian, publicist, and politician. He was born in 1813 at Madrid and died in 1882. He was educated at Rhodez and Paris, and early devoted himself to the career of journalism. In 1839 he founded the Revue du Progres, in which first appeared his De L'Organization du Travail. In 1841-1844 appeared his Histoire de Dix Ans: 1830-1840. On the outbreak of the revolution of 1848 Blanc was elected a member of the provisional government, and appointed president for the discussion of the labour question. After the closing of the Ateliers Nationaux, a scheme which he strenuously opposed, and the June insurrection of 1848, he was prosecuted for conspiracy, but escaped to England. During his residence there he wrote the bulk of his Histoire de la Revolution Francaise. His other works of note are: Lettres sur L'Angleterre (1865-67), Histoire
de la Revolution de 1848 (1870), Questions d'Aujourd'hui et de Demain (1873-74). On the downfall of the Second Empire Blanc returned to Paris, and became a member of the National Assembly.
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Jean Bodin was a French political writer. He was born in 1530 or 1529 and died in 1596. He studied law at Toulouse, delivered lectures on jurisprudence there, and afterwards went to Paris and practised. His great work De la Republique publsihed in 1576 has been characterized as the ablest and most remarkable treatise on the philosophy of government and legislation produced from the time of Aristotle to that of Montesquieu.
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Jean Francois Boissonade was a French classical scholar. He was born in 1774 and died in 1857. He became in 1809 assistant of Larcher as Greek professor of the Faculty of Letters in Paris, and four years afterwards he succeeded him both in the Faculty and in the Institute. In 1816 he was elected academician, and in 1828 was called to the chair of Greek literature in the College of France. Besides editing many of the minor classics, he issued a Vitse Sophistarum (1822); Syllogse Poetarum Greecorum (1823-26); Anecdota Greeca (1829-44); etc.
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Jean Baptiste George Marie Bory de Saint Vincent was a French naturalist. He was born in 1780 and died in 1846. About 1800 or 1802 he visited the Canaries, Mauritius, and other African islands. He afterwards served for a time in the army, and conducted scientific expeditions to Greece and to Algiers. His chief works are Annales des Sciences Physiques published in eight volumes, Voyage dans les quatre principales lies des Mers d'Afrique; Expedition Scientifique de Moree; L'Homme, Essai zoologique sur le Genre Humain.
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Jean Nicolas Bouilly was a French dramatist and author. He was born in 1763 near Tours and died in 1842. The sentimental vein in his works earned him the nickname of the 'poet lachrymal'. He wrote a number of comic operas including 'Pierre le Grand' and 'Les Deux Journees'.
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Jean Baptiste Joseph Diedonne Boussingault was a French chemist. He was born in 1802 at Paris and died in 1887. He went to South America in the employment of a mining company, and made extensive travels and valuable scientific researches there. Returning to France he became professor of chemistry at Lyons in 1839, was made a member of the Institute, and then made Paris his chief residence. His works deal chiefly with agricultural chemistry, and include Economic Rurale (translated into English and German); Memoires de Chimie agricole et de Physiologie; Agronomic, Chimie agricole, et Physiologie, etc.
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Jean Pierre Boyer was the first president of the Republic of Haiti. He was born in 1776 at Port-au-Prince and died in 1850 at Paris. He was a mulatto by birth but was educated in France. In 1792 he joined the French army and fought with distinction in San Domingo against the English. By his efforts all Haiti was united under one Republican Government in 1821 and he was elected president. Later the Haitians revolted against him and he was driven into exile in 1843.
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Jean Pierre Brissot also called Brissot de Warville was a French political writer. He was born in 1754 and died in 1793. He early turned his attention to public affairs, associating himself with such men as Petion, Robespierre, Marat, etc. In 1780 he published his Theories des Lois Criminelles, and two years afterwards an important collection called the Bibliotheque des Lois Criminelles. During the French Revolution he made himself known as a politician and one of the leaders of the Girondist party. The extreme views of the men of the 'Mountain' having prevailed over more moderate counsels, Jean Brissot, like most of his party, were executed by the guillotine.
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Jean Alexandre Buchon was a French historical writer. He was born in 1791 and died in 1846. After a period of European travel for the collection of documents he published his Collection des Chroniques Nationales Francaises, ecrites en Langue Vulgaire du XIIIme au XVIme Siecle (47 volumes, 1824-29), commencing with the Chroniques de Froissart. For a short time between 1828 and 1829 he was inspector of the archives and libraries of France. Among other works may be noted his Histoire Populaire des Francais (1832); La Grece Continentale et la Moree (1843).
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Jean Buridan was a French scholastic philosopher of the 14th century. He was a disciple of Occam at Paris, and has attained a kind of fame from an illustration he is said to have used in favour of his theory of determinism (that is, the doctrine that every act of volition is determined by some motive external to the will itself), and which still goes under the name of 'Buridan's ass.' He is said to have supposed the case of a hungry ass placed at an equal distance from two equally attractive bundles of hay, and to have asserted that in the supposed case the ass must inevitably have perished from hunger, there being nothing to determine him to prefer the one bundle to the other. The nature of the illustration, however, makes it more likely that if was invented by Buridan's opponents to ridicule his views than by himself. Jean Buridan died after 1358 at the age of sixty.
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Jean Calas was a Protestant merchant of Toulouse. He was born in 1698 and died in 1762. His son hanged himself, and as a result Jean Calas was accused of having strangled the youth to prevent him from adopting Roman Catholicism. On this charge the father was condemned by eight judges to be tortured and burned, and the sentence was carried out. His other son was banished, his daughters were placed in convents, and his wife escaped to Switzerland, where Voltaire took up her case and got the sentence annulled.
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Jean Baptiste Carrier was an infamous character of the first French revolution. He was born in 1746 and died in 1794. Though an obscure attorney at the beginning of the revolution, he was chosen, in 1792, member of the national convention. In October 1793 he was sent to Nantes to suppress the civil war, and to finally put down the Vendeans. The prisons were full; there was a dearth of provisions, and Jean Carrier determined to lessen the Useless mouths' by summary measures. He first caused ninety-four priests to be conveyed to a boat with a perforated bottom, under a pretence of transporting them, but instead they were drowned by night. This artifice was repeated a number of times, while Jean Carrier also caused multitudes of prisoners to be shot without any pretence of trial. The executioners, it is said, sometimes amused themselves by tying together a young man and woman, and then drowning them; and they called these murders republican marriages. Some months before the fall of Robespierre, Jean Carrier was recalled. On the 9th Thermidor (July the 27th), 1794, he was apprehended and brought before the revolutionary tribunal, which condemned him to death, and he was executed by the guillotine.
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Jean Cavalier was a French soldier. He was born in 1679 near Anduze (department of Gard) and died in 1740. He was engaged in agricultural labours at Geneva when the cruel persecutions of the Protestants of the Cevennes by Louis XIV induced him to return home. He became leader of the Camisards, and, led by him, they forced Marshal Villars to make a treaty with them. Jean Cavalier then accepted a commission in the king's service, but, fearing treachery, he retired to England, and took service under the Earl of Peterborough and Sir Cloudsley Shovel in Spain. He commanded a regiment of refugee Camisards, and distinguished himself greatly at the battle of Almanza, in New Castile, in 1707, where he was severely wounded. He was afterwards appointed governor of Jersey.
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Jean Francis Champollion was a French scholar. He was born in 1790 at Figeae and died in 1832. At an early age he devoted . himself to the study of Hebrew, Arabic, Coptic, etc, and in 1809 became professor of history at Grenoble. He soon, however, retired to Paris, where, with the aid of the trilingual inscription of the Rosetta Stone and the suggestions thrown out by Dr. Thomas Young, he at length discovered the key to the graphic system of the Egyptians, the three elements of which - figurative, ideographic, and alphabetic - he expounded before the Institute in a series of memoirs in 1823. These were published in 1824 at the expense of the state, under the title of Precis du Systeme Hieroglyphique des Anciens Egyptiens. In 1826 Charles X appointed him to superintend the department of Egyptian antiquities in the Louvre; in 1828 he went as director of a scientific expedition to Egypt; and in 1831 the chair of Egyptian archaeology was created for him in the College de France. Other works are his Grammaire Egyptien, and Dictionnaire Hieroglyphique.
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Jean Antoine Claude Chaptal, Count de Chanteloup, was a French scientist. He was born in 1756. He devoted himself to the study of medicine and the natural sciences, and especially chemistry. He supported the revolution, and was appointed in 1799 counsellor of state, and in 1800 minister of the interior, in which post he encouraged the study of the arts and established a chemical manufactory in the neighbourhood of Paris. In 1805 he was made a member of the senate. On the restoration he was obliged to retire to private life, but in 1816 the king nominated him a member of the Academy of Sciences, and latterly made him a peer. Jean Chaptal's works on national industry, chemistry, the cultivation of the vine, etc, were very much esteemed, especially his Chimie Appliquee aux Arts (published in Paris in 1807 in four volumes), his Chimie Appliquee a l'Agriculture (published in Paris, in 1823, in two volumes), and De l'Industrie Francaise (published in Paris, in 1819, in two volumes).
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Jean Baptiste Simeon Chardin was a French painter. He was born in 1699 and died in 1779. He painted still lives and interior scenes.
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Jean Claude was a French Protestant preacher and professor of the college at Nimes. He was born in 1619 and died in 1687. He entered into controversy with Arnauld and Bossuet, and on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes took refuge in the Hague, where he died in 1687. His chief work was the Defense de la Reformation, published in 1673.
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Baron Jean Baptiste Cloots was a singular character well known during the revolutionary scenes in France under the appellation of Anacharsis Cloots. He was born in 1755 at Cleves and died in 1794. He was brought up in Paris. He became possessed of a considerable fortune, which he partly dissipated in fantastic schemes for the union of all peoples and races in one democratic brotherhood. The outbreak of the French Revolution afforded him the kind of career he sought. In 1790, Jean Cloots presented himself at the bar of the national assembly, accompanied by a considerable number of enthusiastic followers of various nationalities, English, German, Italian, Spanish, Arabians - or Parisians dressed up as such. He described himself as the orator of the human race, and demanded the right of confederation, which was granted him. His enthusiasm for radical reforms, his hate of Christianity and of royalty, and a gift of 12,000 livres on behalf of the national defence, gained him election to the national convention in 1792, in which he voted for the death of Louis XVI in the name of the human race. But becoming an object of suspicion to Robespierre, he was arrested and guillotined on the 24th of March, 1794. He was reported to have met his fate with great indifference.
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Jean Marie Collot d'Herbois was a French revolutionary. He was born in 1750 at Paris and died in 1796. Prior to the French Revolution he was an actor in the provinces and a dramatist, but on its outbreak he went to Paris and soon became prominent as a leader of the Mountain or extreme party. After filling several missions he was sent by Robespierre along with Fouche to Lyons in 1793, with almost unlimited powers, and was guilty of the most flagrant enormities. Returning to Paris he became a determined opponent of Robespierre, and, being chosen president of the Convention on the 19th of July, 1794, contributed to his fall. Soon after he was banished to Cayenne, where he died in 1796.
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Jean Le Rond d'Alembert was a French mathematician and philosopher. He was born in 1717 and died in 1783. He was the illegitimate son of Madame de Tencin, and was exposed at the Church of St. Jean le Rond (hence his name) soon after birth. He was brought up by the wife of a poor glazier, and with her he lived for more than forty years. His parents never publicly acknowledged him, but his father settled upon him an income of 1200 livres. He showed much quickness in learning, entered the College Mazarin at the age of twelve, and studied mathematics with enthusiasm and success, but received little encouragement from his teachers.
Having left college he studied law and became an advocate, but did not practise, and long continued to occupy himself with mathematics, in which he made immense advances by his own efforts, often arriving at results that other mathematicians had previously arrived at unknown to him. A pamphlet on the motion of solid bodies in a fluid, and another on the integral calculus, which he laid before the Academy of Sciences in 1739 and 1740, showed him in so favourable a light that the Academy received him in 1741 into the number of its members. He soon after published his famous work on dynamics, Traite de Dynamique in 1743; and another work dealing with fluids, Traite des Fluides. A treatise or essay on the cause of winds was also a work that added to D'Alembert's reputation.
He also took a part in the investigations which completed the discoveries of Newton respecting the motion of the heavenly bodies, and published at intervals various important astronomical dissertations - on the perturbations of the planets, for instance, and on the precession of the equinoxes - as well as on other subjects. He also took part, with Diderot and others, in the celebrated Encyclopedic, for which he wrote the Discours Preliminaire, as well as many philosophical and almost all the mathematical articles. Literature, history, and philosophy also received attention from him, and his Elements de Philosophic published in 1759, was a work of much value.
He received an invitation from the Russian empress Catherine II to go to St Petersburg as tutor to her son, a very large sum being offered; and Frederick the Great invited him to settle in Berlin, but in vain. From Frederick, however, he accepted a pension, and he also paid a visit to Berlin. There was an intimate friendship between him and Voltaire. He never married, but he was on terms of the closest friendship with Madame L'Espinasse, and they occupied the same house for a number of years. He was held in high esteem by David Hume, who left him a legacy of 200 pounds.
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Jean Darlan was a French admiral. During the Great War he was for the most part in charge of naval guns in France and Salonika. He was Commander-in-chief of the French navy from 1939 until 1940. He took part in the evacuation of Dunkirk. He later became pro-German and was assassinated by a fellow Frenchman in 1942.
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Jean Charles De Borda was a French mathematician, astronomer and naval designer. He was born in 1733 and died in 1799. He visited America and the west coast of Africa between 1771 and 1776 to test chronometers; took part in the American War of Independence from 1777 to 1778 and was captured and released in 1782 by the British. He later served in the French naval department and was involved in the measurements preliminary to the introduction of the metric system of weights and measures. In 1790 he made important investigations into the pendulum.
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Jean Jacques Regis de Cambaceres, Duke of Parma, was a French jurist. He was born in 1753 at Montpellier and diedin 1824. He was trained a lawyer, and by his talents soon attracted the notice of the Convention, and was appointed to various judicial offices. In the discussion relative to the fate of the king he declared Louis guilty, but disputed the right of the Convention to judge him, and voted for his provisory arrest, and in case of a hostile invasion, death. For a time he had the management of foreign affairs; and when Bonaparte was first consul, Cambaceres was chosen second. After the establishment of the empire, Cambaceres was created arch-chancellor, grand officer of the Legion of Honour, and ultimately Duke of Parma. He was banished on the second restoration of Louis XVIII, but was subsequently permitted to return.
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Jean Pierre de Crousaz was a Swiss mathematician and philosopher. He was born in 1663 and died in 1748 or 1750. His chief works are: Systeme des Reflexions, ou nouvel Essai de Logique; Traite du Beau; De l'Education des Enfans; Traite de l'Esprit Humain; etc; and also an examination of Pope's Essay on Man.
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Jean Pierre Claris de Florian was a French writer. He was born in 1755 and died in 1794. He was patronized by Voltaire, and gained fame as a writer of fables, pastorals, romances, and comedies. He was imprisoned during the revolution, but the fall of Robespierre saved him from the guillotine. His romances Galatee, Estelle, Gonzalve de Cordoue, Numa Pompilius, his fables, and translation of Don Quixote are his best works.
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Jean de Gerson, properly Jean Charlier was a French theologian. He was born in 1363 at Gerson and died in 1429. He studied at the University of Paris, received the doctorate in 1392, and in 1395 became Chancellor of the University.
He was ardent and courageous in advocating improvements and reforms, but mostly only succeeded in making for himself powerful enemies. He is mainly remembered in connection with his efforts to bring about a cessation of the great schism which had divided the church since 1378. His proposal was to depose both the rival popes and elect a third in their room - a step which was actually taken by the council held at Pisa in 1109, of which Jean de Gerson was a member as
deputy of the University of Paris.
This proceeding, however, was a failure, the only result being that there were three rival popes instead of two. When the Council of Constance (1414-1418), in which also Jean de Gerson took a leading part, likewise proved unable to settle the differences existing in the church, he at last gave up the struggle in despair, and not daring to return to France, where his enemies had then the upper hand, sought shelter for a time in Bavaria and Austria. In 1419 he returned to his native country, and spent the last ten years of his life with his brother, the prior of a community of Celestine monks at Lyons, living an ascetic life, and devoting himself to religious meditation and the composition of theological and other treatises. The authorship of the Imitation of Christ, by Thomas-a-Kempis, was at one time erroneously ascribed to him.
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Jean de la Bruyere was a French writer. He was born in 1645 at Paris and died in 1696. He purchased the place of treasure at Caen; but a short time after, through the influence of Bossuet, he was employed in the education of the Duke of Bourbon, grandson of the great Conde, with a pension of 3000 livres, and was attached to his person during the remainder of his life. In 1688 he published a translation of the Characters of Theophrastus into French, and accompanied them with a succession of characters, in which he represented the manners, and frequently the leading personages, of his time in an ingenious and piquant style. In 1695 he was elected a member of the French Academy.
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Jean Parisot de la Valette was grand master of the knights of St John of Jerusalem. He was born in 1498 at Toulouse and died in 1568. He entered the order as a young man, becoming grand master in 1557. His naval operations against the Turks led to their investment of Malta with a fleet of 150 vessels. Jean de la Valette, with a force of 9,000 men, kept them at bay for five months, and when the Muslims raised the siege and withdrew, their losses amounted to over 20,000 men.
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Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre was a French astronomer. He was born in 1749 in Amiens and died in 1822. His studies were not directed to astronomy until he was thirty-sixth years old, but he rapidly .acquired fame, and produced numerous works of great value. He was engaged with Mechain from 1792 until 1799, in measuring an arc of the meridian from Barcelona to Dunkirk. In 1807 he succeeded Lalande in the College de France, and wrote his Traite d'Astronomie Theorique et Pratique published in 1814, Histoire de l'Astronomie du Moyen Age published in 1819.
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Jean Francois Casimir Delavigne was a French poet and dramatist. He was born in 1793 at Havre and died in 1843. At the restoration he published a set of elegies, entitled Les Messeniennes, which deplored the faded glories of France. He produced in 1819 his tragedy of Les Vepres Siciliennes; Lea Comediens appeared in 1820, and the tragedy of Le Paria in 1821. Of his other plays which followed these may be mentioned: L'Ecole des Vieillards; Marino Faliero; and the dramas of Louis XI - founded on Cornmines' Memoirs and Quentin Durward - and Don Juan d'Autriche. His hymn's La Parisienne and La Varsovienne, and the ballad La Toilette de Constance, are among his more popular poetical pieces. He died a member of the Academy.
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Jean Louis Delolme was a Swiss writer. He was born in 1740 at Geneva and died in 1806. He at first practised as a lawyer in his native city, but the part which he took in its internal commotions obliged him to move to England, where he passed some years in great poverty. He became known by his once-celebrated but superficial Constitution de l'Angleterre. This work was translated by the author himself into English in 1772. Jean Delolme also published in English his History of the Flagellants, or Memorials of Human Superstition (1783); an Essay on the Union with Scotland (1796). He returned to Switzerland about 1775.
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Jean Andre Deluc was a Swiss-born geologist and meteorologist. He was born in 1726 at Geneva and died in 1817. In 1773 he came to England; was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of London, and appointed reader to the queen, a situation he held for forty-four years. He made numerous geological excursions in Central Europe and in England, of which he has published accounts. He aimed at defending the Mosaic account of the creation against the criticism whose weapons were furnished by his favourite science. He made many valuable original experiments in meteorology. Among his numerous writings are his Recherches sur les Modifications de l'Atmosphere; Nouvelles Idees sur la Meteorologie; and his Traite elementaire de Geologie.
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Jean Jacques Dessalines was Emperor of Haiti. He was born about 1760 in Africa and died in 1806. He was a slave in 1791, when the insurrection of the blacks occurred Haiti, but was set free along with the other slaves in St Domingo in 1794. His talents for war, his courage, and unscrupulous conduct raised him to command in the insurrections of the coloured people, and after the deportation of Toussaint-L'Ouverture, and the subsequent evacuation of the island by the French, Jean Dessalines was appointed governor-general for life with absolute power; and the year following (1804) was declared emperor with the title of Jacques I. But his rule was savage and oppressive, and both the troops and the people, sick of his atrocicties, entered into a conspiracy against him, and, on October the 17th, 1806, he was assassinated by one of his soldiers.
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Jean Germain Drouais was a French historical painter of considerable repute. He was born in 1763 at Paris and died in 1788 at Rome. His chief pictures are The Canaanitish Woman at the Feet of Jesus; Dying Gladiator; and Marius at Minturnse,
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Jean Baptiste Drouet, Comte d'Erlon,, was a French soldier. He was born in 1765 and died in 1844. He served in the campaigns of the Moselle, Mouse, and Sambre (1793-96), in the Peninsula, and at the Battle of Waterloo, where he commanded the first corps d'armee. In 1834-35 he was Governor-general of Algeria, and in 1843 was made a marshal.
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Jean Francois Ducis was a French dramatic writer. He was born in 1733 at Versailles and died in 1816. Of his original works, the tragedy Abufar was much admired; but he is best known for his adaptations of William Shakespeare for the Parisian stage.
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Jean Dunois, Count of Orleans and of Longueville, was a French hero. He was born in 1402 and died in 1468. The natural son of Louis, duke of Orleans, Jean Dunois made the name 'Bastard of Orleans' illustrious by his military exploits. He began bis career with the defeat of Warwick and Suffolk, whom he pursued to Paris. Being besieged by the English he defended Orleans until relieved by Joan of Arc (the Maid of Orleans). In 1450 he had completely freed France from the English, and was rewarded by the title of ' deliverer of his country,' the county of Longueville, and the dignity of high chamberlain of France.
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Jean Etienne Dominique Esquirol was a French psychologist. He was born in 1772 and died in 1840. He was a pioneer of the humane treatment of persons considered insane and was appointed resident physician at the Bedlam of Paris in 1811.
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Jean Alexandre Joseph Falguiere was a French sculptor and painter. He was born in 1831 at Toulouse and died in 1900.
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Jean Bernard Leon Foucault was a French physicist. He was born in 1819 and died in 1868. He invented a pendulum to demonstrate the rotation of the earth by the rotation of its plane of oscillation. He also rendered services to optics, electric lighting, photography, etc.
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Jean Fouquet was a French painter. He was born in 1420 at Tours and died in 1482. He was court painter to Charles VIII from 1475.
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Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier was a French mathematician. He was born in 1768 at Auxerre and died in 1830. He was educated in the military school at Auxerre, and after holding an appointment for a short time in the Polytechnic School followed Bonaparte to Egypt. Here he performed important political service, and was likewise secretary of the Institute of Egypt. After his return he was, in 1802, appointed prefect of the department of Isere. On Napoleon's return from Elba, Fourier issued a royalist proclamation, but was nevertheless appointed prefect of the Rhone, though soon after deprived of the office. He now established his residence in Paris, lived entirely devoted to study, and was in 1815 admitted a member of the Academy of Sciences, and at a later period appointed secretary for. life. Amongst his principal works are the Theorie Analytique de la Chaleur published in 1822, and Analyse des Equations Determinees, published in 1831 after his death.
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Jean Honore Fragonard was a French painter. He was born in 1732 and died in 1806.
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Jean Froissart was a French chronicler. He was born in 1333 at Valenciennes and died in about 1405. He received a liberal education, and took orders in the church, but his inclination was more for poetry and gallantry. At the age of eighteen he went to England, where, having already the reputation of being a gay poet and narrator of chivalric deeds, be was received with great favour, Philippa of Hainault, wife of Edward IIL declaring herself his patroness.
After returning to the Continent and travelling for some time, he again visited England, and in 1361-1366 he was a secretary to the queen. He also visited Scotland, and was entertained by King David Bruce, and William, earl of Douglas. In 1366 he left England and again travelled. After the death of Queen Philippa, Jean Froissart became cure of Lestines in Hainault, and was patronized by Wenceslans, duke of Brabant, who was himself a poet, and of whose verses, united with some of his own, Froissart formed a sort of romance called Meliador.
On the death of Wenceslaus he entered the service of Guy, count of Blois, who gave him the canonry of Chimay, and induced him to take in hand the history of his own time. After twelve years of a quiet life he again began his travels, chiefly for the purpose of collecting further matter for his Chronicle, and he again visited England after a lapse of forty years.
Little is known of the closing part of his life, which is said to have terminated at Chimay. His Chronicle, which reaches down to 1400, gives a siugularly vivid and interesting picture of his times, and also presents his own character in a pleasing-light. The best edition of his Chronicle is that of Buchon, which also contains his collected Poesies (published in Paris, 1835-1836, in three volumes).
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Jean Ignace Isidore Gerard was a French caricaturist and book illustrator. He was born in 1803 at Nancy and died in 1847. Generally known under the pseudonym of Grandville, he went to Paris in 1824, and after some minor works acquired great popularity in 1828 by his Metamorphoses du Jour, a representation under the guise of animal heads of human foibles and weaknesses. Later on he became a contributor to Le Charivari and an illustrator of the works of Beranger, La Fontaine, Gulliver's Travels, Robinson Crusoe, etc.
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Jean Louis Theordore Andre Gericault was a French painter. He was born in 1791 at Rouen amd died in 1824. He went to Paris in 1806 and studied under Charles Vernet and Guerin. His first pictures (the Chasseur Officer and the Wounded Cuirassier) were exhibited in 1812 and 1814. In 1817 he visited Italy, returned to Paris in 1819, and painted the Raft of the Medusa (a well-known shipwreck of the time), a work of much power, which won immediate popularity.
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Jean Leon Gerome was a French painter and sculptor. He was born in 1824 at Vesoul and died in 1904. He went to Paris in 1841, and became a pupil of Paul Delaroche. In 1853 he travelled in the East. In 1855 the first of his great pictures. The Age of Augustus and the Birth of Christ, appeared, and four years later his picture of the Roman gladiators, Ave Csesar Moriturite salutant. In 1861 he exhibited his celebrated Phryne before her Judges. In 1863 he was appointed a professor at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts. Many of his pictures have been exhibited in London, and his works were long in great favour in England and the United States as well as in his native country. Besides those already mentioned the following are amongst the chief works of Gerome : Louis XIV and Moliere, Death of -Caesar The Plague at Marseilles, Kex Tibicen, L'Eminence Grise, and various scene's from Oriental Life. Jean Gerome received the Prussian order of the Red Eagle and was a commander of the legion of honour.
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Jean Baptiste Louis Gresset was a French poet. He was born in 1709 at Amiens and died in 1777. At the age of twenty-four he produced a small poem full of graceful badinage called Vert Vert, the subject being the adventures of a parroquet. It was followed by other pieces in a similar style.
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Jean Baptiste Greuze was a French painter. He was born in 1726 at Burgundy and died in 1805. Although he devoted some time and attention to historical subjects, he latterly confined himself to depicting scenes of the family life of the bourgeois or middle class. As a colourist he occupies a high place.
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Jean Hardouin was a French Jesuit. He was born in 1646 and died in 1729. He maintained the extraordinary hypothesis that all the writings under the names of the Greek and Roman poets and historians, except those of Homer, Herodotus, Cicero, and Pliny the Elder, the satires and epistles of Horace, and the Georgics of Virgil, are the spurious productions of the 13th century, written by monks under the direction of one Severus Archontius.
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Jean Ingelow was an English writer. She was born in 1820 and died in 1897. Her verse included three series of Poems published in 1871, 1876 and 1885 and her best known piece, 'High Tide on the Coast of Lincolnshire, 1571' . She also wrote novels including 'Mopsa the Fairy' published in 1869,'Off the Skelligs' published in 1872, ' Fated to be Free' published in 1875, 'Don John' published in 1881 and 'John Jerome' published in 1886.
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Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres was a French painter. He was born in 1780 at Montauban and died in 1867. He drew fine pencil portraits.
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Jean de La Fontaine was a French poet and fabulist. He was born in 1621 at Chateau-Thierry, Champagne and died in 1695. Educated for the church, he turned to law only to abandon law when he was appointed to a rangership of the duchy of Chateua-Thierry in 1647 before moving to Paris around 1660. He wrote a number of popular fables.
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Jean Lafitte was a French pirate. He was born in 1780 and died in 1826. He left France and went to New Orleans about 1809. With his brother, Pierre, he engaged in smuggling and piracy. Attempts to destroy their traffic were unsuccessful and they made a settlement at Barataria, on the island of Grand Terre. In 1814 the British made tempting offers to engage against the United States during the war, but they were refused, and the documents containing the proposals were sent to the Legislature. Believing them forgeries the Government sent an expedition against the buccaneers and destroyed their settlement. They afterward joined the forces of General Jackson and served during the war, on a promise of a pardon. From 1817 to 1821 Lafitte occupied Galveston, nominally as Mexican Governor.
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Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine Monnet Chevalier De Lamarck was a French naturalist. He was born in 1744 at Bazentin-le-Petit, Picardy and died in 1829. Intended for the church, after his father died when he was sixteen he joined the army and served in the Seven Years' War, during which he was promoted to lieutenant for bravery. Following an accident he retired from the military and took up an interest in medicine and botany, studying at Paris. In 1778 he published his first great work, 'Flore Francaise' and was elected to the French Academy of Sciences in 1779. In 1781 he travelled the continent studying botany and in 1788 was appointed keeper of the herbarium of the Royal Gardens. In 1793 he was appointed to the chair of invertebrate zoology at the Museum of Natural History.
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Jean Etienne Liotard was a Swiss painter. He was born in 1702 at Geneva and died in 1789. He worked in enamel and pastels and painted miniatures. He was brought to England by Sir Everard Fawkener where he painted many portraits.
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Jean Paul Marat was a French revolutionary and scientist. He was born in 1743 at Boudry and died in 1793 when he was assassinated, while studying papers in his bath, by Charlotte Corday.
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Jean Francois Millet was a French painter. He was born in 1814 near Greville and died in 1875.
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Jean G Neuville (Baron Hyde de Neuville) was a French politician. He was born in 1776 and died in 1847. He was exiled to the United States from France from 1806 to 1814. He was French Minister to the United States from 1816 to 1823, and negotiated the French treaty of 1822.
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Jean Nicolet was a French trader and explorer. He traveled as far west in America as Wisconsin about 1634. His reports of the Mississippi led the Jesuits to believe it a passage to India.
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Jean N Nicollet wasa French explorer. He was born in 1786 and died in 1843. He went to America from France in 1832. He carefully explored the Mississippi Valley, making scientific observations and collecting valuable ethnological information. He prepared a map of the West for the American Government.
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Jean Nicot was French ambassador at the Portuguese court. He was born in 1530 and died in 1600. He was presented, in Portugal with some tobacco plant seeds. He introduced tobacco into France in 1560. The botanical name Nicotiana is derived from his name.
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Jean Paul Getty was an American businessman. He was born in 1892 at Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA and died in 1976. After being educated at California and Oxford he became an independent oil producer in 1914, in 1948 taking over his father's business the Getty Oil Company. One of the world's richest men, Jean Paul Getty started collecting art in the 1930s and this formed the basis for a museum he opened on his estate in California in 1974, The J Paul Getty Museum.
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Jean Racine was a French dramatist and poet. He was born in 1639 at La Ferte-Milon and died in 1699.
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Jean Ribaut was a French colonist. He was born in 1520 and died in 1565. A Huguenot, he sailed from France on a colonizing expedition in 1562. After exploring the Florida coast, he planted a colony at Port Royal, called Fort Charles, which was unsuccessful. In 1565 he was appointed Governor of this colony. He was driven off by a Spanish fleet, and when he surrendered later, to Menettdez, the entire party was massacred.
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Jean Jacques Rousseau was a French philosopher and writer. He was the pioneer of the Romantic Movement. He was born in 1712 and died in 1778.
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Jean Sibelius was a Finnish composer. He was born in 1865 and died in 1957. He composed Finlandia.
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Jean Servais Stas was a Belgian chemist. He was born in 1813 at Louvain and died in 1891. He worked in Paris with Dumas until 1840 when he was appointed professor of chemistry in the military school in Brussels, a post he held until 1865. His life work was a revision of atomic weights which settled the question of whether atomic weights were variable and disposed of the hypothesis of Prout that they were integral multiples of the atomic weight of hydrogen.
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Jean Lambert Tallien was a French revolutionary. He was born in 1767 at Paris and died in 1820. He became a notary's clerk and was engaged in Jacobin politics, in 1792 entering the national convention where he was noted for his violent attacks on the king. In 1793 he defended Jean Marat, and in 1794 was sent to suppress an insurrection in Gironde. As president of the convention he led the opposition to Robespierre. From 1795 until 1798 he was one of the council of Five Hundred.
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Jean Thibaudin was a French general and statesman. He was born in 1822 at Moulins-Engilbert and died in 1905. He served during the Franco-German War from 1870 to 1871, and was taken prisoner at Metz. Escaping to France, he fought under an assumed name and in 1882 was made a general and appointed commandant of Paris in 1886.
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Jean Baptiste Vanloo was a French painter. He was born in 1684 at Aix, Provence and died in 1745. He went to Paris in 1719, becoming a fashionable portrait painter.
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Jean Vincennes was a Canadian explorer. He was born in 1688 and died in 1736. He attained great influence over the Miami Indians, among whom he resided for some time. He rendered valuable services against the Foxes near Detroit in 1712. In 1735 he built a fort and trading post on the present site of Vincennes, Indiana. He joined the expedition of D'Artaguette against the Chickasaws, by whom they were finally defeated-and burned at the stake.
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Jean-Antoine Houdon was a French sculptor. He was born in 1741 at Versailles and died in 1828.
He visited the United States in 1785, and modeled the statue of Washington which is in the capitol at Richmond and is regarded as the best likeness of Washington.
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Jean-Baptiste-Jules Bernadotte was a French general, afterwards raised to the Swedish throne. He was born in 1764 and died in 1844. He was the son of an advocate of Pau, and enlisted at the age of seventeen, became a sergeant-major in 1789, and subaltern in 1790. In 1794 he was appointed a general of a division, and distinguished himself greatly in the campaign in Germany, and on tho Rhine.
In 1798 he married Mademoiselle Clary, sister-in-law of Joseph Bonaparte. The following year he became for a short time minister of war, and on the establishment of the empire was raised to the dignity of marshal of France, and the title of Prince of Ponte-Corvo. On the death of the Prince of Holstein-Augustenburg the heir apparency to the Swedish crown was offered to the Prince of Ponte-Corvo, who accepted with the consent of the emperor, went to Sweden, abjured Catholicism, and took the title of Prince Charles John.
In the maintenance of the interests of Sweden a serious rupture occurred between him and Bonaparte, followed by his accession in 1812 to the coalition of sovereigns against Napoleon. At the battle of Leipzig he contributed effectually to the victory of the allies. At the close of the war strenuous attempts were made by the Emperor of Austria and other sovereigns to restore the family of Gustavus IV to the crown but Bernadotte, retaining his position as crown-prince, became King of Sweden on the death of Charles XIII in 1818, under the title of Charles XIV. During his reign agriculture and commerce made great advances, and many important public works were completed. After his death he was succeeded by his son Oscar.
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Jean-Claude Killy was a French ski racer. He was born in 1944. He dominated ski racing from 1966 to 1968, winning the downhill and the combined gold medals at the 1966 world championship at Portillo, Chile and later three gold medals at the Grenoble Olympic Games in 1968 after which he turned professional.
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Jean-Paul Sartre is a French philosopher, playwright and novelist. He was born in 1905.
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Jean-Philippe Rameau was a French composer. He was born in 1683 and died in 1764.
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Jeanne Louise Henriette Campan was a French educational writer. She was born in 1752 at Paris and died in 1822. She became reader to the daughters of Louis XV and afterwards gained the favour of Queen Marie Antoinette, and, as lady of the bed-chamber, served that ill-fated sovereign with much fidelity until the events of the Revolution separated them. After the fall of Robespierre Madame Campan established a boarding-school for young ladies at St Germain, which soon acquired a wide reputation. She is chiefly remembered for her interesting memoirs respecting the private life of Marie Antoinette, her Journal of Anecdotes, and her correspondence with Queen Hortense.
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Jeanne D'Albret was Queen of Navarre and wife of Antoine de Bourbon. She was born in 1528 and died due to poisoning in 1572. She was a zealous supporter of the reformed religion, which she established in her kingdom;
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Jeanne-Marie Bouvier de la Motte Guyon (Madame Guyon) was a French mystic. She was born in 1648 at Montargis and died in 1717. At the age of sixteen she was married to Jacques Guyon, after whose death in 1676 the tendency to mystic enthusiasm which had characterized her younger years, again acquired ascendency, and she began the religious propagandism of her extreme views of self-abnegation, indifference to life and death, and even to future salvation or perdition. She became associated with some enthusiastic priests, abandoned her children and her goods, reserving a moderate annuity; and moved from place to place, making numerous proselytes.
She also published numerous works, snch as Le Cantique des Cantiques interprete selon le Sens Mystique (1685); Poesies Spirituelles (five volumes. 1685); Discours Chretiens et Spirituels (1716), etc. At last the Archbishop of Paris thought it necessary to take steps against the spread of Madame Guyon's mystical doctrines. Through his influence she was shut up in the convent of the Visitation, but afterwards released at the instigation of Madame Maintenon, who herself became for a time a convert to the new doctrines, and allowed Madame Guyon to preach in the seminary of St Oyr, where she made a convert and disciple of Penelon. A commission of ecclesiastics, chief amongst whom was Bossuet, now sat in judgment, and the doctrines of Madame Guyon were condemned in 1695. This led to her being imprisoned for some years, latterly in the Bastille, whence she was liberated in 1702. The rest of her life was spent in retirement and in works of charity.
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James Ewell Brown Stuart (known as Jeb Stuart) was an American soldier. He was born in 1833 at Virginia and died in 1864 from wounds received at the Battle of Yellow Tavern. Educated at West Point, he resigned on the outbreak of the American Civil War and joined the Confederate forces as a lieutenant-colonel. He took part in many of the battles including the Battle of Bull Run and the Battle of Chancellorsville where he took command of the second corps after the death of general Thomas Jackson.
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Jedediah Strutt was an English inventor. He was born in 1726 at Blackwell, Derbyshire and died in 1797. The son of a farmer, he was apprenticed to a wheelwright but became a farmer. About 1755 with his brother-in-law William Woollatt, he invented a machine by which ribbed hosiery could be produced. Later he associated himself with Richard Arkwright in spinning cotton and founded textile mills (known as the Strutt textile mills) at Nottingham, Belper and Cromford. Through his textile mills Jedediah Strutt amassed a large fortune.
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Jeff Davis was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Arkansas from 1901 until 1907.
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Jefferson C Davis was an American Federal general. He was born in 1828 and died in 1879. After serving during the Mexican War, was in Fort Sumter at the time of the bombardment in 1861, served with distinction at Pea Ridge and Stone River, and commanded a corps in Sherman's march through Georgia.
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Jefferson Davis was president of the Confederate States of America. He was born in 1808 at Kentucky and died in 1889. He graduated at West Point in 1828. He saw some service in the Black Hawk War, but resigned from the army and became a cotton planter in Mississippi. He represented that State in Congress from 1845 until 1846, but left Congress to take part as a colonel in the Mexican War. In the storm of Monterey and the Battle of Buena Vista he distinguished himself and was straightway chosen to the US Senate, where he served from 1847 until 1851 and from 1857 until 1861. In 1851 he ran unsuccessfully as the States-rights candidate for Governor of Mississippi. In President Piercers administration Jefferson Davis was the Secretary of War from 1853 until 1857. He had become one of the Southern leaders, received some votes for the Democratic nomination for President in 1860, and in January, 1861, he left the US Senate. He was thereupon elected provisional President of the Confederacy on February the 9th, 1861, and was inaugurated on February the 18th. In November of the same year he was elected President and was inaugurated on February 22nd, 1862. From the second year of the war till the close many of his acts were severely criticised in the South itself.
In 1860 he organised an Army and Navy against the Union and in May 1865 he was captured by Union forces and imprisoned at Fort Monroe. He was indicted for treason in 1866, released on bail the following year, and the trial was dropped. He then went to Canada. He was included in the 1868 amnesty and settled on his estate in Mississippi and wrote the book 'The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government' which was published in 1881.
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Jeffrey Amherst was a British soldier. He was born in 1717 and died in 1797. He entered the Guards as an ensign in 1731 and in 1758 was made commander of an expedition against the French in Canada. Following success in Canada he was appointed governor-general of the British possessions in North America and in 1761 was knighted. In 1763 he returned to England and in 1770 was made governor of Guernsey, in 1772 a privy councillor and in 1776 was raised to the peerage as Lord Amherst of Montreal. In 1796 he was made a field-marshal.
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Sir Jeffrey Hudson was a dwarf. He was born in 1619 and died in 1678. He was page to Queen Henrietta Maria.
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Jehan Georges Vibert was a French artist and dramatist. He was born in 1840 and died in 1903. He was most successful as a genre painter but also executed fine decorative work for the Luxembourg. As a dramatist he wrote comedies.
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Jehu Davis was an American politician. He was a governor of Delaware during 1789.
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Jem Belcher was an English boxer. He was born in 1781 and died in 1811. He won the English bare-fist boxing championship in 1800 and in 1803 lost an eye playing rackets. He was the first to introduce refined footwork into boxing.
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Jemmy Dawson was one of the Manchester rebels. He was hanged, drawn and quartered on Kennington Common, Surrey, on July the 30th 1746.
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Jennifer Hawkins is an Australian beauty queen and television presenter. She was born in 1983 at Newcastle, New South Wales. She was the 2004 Miss Universe, and a judge at the 2008 Miss Universe pageant
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Jenny Geddes is the name tradition gives to a street fruit-seller, who, during the tumult in St Giles' Church, Edinburgh, in July 1637, when the dean attempted to introduce the Episcopalian service-book, threw her stool at his head exclaiming, 'Villain! dost thou say mass at my lug?' (translates as 'Uneducated peasant! Do you preach mass at me?') This tumult led to events which annulled Episcopacy and restored Presbyterianism. The honour of the exploit has been claimed for a Barbara Hamilton, wife of John Mein, merchant in Edinburgh, but Jenny Geddes, the street fruit-seller's claim, has always been the popular one, and a memorial brass was placed in St Giles to her memory.
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Jens Baggesen was a Danish poet. He was born in 1764, at Korsor and died in 1826. He led a rather wandering and unsettled life, spending some time in England as well as in France and Germany. He tried lyric, epic, and dramatic poetry, but was most successful as a humorist and satirist.
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Jeppe Aakjaer was a Danish poet and novelist. He was born in 1866 at Aakjaer and died in 1930. He was a leading exponent of Danish regional literature best known for his poems, especially those collected in 'Free Fields' published in 1905 and 'Songs of the Rye' published in 1906. His early novels dealt with the harsh conditions endured by farm labourers.
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Jeremiah Curtin was an American linguist. He was born in 1835 at Wisconsin. He was appointed Secretary of the US Legation to Russia in 1864. After 1888 he rendered valuable assistance to the Bureau of Ethnology of the United States and was noted as a translator of Polish historical novels.
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Jeremiah Day was an American clergyman. He was born in 1773 and died in 1867. He was a professor at Yale from 1803 until 1817, when he was made president, serving until 1846. He was the author of many educational works.
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Jeremiah Dummer was an American politician. He was born in 1680 and died in 1739. He was London agent of the Massachusetts colony from 1710 until 1721 and wrote 'Defence of the New England Charters', declaring that the charters were compacts, and that the land-titles were not derived from the crown.
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Jeremiah Mason was an American jurist. He was born in 1768 and died in 1848. He was Attorney-General of New Hampshire in 1802. He was a Federalist US Senator from New Hampshire from 1813 to 1817. His reappointment as president of the Portsmouth branch of the US Bank caused dissatisfaction in Jackson's administration, and led to the destruction of the US Bank.
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Jeremiah McLain Rusk was an American soldier and politician. He was born in 1830 and died in 1893. He entered the National army in 1862, and served under General Sherman with the rank of lieutenant-colonel from the siege of Vicksburg until 1865. He represented Wisconsin in the US Congress as a Republican from 1871 to 1877, and was Governor of Wisconsin from 1882 to 1888. He was Secretary of Agriculture in Harrison's Cabinet from 1889 to 1893.
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Jeremiah Morrow was an American politician. He was a Democratic-Republican governor of Ohio from 1822 until 1826.
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Jeremiah Smith was an American politician. He was a Federalist governor of New Hampshire from 1809 until 1810.
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Jeremias de Dekker (Jeremias de Decker) was a Dutch poet. He was born in 1609 or 1610 and died in 1666. His best known poems are: Lof der Geldzucht, a satire on avarice; and Puntdichten, a collection of epigrams.
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Jeremias Gotthelf was the pseudonym of Albert Bitzius.
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Jeremias Benjami Richter was a German chemist. He was born in 1762 at Hirschberg and died in 1807. He became chemist in the government porcelain factory in Berlin. His discoveries of the equivalence of the quantities of bases that neutralize the same amounts of acid, and that elements like iron are capable of the union with oxygen in two distinct proportions, though of fundamental importance, were not appreciated at the time.
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Jeremy Balknap (also known as Jeremy Belknap) was an American clergyman and historian. He was born in 1744 at Massachusetts and died in 1798. He was minister at Dover, New Hampshire, and afterwards at Boston; and wrote a three volume history of New Hampshire and in 1791 founded the Massachusetts Historical Society.
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Jeremy Bentham was an English philosopher, jurist and social reformer. He was born in 1748 at London and died in 1832. Educated at Westminster and Oxford, he graduated from Oxford when he was 15 entering Lincoln's Inn in 1763 and was called to the bar when he was 19 but did not practise, and, having private means, devoted himself to the reform of civil and criminal legislation. A criticism on a passage in Blackstone's Commentaries, published under the title A Fragment on Government, in 1776, brought him into notice; and it was followed by a long list of works, of which the more important were: The Hard Labour Bill, 1778; Principles of Morals and Legislation, 1780; A Defence of Usury, 1787; Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, 1789; Discourses on Civil and Penal Legislation, 1802; Treatise on Judicial Evidence, 1813;
Paper relative to Codification and Public Instruction, 1817; and the Book of Fallacies, 1824.
His mind, though at once subtle and comprehensive, was characterized by something of the Coleridgean defect in respect of method and sense of proportion;. He argued for legislation to aim for the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people. Upon his death he left his body for dissection for the benefit of medical science.
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Jeremy Collier was an English divine and political writer. He was born in 1650 and died in 1726. He was educated at Cambridge, and having entered into orders obtained the rectory of Ampton in Suffolk in 1659. He was a zealous opponent of the Revolution of 1688, and was repeatedly imprisoned for his political writings. He is chiefly remembered now for his Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage - a work of considerable merit which is said to have effected a decided reform in the sentiments and language of the theatre.
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Jeremy Taylor was a British theological writer. He was born in 1613 at Cambridge and died in 1667. Educated at Gonville and Cains College, Cambridge and at University and All Souls Colleges, Oxford, in 1636 he became a fellow of All Souls College. Chaplain to Laud and Charles I, he was rector of Uppingham in 1638 and of Overstone, Northamptonshire in 1643. He was taken prisoner at Cardigan in 1645 and deprived of his living by the Parliamentarians resulting in his working as a schoolmaster in Wales and chaplain to the earl of Carberry at Golden Grove, Carmarthenshire where he wrote his chief works.
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Jerome Adolphe Blanqui was a French economist. He was born in 1798 at Nice and died in 1854 in Paris. He was introduced to economics while studying medicine at Paris. He favoured a free-trade policy and wrote a number of works including 'Precis Elementaire d'Economie Politique'.
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Jerome B Chaffee was an American politician. He was born in 1825 at Colorado and died in 1886. He was one of the first settlers of Denver. He was delegate in Congress from Colorado until its organization as a State when he was elected to the US Senate.
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Jerome Adolphe Blanqui was a French economist. He was born in 1798 at Nice and died in 1854 at Paris. While studying medicine at Paris he made the acquaintance of Jean Baptiste Say and was introduced to the study of economics, which he devoted himself to.
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Jerome Bonaparte was King of Westphalia. He was born in 1784 and died in 1860. The youngest brother of Napoleon I, at an early age entered the French navy as a midshipman. In 1801 he was sent out on an expedition to the West Indies, but the vessel being chased by English cruisers, was obliged to put in to New York. During his sojourn in America Jerome Bonaparte became acquainted with Miss Elizabeth Patterson, the daughter of the president of the Bank of Baltimore, and though still a minor, married her in spite of the protests of the French consul on the 24th of December, 1803.
The emperor, his brother, whose ambitious views were thwarted by this marriage, after an ineffectual application to Pope Pius VII to have it dissolved, issued a decree declaring it to be null and void. After considerable services both in the army and navy, in 1807 he was created King of Westphalia, and married Catherine Sophia, princess of Wurtemberg. His government was not wise or prudent, and his extravagance and his brother's increasing exactions nearly brought the state to financial ruin.
The Battle of Leipzig put an end to Jerome's reign, and he was obliged to take flight to Paris. He remained faithful to his brother through all the events that followed until the final overthrow at the Battle of Waterloo. After that, under the title of the Comte de Montfort, he resided in different cities of Europe, but latterly chiefly at Florence. After the election of his nephew, Louis Napoleon, to the presidentship of the French Republic, in 1848, he became successively governor-general of Les Invalides, a marshal of France, and president of the senate.
From his union with Miss Patterson only one son proceeded, Jerome, who was brought up in America, and married a lady of that country, by whom he had a son, who served as an officer in the French army during the Crimean war. The offspring of this marriage was not, however, recognized as legitimate by the French tribunals. Of the three children that were born to Jerome Bonaparte from his second marriage one was Prince Napoleon Joseph, who assumed the name of Jerome, and was well known by the nickname 'Plon-Plon'. He died in 1891, having married Clotilde, daughter of King Victor Emmanuel of Italy. He had three children: Victor (born on the 18th of July, 1862), Louis, and Marie Letitia. The first of these, since the death of Nopoleon III's son, the Prince Imperial, was generally recognized by the Bonapartist party as the heir to the traditions of the dynasty. He had to leave France in 1886, a law being passed expelling pretenders to the French throne and their eldest sons.
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Jerome Robbins was an American choreographer. He was born in 1918 at New York and died in 1998 of a stroke.
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Jerry Apodaca was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of New Mexico from 1975 until 1979.
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Jesper Svedberg was a Swedish scholar. He was born in 1653 and died in 1735. He was professor of theology at Upsala and bishop of Skara, but is best remembered for his dictionary published in 1716 and his grammar published in 1722.
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Jesse B Thomas was an American politician. He was born in 1777 and died in 1850. He was territorial delegate to Congress from Indiana from 1808 to 1809. He represented Illinois in the US Senate as a Democrat from 1818 to 1829. He introduced the Missouri Compromise in 1820.
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Jesse D Elliott was an American sailor. He was born in 1782 and died in 1845. He entered the navy in 1804, captured the 'Detroit and 'Caledonia' from the British at Fort Erie in 1812, commanded the 'Madison' at the capture of York, and served with distinction in the Battle of Lake Erie.
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Jesse F McDonald was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Colorado from 1905 until 1907.
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Jesse Franklin was an American politician. He was a Democratic-Republican governor of North Carolina from 1820 until 1821.
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Jesse Woodson James was an American outlaw of the Wild West. He was born in 1847 at Clay County, Missouri and died in 1882. As a teenager he joined a band of Confederate guerrillas during the American Civil War. After the war, he and his brother Frank turned to robbery, leading a gang of outlaws from 1866. During a fifteen year period he committed numerous bank and train robberies before being shot by Robert Ford, a member of his gang, for the reward money offered for his capture, dead or alive.
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Jesse James Cleveland Owens was an American athlete. He was born in 1913 at Danville, Alabama and died in 1980. In 1935 he equalled or broke six world records in 45 minutes, and in 1936 won four gold medals (100 and 200 metres, long jump, and 4 x 100 metres relay) at the Olympic Games in Berlin. The success in Berlin of Owens, as a black man, outraged Hitler, who was conspicuously absent when Owens's medals were presented.
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Jesse Ramsden was an English mathematical instrument maker. He was born in 1735 at Halifax and died in 1800 at Brighton.
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Jesse L Reno was an American soldier. He was born in 1823 and died in 1862. As a general he served at Contreras, Churubusco, Chapultepec and Vera Cruz during the Mexican War. He commanded a brigade in Ambrose E. Burnside's North Carolina expedition at Roanoke Island, Fort Barton and New Berne. He commanded a corps under General Pope at Manassas and at South Mountain, where he was killed while leading an assault.
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Jesse Upson was an American politician. He was a Democratic-Republican governor of New Jersey during 1817.
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Jessica Ann Simpson is an American musician. She was born in 1980 at Abilene, Texas.
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Jethro Tull wan an English farmer. He was born in 1674 at Basildon, Berkshire and died in 1741. Educated at St John's College, Oxford he became a barrister but devoted his life to farming and travel. He invented a drill for sowing seed.
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The Jews are a Semitic race of people also known as the Hebrews and Israelites. Their early history is identified with Palestine, now Israel. The Jewish history is recorded in the Old Testament.
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Jewett W Adams was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Nevada from 1883 until 1887.
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Dr. Jigoro Kano was the Japanese founder of judo. He was born in 1860 at Mikage and died in 1938. He always considered judo as a training for life and encouraged his followers to balance the physical and mental aspects of training. He was headmaster of two Japanese schools, spoke fluent English and was a prolific writer.
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Jim Folsom was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Alabama from 1993 until 1995.
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Jim McCord was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Tennessee from 1945 until 1949.
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Jim Sheridan is an Irish film director, screenwriter and dramatist. He was born in 1949.
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Jimi Hendrix (real name John Allen Hendrix, later changed to James Marshall Hendrix) was an American musician, famed for his electric guitar playing. He was born in 1942 at Seattle, Washington and died in 1970 of a barbiturate overdose.
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Jimmie H Davis was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Louisiana from 1944 until 1948.
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Jimmy Carter was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Georgia from 1971 until 1975.
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Jimmy Connors (James Scott Connors) is an American tennis player. He was born in 1952 at Belleville. In 1974 he won Wimbledon and again in 1982.
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Jingo Party was a name given in 1878 to persons who preferred war with Russia to submission to her aggressive policy.
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The Jingoes were the a party of British warmongers who, in 1877, promoted war with Russia. The Jingoes were Russophobes who were convinced that the Czar of Russia wanted to take Constantinople (Istanbul) in Turkey and thereby control the Black Sea and threaten British interests in India.
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The Jingpo are a people of Yunnan Province, China.
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The Jinuo are a forest-dwelling people of China. Traditionally they grow rice and are hunter-gatherers and worship Kong Ming.
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The Jivaro are a tribe of east Ecuador and north Peru.
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