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John was a king of England reigning from 1199 to 1216. He was an able administrator interested in law and government but he neither trusted others nor was trusted by them. Heavy taxation, disputes with the Church (John was excommunicated by the Pope in 1209) and unsuccessful attempts to recover his French possessions made him unpopular. Many of his barons rebelled and in June 1215 they forced the King to sign a peace treaty accepting their reforms. This treaty, later known as the Magna Carta, limited royal powers, defined feudal obligations between the King and the barons, and guaranteed a number of rights. The most influential clauses concerned the freedom of the Church; the redress of grievances of owners and tenants of land; the need to consult the Great Council of the Realm so as to prevent unjust taxation; mercantile and trading relationships; regulation of the machinery of justice so that justice be denied to no one; and the requirement to control the behaviour of royal officials. The most important clauses established the basis of habeas corpus ('you have the body'), i.e. that no one shall be imprisoned except by due process of law, and that 'to no one will we sell, to no one will we refuse or delay right or justice'.
The Charter also established a council of barons who were to ensure that the Sovereign observed the Charter, with the right to wage war on him if he did not. The Magna Carta was the first formal document insisting that the Sovereign was as much under the rule of law as his people; and that the rights of individuals were to be upheld even against the wishes of the sovereign. As a source of fundamental constitutional principles, the Magna Carta came to be seen as an important definition of aspects of English law, and in later centuries as the basis of the liberties of the English people. As a peace treaty the Magna Carta was a failure and the rebels invited prince Louis of France to become their king. When John died in 1216 of dysentery, England was in the grip of civil war but the barons proclaimed Louis king.
John was a son of Christian I and king of Denmark in 1481.
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John A Dix was an American politiican. He was born in 1798 at New Hampshire and died in 1879. He was in the army from 1812 until 1828. From 1833 until 1840 he was Secretary of the State of New York, and became a member of the 'Albany Regency'. From 1845 until 1849 he was a Democratic Senator. In the last months of Buchanan's administration he was Secretary of the Treasury, and aided to restore confidence in the Federal Government. An ardent 'War Democrat', he served through the war as a major-general of volunteers. From 1872 until 1874 he was Governor of New York.
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John A J Cresswell was Postmaster-General of the USA from 1869 until 1874. he was born in 1828 and died in 1891. He was a member of Congress from 1863 until 1865.
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John A Andrew was an American politician. He was born in 1818 and died in 1867. He was a renowned lawyer when he was elected as Republican governor of Massachusetts in 1860, serving from 1861 until 1866, coinciding with the American Civil War and as such he was the 'War Governor of Massachusetts'.
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John A. Campbell was an American jurist. He was born in 1811 and died in 1889. Educated at the University of Georgia he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1829. He was several times a member of the Assembly of Alabama. He was appointed a Justice of the US Supreme Court in 1853, and resigned in 1861. He was opposed to secession although he believed in the right. He was Assistant Secretary of War of the Confederate States and was one of the peace commissioners who met President Abraham Lincoln at Port Monroe in February, 1865.
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John A Johnson was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Minnesota from 1905 until 1909.
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John A Love was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Colorado from 1963 until 1973.
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John A Mead was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Vermont from 1910 until 1912.
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John A Notte Jr was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Rhode Island from 1961 until 1963.
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John A Quitman was an American politician. He was born in 1799 and died in 1858. He was chancellor of the Mississippi Superior Court from 1828 to 1831, and from 1832 to 1835. He was a member of the Mississippi Senate in 1835, and ex-officio Governor for a time. He commanded a brigade at Monterey, led the assault at Vera Cruz, commanded at Alvarado, and stormed Chapultepec. He was appointed by General Scott Governor of the City of Mexico. He was Governor of Mississippi from 1850 to 1851, and served in the US Congress as a Democrat from 1855 to 1858. He early maintained the right of secession, and suggested a Southern Confederacy.
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John A Treutlen was an American politician. He was a Whig governor of Georgia from 1777 until 1778.
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John A Volpe was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Massachusetts from 1961 until 1963.
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John White Abbott was an English amateur landscape painter. He was born in 1763 and died in 1851. A follower of Francis Towne, he exhibited oil paintings at the Royal Academy between 1793 and 1805 and again in 1810 and in 1822 but although these were praised at the time, after his death his monochrome pen and ink drawings were more sought after.
Sir John Joseph Caldwell Abbott was a Canadian politician. He was born in 1821 at Saint Andrews, Quebec and died in 1893. He was the first Canadian-born Prime Minister of Canada, a post he held from 1891 to 1892.
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John Jacob Abel was an American biochemist. He was born in 1857 at Cleveland, Ohio and died in 1938. He determined the molecular weight of cholesterol and in 1897 isolated the hormone adrenaline from the adrenal gland. In 1892 he discovered carbonic acid in horse urine and associated it with the production of urea. He also pioneered kidney dialysis.
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John Abernethy was an English surgeon. He was born in 1764 at London and died in 1831. He achieved celebrity status for his lectures on anatomy and also wrote on medicine, being the first to attempt to bring surgery and physiology into scientific connection.
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John Emerich Edward Dalberg Acton was a British historian. He was born in 1834 at Naples and died in 1902.
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John Adair was an American politician. He was a Democratic-Republican governor of Kentucky from 1820 until 1824.
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John Adams was an American politician. He was born in 1735 at Braintree (now Quincy) Massachusetts and died in 1826. He was educated at Harvard University, and adopted the law as a profession. His attention was directed to politics by the question as to the right of the English parliament to tax the colonies, and in 1765 he published some essays strongly opposed to
the claims of the mother country. As a member of the new American congress in 1774, 1775, and 1776 he was strenuous in his opposition to the home government, and in organizing the various departments of the colonial government. On 13th May, 1776, he seconded the motion for a declaration of independence proposed by Lee of Virginia, and was appointed a member of committee to draw it up. The declaration was actually drawn up by Jefferson, but it was John Adams who fought it through congress.
In 1778 he went to France on a special mission, but soon came back and again returned, and for nine years resided abroad as representative of his country in France; Holland, and England. After taking part in the peace negotiations he was appointed, in 1785, the first ambassador of the United States to the court of St James. He was recalled in 1788, and the following-year elected vice-president of the republic under George Washington. In 1792 he was re-elected vice-president, and at the following election in 1797 he became president in succession to George Washington. The commonwealth was then divided into two parties, the federalists, who favoured aristocratic and were suspected of monarchic views, and the republicans. Adams adhered to the former party, with which his views of government had always been in accordance, but the real leader of the party was Alexander Hamilton, with whom John Adams did not agree, and who tried to prevent his election. John Adams was a leader in the movement for independence an his presidency was marked by rivalry with fellow-Federalist Alexander Hamilton, controversy over government measures taken to curb political opposition, and a crisis in American relations with France.
His term of office proved a stormy one, which broke up and dissolved the federalist party. His re-election in 1801 was again opposed by the efforts of Alexander Hamilton, which ended in effecting the return of the republican candidate Jefferson. Thus it happened that when John Adams retired from office his influence and popularity with both parties were at an end, and he sunk at once into the obscurity of private life. He had the consolation, however, of living to see his son president. He died on the 4th of July, 1826, the fiftieth anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, and on the same day as Jefferson. His works were ably edited by his grandson Charles Francis Adams.
John Couch Adams was a British astronomer. He was born in 1819 and died in 1892. He studied at Cambridge, and was senior wrangler in 1843. His investigations into the irregularities in the motion of the planet Uranus led him to the conclusion that they must be caused by another more distant planet, and the results of his labours were communicated in September and October, 1845, to Professor Challis and Airy the astronomer royal. The French astronomer Leverrier had by this time been engaged in the same line of research, and had come to substantially the same results, which, being published in 1846, led to the actual discovery of the planet Neptune by Galle of Berlin. In 1858 John Adams was appointed Lowndean professor of astronomy and geometry at Cambridge.
John Bodkin Adams was an English physician and alleged murderer. He was born in 1899 and died in 1983. In 1957 he was tried for the murder of an elderly patient who died in suspicious circumstances shortly after making Dr Adams a beneficiary in her will. Although he was acquitted, most students of the case believe the trial was a miscarriage of justice, and his guilt proven. Further investigations suggest that at least nine elderly ladies were poisoned by Dr Adams for financial gain.
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John Adams Dix was an American politician and soldier . He was born in 1798 at Boscawen, New Hampshire and died in 1879. After serving as a soldier he practised as a lawyer before entering politics. He was a member of the Senate from 1845 until 1849 and secretary of the treasury in 1861. He was a Republican governor of New York from 1873 until 1874.
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John Adolphus was an English criminal lawyer. He was born in 1766 and died in 1845. He wrote 'History of England from the Accession of George III' and 'Biographical Memoirs of the French Revolution'.
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Sir John Miller Adye was a British general. He was born in 1819 at Sevenoaks, Kent and died in 1900. An artillery officer, he served in the Crimean War and the Indian Mutiny. He held administrative posts in the British Army and the Indian Army and in 1882 went to Egypt as chief of the staff to Wolseley. From 1883 until 1886 he was governor of Gibraltar.
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Sir John Alcock was an English airman. He was born in 1892 at Manchester and died in 1919. He trained as an engineer at the Empress Motor Works before turning his attention to aviation and in 1912 won the flying certificate of the Royal Aero Club. He then started competing in aero races, coming second in the 1913 London to Manchester and back race. In 1914 he joined the Royal Navy Air Service and was made an instructor at Eastchurch. Serving at the front against the Turks, winning the DSC and the record for a long-distance bombing raid before he was taken prisoner. In June 1919 he, together with A.W. Brown entered the Daily Mail sponsored competition to fly across the Atlantic, and together they made the first flight across the Atlantic, flying from Newfoundland to Ireland in a little over sixteen hours, winning 10,000 pounds prize money and a few days later they were both knighted. Sir John Alcock was killed in December 1919 in an aeroplane crash while flying from London to Paris.
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John Alden was the youngest of the Pilgrim founders of the Plymouth Colony. He was born in 1599 and died in 1687. John Alden was originally a cooper, and accompanied the Pilgrims from Southampton as a cooper, afterwards becoming a magistrate of the colony, a post he held for more than fifty years.
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John Alden Dix was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of New York from 1911 until 1912.
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John Alexander Logan (Black Jack Logan) was an American soldier and politician. He was born in 1826 and died in 1886. He volunteered in the Mexican War, and became thereafter a lawyer and politician in Illinois. He was a Democratic Congressman from 1859 until 1861, but left Congress for the army, fought at Bull Run, and was made a colonel of Illinois volunteers. At Belmont, Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, and in the Western army generally he was prominent, was appointed major-general, commanded a division in the Vicksburg campaign and a corps under Sherman in 1864, and on the battlefield of Atlanta succeeded McPherson in the Army of the Tennessee. 'Black Jack' Logan was, in fact, one of the most noted non-West-Pointers of the American Civil War. He was Republican Congressman from 1867 until 1871, and a Senator from 1871 until 1877 and agaian from 1879 until 1886. He received some votes at the Convention of 1884, and was nominated for second place on the ticket with Blaine, but was not elected. He wrote 'The Great Conspiracy'.
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John Alexander Martin was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Kansas from 1885 until 1889.
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John Alington was an English eccentric farmer and philanthropist. He was born in 1795 and died in 1863. Believing he had a responsibility to his workers, he read them Shakespeare and educated them in the geography of the world and planned to take them to the Great Exhibition of 1851, though the trip was cancelled for fear of people becoming lost. Six days a week he held open house, welcoming everyone, especially outcasts, gypsies and tramps to his house.
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John Allegro was an English philologist of the Semitic languages and author. Highly regarded for his authority on the Old Testament, Allegro later argued that Jesus was in fact a mushroom and that Christianity was a cryptic version of ancient sex cults inspired by the hallucinogenic mushroom Amanita muscaria. Although taken in this context his theory appears ludicrous, references to hallucinogenic mushrooms and the widespread taking of them occur in the ancient history of Greece, and in a number of religious cults of that period.
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John Allen was a Scotchish political and historical writer. He was born in 1771 and died in 1843. He studied medicine, and became M.D. of Edinburgh University. In 1801 he went abroad with Lord Holland and his family, and henceforth he maintained this connection, being long an inmate of Holland House in London and a member of the brilliant society that assembled there. He contributed many articles to the Edinburgh Review; wrote an Inquiry into the Rise and Growth of the Royal Prerogative in England; Vindication of the Ancient Independence of Scotland; etc.
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John Alsop King was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New York from 1857 until 1858.
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John Anderson was a Scottish philosopher and philanthropist. He was born in 1726 and died in 1796. He was professor of natural philosophy in the University of Glasgow and by his will he directed that the whole of his effects should be devoted to the establishment of an educational institution in Glasgow, to be denominated Anderson's University, for the use of the unacademical classes. According to the design of the founder, there were to be four colleges - for arts, medicine, law, and theology - besides an initiatory school. As the funds, however, were totally inadequate to the plan, it was at first commenced with only a single course of lectures on natural philosophy and chemistry. The institution gradually enlarged its sphere of instruction, coming nearer and nearer to the original design of its founder, the medical school in particular possessing a high reputation. During the 19th century it was incorporated with other institutions to form the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College, the medical school, however, retaining a distinct position.
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John Anderson Jr was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Kansas from 1961 until 1965.
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John Andre was a British soldier. He was born in 1751 at London and died in 1780. During the American War of Independence he joined the British army in Canada in 1774 and became aide-de-camp to Sir Henry Clinton. In this capacity he acted as intermediary in negotiations between Henry Clinton and Benedict Arnold who was planning to betray West Point to the British. Major John Andre met with Benedict Arnold, and while returning to the British lines was captured by the American forces, and being in civilian clothes, was court-martialled and hanged as a spy. His remains were subsequently brought to England in 1821 and interred in Westminster Abbey, where a monument was erected to his memory.
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John Anster was an Irish writer. He was born in 1793 at Cork and died in 1867. He was professor of law at the University of Dublin. He published a volume of poems, and was a frequent contributor to Blackwood's Magazine, the Dublin University Magazine, the North British Review, and others, but is chiefly known by his fine translation of Goethe's Faust, 1835-64.
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John Anthony Winston was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Alabama from 1853 until 1857.
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John Arbuthnot was a Scottish physician and distinguished wit. He was born in 1667 at Arbuthnot, Kincardineshire, Scotland and died in 1735. He received the degree of Doctor of Medicine at the University of St Andrews; and went to London, where he soon distinguished himself by his writings and by his skill in his profession. In 1704 he was chosen fellow of the Royal Society, and soon after he was appointed physician extraordinary, and then physician in ordinary to Queen Anne About this time he became intimate with Swift, Pope, Gay, and other wits of the day. His writings, other than professional or scientific, include his contributions (in conjunction with Swift and Pope) to the Memoirs of Martinus Scriblerus, History of John Bull, Art of Political Lying, etc. He was conspicuous not only for learning and wit, but also for worth and humanity.
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John Armstrong was a Scottish poet and physician. He was born about 1709 and died in 1779. After studying medicine in Edinburgh he settled in London. In 1744 he published his chief work, the Art of Preserving Health, a didactic poem. This work raised his reputation to a height which his subsequent efforts scarcely sustained. In 1746 he became physician to an hospital for soldiers, and in 1760 he was appointed physician to the forces which went to Germany. After his return to London he published a collection of his Miscellanies, which contained, however, nothing valuable. He afterwards visited France and Italy, and published an account of his tour under the name of Lancelot Temple. His last production was a volume of Medical Essays.
John Armstrong was an American soldier and politician. He was born in 1758 at Carlisle, Pennsylvania and died in 1843. He served in the American War Of Independence and after its conclusion write the first 'Newbugh Letters'. Entering civilian life he was Secretary of State in Pennsylvania and member of the Continental Congress, and was a US Senator from 1800 to 1802 and from 1803 to 1804. From 1804 until 1810 he was Minister to France. In 1812 he was appointed brigadier-general and in 1813 entered the Cabinet as secretary of War, being obliged to resign in 1814 after the fall of Washington.
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John Asgill was an English writer. He was born in 1659 and died in 1738. A lawyer by profession, in 1699 he published a pamphlet to prove that Christians were not necessarily liable to death, death being the penalty imposed for Adam's sin and Christ having satisfied the law. Having crossed over to Ireland, he was beginning to get into a good practice, and was elected to the Irish House of Commons, when his pamphlet was ordered to be burned by the public hangman, and he himself was expelled the house. His whole subsequent life was passed in pecuniary and other troubles, mostly in the Fleet or within the rules of the King's Bench.
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John Ashcroft was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Missouri from 1985 until 1993.
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John Ashe was an American soldier. He was born in 1720 at North Carolina and died in 1781. He equipped a regiment at his own expense and joined Lincoln's army in 1778. He was defeated at Brier Creek and captured at Wilmington in 1781.
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John Asser was a learned British ecclesiastic. Ge died about 910. He was originally a monk of St David's, and is distinguished as the instructor, companion, and biographer of Alfred the Great, who appointed him abbot of two or three different monasteries, and finally Bishop of Sherborne, where he died in 908 or 910. His life of Alfred, written in Latin (Annales Berum Gestarum AElfredi Magni), is of very great value, though its authenticity has been questioned. There is an English translation in Bonn's Antiquarian Library.
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John Jacob Astor was a German-born American philanthropist. He was born in 1763 near Heidelberg, Germany and died in1848. In 1783 he emigrated to the United States, settled at New York, and became extensively engaged in the fur trade. In 1811 the settlement of Astoria, founded by him, near the mouth of the Columbia river, was formed to serve as a central depot for the fur trade between the lakes and the Pacific. He subsequently engaged in various speculations, and died worth about 4,000,000 pounds, leaving 80,000 pounds to found the Astor Library in New York. This institution is contained in a splendid building, enlarged in 1859 at the cost of his son, and in 1905 comprised about 260,000 volumes.
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John Aubrey was an English antiquary. He was born in 1625 or 1626 at Wiltshire and died about 1700. He was educated at Oxford and collected materials for the Monasticon Anglicanum, and afforded important assistance to Wood, the antiquary. He left large collections of manuscripts, which have been used by subsequent writers. His Miscellanies, published in London in 1696, contain much curious information, but display credulity and superstition. His Natural History and Antiquities of the County of Surrey was published in 1719.
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John James Audubon was an American naturalist. He was born in 1775 near New Orleans and died in 1851. Of French parents, he was educated in France, and studied painting under David. In 1798 he settled in Pennsylvania, but having a great love for ornithology he set out in 1810 with his wife and child, descended the Ohio, and for many years roamed the forests in every direction drawing the birds which he shot. In 1826 he came to England, exhibited his drawings in Liverpool, Manchester, and Edinburgh, and finally published them in an unrivalled work of double-folio size, with 435 coloured plates of birds the size of life (The Birds of America, 4 volumes, 1827-39), with an accompanying text (Ornithological Biography, 5 volumes 8vo, partly written by Prof. Macgillivray). On his final return to America he laboured with Dr. Bachman on a finely illustrated work entitled The Quadrupeds of America (1843-50, 3 volumes.).
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John Aus'tin was an English writer on jurisprudence. He was born in 1790 and died in 1859. From 1826 to 1835 he filled the chair of jurisprudence at London University. He served on several royal commissions, one of which took him to Malta; lived for some years on the Continent, and finally settled at Weybridge in Surrey. His fame rests solely on his great works: The Province of Jurisprudence Determined, published in 1832; and his Lectures on Jurisprudence, published by his widow between 1861 and 1863.
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John B Connally was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Texas from 1963 until 1969.
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John B Gordon was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Georgia from 1886 until 1890.
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John B Kendrick was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Wyoming from 1915 until 1917.
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John B Page was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Vermont from 1867 until 1869.
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John B Smith was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Hampshire from 1893 until 1895.
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John B Swainson was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Michigan from 1961 until 1962.
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John B Weller was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of California from 1858 until 1860.
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John Bacon was an English sculptor. He was born in 1740 and died in 1799. Among his chief works are two groups for the interior of the Royal Academy; the statue of Judge Blackstone for All Souls College, Oxford; another of Henry VI for Eton College; the monument of Lord Chatham in Westminster Abbey; and the statues of Dr. Johnson and Mr. Howard in St Paul's Cathedral.
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John Bale was an English ecclesiastic. He was born in 1495 at Suffolk and died in 1563. Although educated a Roman Catholic, he became a Protestant, and the intolerance of the Catholic party drove him to the Netherlands. On the accession of Edward VI. he returned to England, was presented to the living of Bishop's Stoke, Southampton, and soon after nominated Bishop of Ossory, in Ireland. Here, on his preaching the reformed religion, the popular fury against him reached such a pitch that in one tumult five of his domestics were murdered in his presence. On the accession of Mary he lay some time concealed in Dublin, and after many hardships found refuge in Switzerland. At her death he was appointed by Elizabeth I a prebend of Canterbury, where he died. His fame as an author rests upon his Scriptorum Illustrium Majoris Britanniae Catalogus; or An Account of the Lives of Eminent Writers of Britain, commencing with Japhet the son of Noah, and ending with the year 1557. It is compiled from various writers, chiefly from the antiquary Leland. He was also the author of nineteen miracle plays, printed in 1558.
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John Hutton Balfour was A BRITISH botanist. He was born in 1808 and died in 1884. He graduated at Edinburgh University in arts and in medicine; in 1841-45 was professor of botany in Glasgow University; and in the latter year removed to Edinburgh to occupy a similar post, resigning his chair in 1879. He wrote valuable botanical text-books, including Elements, Outlines, Manual, and Class-book, besides various other works.
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John Baliol was King of Scotland from 1292 to 1296. He was born in 1249 and died in 1315. On the death of Margaret, the Maiden of Norway and grandchild of Alexander III, John Baliol claimed the vacant throne by virtue of his descent from David, Earl of Huntingdon, brother to William the Lion, King of Scotland, Robert Bruce (grandfather of the king) opposed John Baliol; but Edward I's decision was in favour of John Baliol, who did homage to him for the kingdom, On November the 20th, 1292. Irritated by Edward's harsh exercise of authority, John Baliol concluded a treaty with France, then at war with England; but after the defeat at Dunbar he surrendered his crown into the hands of the English monarch. He was sent with his son to the Tower, but, by the intercession of the pope in 1297, obtained liberty to retire to his Norman estates, where he died. His son, Edward, in 1332 landed in Fife with an armed force, and having defeated a large army under the regent Mar (who was killed), got himself crowned king, but was driven out in three months.
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John Ball, was an English itinerant preacher of the fourteenth century. He was excommunicated about 1367 for promulgating 'errors, schisms, and scandals against the Pope, archbishops, bishops, and clergy.' He was one of the most active promoters of the popular insurgent spirit which found vent under Wat Tyler in 1381, and the couplet 'When Adam delved and Eve span Who was then the gentleman?' is attributed to him.
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John C Bancroft Davis was an American jurist. He was born in 1822 at Massachusetts. From 1869 until 1871, from 1873 until 1875, and in 1881 he was Assistant Secretary of State of the United States. In 1871 he represented the US Government in the arbitration of the 'Alabama' claims at Geneva, having been secretary of the commission concluding the Treaty of Washington. From 1877 until 1881 he was a Judge of the US Court of Claims, and in 1883 became reporter of the US Supreme Court.
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John Banim was an Irish novelist, dramatist, and poet. He was born in 1798 and died in 1842. His chief early work was a poem, The Celt's Paradise published in 1821. Having settled in London, he made various contributions to magazines and to the stage; but his fame rests on his novels, particularly the O'Hara Tales, in which Irish life is admirably portrayed. In these, as in some of his other publications, his brother, Michael Banim (born in 1796, died 1874), had an important share, if not an equal claim to praise.
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Sir John Barbirolli was an English cellist and conductor. He was born in 1899 at London and died in 1970. He was knighted in 1949.
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John Barbour was the father of Scottish poetry. He was born in 1316 and died in 1395. By 1357 he was archdeacon of Aberdeen, and in the following year was appointed a commissioner to treat for the ransom of David II. He appears as auditor of the exchequer more than once, as travelling through England on several occasions, and was pensioned by Robert II. His chief poem, The Bruco, written about 1375, was first published in 1571, and a manuscript exists in the Advocates' Library, Edinburgh, dated 1489. Of another long poem, setting forth the Trojan origin of the Scottish kings, no manuscript remains, unless a portion of two Troy books in the Cambridge and Bodleian libraries may be ascribed to Barbour. He has also been credited, probably without sufficient grounds, with having compiled a Book of Legends of Saints, existing in a single manuscript at Cambridge, and published only in relatively recent times.
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John Barclay was a French poet and satirist. He was born in 1582 at Pont-a-Mousson (Lorraine) and died in 1621. Probably educated in the Jesuits' College at Pont-a-Mousson, having settled in England he published a Latin politico-satirical romance, entitled Euphormionis Satyricon, having as its object the exposure of the Jesuits. In 1616 he left England for Rome, received a pension from Pope Paul V. His chief work is a singular romance in Latin, entitled Argenis (published in Paris, 1621), thought by some to be an allegory bearing on the political state of Europe at the period. It has been translated into several modern languages.
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John Van Olden Barneveldt was grand pensionary of Holland during the struggle with Philip II of Spain. He was born in 1549 and died in 1619. After the assassination of William of Orange, and the conquest of the south provinces by the Spaniards under Parma, he headed the embassy to secure English aid. Finding, however, that the Earl of Leicester proved a worse than useless ally, he secured the elevation of the young Maurice of Nassau to the post of stadtholder, at the same time by his own wise administration doing much to restore the prosperity of the state. After serving as ambassador to France and England, he succeeded in 1607 in obtaining from Spain a recognition of the independence of the States, and two years later in concluding with her the twelve years' truce. Maurice, ambitious of absolute rule and jealous of the influence of Barneveldt, was interested in the continuance of the war, and lost no opportunity of hostile action against the great statesman. In this he was aided by the strongly-marked theologic division in the state between the Gomarites (the Calvinistic and popular party) and the Arminians, of whom Barneveldt was a supporter. Maurice, who had thrown in his lot with the Gomarites, encouraged the idea that the Arminians were the friends of Spain, and procured the assembly of a synod at Dort in 1618 which violently condemned them. Barneveldt and his friends Grotius and Hoogerbeets were arrested, and subjected to a mock trial; and Barneveldt, to whom the country owed its political existence and the commons their retention of legislative power, was beheaded on May the 13th, 1619. His sons four years later attempted to avenge his death; one was beheaded, the other escaped to Spain.
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Sir John Bart Barrow was a British geographer and administrator. He was born in 1764 near Ulverston and died in 1848. At the age of sixteen he went in a whaler to Greenland. A gifted mathematician, he was made a fellow of the Royal Society taught mathematics at Greenwich for three years and was sent with Lord Macartney in his embassy to China in 1792, to take charge of philosophical instruments for presentation to the Chinese emperor. His account of this journey was of great value, and not less so was the account of his travels in South Africa, whither he went in 1797 as secretary to Macartney. In 1804 he was appointed second secretary to the admiralty, a post occupied by him for forty years. In 1835 he was made a baronet. Besides the accounts of his own travels he published lives of Earl Macartney, Lord Anson, and Lord Howe; Voyages of Discovery and Research within the Arctic Regions; an autobiography of himself written at the age of eighty-three, etc.
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John Barry was an Irish-born American naval officer. He was born in 1745 and died in 1803. He commanded the 'Lexington' when it captured the British war vessel 'Edward', the first British war vessel to be captured by a commissioned officer of the US Navy. In 1781 while commanding the 'Alliance' he captured the 'Atlanta' and the 'Trespassy'. In 1794 he was made a commodore.
Sir John Wolfe Barry was a civil engineer who built Tower Bridge. He was born in 1836 and died in 1918.
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John Berrnhard Basedow was a German educationalist. He was born in 1723 at Hamburg and died in 1790. After having gained considerable experience as a teacher, especially at the gymnasium of Altona, and having published a number of works dealing with mental and moral philosophy, the teaching of religion and morality, etc, some of which roused a great amount of discussion, he was enabled, under the auspices of the Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, to open, in 1774, an educational institution in which his views were to receive practical exemplification. This institution, which he called the Philanthropinum, was a school free from sectarian bias, and in which the pupils were to be disciplined in all studies - physical, intellectual, and moral. This school led to the establishment of some similar ones, though Basedow retired from it in 1778, not having been very successful in the practical working out of his theories. He henceforth devoted himself to authorship, writing especially on religious subjects. The chief feature of Basedow's system is the full development of the faculties of the young, in pursuance of the notions of Locke and Rousseau. His name still lives in the history of education, and his efforts were not without result.
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John Baskerville was an English printer and type-founder. He was born in 1706 and died in 1775. He settled at Birmingham as a writing-master, subsequently engaged in the manufacture of japanned works, and in 1750 commenced printer. From his press came highly-prized editions of ancient and modern classics, Bibles, prayer-books, etc, all beautifully-printed works.
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John Bastwick was an English physician and ecclesiastical controversialist. He was born in 1593 and died in 1654. He settled at Colchester, but instead of confining himself to his profession, entered keenly into theological controversy, and was condemned by the Star Chamber for his books against Prelacy: Elenchus Religionis Papisticse, Flagellum Pontificis, and The Letanie of Dr. J. Bastwick. With Prynne and Burton he was sentenced to lose his ears in the pillory, to pay a fine of 5000 pounds, and to be imprisoned for life. He was released by the Long Parliament, and entered London in triumph along with Prynne and Burton. He appears to have continued his controversies to the very last with the Independents and others.
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John Beaufort was the first duke of Somerset. He was born in 1403 and died in 1444. He fought with Henry V in France and was made duke in 1443.
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John Bell was an American politician and one of the founders of the Whig party. He was born in 1797 at Nashville and died in 1869. A lawyer by trade, he became a State Senator before entering the House of Representatives as member for Tennessee in 1827. He served in the House of Representatives until 1841, and was Speaker from 1835 to 1837. In 1841 he was Secretary of War, and in 1847 until 1859 the US Senator from Tennessee.
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John Bell Hood was an American soldier. He was born in 1831 at Kentucky and died in 1879. He graduated at the US Military Academy in 1853. He enlisted in the Confederate service in 1861, and soon after was appointed brigadier-general of the Texas brigade. He was brevetted major-general for gallant service at Games' Mill. He served in the Maryland campaign and fought at Bull Run, Boonsboro, Fredericksburg, Antietam and Gettysburg. He reinforced General Bragg at Chickamauga, and in 1864 commanded a corps under General Johnston. He succeeded Johnston in command and attempted to crush Sherman in his march to the sea, but was unsuccessful. He was soon afterward defeated by General Thomas at Franklin and at Nashville. He was succeeded by General Richard Taylor.
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John Bell Williams was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Mississippi from 1968 until 1972.
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John Davys Beresford was an English novelist. He was born in 1873 and died in 1947. His first novel, 'The Early History of Jacob Stahl' published in 1911, established his reputation as a writer of the realist school deriving from George Gissing.
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John McPherson Berrien was an American statesman. He was born in 1781 at Georgia and died in 1856. He was Judge of the Eastern District of Georgia from 1810 until 1821 and a US Senator from 1825 until 1829 and again from 1840 until 1852. He was Attorney-General under president Andrew Jackson from 1829 until his resignation in 1831.
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Sir John Betjeman was an English poet and essayist. He was born in 1906 and died in 1984. He was the poet laureate from 1972 to 1984.
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John Biddle was an English Unitarian. He was born in 1615 and died in prison in 1662. He was imprisoned for his controversial writings.
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John Bigler was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of California from 1852 until 1856.
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John Blow was an English composer. He was born in 1648 and died in 1708. He became organist at Westminster Abbey, and was afterwards appointed composer to the Royal Chapel. His secular compositions were published under the name of Amphion Anglicus in 1700.
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John Elert Bode was a German astronomer. He was born in 1747 and died in 1826. His name is given to Bode's Law, an arithmetic formula which expresses approximately the distances of the planets from the sun.
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John Bradford was an English protestant preacher and martyr. He was born in 1510 at Manchester and died in 1555. He was educated at Cambridge and converted to Protestantism by Latimer and in 1553 appointed royal chaplain to Edward VI. After the death of Edward VI Bradford fearlessly advocated the reformed faith and was tried before Gardiner and Bonner, condemned as a heretic and burned at Smithfield.
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John Branch was an American politician. He was born in 1782 and died in 1863. He was a Democratic-Republican governor of North Carolina from 1817 until 1820, and a Democratic US Senator from 1823 until 1829 and was secretary of the Navy in Andrew Jackson's Cabinet from 1829 until 1831.
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John Breathitt was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Kentucky from 1832 until 1834.
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John Brett was an English painter. He was born in 1830 and died in 1902. He specialised in seascapes and landscapes.
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John Briggs was an English cricketer. He was born in 1862 and died in 1902. Originally an all-rounder, he served England best as a slow left-arm bowler from 1884 to 1899. He played for Lancashire and England, with his best test performance taking 15 wickets for 28 against South Africa.
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John Bright was an English orator and politician. He was born in 1811 at Greenbank, near Rochdale and died in 1889. His father carried out a cotton-spinning business. John Bright became a leading spirit in the Anti-Corn-Law League and in 1843 was elected to Parliament to represent Durham, where upon he distinguished himself as an advocate of free trade and reform. However, his opposition to the Crimean War caused him to lose his seat in 1857. He was later elected to represent Birmingham, and continued to campaign against wars of annexation.
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John Brooks was an American soldier and politician. He was born in 1752 and died in 1825. He commanded a regiment at Saratoga and was adjutant-general at Monmouth. He was a Federalist governor of Massachusetts from 1816 until 1823.
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John Brough was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Ohio from 1864 until 1865.
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John Brown was an American merchant. He was born in 1736 and died in 1803. A resident of Providence, Rhode Island, he led the party which destroyed the 'Gaspee' in 1772. he was a delegate from Rhode Island to Congress from 1799 until 1801.
John Brown was an American soldier. He was born in 1744 at Massachusetts and died in 1780. He aided in the capture of Ticonderoga and took Fort Chambly in 1775. he served under Montgomery at Quebec and in 1777 captured Ticonderoga together with large supplies.
John Brown was an American Abolitionist. He was born in 1800 at Torrington, Connecticut and died in 1859. He was engaged in the wool business and farming, and developed into an ardent and uncompromising abolitionist. On the outbreak of the Kansas troubles, he settled near Osawatomie in 1855, and took an active part in the desultory warfare in that region, including the 'Pottawatomie Massacre' of 1856. He had many sympathisers in the Northern States and by 1859 his plans to liberate the salves were matured. Having collected a small, well-armed force, he suddenly seized the arsenal at Harpers' Ferry, Virginia on October the 16th 1859. He was immediately blockaded, captured, and tried by a Virginia court which sentenced him to death. He was executed at Charlestown, Virginia on December the 2nd 1859. His actions made him a hero of the Northern armies who sang songs about him during the American Civil War.
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John Brown Francis was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Rhode Island from 1833 until 1838.
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John Buchanan Floyd was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Virginia from 1849 until 1852.
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John Bull was an imaginary person used as the personification of the English nation and the typical Englishman. The name and character were popularised by John Arbuthnot in 1712 in a series of pamphlets entitled 'History of John Bull' which attacked the Whig war policy.
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John Bunyan was a British prose writer. He was born in 1628 and died in 1688. He wrote 'The Pilgrim's Progress' .
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John Bagnold Burgess was an English painter. He was born in 1829 at Chelsea and died in 1897. He studied at the Royal Academy Schools in 1851 and for thirty years visited Spain annually.
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John Burgoyne was an English soldier, politician and writer. He was born in 1722 and died in 1792. Entering parliament in 1768, he criticised the War Office and foreign policy, and by his political career won favour at court. He led an American expedition, in 1774 and in 1777 was entrusted with the command of a large force which was to pierce the American centre - an operation known as the Burgoyne Campaign -, but which failed through the incapacity of others, and he was obliged to surrender with 6000 men at Saratoga in October 1777, returning to England in 1778. The failure of his campaign during the American War of Independence made him unpopular back home.
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John Burke was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of New Dakota from 1907 until 1913.
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John Burnet was a Scottish engraver and painter. He was born in 1784 at Musselburgh and died in 1868. In 1806 he went to London where he illustrated the Novelist and executed large plates of Wilkie's works. He painted a number of large landscapes including 'Greenwich Pensioners' and wrote several books on painting.
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John Burns was an American soldier. He was born in 1793 and died in 1872. He fought at Plattsburg, Queenstown and Laundy's Lane. He distinguished himself by his patriotic zeal during the American Civil War, particularly at the Battle of Gettysburg.
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John Burroughs was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of New Mexico from 1959 until 1961.
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John Hill Burton was a Scottish historian. He was born in 1809 at Aberdeen and died in 1881. His chief work was 'History of Scotland from the Earliest Times to 1746'.
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John By was an English engineer. He was born in 1781 and died in 1836. After serving in the Peninsular War he went in 1826 to Canada, where he constructed the Rideau Canal between the St Lawrence and the Great Lakes. By-town (Ottawa) was named after him.
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John Byng was an English sailor. He was born in 1704 and died in 1757. He joined the navy when he was 14 and was quickly promoted, becoming admiral in 1756. For his failure to relieve Minorca, blockaded by a French Fleet, and for retreating to Gibraltar he was tried and found guilty of neglect of duty and was executed at Portsmouth, being shot.
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John Byrom was an English poet and stenographer. He was born in 1692 and died in 1763. He was educated at Merchant Taylors' School and Trinity College, Cambridge, and for some time studied medicine, but his chief means of livelihood for many years, until he inherited the family estates in 1740, was teaching shorthand on a system he invented himself.
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John Byron was an English admiral. He was born in 1723 and died in 1786. He served as a midshipman in one of the ships of Lord Anson (whence he earned the nickname 'Foul Weather Jack') which was wrecked on the Pacific coast north of the Straights of Magellan in 1741. He published a narrative of his adventures among the Indians, which was utilized by his grandson (Lord Byron) in Don Juan.
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John C Robinson was an American soldier. He was born in 1817 and died in 1897. He served in the Mexican War. He commanded a brigade at Richmond and a division at Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, and fought at the Wilderness and Spottsylvania.
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John C Spencer was an American politician. He was born in 1788 and died in 1855. He represented New York in the US Congress as a Democrat from 1817 to 1819. He served in Tyler's Cabinet as Secretary of War from 1841 to 1843 and as Secretary of the Treasury from 1843 to 1844.
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John C Bell, Jr was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Pennsylvania during 1947.
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John C Brown was an American politician. He was a Whig-Democratic governor of Tennessee from 1871 until 1875.
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John C Cutler was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Utah from 1905 until 1909.
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John C Edwards was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Missouri from 1844 until 1848.
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John C Phillips was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Arizona from 1929 until 1931.
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John C Sheppard was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of South Carolina during 1886.
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John C Vivian was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Colorado from 1943 until 1947.
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John C Walton was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Oklahoma during 1923.
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John C West was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of South Carolina from 1971 until 1975.
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John Cabot was an Italian navigator. He was born in 1450 at Genoa and died in 1498. He settled in Venice as a merchant and mariner, and moved to England in about 1490, settling at Bristol. In May 1497 he sailed from Bristol on a voyage of discovery under the authority of letters from the king, Henry VII. He discovered a region which he supposed to be the coast of China, returned to England with the news and received from the king the sum of ten pounds in reward. The next year he sailed again and explored the coast of North America, discovering Newfoundland and Nova Scotia before disappearing from history.
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John Cade (better known as Jack Cade) was a popular English agitator of the fifteenth century. He led an insurrection of the common people of Kent against Henry VI in 1450, and having defeated a force sent against him marched on London which he ruled for two days. Under the promise of a pardon the rebels dispersed, but Cade was killed by a Kentish gentleman called Iden.
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John Cadwalader was an American militia leader. He was born in 1742 and died in 1786. He was a member of the Philadelphia Committee of Safety and served as a brigadier-general at Trenton and as a volunteer at Brandywine and at Germantown. He wounded General Conway in a duel.
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John Elliot Cairnes was an Irish political economist. He was born in 1823 and died in 1875. He published a work in 1862 entitled 'The Slave Power' in which he made a powerful defence of the cause of the Northern States of America.
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John Caius was an English physician. He was born in 1510 at Norwich and died in 1573. He was physician to Edward VI and afterwards to Queen Mary. In 1557 he re-founded Gonville Hall, Cambridge and in 1559 was elected master of the college.
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John Caldwell Calhoun was a Vice-President of the USA. He was born in 1782 near Abbeville in South Carolina and died in 1850. He graduated at Yale, studied law, and developed qualities of statesmanship at an early period. In 1811 he entered the House of Representatives as member from South Carolina, and became prominent at once as a leader of the younger element of the Democratic party; he advocated the war against Great Britain, and was foremost in the controversy over the United States Bank. He left the House for the War Department in 1817, and served throughout James Monroe's administration.
In 1824 he was elected Vice-president, and served from 1825 with Adams. Again elected in 1828, he continued in office, this time with Jackson, and between these two great Democratic leaders a bitter feeling of opposition soon arose. In the Nullification trouble which was now developing, Calhoun's abilities and views made him the leader on the side of his native State. He resigned his office in 1832, and immediately entered the US Senate, where he was the champion of the 'States Rights' men. His career in the Senate was interrupted for a short period, when from 1844 until 45 he was Secretary of State in Tyler's administration. During this time he concluded a treaty of annexation with Texas. Retiring from the Cabinet in 1845 he re-entered the Senate, resuming the leadership of the Southern Democrats. It was during this last term that his severe controversy with Benton occurred. Calhoun died at Washington while the compromise measures of 1850 were pending. In gifts of logic he is commonly said to have surpassed Clay and Webster, the two Senators with whose names his own is inseparably connected.
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John Calvin was a Swiss religious reformer. He was born in 1509 and died in 1564. He was influenced by Martin Luther and was instrumental in burning Michael Servetus for denying the Trinity in 1553.
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John Edward Carew was an Irish sculptor. He was born in 1785 at Waterford and died in 1868. He produced various statues and busts for Lord Egremont between 1823 and 1827 and exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1830 and at various intervals until 1848.
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John Carroll was an American theologian. He was born in 1735 and died in 1817. A cousin of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, he was educated as a priest at St Omer's. In 1774 he returned to Maryland and enthusiastically espoused the patriot cause. At the suggestion of Dr Franklin he was appointed superior of the clergy of the United States in 1784. He became bishop in 1790. By unanimous request of Congress he pronounced a panegyric on Washington, February 22nd, 1800. He was consecrated archbishop in 1808, and was the first Catholic bishop and archbishop in the USA.
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John Cartwright was an English political reformer. He was born in 1740 and died in 1824. He wrote on political subjects and was fined for sedition.
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John Carver was the leader of the Pilgrim Fathers. He was born in 1575 and died in 1621. He took refuge in Holland in 1607 and became agent for the expedition to New England. He left in the Mayflower on September the 6th 1620 and arrived in Massachusetts where the town of New Plymouth was built. He was the first Governor of Plymouth colony. He was probably elected Governor on board the Mayflower in Provincetown harbour in November, 1620; was re-elected in March, 1621, but died the next month.
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John Cassell was an English publisher. He was born in 1817 at Manchester and died in 1865. He turned to literature in 1850 issuing The Working Man's Friend in 1850 and The Illustrated Exhibitor in 1851 followed by Popular Educator in 1852 and the Family Paper in 1853.
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John Catron was an American jurist. He was born in 1778 and died in 1865. He was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Tennessee from 1830 to 1836 and was a Justice of the US Supreme Court from 1837 to 1865.
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John Chapman was an English political writer. He was born in 1801 at Loughborough and died in 1854. After failing in business as a lace manufacturer he went to London and became editor of the Mechanics Magazine, and invented improvements to the four-wheeler which led to the hansom cab.
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John Charles Spencer (3rd Earl Spencer) was a British statesman. He was born in 1782 at London and died in 1845. Educated at Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge, he entered parliament in 1804 and was made a junior lord of the treasury in 1806 when his father (George John Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer) was home secretary. In 1827 he was selected as leader of the Whig opposition to the Duke of Wellington, and in 1830 in the Reform ministry of Lord Grey Viscount Althorp, as he still was, became chancellor of the exchequer and leader of the house, and was largely responsible for carrying through the Reform Bill.
In 1834 his father died, and John Charles Spencer was transferred to the House of Lords and he withdrew from politics and dedicated his time to agriculture and the care of his estates.
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John Clare was an English poet known as the 'Northamptonshire Ploughboy Poet'. He was born in 1793 in a gypsy camp and died in 1864. He started writing poetry in 1818, his first volume being issued in 1820. He reportedly went insane, and died in Northants County Asylum.
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John Clark was an American politician. He was a Federalist governor of Delaware from 1817 until 1820.
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John Clarke was an English physician. He was born in 1609 and died in 1676. In 1638 he went to Rhode Island and settled at Aquidneck. In 1663 he obtained from Charles II. a charter guaranteeing religious liberty to the colonists. He was Deputy Governor in 1669 and 1671.
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John M Clayton was an American statesman. He was born in 1796 at Delaware and died in 1856. He was Chief Justice of Delaware from 1837 until 1840, US Senator from 1829 until 1835, from 1845 until1849, and from 1851 until his death. In 1849 he became Secretary of State under President Taylor, in which office he was continued by President Fill-more until July, 1850. As such he negotiated the celebrated Clayton-Bulwer treaty with Great Britain.
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John Cleland was a British author. He was born in 1709 and died in 1789. He wrote 'Fanny Hill - Memoirs of a woman of pleasure' to repay debts he owed in London. The book was reprinted in 1963 and the publishers prosecuted.
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John Cleveland was an English Cavalier poet. He was born in 1613 at Loughborough and died in 1658 at Gray's Inn. He was a fellow of St John's College, Cambridge from 1634 to 1643, but forfeited his fellowship for having opposed Oliver Cromwell's election to the Long Parliament. Acting as judge-advocate at Newark, he was arrested at Norwich in 1655 but after three months' imprisonment was released by Oliver Cromwell. He wrote many satires and published 'Poems' in 1656.
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John Clifford was an English Baptist minister. He was born in 1836 at Sawley and was educated for the ministry in Nottingham. He is famous for his opposition to the Education Act of 1902 and his advocacy of passive resistance in non-payment of school rates by the Nonconformists. He died in 1923.
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John Rhodes Cobb was a British racing motorist. He established the world record of 394.2 mph at Bonneville Salt Flats, Utah in September 1947.
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John Coffee was an American soldier. He was born in 1772 and died in 1834. In the War of 1812 he became a brigadier-general, fought and won the battle of Tallushatchie and commanded Jackson's left wing at the Battle of New Orleans.
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John Collins was an American politician. He was a Democratic-Republican governor of Delaware from 1821 until 1822.
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John Amos Comenius was a Czech educational reformer. He was born in 1592 at Moravia and died in 1670. In 1658 he wrote Orbis sensualium pictus, the first picture book for children.
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John Conington was an English classical scholar. He was born in 1825 and died in 1869. He was professor of Latin at Oxford from 1854 until 1869, and published translations of the Aeneid in octosyllabic verse, part of the Iliad in the Spenserian stanza, and the Odes, Satires, and Epistles of Horace.
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John Conolly was an English physician. He was born in 1794 in Lincolnshire and died in 1866. He introduced a new form of treatment for the mentally ill, whereby mechanical restraints were no longer used.
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John Valentine Conroy (J V Conroy) is an Anglo-Indian hockey player. He was born in 1928. Britain's greatest ever hockey forward, he played in 55 internationals: 23 for Great Britain and 32 for England and was a member of the British 1952 and 1956 Olympic squads. He was the first Anglo-Indian to be picked to play hockey for Great Britain.
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John Constable was an English landscape painter. He was born in 1776 at Suffolk and died in 1837.
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John Cook was an American politician. He was a governor of Delaware from 1782 until 1783.
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John Sell Cotman was an English painter and etcher. He was born in 1782 in Norwich and died in 1842. He is renowned for his water colour and oil landscapes and his etchings of architectural objects.
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John Cotton was a Puritan clergyman, known as the Patriarch of New England. He was born in 1584 at Derby and died in 1652. He was educated at the University of Cambridge. In 1610 he was ordained a priest of the Church of England, and in 1612 he was chosen vicar of Saint Botolph's Church, Boston, Lincolnshire. He served there almost continuously until 1633, when, because of his Puritan leanings, he was summoned to appear before the archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud, at the Court of High Commission. Instead, John Cotton fled the country, and in September 1633 he arrived at the town of Boston, in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. There he was ordained teacher of the First Church, a post he held until his death.
Both in England and in Massachusetts, John Cotton had a wide reputation for learning and piety, and he wielded a powerful influence in New England. He approved the exile from Massachusetts of the Puritan clergyman Roger Williams and the religious reformer Anne Hutchinson, whom he had first supported in her controversy with church authorities.
John Cotton became one of the heads of the Congregational church in Massachusetts, promulgating his teachings in more than fifty volumes, including 'The Keys of the Kingdom of Heaven' published in 1644, 'The Way of the Churches of Christ in New England' published in 1645, and 'The Way of the Congregational Churches Cleared' published in 1648. He staunchly upheld the right of Puritan magistrates to enforce uniformity of religious beliefs.
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John Cotton Smith was an American politician. He was born in 1765 and died in 1845. He was a member of the Connecticut Legislature from 1796 to 1800, and represented Connecticut in the US Congress as a Federalist from 1800 to 1806. He was Judge of the State Supreme Court in 1809, Lieutenant-Governor in 1810 and Governor from 1813 to 1818. He was president of the American Bible Society from 1831 to 1845.
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John Covode was an American politician. He was born in 1808 and died in 1871. He was elected to Congress in 1854 as an Anti-Masonic Whig from Pennsylvania and served from 1855 until 1863 as a Republican. He was chairman of the committee to investigate charges against President James Buchanan in 1860 (the Covode Investigation').
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John Robert Cozens was an English water-colour artist. He was born in 1751 and died in 1799. He produced a number of unconventional impressionist landscapes.
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John Crome was an English landscape painter. He was born in 1599 at Norwich and died in 1821.
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John Culpeper was the leader of an insurrection in the Northern colony of the Carolinas in favor of popular liberty in 1678. While in England negotiating for the new government he was indicted for high treason, but was acquitted.
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John Curwen was a British music reformer. He was born in 1816 at Heckmondwike and died in 1860. He entered the congregational ministry and was minister at Plaistow from 1844 until 1864 when he resigned. In 1841 he studied the tonic sol-fa system invented by Miss Glover, and in 1843 published his 'Grammar of Vocal Music'. In 1853 he founded the Tonic Sol fa Association and the college, of which he was the first principal, in 1869, and wrote several books on the teaching of music.
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