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Joachim Lelewel was a Polish historian. He was born in 1786 at Warsaw and died in 1861. He was professor of history at Vilna from 1814 to 1824, when he was dismissed for taking part in secret insurrectionary movements. He was later banished in 1829 for being a prominent leader in the Polish revolution, and died in Paris.
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Joan Baez is an American professional folksinger. She was Born in 1941 at Staten Island. She studied at Boston University, but left to sing in Boston coffee houses. Her clear soprano voice and simple, effective guitar accompaniments created a distinctive style that became increasingly popular after her Newport Folk Festival appearance in 1959 and her recording debut in 1960. Baez worked for civil rights, in the antiwar movement, and for human rights in south-east Asia, both through her singing and by founding Humanitas, an international human rights organization, and the Institute for the Study of Non-Violence.
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Joan Creanga was a Romanian writer. He was born in 1837 and died in 1889. His works were primarily prose based upon folk-tales and written in popular language.
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Joan Finney was an American politician. She was a Democratic governor of Kansas from 1991 until 1995.
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Joan Micklin Silver is an American film director. She was born in 1935.
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Joanna Baillie was a Scottish writer. She was born in 1762 at Bothwell, Lanarkshire and died in 1851. She removed in early life to London, where her brother, Matthew Baillie, was settled as a physician. Here in 1798 she published her first work, entitled A Series of Plays, in which she attempted to delineate the stronger passions by making each passion the subject of a tragedy and a comedy. The series was followed up by a second volume in 1802, and a third in 1812. A second series appeared in 1836, and a complete edition of her whole dramatic works in 1850. She also published a volume of miscellaneous poetry, including songs, in 1841. Her only plays performed on the stage were a tragedy entitled the 'Family Legend', brought out at Edinburgh under the patronage of Sir Walter Scott; and 'De Montfort', brought out by John Kemble.
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Joanna Southcott was an English religious fanatic. She was born in 1750 at Gittisham, Devon and died in 1814 of brain fever. After working as a domestic servant and shop assistant, she joined the Methodists and about 1790 began to write prophecies which attracted a good deal of attention. He followers became numerous and in 1802 she settled in London and a chapel was opened for her followers. She put forward the idea that she was about to become the mother of Shiloh, the second Christ, and great preparations were made but she died of brain fever.
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Joao de Barros was a Portuguese historian. He was born in 1496 and died in 1570. He was attached to the court of King Emmanuel, who, after the publication in 1520 of Barros' Romance, the Emperor Olarimond, urged him to undertake a history of the Portuguese in India, which appeared thirty-two years later. King John III appointed Barros governor of the Portuguese settlements in Guinea, and general agent for these colonies, further presenting him in 1530 with the province of Maranham in Brazil, for the purpose of colonization. For his losses by the last enterprise the king indemnified him, and he died in retirement in 1570. Besides his standard work, Asia Portuguesa, he wrote a moral dialogue on compromise, and the first Portuguese Grammar.
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Joaquin Acosta was a Colombian scientist, historian and statesman. He was born in 1800 and died in 1852.
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Job A Cooper was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Colorado from 1889 until 1891.
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Joe Frank Harris was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Georgia from 1983 until 1991.
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Joe Montana is an American Football player. He was born in 1956 at New Eagle, Pennsylvania. He played as quarterback with the San Francisco 49ers from 1979 to 1993 before joining the Kansas City Chiefs and playing with them until 1995.
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Joel Aldrich Matteson was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Illinois from 1853 until 1857.
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Joel Barlow was an American poet and diplomat. He was born in 1755 and died in 1812. After an active and changeful life as a chaplain, lawyer, editor, land-agent, lecturer, and consul, he went to Paris and acquired a fortune. On his return to America he was appointed minister plenipotentiary to France in 1811, but died near Cracow in 1812 on his way to meet Napoleon. His principal poem, the Columbiad, dealing with American history from the time of Columbus, was published in 1807.
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Joel Parker was an American politician and jurist. He was born in 1816 and died in 1888. He was a member of the New Jersey Assembly from 1847 to 1850, and prosecuting attorney from 1853 to 1857. He was Governor of New Jersey from 1863 to 1866 and in 1870. The National Labor Convention in 1872 nominated him for Vice-President of the United States. He was a Judge of the New Jersey Supreme Court from 1880 to 1888.
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Joel R Poinsett was an American politician. He was born in 1779 and died in 1851. He was sent to South America in 1809 by Madison to ascertain the prospects of the revolutionists. He represented South Carolina in the US Congress as a Republican from 1821 to 1825. He was sent to Mexico as Commissioner in 1822, and was Minister there from 1825 to 1839. He was an ardent opponent of nullification. He was. Secretary of War in Van Buren's Cabinet from 1837 to 1841.
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Johan Gustafsson Baner was a Swedish soldier. He was born in 1598 and died in 1641. He was a general in the Thirty Years' war. He made his first campaigns in Poland and Russia, and accompanied Gustavus Adolphus, who held him in high esteem, to Germany. After the death of Gustavus in 1632 he had the chief command of the Swedish army, and in 1634 invaded Bohemia, defeated the Saxons at Wittstock, on the 24th of September, 1636, and took Torgau. He ravaged Saxony again in 1639, gained another victory at Chemnitz, and in 1640 defeated Piccolomini. In January, 1641, he very nearly took Ratisbon by surprise.
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Johan Niklas Bystrom was a Swedish sculptor. He was born in 1783 and died in 1848. He studied under Sergell at Rome, whence he returned in 1816 with an almost complete portrait-statue of Marechal Bernadotte as Mars.
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Johan Barthold Jongkind was a Dutch artist. He was born in 1819 at Latrop and died in 1891.
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Johan Ludvig Runeberg was a Finnish poet. He was born in 1804 at Jacobstadt and died in 1877. From 1844 to 1859 he was professor at Borga. his first volumes of poems appeared between 1830 and 1841 and won general favour by their simplicity and purity of style, their idyllic charm, warm patriotic feeling, admirable descriptions of scenery, life-like characterisations, and sweet and serene humour. His prefatory poem, 'Vart Land' was selected as the national hymn of Finland.
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Johan Eric Rydqvist was a Swedish author. He was born in 1800 at Gothenburg and died in 1877. From 1828 to 1832 he edited the literary journal Heimdall and in 1849 he won the Academy of Antiquities prize by a treatise on the oldest dramas of Scandinavia and was subsequently elected a member of the Swedish Academy.
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Johann Christoph Adelung was a German philologist. He was born in 1732 and died in 1806. In 1759 he was appointed professor in the Protestant academy at Erfurt, and two years after removed to Leipzig, where he applied himself to the works by which he made so great a name, particularly his German dictionary, Grammatisch-kritisches Worterbuch der hochdeutschen Mundart, published in Leipzig between 1774 and 1786, and his Mithridates, a work on general philology. In 1787 he was appointed librarian of the public library in Dresden, an office which he held until his death.
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Johann Agricola was a German theologian. He was born in 1492 at Eisleben and died in 1566. He was the son of a tailor at Eisleben, and was called, from his native city, master of Eisleben. One of the most active among the theologians who propagated the doctrines of Luther, in 1537, when professor in Wittenberg, he stirred up the Antinomian controversy with Luther and Melanchthon. He afterwards lived at Berlin, where he died in 1566, after a life of controversy. Besides his theological works he composed a work explaining the common German proverbs.
Johann Friedrich Agricola was a German musician and composer. He was born in 1720 near Altenburg and in 1774. A pupil of Sebastian Bach he wrote several operas, including Iphigenia in Tauris.
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Johann Georg Albrechtsberger was a German composer. He was born in 1736 and died in 1809. He taught Ludwig van Beethoven and Moscheles amongst others.
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Johann Valentin Andreae was a German author. He was born in 1586 and died in 1654. He was the author of numerous tracts, several of them of an amusing and satirical character. He was long believed to be the originator of the Rosicrucian order, but subsequently it was thought he was probably ridiculing the order in his works.
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Johann Arndt was a celebrated German mystic theologian. He was born in 1555 and died in 1621. His principal work, Wahres Ohristenthum (True Christianity), was still popular in Germany in the 19th century, and has been translated into almost all European languages.
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Johann Friedrich Blumenbach was a German naturalist. He was born in 1752 and died in 1840. He wrote a famous thesis on the varieties of the human race before becoming professor of medicine, librarian and keeper of the museum at Gottingen in 1778 where he lectured for fifty years.
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Johann Christian Bach was a German composer. He was born in 1735 at Leipzig and died in 1782. He was given his first musical training by his father (Johann Sebastian Bach). In 1750, when his father died, he went to Berlin to study with his brother Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach. He spent eight years in Italy, from 1754 to 1760 as music director for Count Antonio Litta in Milan and then from 1760 to 1762 as organist at the Milan Cathedral. During this period he also studied in Bologna with the Italian composer Giovanni Battista Martini. In 1762 Bach settled in London and soon became music master to the queen. Part of his success was the result of his mastery of the pleasant, tuneful style of Italian opera, which was then fashionable in London. From 1764 until his death he and another German composer living in London, Carl Friedrich Abel produced a series of concerts that were famous because of the composers who wrote for them. One was the seven-year old prodigy Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Bach himself wrote about a dozen operas and many symphonies, concertos, piano pieces, and chamber music.
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Johann Amos Comenius was a Czech educational reformer. He was born in 1592 at Moravia and died in 1671. He advised throughout Europe on the teaching of languages, suggesting that they should be taught by conversation and that pictures helped.
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Johann Cruyff is a Dutch Association Football player. He was born in 1947. He played for Amsterdam Ajax, Barcelona and for the Netherlands, becoming one of the leading goal scorers in the Dutch league. He captained the Dutch side which reached the final of the 1974 World Cup against Germany.
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Johann Franx Encke was a German astronomer. He was born in 1791 at Hamburg and died in 1865. He studied under Gauss at Gottingen and became director successively of the observatories of Seeberg and Berlin in 1822 and 1825. He vastly improved the ephemeris of Berlin, guided the execution of the great star-maps of the Berlin Academy and superintended the erection of the new Berlin observatory in 1832. He discovered a comet, named after him.
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Johann Gottlieb Fichte was a German philosopher. He was born in 1762 at Rommenau and died in 1814. He was educated at Jena University and in 1794 became professor of philosophy at Jena.
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Johann Rudolf Glauber was a German chemist. He was born in 1603 at Karlstadt and died in 1668. He was a zealous alchemist but his experiments resulted in valuable chemical discoveries. He was the first to produce hydrochloric acid from oil of vitriol and salt. He also discovered sodium sulphate, which is named after him as Glauber's Salt.
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Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe was a German poet. He was born in 1749 and died in 1832.
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Johann Baptist Helmont was a Belgian chemist. He was born in 1577 at Brussels and died in 1644. After teaching medicine at Louvain, he turned his attention to chemistry, settling at Vilvode, near Brussels in 1609, where for thirty years he practised medicine gratuitously. Although his philosophical conceptions were of a metaphysical and empirical nature, he added greatly to the development of chemistry by employing with great advantage experimental methods. He is accredited with the discovery of sulphuric acid and the first use of the term 'gas' and also the scientific use of the thermometer. His interest in medicine led him to study the fluids of the human body.
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Johann Kepler was a German astronomer. He was born in 1571 at Weil and died in 1630 after contracting a fever. At the age of seventeen he was admitted to the University of Tubingen and in 1594 was appointed professor of mathematics and astronomy at Graz. In 1600 he went to Prague as an assistant to Tycho Brahe whom he succeeded the following year. During the next 25 years Johann Kepler was astronomer and mathematician to Upper Austria, at Ulm and to Wallenstein.
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Johann Martin Lappenberg was a German historian. He was born in 1794 at Hamburg an died in 1865. He became minister to the court of Berlin in 1820 and in 1823 keeper of the archives of the senate of Hamburg, representing Hamburg at the Diet of Frankfurt. He wrote a number of important historical works.
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Johann Carl Gottfried Loewe was a German composer. He was born in 1796 at Lobejun and died in 1869. He studied at Halle and in 1821 settled at Stettin. He was a prolific composer, producing operas, oratorios, symphonies, concertos, duets and other pieces for the piano and ballads.
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Johann Balthasar Neumann was a German rococo architect. He was born in 1687 and died in 1753. His masterpiece is the church of Vierzehnheiligen in Bavaria.
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Johann Friedrich Overbeck was a German painter. He was born in 1789 at Lubeck and died in 1869. After four years' study at Vienna he went to Rome, where with Von Schadow, Cornelius Veit and Schnorr, he developed the method which, with its devotional expression and banishment of mere physical beauty as such, procured for them the name of 'Nazarenes'.
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Johann Pachelbel was a German composer. He was born in 1653 and died in 1706. He composed Canon and Gigue in D major.
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Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller was a German dramatist and poet. He was born in 1759 in Wurtemberg and died in 1805. Wanting to study for the church, he was forced to enter military school, being the son of an officer. Two years later he deserted the military for medicine, hating the discipline of the military academy. None-the-less, he was appointed an army surgeon, and wrote his play 'Die Rauber' in his spare time, publishing it in 1781. The play got him into trouble with the court of Wurtemberg, and he deserted the army and fled to Baden where he was appointed poet to the theatre at Mannheim. The rest of his life was spent writing plays and poems, often in great poverty, and travelling around Germany at the hospitality of friends and admirers.
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Johann Sebastian Bach was a German composer. He was born in 1685 at Eisenach and died in 1750. Being the son of a musician he was early trained in the art, and soon distinguished himself. In 1703 he was engaged as a player at the court of Weimar, and subsequently he was musical director to the Duke of Anhalt-Kothen, and latterly held an appointment at Leipzig. He paid a visit to Potsdam on the invitation of Frederick the Great. As a player on the harpsichord and organ he had no equal among his contemporaries; but it was not until a century after his death that his greatness as a composer was fully recognized. His compositions breathe an original inspiration, and are largely of the religious kind. They include pieces, vocal and instrumental, for the organ, piano, stringed and keyed instruments; church cantatas, oratorios, masses, passion music, etc. More than fifty musical performers have proceeded from this family. Sebastian himself had eleven sons, all distinguished as musicians. Among his compositions are St Matthew Passion and The Well-Tempered Clavier.
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Johann Gaspar Spurzheim was a co-founder of phrenology. He was born in 1776 and died in 1832. While studying medicine at Vienna he met Franz Gall. At first he and Franz Gall lectured together, but after 1814 they fell out and Johann Spurzheim devoted his campaign to England and France.
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Johann Strauss was an Austrian composer. He was born in 1804 and died in 1849. He was popular for his waltz music, but didn't achieve the fame that his son, also called Johann Strauss, did.
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Johann Strauss was an Austrian composer. He was born in 1825 at Vienna and died in 1899. He was a son of Johann Strauss, the composer of waltzes, and after adopting music as a career in 1844 succeeding his father as conductor of his orchestra and from 1863 devoting himself to composition, composing successful waltzes including 'The Blue Danube' which was first performed in 1867, he also composed light operas including the 1971 'Indigo' and 1874 'Die Fledermaus'.
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Count Johann Friedrich Struensee was a German doctor and politician. He was born in 1737 at Halle, Saxony and died in 1772. The son of a clergyman he practised medicine for some time at Altona and in 1768 became private physician to Christian VII of Denmark, with whom he established himself as a favourite. In 1771 he became minister of state in Denmark and virtual dictator, even though he didn't speak the language. His revolutionary policy reforms which included the encouragement of education and the freeing of the press roused the nobles and clergy who arrested him in January 1772 and tried him for intrigue with the young queen of England - Caroline Matilda - and for conspiracy against the throne, found him guilty and had him executed.
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Johann Sverdrup was a Norwegian statesman. He was born in 1816 at Jarlsberg and died in 1892. He studied law and in 1850 was elected a member of the Storting. He became leader of the left or radical party and fought strenuously against the royal prerogative and for the dissolution of the union with Sweden. In 1883 after long struggles, his party came into power, but four years later the party split and in 1889 he resigned.
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Johann Tauler was a German mystic. He was born in 1300 at Strasbourg and died in 1361. He became a Dominican friar when he was eighteen and achieved fame as a preacher.
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Johann Tetzel was a German friar. He was born in 1460 at Leipzig and died in 1519. The son of a merchant he was educated at Leipzig and became a Dominican. In 1517 he was employed by the elector of Mainz as a seller of indulgences, half the proceeds being remitted to the pope as a contribution towards the costs of building St Peter's.
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Johann Ludwig Tieck was a German critic, poet and novelist. He was born in 1773 at Berlin and died in 1853. He studied at Halte, Gottingen and Erlangen. In 1799 he joined the literary circle at Jena, where he became one of the leaders of the German Romantic movement. He visited Italy in 1805, and England and France in 1817, and in 1825 was appointed director of the court theatre at Dresden. In 1841 he moved to Berlin where he remained the rest of his life. Among his works were 'Peter Lebrechts Volksmahrchen' (Fairy Tales of Peter Lebrecht) published in 1797, later revised and republished as 'Phantasus' between 1812 and 1817.
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Johann Ludwig Uhland was a German poet and ballad writer. He was born in 1787 at Tubingen and died 1862. Educated in law at the university of Tubingen before spending some time in Paris. In 1812 he received a legal appointment at Stuttgart, but resigned a few years later, publishing his first poems in 1815.
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Johann Zoffany was a German portrait painter. He was born in 1733 at Frankfurt and died in 1810. He studied in Rome and then went to England. He began by painting theatrical scenes, but soon became successful as a painter of portraits and crowded conversation pieces, such as The Academicians of the Royal Academy painted in 1772, which shows portraits of himself, Joshua Reynolds, and Francis Hayman; and The Tribuna of the Uffizi painted in 1780 , showing the old master paintings and antiques which were used for study at the Royal Academy, and groups of connoisseurs and students. He also painted pictures of stage performances. From 1783 to 1789 he worked in India.
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Johannes Brahms was a German composer. He was born in 1833 and died in 1897. He composed Liebeslieder Waltzes, Academic Festival Overture, chamber music, 4 symphonies.
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Johannes Dumichen was a German Egyptologist. He was born in 1833 near Glogau and died in 1894. He studied Egyptology under Lepsius and was deputed by the Prussian government to explore the Nile Valley in 1862 and 1868. He also accompanied the Prussian Crown Prince to Egypt on the occasion of the opening of the Suez Canal. In 1872 he was appointed professor of Egyptology at Strasbourg.
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Johannes Ewald was a Danish poet. He was born in 1743 and died in 1781. He ran away and joined the Prussian army during the Seven Years' War and after his return home in 1760 wrote several tragedies.
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Johannes Carsten Hauch was a Danish poet. He was born in 1790 at Frederikshald, Norway and died in 1872. He became professor of Scandinavian literature at Kiel in 1846 and professor of aesthetics at Copenhagen in 1851. Most of his tragedies are distinguished by vigorous characterisation and vivid historical colour.
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Johannes Kepler was a German astronomer. He was born in 1571 near Stuttgart and died in 1630. He studied the motion of planets and proved that planets move in an elliptical path with the sun at one focus, thereby laying the foundations of modern astronomy.
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