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L B Hanna was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Dakota from 1913 until 1917.
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L Douglas Wilder was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Virginia from 1990 until 1994.
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La Fayette Grover was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Oregon from 1870 until 1877.
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A Labourite is a member of the British Labour Party.
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Lady Eleanor Butler was an Irish recluse and lesbian. She was born in 1738 and died in 1821. In 1777 she met Sarah Ponsby in Kilkenny, fell in love and the two moved to Plas Newydd in Wales where they lived together in a farmhouse, never sleeping apart or out of it until their deaths fifty years later.
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Lady GaGa (real name Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta) is an American singer. She was born in 1986 at Yonkers, New York. Educated at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts, she started playing the piano when she was four years old and later became a stripper before achieving fame as a pop singer. Her stage name, Lady GaGa is a reference to the song "Radio Ga-Ga' by Queen. Among her notable hits may be mentioned 'Paparazzi' and 'Poker Face'.
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Lady Godiva was the wife of Leofric, the Earl of Mercia and Lord of Coventry who, in 1040, imposed certain exactions upon his tenants, which his lady besought him to remove. The Earl said he would remove them, but only if his wife rode naked through the town. This she duly did, and the earl kept his promise. According to legend, the entire towns folk staid indoors during the ride, except for a single tailor who looked through his windows as the lady passed. From the Taylor we get the expression of a peeping Tom, or more fully a peeping Tom of Coventry.
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Lady Henry Somerset (real name Lady Isabel Caroline Somerset nee Somers-Cocks) was a British temperance activist and philanthropist. She was born in 1851 and died in 1921. Marrying Lord Henry Somerset in 1873, the Lady Isabel Caroline Somers-Cocks became Lady Henry Somerset and around 1890 became an active worker for temperance, particularly among women and children. She founded and edited 'The Woman's Signal' and at Duxhurst in Surrey established an industrial colony for alcoholic women and a babies' home.
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Lady Jane Grey was a Queen of England. She was born in 1537 and died in 1554. The daughter of Henry Grey, marquis of Dorset, afterwards duke of Suffolk, by Frances, daughter of Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk, and Mary, younger sister of Henry VIII. She displayed much precocity of talent; and under the tuition of Aylmer, afterwards bishop of London, she acquired a knowledge of the learned languages, as well as French and Italian. She was married to Lord Guildford Dudley, fourth son of the Duke of Northumberland, in 1553. Edward VI, who died in 1553, was induced on his death-bed to settle on her the succession to the crown. The council endeavoured to keep his death secret, with a view to secure the persons of the princesses, Mary and Elizabeth, and when Mary discovered the design the council proclaimed Lady Jane Grey queen. On the approach of Mary, however, the council deserted Lady Jane, and Mary was proclaimed queen. Jane was now confined to the Tower. She and her husband were arraigned, and pleaded guilty of high treason; but their doom was suspended, and it was not until after the suppression of the rebellion of Sir Thomas Wyatt, in which the Duke of Suffolk, Lady Jane's father, had participated, that the sentence was executed. She was beheaded on Tower Hill on February the 12th, 1554, her husband having previously suffered the same day.
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Lafayette S Foster was an American politician. He was born in (1806 at Connecticut and died in 1880. He was a descendant of Miles Standish and was admitted to the bar in 1831, was elected to the State Legislature in 1839, 1840 and 1846, and was Speaker in 1847, 1848. and 1854. He was a US Senator from 1855 until 1867, and served on the committees on land claims, public lands, pensions, the judiciary and foreign relations, and was president of the Senate from 1865 to 1867. He was Speaker of the Connecticut Assembly in 1870, and was a judge of the State Supreme Court from 1870 to 1876.
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The Lahu are an aboriginal people of the Lolo group in south-west China.
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The Lahuli are a people of the Gahr Valley, India.
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Laman Blanchard was an English miscellaneous writer. He was born in 1803 and died in 1845. In 1828 he published a volume of poetry, entitled Lyrical Offerings. In 1831 he became editor of the Monthly Magazine, and was afterwards connected with several magazines and newspapers. The death of his wife affected him so deeply that he took his own life. His tales and essays, entitled Sketches from Life, were published with a memoir by Lord Lytton in 1849; his poetical works in 1876.
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Lamar Alexander is an American politician. He was born in 1940, at Maryville, Tennessee. He has been Governor of Tennessee, president of the University of Tennessee and US Education Secretary. Governor Alexander helped Tennessee become the third largest automobile producer, the fastest growing state in family incomes and the first state to pay teachers more for teaching well. As chairman of the National Governor's Association he began 'Time for Results', the governors' five-year initiative to create better schools. He chaired President Reagan's Commission on Americans Outdoors, encouraging a 'prairie fire' of support for local land trusts and greenways and an expanded Land and Water Conservation Fund.
As the US Secretary of Education, he helped President Bush push for higher academic standards, 'break the mold schools' and a GI Bill for Kids to give poor families more choices of good schools. The Education Commission of the States and the National College Athletic Association have given him their highest honours, the James B. Conant and Teddy Roosevelt awards. In 1987, he co-founded Bright Horizons Family Solutions, Inc, (NASDAQ) which has become the nation's largest provider of worksite day care. He is an active investor in and board member of several private companies. Governor Alexander is author of seven books including Six Months Off, the story of his family's life in Australia after eight years in the Governor's residence.
An accomplished pianist, he has performed with twenty symphony orchestras and the Billy Graham Crusade and on the Grand Ole Opry. In 1996 and 2000, Governor Alexander was a candidate for the Republican nomination for president of the United States. On January the 4th 1969, Lamar Alexander married Honey Buhler in Victoria, Texas. They have four children and live in Nashville where he is chairman of the Salvation Army Initiative to help families move from welfare to work, and she is president of Family and Children's Service. Governor Alexander is also an elder in Westminster Presbyterian Church.
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Lamartine G Hardman was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Georgia from 1927 until 1931.
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Count Lamoral Egmont was a Dutch soldier. He was born in 1522 and died in 1568. Born of an illustrious family of Holland, he entered military service, accompanied Charles V in his African expeditions, and distinguished himself under Philip II in the battles of St Quentin in 1557 and Gravelines in 1558. Philip having gone to Spain, Lamoral Egmont soon became involved in the political and religious disputes which arose between the Netherlands and their Spanish rulers. He tried to adjust the difficulties between both parties, and in 1565 went to Spain to arrange matters with Philip. He was well received, sent back with honour, but quite deceived as to the king's real intentions. In 1567 the Duke of Alva was sent with an army to the Netherlands to reduce the insurgents. One of his first measures was to seize Count Lamoral Egmont and Count Horn. After a trial before a tribunal instituted by Alva himself they were executed at Brussels on the 5th of June, 1568. A well-known drama of Goethe's is founded on the story of Lamoral Egmont.
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The Lamuts are a division of the Tunguses people, thinly spread around the shores of the Sea of Okhotsk.
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A Lancastrian is an inhabitant of Lancashire.
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Lancelot Andrews was an English clergyman. He was in 1555 at London and died in 1626. He was high in favour both with Queen Elizabeth I and James I. In 1605 he became Bishop of Chichester, in 1609 was translated to Ely, and appointed one of the king's privy-councillors; and in 1618 he was translated to Winchester. He was one of those engaged in preparing the authorized version of the Scriptures. He left sermons, lectures, and other writings.
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A landammann is a chief magistrate in certain Swiss cantons. The term used to be applied to the chief officer in certain smaller administrative districts of Switzerland.
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Lane Dwinell was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Hampshire from 1955 until 1959.
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Langdon Cheves was an American statesman. He was born in 1776 at South Carolina and died in 1857. He was elected to Congress in 1810; was chairman of the Naval Committee in 1812 and of
that of Ways and Means in 1813. In 1814 he succeeded Henry Clay as Speaker, serving during Clay's absence in Europe, for one year. He was president of the United States bank from 1819 until1822. In 1832 he condemned nullification as not sufficiently thorough-going.
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The Lango are a village-dwelling people of the Nile region of Uganda.
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A lanista was a man who purchased and looked after gladiators.
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The Lao are a people who live along the Mekong river system in Laos (about 2 million) and north Thailand (about 9 million). The Lao language is a member of the Sino-Tibetan family. The majority of Lao live in rural villages. During the wet season, May-Oct, they grow rice in irrigated fields, though some shifting or swidden cultivation is practised on hillsides. Vegetables and other crops are grown during drier weather. The Lao are predominantly Buddhist though a belief in spirits, phi, is included in Lao devotions. There are some Christians among the minority groups.
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Lao Tsze was a Chinese philosopher who wrote the Tao Te Ching. He lived around 590 BC.
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The Laotian are an Indo-Chinese people who live along the Mekong river system. There are approximately 9 million Laotians in Thailand and 2 million in Laos. The Laotian language is a Thai member of the Sino-Tibetan family.
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Lascelles Abercrombie was an English poet and literary critic. He was born in 1881 at Ashton-on-Merseyside, Cheshire and died in 1938.
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The Latins were an ancient people of Latium. In very early times the Latins formed a league of thirty cities of which the town of Alba Longa became the head. As Rome was a colony of Alba Longa, the Romans spoke the language of the Latins, which was Latin.
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The Latukas are a tribe of tall people from the Sudan, averaging six feet in height. The women decorate their face and heads by scarring patterns in to the skin.
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Laura Bridgman was an American heroin. She was born in 1829 at Hanover, New Hampshire and died in 1889. Until the age of two years she was a bright, active child, when a severe illness deprived her of the senses of sight, hearing, and smell, and partly also of that of taste. She was put under the care of a Dr. Howe of Boston, and the history of the methods by which she was gradually taught to read, write, and eventually perform most of the ordinary duties, and even some of the accomplishments, of life, became famous. She became herself a teacher of persons similarly afflicted, and much to the surprise of ordinary people at the time led an active and almost ordinary life.
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Sir Laurence Alma-Tadema was an Anglo-Dutch painter. He was born in 1836 at Dronrijp and died in 1912. He studied at the Antwerp Academy, and in 1870 emigrated to England. In 1873 he was elected ARA and in 1879 to the Royal Academy. He was knighted in 1899 and awarded the Order of Merit in 1905.
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Laurence Binyon was an English poet, art critic and Orientalist. He was born in 1869 at Lancaster and died in 1943. Educated at St Paul's School, London and Trinity College, Oxford, he worked at the British museum from 1893 to 1933, in 1909 becoming assistant keeper in the department of Oriental prints and drawings.
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Laurence Stern was a British novelist and humorist. He was born in 1713 at Clonmel, Ireland and died in 1768. He was educated at Jesus College, Cambridge, graduated in 1736 and was ordained later that year moving to work at Sutton in Yorkshire. His first literary success was 'The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy'.
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Laurence Sterne was a British novelist. He was born in 1713 and died in 1768.
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Laurens Coster was a Dutch inventor whose name is connected with the origin of printing. He was born in 1370 or 1371 at Haarlem and died about 1440. He was sacristan (Koster) of the parochial church at Haarlem, and from this office he derived his surname. According to a statement first found in Junius' Batavia (1588), he was the original inventor of movable types, and on this ground the Dutch have erected statues in his honour. But in 1870 a Dutchman, Dr. Van der Linde, professed to have demolished the claims of Haarlem to the invention of printing, and to have established that Holland, like other countries, was indebted for it to the Mayence school. This conclusion was rejected by J H Hessels, who, on carefully investigating the matter, concluded it highly probable that Coster was the inventor.
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Lawrence Durrell was an English poet, novelist and travel writer. He was born in 1912 and died in 1990.
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Lawrence Hargrave was an Australian engineer and inventor. He was born in 1850 at Greenwich, England before moving to Australia in 1865. In 1883 he resigned his position at the Sydney Observatory to devote his time to aeronautical experiments, inventing a box-kite wing form in 1893 which was used in early aircraft and in 1899 inventing a radial rotary engine which was to prove the predecessor of early aircraft engines.
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Lawrence Edward Oates was an English Antarctic explorer. He was born in 1880 and died in 1912. Accompanying Captain Robert Scott on his second expedition to the south pole, he died by committing suicide in a blizzard on the return journey from the south pole with Scott so that the others would not be hampered by his frost-bite.
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Lawrence S Ross was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Texas from 1887 until 1891.
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Lawrence W Wetherby was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Kentucky from 1950 until 1955.
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Layamon was a British metrical historian. He lived around 1200 and wrote ' Brut'.
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The Laz are a Turkish tribe of the Grazinian people.
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Lazare Carnot was a French general. He was born in 1753 and died in 1823. He joined the army as an engineer, and at the Revolution earned the title of ' Organizer of victory', since he not only reformed French fighting methods, but also introduced efficient systems of supplying munitions, clothing, and especially food, to the troops. After the coup d'etat of 1797 he went abroad, but returned in 1799 and was made War Minister from 1800 to 1801. In 1814 as governor of Antwerp he put up a brilliantly successful defence. He was Minister of the Interior during the Hundred Days, he was proscribed at the Restoration and retired to Magdeburg, where he died. His great work on fortification (De la defense de places fortes published in 1810) became a military textbook.
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Lazare Hoche was a French soldier. He was born in 1768 and died in 1797. He took service in the French guards when sixteen years old, and at the outbreak of the French Revolution joined the popular party. He greatly distinguished himself at the siege of Thionviile and the defence of Dunkirk, and shortly afterwards, when scarcely twenty-five years old, received the command of the army on the Moselle.
In 1793 he drove the Austrians out of Alsace, and soon after was arrested by the Jacobins and imprisoned at Paris. In 1794 he was released, and appointed commander of the army destined to quell the rising in the west, and afterwards to that in La Vendee. In 1796 he conceived the plan of attacking Britain, by making a descent on Ireland. He accordingly set sail in December from Brest, but the expedition utterly failed, and he was obliged to return without having even effected a landing. After his return he received the command of the army of the Sambre and Meuse. He opened the campaign of 1797 by a bold passage over the Rhine, and had defeated the Austrians in several engagements, when he was stopped in the path of victory by the news of the armistice concluded in Italy.
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Lazarus W Powell was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Kentucky from 1851 until 1855.
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Charles Jeanneret (Le Corbusier) was a Swiss architect and artist. He was born in 1887 and died in 1965.
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Le Duc Tho is a Vietnamese diplomat. He was born in 1911. He was joint winner of the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts in negotiating an end to the Vietnam War in 1973.
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Margaret LeAnn Rimes is an American singer. She was born in 1982 at Jackson, Mississippi. She started singing when she was three years old and cut her first album when she was eleven years old.
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Lee Cruce was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Oklahoma from 1911 until 1915.
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Lee De Forest was an American inventor. He was born in 1873 and died in 1961. He was the first person to use alternating-current transmission. He improved the thermionic valve detector enabling wireless and sound films to be made.
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Lee E Emerson was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Vermont from 1951 until 1955.
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Lee Harvey Oswald was an American Communist accused of assassinating President John F Kennedy in 1963. Lee Harvey Oswald was born in 1939 in New Orleans. A one-time Marine, Lee Harvey Oswald defected to the Soviet Union in 1959 but was refused citizenship, and so returned to the USA in 1962 and became chairman of the 'US Fair Play For Cuba' organisation. Arrested for circulating communist leaflets in September 1963, in November he was chased following the shooting of the President by two policemen. One was shot and killed by Lee Harvey Oswald before he was arrested. He never admitted the assassination, and was himself shot and killed while awaiting trial.
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Lee M Russell was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Mississippi from 1920 until 1924.
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Lee S Dreyfus was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Wisconsin from 1979 until 1983.
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The Legentiacii or Belgae were the ancient British tribe occupying the area then known as Suthrea, now Surrey.
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Leif Ericson was a Viking explorer. He lived around 1000 and continued the explorations of his father, Eric the Red, from Greenland. He is credited with discovering Labrador, Nova Scotia and the East coast of America.
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The Lekhumans are a north-western Georgian tribe of the Grazinian people.
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Leland Stanford was an American capitalist and politician. He was born in 1824 at Watervliet, New York and died in 1893. In 1849 he went to Wisconsin to practise as a lawyer. In 1856 he was in San Francisco when his business career took off, and some years later he became renowned as a railway magnate, and as president of the Central Pacific Railroad he superintended its construction over the mountains.. He was a Republican governor of California from 1862 until 1863 and was elected a senator in 1884 and again in 1890. He founded Leland Stanford Junior University in memory of his son.
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Lemuel Francis Abbott was an English portrait painter. He was born in 1760 and died in 1803. He is best known for his portrait 'Nelson' which hangs in the National Portrait Gallery in London.
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Lemuel H Arnold was an American politician. He was a National-Republican governor of Rhode Island from 1831 until 1833.
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Lemuel Shaws was an American jurist. He was born in 1781 and died in 1861. He was Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Court from 1830 to 1860. He was regarded as one of the foremost of the New England jurists.
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Len B Jordan was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Idaho from 1951 until 1955.
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Sir Leonard Hutton was an English cricketer. He was born in 1916 at Fulneck, Yorkshire and died in 1990. He played for Yorkshire and England, first playing for England in 1937, scoring a century in his first Test match against Australia in 1938. Also in 1938 in a Test match against Australia at the Oval he scored a then record 364 runs. He captained England in 1953, regaining the Ashes from Australia and again under his captaincy England retained the Ashes during the Australian tour of 1954-1955. He retired from cricket in 1956 and was knighted the same year.
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Len Small was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Illinois from 1921 until 1929.
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Lene Nystrom is a Norwegian singer. She was born in 1973 at Tonsberg. She is a member of the comic pop group 'Aqua'.
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Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (real name Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov) was a Russian revolutionary. He was born in 1870 at Simbirsk and died in 1924. After practising law, he devoted himself fulltime to the revolutionary cause and in 1895 was banished to Siberia, being released in 1900. In 1902, while in London he published the notion that Communist revolution should be led by a disciplined party of professional revolutionaries, the notion was proposed at a meeting of the Social Democratic Party and the majority of delegates passed the notion, forming a movement known as the majority, or Bolsheviks. Lenin took part in the 1905 revolution, and after its failure fled Russia to Switzerland, returning to Russia in 1917 as another revolution started. After the Russian government was deposed Lenin was appointed president.
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Lennart Torstensson was a Swedish soldier. he was born in 1603 at Torstena and died in 1651. He served under Gustavus Adolphus against the Danes and in Germany, where he was in charge of the artillery. After his master's death in 1632, he was one of the Swedish leaders during the Thirty Years' War, and in 1641 was made commander-in-chief.
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Leo A Hoegh was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Iowa from 1955 until 1957.
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Leo Africanus was a Berber traveller and geographer, who, towards the end of the 15th century, travelled through western Asia and north and central Africa. While returning by sea from Egypt he was seized by Pirates and sent to Rome, where he became a Christian. His account of his travels, written in Italian and published in 1550 was for a long time the chief source of information on the Sudan.
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Leo Delibes was a French composer. He was born in 1836 and died in 1891. His works are mostly of a bright, graceful, and cheerful cast, and include operettas, comic operas, ballet music, etc.
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Leo Elthon was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Iowa from 1954 until 1955.
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Count Leo Nikolaievich Tolstoy was a Russian novelist, social reformer and religious teacher. He was born in 1828 at Tula and died in 1910. A member of an ancient family which was enobled under Peter the Great he lost his parents when he was young and was raised by relatives. Educated at Kazan, he took a commission in the army in 1851 and begun writing his first story 'The Cossacks', which was published in 1863. He wrote 'War and Peace' a narrative of the Napoleonic Wars during on his experiences serving during the Crimean War and examining the psychology of the Russian people, and also 'Anna Karenina'.
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Leon Abbett was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of New Jersey from 1884 until 1887.
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Leon C Phillips was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Oklahoma from 1939 until 1943.
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Leon Michel Gambetta was a French orator and statesman. He was born in 1838 at Cahors and died in 1882 in a shooting accident. Of a family of Genoese extraction, he was educated for the church, but finally decided in favour of a career in the law, and repairing to Paris became a member of the metropolitan bar in 1859. In November 1868 he gained the leadership of the republican party by his defence of Delescluze, a noted republican. In 1869, having been elected by both Paris and Marseilles, he chose to represent the southern city; and in the Chamber of Deputies showed himself an irreconcilable opponent of the empire and its measures, especially of the policy which led to the war with Prussia.
On the downfall of the empire, after the surrender of Sedan in 1870, a government for the national defence was formed, in which Leon Gambetta was nominated minister of the interior. The Germans having encircled Paris, he left that city in a balloon, and set up his headquarters at Tours, from which, with all the powers of a dictator, he for a short time organized a fierce but vain resistance against the invaders. After the close of the war he held office in several short-lived ministries, and in November, 1881, accepted the premiership, The sweeping changes proposed by him and his colleagues speedily brought a majority against him, and after a six weeks' tenure of office he had to resign. The accidental discharge of a pistol caused his death at Paris in December, 1882.
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Leon R Taylor was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of New Jersey from 1913 until 1914.
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Leonard Bernstein was an American composer, conductor and pianist. He was born in 1918 at Lawrence, Massachusetts and died in 1990. He was educated at Harvard University and the Curtis Institute of Music. From 1958 to 1969 he was Music Director of the New York Philharmonic Orchestra. He conducted major orchestras around the world and composed Chichester Psalms, Jeremiah Symphony, Mass and West Side Story.
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Leonard Euler was a Swiss mathematician. He was born in 1707 at Basel and died in 1783. He was educated at the University of Basel under the Bernouilli, through whose influence he procured a place in the Academy of St Petersburg. In 1741 he accepted an invitation from Frederick the Great to become professor of mathematics in the Berlin Academy, but in 1766 returned to St Petersburg, where he died in 1783, in the office of director of the mathematical class of the academy. Leonard Euler's profound and inventive mind gave a new form to the science. He applied the analytic method to mechanics and greatly improved the integral and differential calculus. He also wrote on physics, and employed himself in metaphysical and philosophical speculations. Amongst his numerous writings are the Theoria Motuum Planetarum et Cometarum; Introductio in Analysin Infinitorum; Opuscula Analytica; etc.
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Leonard J Farwell was an American politician. He was a Whig governor of Wisconsin from 1852 until 1854.
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Leonard Ray Blanton was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Tennessee from 1975 until 1979.
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Leonardo Bruno (Leonardo Bruni) was an Italian scholar. He was born in 1370 at Arezzo and died in 1444. He was secretary to the papal chancery under Innocent VII, Gregory XII, Alexander V, and John XXIII. On the deposition of the latter he escaped to Florence, where he wrote his history of Florence, received in consequence the rights of citizenship, and afterwards, by the favour of the Medici, became secretary to the republic until his death in 1444. He did much to advance the study of Greek literature by his literal Latin translations from Aristotle, Demosthenes, Plutarch, etc, and was the author of biographies of Dante and Petrarca.
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Leonardo da Vinci was an Italian artist, architect and scientist. He was born in 1452 at Vinci and died in 1519. Leonardo da Vinci was born the illegitimate son of a Florentine notary and a peasant girl. Despite his notorious birth, he showed promise as a child and in 1470 was sent to study art at the studio if Andrea del Verrocchio. In 1482 he settled in Milan under the patronage of Duke Ludovico Sforza, for whom he painted the 1498 'Last Supper' on a wall of the refectory of the convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie. After 1500 he entered service with Cesare Borgia, Duke of Romagna as an architect and engineer. Leonardo da Vinci recorded scientific studies in mirror writing in unpublished note books which have subsequently been discovered and designed the first helicopter (on paper) as well as recording anatomical details after carrying out dissections.
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Leonardo Fibonacci (Leonardo of Pisa) was an Italian mathematician. He was born around 1770 and died about 1250. He popularised the decimal system in Europe.
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Leone Levi was an English economist. He was born in 1821 at Ancona, Italy and died in 1888. He came to England in 1844 and settled at Liverpool where he taught political economy and advocated the establishment of chambers of commerce.
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Leonhard Euler was a Swiss mathematician. He was born in 1707 and died in 1783. He was a founder of modern mathematics, doing important work in algebra, astronomy, hydrodynamics and optics.
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Leonid Nicolaievitch Andreev was a Russian novelist and dramatist. He was born in 1870 at Orel and died in 1919. While working as a journalist, reporting on war stories, he started writing short stories which rapidly gained popularity, and afterwards he wrote several plays. His writing is notable for its graphical accounts and analysis of madness.
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Leonidas was the King of Sparta when Greece was invaded by Xerxes in 480bc. He was killed in battle at Thermopylae.
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Leonidas Polk was an American clergyman and soldier. He was born in 1806 and died in 1864. He was engaged in the service of the Episcopal Church after 1831, and was Bishop of Louisiana from 1841 to 1861. He strongly sympathized with the secession movement, and, being a West-Pointer, was appointed major-general, and superintended the construction of fortifications at New Madrid, Fort Pillow, Island No 10 and Memphis. He commanded at Belmont, and led a corps at Shiloh and Corinth. He commanded the right wing at Chickamauga, where it was asserted that his disobedience of orders saved the National army from annihilation. He served with General Johnston in opposing General Sherman at Atlanta, and was killed near Kenesaw Mountain in June, 1864.
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Leopold, Duke of Albany, was an English prince. He was born in 1853 at Buckingham Palace and died in 1884. The youngest son of Queen Victoria, he was educated at Oxford and made a privy councillor in 1874 and duke of Albany in 1882. He married Helen Frederica Augusta, princess of Waldeck-Pyrmont by whom he had a son (Leopold Charles, who famously fought against Britain with the Germans during the Great War) and a daughter.
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Leopold Auer was an American violinist. He was born in 1845 at Veszprem, Hungary and died in 1930. He studied in Budapest and Vienna and with the celebrated Hungarian violinist Joseph Joachim in Germany. Through a friendship with the pianist and composer Anton Rubinstein, then director of the Conservatory of Saint Petersburg, Auer was appointed professor of violin at that institution in 1868. In 1883 he became a Russian subject. He was soloist to the tsar's court and founded the first important string quartet in Russia. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Auer gave concerts abroad. His first American recital was in 1924. In 1926 he became an American citizen. He was particularly known as a great violin teacher; his pupils included the American violinists Mischa Elman and Jascha Heifetz.
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Leopold Joseph Maria Daun (Count von Daun) was an Austrian soldier. He was born in 1705 and died in 1766. He served in the Turkish war in 1710, as major-general in Italy in 1734, and distinguished himself at the battle of Krozka in 1737, and the capture of Dingelfingen in 1740. In 1748, after serving against the French in the Netherlands, he was made knight of the Golden Fleece. His skilful passage of the Rhine, and his marriage with the Countess of Fux, a favourite of Maria Theresa, procured for him the post of master-general of the ordnance, and in 1757 that of general field-marshal. That same year he defeated Frederick the Great at Kollin, and soon after took Breslau. In 1758 he again defeated Frederick at Hochkirch; but he was at last thoroughly defeated by Frederick at Torgau in 1759. He afterwards became president of the aulic council.
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Leopold I was king of the Belgians. He was born in 1790 and died in 1865. At any early age Prince Leopold took service with Russia and in 1813 fought against Napoleon at Lutzen, Bautzen and Leipzig and entered Paris with the allied sovereigns. Prince Leopold visited England in 1815, and the following year married the Princess Charlotte, daughter of George IV, was naturalized and created Duke of Kendal and made a General in the British army. In 1830 Belgium revolted from the Netherlands, and in 1831 Prince Leopold was elected first king of the Belgians.
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Leopold Von Buch was a German geologist. He was born in 1774 and died in 1853. He made extensive geological studies of Europe, the Canary Islands and the Hebrides, wrote several books on the subject and produced a famous geological map of Germany.
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Leopold Philip von Heister was a Hessian soldier. He was born in 1707 and died in 1777. A Hessian lieutenant-general and commander of all the Hessians in America, he landed at Long Island in command of two Hessian brigades in 1776, and aided the British against the colonies at that place and at White Plains. In 1777 he was recalled, at the desire of Howe.
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Leper is a term given to a person suffering from the disease leprosy.
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Leroy Collins was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Florida from 1955 until 1961.
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Leslie A Miller was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Wyoming from 1933 until 1939.
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Leslie Hore-Belisha was an English barrister and politician. He was born in 1893 at Devonport and died in 1957. After serving in the Great War he became a journalist, working in London, before in 1923 being called to the Bar as Liberal MP for Devonport. In 1934, as Minister of Transport he gave his name to the 'Belisha' beacons at pedestrian road crossings and inaugurated the driving test for motorists. From 1937 to 1940 he was Secretary of State for War carrying out controversial modernisations of the armed forces, converting the British Army from a small force of volunteers into a huge conscripted force. After the Second World War he lost his seat during the July 1945 elections.
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Leslie Jensen was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of South Dakota from 1937 until 1939.
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Leslie M Shaw was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Iowa from 1898 until 1902.
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Sir Leslie Stephen was an English writer. He was born in 1832 at London and died in 1904. Educated at Eton, King's College, London and Trinity Hall, Cambridge where he became a fellow in 1854 he took orders but in 1862 developed an agnostic attitude and in 1875 relinquished his orders and became an agnostic. He was a contributor for The Saturday Review and The Pall Mall Gazette and The Cornhill Magazine, becoming editor of The Cornhill Magazine in 1871. In 1882 he was asked to edit The Dictionary of National Biography and in 1902 he was made a KCB. Leslie Stephen also wrote several books including biographies of George Eliot and Jonathan Swift.
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Lester C Hunt was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Wyoming from 1943 until 1949.
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Lester G Maddox was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Georgia from 1967 until 1971.
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Lester Bowles Pearson was a Canadian statesman. He was born in 1897 at Newtonbrook, Ontario, and died in 1972. He was educated at the University of Toronto and the University of Oxford. In 1928 he joined the Canadian department of external affairs as first secretary. His foreign assignments took him to London and to Washington, D.C., where he was ambassador from 1945 to 1946. He returned to Canada in 1946 and became undersecretary of state for external affairs; in 1948 he was named secretary of state for external affairs. He early advanced proposals for a Western alliance, which culminated in the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
A member of the Canadian delegation to the UN from 1948 to 1957, Pearson was president of the Seventh UN General Assembly from 1952 to 1953. In 1957 Pearson was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his formulation of international policy in the post-Second World War period, and especially for his plan that led to the establishment of a UN emergency force in the
Suez Canal area in 1956. In 1958 he was selected to lead the Liberal party of Canada. In the elections of 1963 the Liberal party won a majority, and Pearson became prime minister, retiring in April 1968. Later in 1968 Pearson was appointed to head a commission sponsored by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development to review and chart the future of economic aid to developing countries.
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Letizia Bamolino Bonaparte was the mother of Napoleon I. She was born in 1750 at Ajaccio and died in 1836. After Napoleon's assumption of the imperial crown, she was dignified with the title of Madame Mere. She was married in 1767 to Charles Buonaparte. She was a woman of much beauty, intellect, and force of character. Left a widow in 1785, she resided in Corsica until her son became first consul, when an establishment was assigned to her at Paris. On the fall of Napoleon she retired to Rome, where she died in 1836.
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Leucippus was a Greek philosopher. He lived around 430BC.
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Lev Davidovich Trotsky (real name Leiba Bronstein) was a Russian Soviet leader. He was born in 1877. In 1899 he was arrested at Odessa as a member of the South Russian Workmen's League, and was banished to Siberia for four years, but escaped three years into his exile. During the attempted revolution in Petrograd un 1905 he was president of the Petrograd Council of workmen, was again arrested, and banished to Siberia for life. Six months later he escaped and spent some years living in France, Switzerland and elsewhere, working as a journalist.
At the outbreak of the Great War, he was in Paris editing a Russian Socialist newspaper. At Petrograd during the revolution of 1917, he became a supporter of Lenin, and taking part in the abortive outbreak in July against the government of Kerensky, he was arrested and imprisoned. Liberated in September he began a campaign of intrigue against Kerensky.
Elected president of the Petrograd Soviet, after a time he formed the Bolshevist Revolutionary Committee, which in November started the coup d'etat that led to Kerensky's fall. Later with Lenin he seized power and established the Council of the people's Commissioners, Lenin being its president and Trotsky commissary for foreign affairs. In 1918 he became commissary for war, and in 1921 wrote 'The defence of terrorism'.
Trotsky was later assassinated, while in exile in South America, under orders from Stalin.
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The Levellers were a Puritan group led by John Lilburne who, during the reign of Charles I, fought for equality in social and religious matters and an end to social distinctions and discrimination.
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LEVELLERS
The Levellers were a group of men that first appeared in Surrey in April 1649 and went about pulling down park palings and levelling hedges, especially those on Crown lands.
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Leverett Saltonstall was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Massachusetts from 1939 until 1945.
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Levi K Fuller was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Vermont from 1892 until 1894.
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Levi Lincoln was an American politician. He was born in 1749 and died in 1820. He served in the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention of 1780. From 1801 to 1805 he was Attorney-General of the United States. He was Lieutenant-Governor of Massachusetts from 1807 to 1808 and acting Governor in 1809.
Levi Lincoln was an American politician. He was born in 1782 and died in 1868. He was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1814 to 1822. He was Governor of Massachusetts from 1825 to 1834. He was a Whig member of the US Congress from 1835 to 1841.
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Levi Parsons Morton was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New York from 1895 until 1896.
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Levi Woodbury was an American politician. He was born in 1789 and died in 1851. He was an earnest supporter of the War of 1812. He was appointed a Judge of the New Hampshire Supreme Court in 1817, and was Governor of New Hampshire from 1823 to 1824. He represented New Hampshire in the US Senate as a Democrat from 1825 to 1831. He was Secretary of the Navy in Jackson's Cabinet from 1831 to 1834, when he was transferred to the Treasury Department, and continued in Van Buren's Cabinet until 1841. He again served in the US Senate from 1841 to 1845, and was of great influence in the Democratic party. He was a Justice of the US Supreme Court from 1845 to 1851.
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Levin Augustus Count Von Bennigsen was a Russian soldier. He was born in 1745 at Brunswick and died in 1826. After some years in the Hanoverian service he entered that of Russia, in 1773, distinguished himself in Turkey and Poland, took part in the conspiracy against Paul I, and was made a general by Alexander I. In the war with France, from 1805 to 1813, he played a most distinguished part, especially at the battles of Pultusk, Eylau, Borodino, Woronova, and Leipsic. He retired from the Russian service to his paternal estate in Hanover in 1818.
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Levin Winder was an American politician. He was a Federalist governor of Maryland from 1812 until 1816.
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Lewis Carroll was the pen-name of the reverend Charles Lutwidge Dodgson. He was an English mathematician and writer of poetry and children's books. He was born in 1833 and died in 1898.
He received his academical education at Christ Church, Oxford, where he had a distinguished career. He took orders in 1861, and held a mathematical lecturership at his college for more than twenty years, ending in 1881. His earliest publications were A Syllabus of Plane Algebraical Geometry published in 1860, Formulae of Plane Trigonometry (1861), and A Guide to the Mathematical Student (1864). He did not, however, become known to the public at large until 1865, when he leapt into fame as the author of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, a book which, though written for the young, has found not less appreciation among those of older years, and has been translated into many languages. Equally delightful is the continuation of Alice's Adventures narrated in Through the Looking Glass and What Alice Found There (1871), both books admirably illustrated by Tenniel. The Hunting of the Snark: an Agony in Eight Fits (1876), a fantastic narrative in verse, had, however, by no means an equal popularity. Among his other works are An Elementary Treatise on Determinants, Phantasmagoria and other Poems, Euclid and his Modern Rivals, Rhyme? and Reason?, A Tangled Tale, The Game of Logic, Curiosa Mathematica, Sylvie and Bruno, and Symbolic Logic (1896).
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Lewis Cass was an American general and politician. He was born in 1782 at Exeter, New Hampshire and died in 1866. His early life was passed as a lawyer and politician in Ohio, broken by service in the War of 1812, during which he became brigadier-general, and fought at the Battle of the Thames. In the years between 1813 and 1831 he was Governor of Michigan Territory; during this period his management of Indian relations was highly regarded, and an expedition in 1820 into the heart of the Indian country yielded important results. General Cass published in 1823 'Inquiries Concerning the Indians'. His reputation was increased as Secretary of War between 1831 and 1836, US Minister to France between 1836 and 1842, US. Senator from Michigan between 1845 and 1848 and again from 1849 until 1857, and Secretary of State from 1857 until 1860. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic nomination for the Presidency in 1844 and 1852. In 1848 he gained the nomination, but was defeated in a close contest by General Taylor.
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Lewis E Parsons was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Alabama during 1865.
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Lewis F Linn was an American politician. He was born in 1795 and died in 1843. He served during the War of 1812 as a surgeon. He was a member of the Kentucky Legislature in 1827. He represented Kentucky in the US Senate as a Democrat from 1833 to 1843.
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Lewis Henry Morgan was an American anthropologist. He was born in 1818 at Aurorar, New York and died in 1881. He became a lawyer at Rochester, and was an authority on the American aborigines.
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Lewis Morris was an American politician. He was born in 1726 and died in 1798. He was a delegate from New York to the Continental Congress from 1775 to 1777. He was a commissioner to the Western Indians in 1775 to induce them to join the colonists against the British. He signed the American Declaration of Independence. He was major-general of the New York State Militia.
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Lewis Morris Rutherfurd was an American astronomer. He was born in 1816 at Morrisania, New York and died in 1892. He was one of the pioneers of astronomical photography, constructing in 1864 the first refractor corrected for the chemical rays, and in 1868 introduced the use of an additional lens for adapting ordinary telescopes to photographic work.
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Lewis Mumford was an American social critic, philosopher, and historian. He was born in 1895 and died in 1990. Many of his books explore the relation between modern people and their environment.
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Lewis O Barrows was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Maine from 1937 until 1941.
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Lewis R Bradley was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Nevada from 1871 until 1879.
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Lewis Theobald was an English dramatist and Shakespearean editor. He was born in 1688 at Sittingbourne, Kent and died in 1744. The son of a solicitor, he abandoned law for literature, translating classics, editing Shakespeare's plays and writing plays before dying in poverty.
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Li Po was a Chinese poet born in 700bc. He died by drowning.
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The Liangmai are a tribe of Naga people of India, numbering about 65000 people in 2009.
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Liaquat Ali Khan was a Pakistani politician. He was born in 1895 and died in 1951. He was prime minister of Pakistan from 1947 to 1951 when he was assassinated during the conflict with Afghanistan.
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A lictor was a Roman civil officer, who attended upon the consuls or other chief magistrates when they appeared in public. Lictors executed the orders of the magistrate, especially where force was required, cleared the way before him, and dispersed a crowd when it impeded public business. It was the duty of the
lictors to inflict corporal and capital punishment.
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In colonial Virginia, a lieutenant was the leading officer of a county, corresponding to the lord-lieutenant of an English county. His duties were to enrol and lead the militia, and also to supervise the administration of the tobacco laws and hold a court for minor offences.
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Lilburn W Boggs was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Missouri from 1836 until 1840.
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Otto Lilienthal was a German inventor. He was born in 1848 at Auklam and died in 1896. He was one of the founders of the science of flight and conducted important work into gliding.
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Linda Smith was an English comedian. She was born in 1957 at Erith, Kent and died in 2006 of ovarian cancer. Educated at Erith College and Sheffield University where she studied English and drama, Linda Smith joined a touring theatre company in 1983 before becoming a stand-up comedian. She was noted for her dry, dead-pan humour, her gentle wit and humanitarianism which was typified by her performing benefit routines for striking coal miners' during the strikes of 1987. During the 1990's she appeared regularly at the Edinburgh Fringe, performing her one-woman show, but she is most famous for her regular appearances on BBC Radio 4 comedy shows such as 'The News Quiz' and 'Just a Minute', in 2002 winning the listeners poll to be voted 'Wittiest Person'.
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Charles A Lindbergh is an American airman. He was born in 1902 at Minnesota. He made the first non-stop flight between New York and Paris in 1927.
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Lionello Spada was an Italian painter. He was born in 1576 at Bologna and died in 1622. While working as assistant in the studio of the Caracci, he was taught painting and in 1615 he painted several important fresco works at Reggio, and his most remarkable work the Miraculous Draught of Fishes at the monastery of St Procolo at Parma.
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Fra Filippo Lippi was an Italian painter. He was born at Florence in 1406. He died in 1469. He painted the frescoes in the Prato cathedral.
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The Lisu are a Tibeto-Burman people living around south-west China.
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A Lithuanian is a member of the majority ethnic group living in Lithuania, comprising 80% of the population.
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Little Crow was a Sioux Indian chief. He led an outbreak of the Indians on the Upper Minnesota in 1863, but was defeated at Wood Lake. He was shot while making a raid in 1863.
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Little Turtle was a Miami Indian chief. He died in 1813. He commanded at the defeat of General Harmar on the Miami in 1790, and of General St Clair at St Mary's in 1791. He was one of the signers of the Greenville treaty in 1795.
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Littleton Waller Tazewell was an American politician. He was born in 1774 and died in 1860. He was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates from 1796 to 1800, a Congressman from 1800 to 1801. He heartily supported the War of 1812. He was appointed a commissioner to Spain in 1819 under the treaty for the purchase of Florida. He represented Virginia in the US Senate as a Democrat from 1825 to 1833. He was a prominent member of the convention to revise the Virginia constitution in 1829, and was Governor of Virginia from 1834 to 1836. In 1840 he received eleven electoral votes for Vice-President.
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Livius Andonicus was the most ancient of the Latin dramatic poets. He lived about 240 BC. He was by origin a Greek, and for a long time a slave. A few fragments of his works have come down to us.
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Livy was a Roman historian. He was born in 59BC at Padua and died in 17.
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Llewellyn Powers was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Maine from 1897 until 1901.
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Lloyd C Stark was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Missouri from 1937 until 1941.
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Lloyd Lowndes was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Maryland from 1896 until 1900.
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David Lloyd-George was an English MP. He was born in 1863 at Manchester and died in 1945. He was elected to Parliament in 1890. He was Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1908.
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Lobachevski was a Russian mathematician. He was born in 1793 and died in 1856. He pioneered the study of non-Euclidean geometry.
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Locke Craig was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of North Carolina from 1913 until 1917.
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The Lodi were a family of Afghan origin whose rule over northern India from 1451 to 1526 marked the last phase of the Delhi sultanate era. Their founder, Bahlul Lodi was born in 1451 and died in 1489 already had a strong base in the Punjab, and took advantage of Sayyid weakness to seize power in Delhi. He and his two successors extended power eastwards through Jaunpur to the borders of Bengal and threatened Malwa to the south.
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Lodovico Cardi was an Italian painter and architect. He was born in 1559 and died in 1631. He studied painting, and
afterwards formed his style on the works of Andrea Del Sarto, Correggio, and Baroccio. His architectural works possess considerable merit. Among his pictures are: The Conversion of St Paul at Rome, The Martyrdom of Stephen, The Trinity, Mary Magdalene, and Ecce Homo at Florence. He painted many altar-pieces, excelled to some degree as an engraver, and wrote a treatise on Perspective.
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The Lollards were a religious body which, in the 13th century, opposed the doctrines and customs of the Church of Rome. The term Lollard was applied in the latter half of the 14th century to the followers of Wycliffe. The
Lollards soon outdistanced Wycliffe.
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The Lolos (Nesus) are a Chinese aboriginal tribe inhabiting the mountainous country between the Yang-tse-kiang and the Chien-Chang valley.
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Lon V Stephens was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Missouri from 1897 until 1901.
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Lope Felix de Vega Carpio was a Spanish dramatist and poet. He was born in 1562 and died in 1635. He served in the Spanish Armada against England.
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Federico Garcia Lorca was a Spanish poet and dramatist. He was born in 1899 and died in 1936 when he was shot for supporting the Republican Government by Franco's troops.
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Lord Charles William de la Poer Beresford was a British admiral. He was born in 1846 and died in 1919. He entered the navy in 1859 and became commander in 1875, captain in 1882, rear-admiral in 1897, vice-admiral in 1902 and admiral in 1906. He was in command of the Condor at the bombardment of Alexandria in 1882.
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Lord George Gordon Noel Byron was an English poet. He was born in 1788 at London and died in 1824. He was the grandson of Admiral John Byron, and son of the admiral's only son, Captain John Byron, of the Guards, so notorious for his gallantries and reckless dissipation that he was known as 'Mad Jack Byron.' His mother was Catherine Gordon of Gight, in Aberdeenshire, who was left a widow in 1791. Mrs. Byron retired with the infant poet to Aberdeen, where she lived in seclusion on the ruins of her fortune.
Until the age of seven he was entirely under the care of his mother, and to her injudicious indulgence the waywardness that marked his after career has been partly attributed. On reaching his seventh year he was sent to the grammar-school at Aberdeen, and four years after, in 1798, the death of his grand-uncle gave him the titles and estates of the family. Mother and son then removed to Newstead Abbey, the family seat, near Nottingham. Soon after Byron was sent to Harrow, where he distinguished himself by his love of manly sports and his undaunted spirit. While yet at school he fell deeply in love with Miss Chaworth, a distant cousin of his own. But the lady slighted the homage of the Harrow school-boy, her junior by two years, and married another and more mature suitor. In The Dream Byron alludes finely to their parting- interview.
In 1805 he was entered to Trinity College, Cambridge. Two years after, in 1807, appeared his first poetic volume, Hours of Idleness, which, though indeed containing nothing of much merit, was castigated with a verse verity by Brougham in the Edinburgh Review. This caustic critique roused the slumbering energy in Byron, and drew from him his first really notable effort, the celebrated satire English Bards and Scotch Reviewers. In 1809, in company with a friend, he visited the southern provinces of Spain, and voyaged along the shores of the Mediterranean. The fruit of these travels was the fine poem of Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, the first two cantos of which were published on his return in 1812. The poem was an immense success, and Byron 'awoke one morning and found himself famous.'
His acquaintance was now much courted, and his first entry on the stage of public life may be dated from this era. During the next two years between 1813 and 1814 the Giaour, the Bride of Abydos, the Corsair, Lara, and the Siege of Corinth showed the brilliant work of which the new poet was capable. On the second of January, 1815, Byron married Anna Isabella, only daughter of Sir Ralph Milbanke, but the marriage turned out unfortunate, and in about a year, Lady Byron having gone on a visit to her parents, refused to return, and a formal separation took place. This rupture produced a considerable sensation, and the real cause of it has never been satisfactorily explained. It gave rise to much popular indignation against Byron, who left England, with an expressed resolution never to return.
He visited France, the field of Waterloo and Brussels, the Rhine, Switzerland, and the north of Italy, and for some time took up his abode at Venice, and latterly at Rome, where he completed his third canto of Childe Harold. Not long after appeared the Prisoner of Chillon, The Dream, and other Poems; and in 1817 Manfred, a tragedy, and the Lament of Tasso. From Italy he made occasional excursions to the islands of Greece, and at length visited Athens, where he sketched many of the scenes of the fourth and last canto of Childe Harold. In 1819 was published the romantic tale of Mazeppa, and the same year was marked by the commencement of Don Juan.
In 1820 appeared Marino Faliero Doge of Venice, a tragedy; the drama of Sardanapalus; the Two Foscari, a tragedy; and Gain, a mystery. After leaving Venice Byron resided for some time at Ravenna, then at Pisa, and lastly at Genoa. At Ravenna he became intimate with the Countess Guiccioli, a married lady; and when he removed to Pisa, in 1822, she followed him. There he continued to occupy himself with literature and poetry, sustained for a time by the companionship of Shelley, one of the few men whom he entirely respected and with whom he was quite confidential.
Besides his contributions to the Liberal, a periodical established at this time in conjunction with Leigh Hunt and Shelley, he completed the later cantos of Don Juan, with Werner, a tragedy, and the Deformed Transformed, a fragment. These are the last of Byron's poetical efforts. In 1823, troubled perhaps by the consciousness that his life had too long been unworthy of him, he conceived the idea of throwing himself into the struggle for the independence of Greece. In January, 1824, he arrived at Missolonghi, was received with the greatest enthusiasm, and immediately took into his pay a body of 500 Suliotes. The disorderly temper of these troops, and the difficulties of his situation, together with the malarious air of Missolonghi, began to affect his health. On the 9th April, 1824, while riding out in the rain, he caught a fever, which ten days later ended fatally.
Thus, in his thirty-seventh year, died prematurely a man whose natural force and genius were perhaps superior to those of any Englishman of his time, and, largely undisciplined as they were, and wasted by an irregular life, they acquired for him a name second, in the opinion of continental Europe at least, to that of no other Englishman of his time. The body of Byron was brought to England and interred near Newstead Abbey.
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Lord Darnley (Henry Stewart) was the second husband of Mary Queen of Scots and the father of James I. He was born in 1545 and died in 1567. He was the son of the Earl of Lennox and Lady Margaret Douglas, a niece of Henry VIII, and by her first marriage queen of James IV.
His marriage to Mary was an unfortunate match, and for a long time gave rise first to coolness, then to open quarrel, and finally to deadly hate, which the murder of Rizzio, to which Lord Darnley was a party, only increased. Mary affected, however, to be reconciled to him, but could not long conceal her contempt for the handsome imbecile. After the birth of a sou, subsequently James VI, Lord Daruley was seized at Glasgow with smallpox, from which he had barely recovered when Mary visited him, and had him conveyed to an isolated house called Kirk of Field, close to the Edinburgh city walls. This dwelling, which belonged to a retainer of Bothwell's, the rapidly rising favourite, was blown into the air with gunpowder on the 10th of February, 1567. The dead bodies of the king and his page were found in a field at a distance of 80 yards from the house, quite free from any mark which such an explosion would cause. Strong circumstantial evidence points to Bothwell as the murderer, and to Mary as an accomplice in the crime.
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Lord George Gordon was a British politician. He was born in 1750 and died in 1793. The son of Cosmo George, duke of Gordon, he entered the navy when he was young, but left the service during the American War. He then became a member of the House of Commons. His parliamentary conduct was marked by a certain degree of eccentricity, and by his opposition to the ministry. A bill having been introduced into the house for the relief of Roman Catholics from certain penalties and disabilities, in June, 1780, Lord George headed an excited mob of about 100,000 persons, who went in procession to the House of Commons to present a petition against the measure. The dreadful riot which ensued led to his arrest and trial on the charge of high treason; but, no evidence being adduced of treasonable design, he was acquitted. In the beginning of 1788, having been twice convicted of libelling the French ambassador, the queen of France, and the criminal justice of his country, he retired to Holland, but he was arrested, sent home, and committed to Newgate, where he passed the remainder of his life.
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Lord Louis Mountbatten was a British admiral and statesman. He was born in 1900 and died in 1979 when he was assassinated by the IRA. He was chief of combined operations in 1942 and the last viceroy of India.
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In Scottish history, the Lords of Erection were those private owners into whose hands the ecclesiastical estates belonging to the clergy had passed during the religious changes of the Reformation period.
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Lorenzo Bartolini was an Italian sculptor. He was born in about 1778 at Florence and died in 1850. He studied and worked in Paris, and was patronized by Napoleon. On the fall of the empire he returned to Florence, where he continued to exercise his profession. Among his greater works may be mentioned his groups of Charity, and Hercules and Lycas, a colossal bust of Napoleon, and the beautiful monument in the cathedral of Lausanne, erected in memory of Lady Stratford Canning. Bartolini ranks next to Canova among modern Italian sculptors.
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Lorenzo Crounse was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Nebraska from 1893 until 1895.
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Lorenzo D Lewelling was an American politician. He was a Populist governor of Kansas from 1893 until 1895.
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Lorenzo de Medici was an Italian politician. He was born in 1449 and died in 1492. He was the ruler of Florence from 1469. He was also a poet and a generous patron of the arts.
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Lorenzo Ghiberti was a Florentine sculptor. He was born in 1378 and died in 1455. He learned from his stepfather Bartoluccio, an expert goldsmith, the arts of drawing and modelling, and that of casting metals at a young age. He was engaged in painting frescoes at Rimini, in the palace of Pandolfo Malatesta, when the priori of the society of merchants at Florence invited artists to propose models for one of the bronze doors of the baptistery of San Giovanni. The judges selected the works of Donatello and Lorenzo Ghiberti as the best (according to Vasari, also that of Brunelleschi, who is not mentioned by Lorenzo Ghiberti himself as one of the competitors); but the former voluntarily withdrew his claims, giving the preference to Lorenzo Ghiberti. After twenty-one years' labour Lorenzo Ghiberti completed the door, and, at the request of the priori, executed a second, after almost as long a period. Michael Angelo said of these, that they were worthy of adorning the entrance to paradise. During these forty years Lorenzo Ghiberti also completed other works, bas-reliefs, statues, and some excellent paintings on glass, most of which may be seen in the cathedral and the church of Or San Michele at Florence.
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Lorenzo Thomas was an American politician. He was born in 1804 and died in 1875. He was chief of staff of General Butler during the Mexican War. He was adjutant-general of the army from 1861 to 1863. He organized coloured troops from 1863 to 1865. In 1868 President Johnson, in the course of his quarrel with Secretary Stanton, appointed Thomas Secretary of War. This led directly to the impeachment of Johnson.
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Lorenzo Valla or Laurentio Valla was an Italian scholar. He was born in 1400 at Rome and died in 1457. He became professor of eloquence at Pavia in 1431, and opened a school of eloquence in Naples. He was the writer of many works of history, criticism, dialectics, and moral philosophy, and has been described as the father of modern negative criticism, owing to his exposure of a notable papal imposture in De Donatione Constantini. His De Elegantiis Linguae Latinae, 1471, and translations of Herodotus andThucydides, were his other best known works.
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Lorin Varencove Maazel is a French-born American conductor and violinist. He was born in 1930 at Neuilly, France. Brought up in Los Angeles, he began learning music aged five. As music director of the Cleveland Orchestra from 1972 to 1982, he was only the second American to have served as principal conductor of a major American orchestra.
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Lot M Morrill was an American politician. He was born in 1813 and died in 1883. He was president of the Maine Senate in 1856. He was Governor of Maine from 1858 to 1861. He represented Maine in the US Senate as a Republican from 1861 to 1876. He was a faithful worker and familiar with financial, naval and Indian affairs. He was Secretary of the Treasury in Grant's Cabinet from 1876 to 1877.
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Lothar, brother of Ecbert, was king of the Heptarchy in 673.
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Lothar Julius Meyer was a German chemist. He was born in 1830 at Varel and died in 1895. After working under Robert Bunsen at Heidelberg, he became assistant professor in Breslau in 1859. In 1866 he became professor of natural sciences at Eberswalde. In 1868 he went to Karlsruhe Polytechnicum where he was professor. In 1876 he succeeded Fittig in the chair of chemistry at Tubingen where he remained until his death. His chemical work covers a wide ground, the most important being his investigation on the natural system of classification of the elements, and his recalculation of the atomic weights.
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Lou Gehrig (Henry Louis Gehrig) was an American baseball player. He was born in 1903 at New York and died in 1941. He was nicknamed the Iron Horse for his incomparable stamina and strength, he was signed by the New York Yankees in 1923 and voted the American League's most valuable player in 1927, 1931, 1934, and 1936, he achieved a remarkable lifetime 493 home runs, a .340 lifetime batting average, and a record 2,130 consecutive games played. He stayed with the Yankees' for 17 years as their first baseman and most consistent hitter. Diagnosed with a degenerative muscle disease (now known as Lou Gehrig's disease), he retired from baseball in 1939. A film biography, Pride of the Yankees, appeared in 1942. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1939.
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Louie B Nunn was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Kentucky from 1967 until 1971.
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Louis was a king of England. Heir to the French throne, he was invited to England by the Barons who were engaged in a struggle against John. Upon John's death in 1216, Louis was proclaimed king, and recognised by the English Barons and king of Scotland, but within a year was deposed by forces organised by the Pope who replaced him with Henry III.
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Louis A Wiltz was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Louisiana from 1880 until 1881.
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Louis Amedee Eugene Achard was a French journalist, novelist, and playwright. He was born in 1814 and died in 1875. He is best known as a novelist and wrote the novels Belle Rose, La Chasse royale, Chateaux en Espagne, Robe de Nessus, Chaines de fer, etc.
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Louis John Rudolph Agassiz was a Swiss geologist and zoologist. He was born in 1807 and died in 1873. The son of a Swiss Protestant clergyman at Metiers, near the eastern extremity of the Lake of Neufchatel. He completed his education at Lausanne, and early developed a love of the natural sciences. He studied medicine at Zurich, Heidelberg, and Munich. His attention was first specially directed to ichthyology by being called on to describe the Brazilian fishes brought to Europe from Brazil by Martius and Spix. This work was published in 1829, and was followed in 1830 by Histoire Naturelle des Poissons d'eaux donees de L'Europe Centrale (Freshwater Fishes of Central Europe). Directing his attention to fossil ichthyology, five volumes of his Recherches sur les Poissons Fossiles appeared between 1834 and 1844. His researches led him to propose a new classification of fishes, which he divided into four classes, distinguished by the characters of the skin, as ganoids, placoids, cycloids, and ctenoids. His system was not generally adopted, but the names of his classes have been used as useful terms. In 1836 he began the study of glaciers, and in 1840 he published his Etudes sur les Glaciers, in 1847 his Systeme Glaciaire. From 1838 he had been professor of natural history at Neufchatel, when in 1846 pressing solicitations and attractive offers induced him to settle in America, where he was connected as a teacher first with Harvard University, Cambridge, and latterly with Cornell University as well as Harvard. After his arrival in America he engaged in various investigations and explorations, and published numerous works, including: Principles of Zoology, in connection with Dr. A. Gould (1848); Contributions to the Natural History of the United States (four volumes 1857-1862);
Zoologie Generale (1854); Methods of Study in Natural History (1863). In 1865-1866 he made zoological excursions and investigations in Brazil, which were productive of most valuable results. Louis Agassiz held views on many important points in science different from those which prevailed among the scientific men of the day, and in particular he strongly opposed the theory of evolution.
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General Louis Joseph Nicolas Andre was a French soldier and politician. He was born in 1838 and died in 1913. He served during the siege of Paris and became a general in 1893. In 1900 he was made minister for war, and in that capacity earned notoriety for the measures which he took to stamp ot monarchical and clerical sympathies among the officers of the army. He resigned in 1904.
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Daniel Louis Armstrong was a black American jazz musician and singer. He was born in 1900 and died in 1971. He was particularly renowned for his trumpet playing. He first learned to play the cornet in a waifs home in New Orleans, before switching to the trumpet and playing first on Mississippi river boats before forming his own small bands with whom he made some sixty recordings in the 1920s, before leading big bands and appearing in films, including the 1941 'The Birth of the Blues' which had a major influence on Dixieland jazz.
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Louis Baraguey-d'hilliers was a French general under the first empire. He was born in Paris 1764 and died in 1812. After serving under Custine and other generals he joined the army of Italy, and took Bergamo and Venice, of which he became governor. He took part in the expedition to Egypt, served in the campaigns in Germany and Spain, and commanded a division of the great army in the Russian campaign of 1812. He was intrusted with the direction of the vanguard in the retreat, but was compelled to capitulate. Napoleon ordered him to return to France as under arrest, but, overcome with grief and fatigue, he died at Berlin on the way, in December 1812.
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Louis Auguste Blanqui was a brother of Jerome Blanqui and a socialist revolutionist and conspirator. He was born in 1805 and died in 1881.
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Louis Bleriot was a French airman. He was born in 1872 and died in 1936. He made the first crossing of the English channel in an aircraft. The aircraft was his monoplane. The crossing, from Baraques to Dover, took place on July 25th 1909.
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Louis Bonaparte was the second younger brother of the Emperor Napoleon I, and the father of Napoleon III. He was born in 1778 at Corsica and died in 1846. He was educated in the artillery school at Chalons, accompanied Napoleon I to Italy and Egypt, and subsequently rose to the rank of a brigadier-general. In 1802 he married Hortense Beauharnais, Josephine's daughter, and in 1806 was compelled by his brother to accept, very reluctantly, the Dutch crown. He exerted himself in promoting the welfare of his new subjects, and resisted as far as in him lay the tyrannical interference and arbitrary procedure of France; but disagreeing with his brother in regard to some measures of the latter, he abdicated in 1810 and retired to Gratz under the title of the Count of St Leu. He was the author of several works which show considerable literary ability.
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Louis Botha was a Boer statesman. He was born in 1863 at Greytown, Natal and died in 1919. In his earlier days he took part with the Boers who seized a portion of the territory of the Zulus afterwards incorporated in the Transvaal, and subsequently was cornet in the Vryheid district, and a member of the Transvaal Volksraad. On the outbreak of the South African War he took an active part in the invasion of Natal and the operations against Ladysmith. In 1910 upon the formation of the Union of South Africa he became Prime Minister and Minister of Native Affairs, a post he held until his death.
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Louis Francois Bouffles, Duc de Boufflers, was a Marshal of France. He was born in 1644 and died in 1711. He was one of the most celebrated generals of his age. He learned the art of war under such renowned generals as Conde, Turenne, and Catinat. His defence of Namur against King William of England and of Lille against Prince Eugene are famous, and he conducted the retreat of the French at Malplaquet with such admirable skill as quite to cover the appearance of defeat.
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Louis Bourdalone was a French church orator. He was born in 1632 at Bourges and died in 1704. He entered the order of the Jesuits, becoming teacher of rhetoric, philosophy, and morals in the Jesuit college of Bourges. In 1669 he entered the pulpit, and he preached for a series of years at the court of Louis XIV with great success. The lofty and dignified eloquence with which he assailed the vices of contemporary society brought him fame even at a time when Paris was ablaze with the feasts of Versailles, the glory of Turenne's victories, and the masterpieces of Pierre Corneille and Racine. After the repeal of the Edict of Nantes in 1686 he was sent to Languedoc in order to convert the Protestants, a task in which he was not unsuccessful. His sermons are amongst the classics of France.
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Louis Eugene Cavaignac was a French general and head of state. He was born in 1802 at Paris and died in 1857. His father, Jean Baptiste Cavaignac, was a furious revolutionist and member of the Council of Five Hundred.
A young Cavaignac in 1824 joined the 2nd Regiment of Engineers, and being at Arras on the outbreak of the revolution of 1830 he was the first officer in his regiment to declare for the new order of things. In 1832 he was sent to Algeria in Africa, where he remained for several years until about 1848, and greatly distinguished himself. When the revolution of 1848 broke out Cavaignac was appointed governor-general of Algeria; but on being elected a member of the Constituent Assembly he returned to Paris and was appointed minister of war.
At the outbreak of the June insurrection Cavaignac was appointed dictator with unlimited powers. For three days Paris presented a dreadful scene of tumult and bloodshed. About 15,000 persons perished, and property was destroyed to the value of upwards of 200,000 pounds. By the energy of Louis Cavaignac, aided by the loyalty of the army and the National Guard, the insurrection was suppressed, and France saved from a threatened dissolution of all the bonds of society. Towards the close of the year he became a candidate for the presidency of the republic, but was defeated, and Louis Napoleon was preferred to the office.
On the 20th of December he resigned his dictatorship. After the coup d'etat of the 2nd of December, 1851, he was arrested and conveyed to the fortress of Ham, but was liberated after about a month's detention. In 1852 and in 1857 he was elected member for Paris of the legislative body, but on both occasions was incapacitated from taking his seat by refusing to take the oath of allegiance to the emperor.
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Louis Couperin was a French composer. He was born in 1626 and died in 1661. He was trained by his father, and went to Paris about 1650 and soon became organist at the Church of Saint Gervais. Organist of the royal chapel and a member of the court orchestra, he was also a brilliant harpsichordist. His music reveals the heritage of the French lutenists and the contrapuntal, colouristic French organ school; it often shows a powerful use of dissonance and an unusual seriousness.
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Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre was a French scientist. He was born in 1789 at Cormeilles department and died in 1851. He discovered the process of photography and invented the diorama. He was a scene-painter at Paris, and as early as 1814 had his attention directed by Nicephore Niepce to the subject of photographic pictures on metal. In 1829 they made a formal agreement to work out the invention together, but it was not until after Niepce's death, on July the 5th, 1833, that Daguerre succeeded in perfecting the process since called daguerreotype. The new process excited the greatest interest. Daguerre was made an officer iof the Legion of Honour, and an annuity of 6000 francs was settled on him, and one of 4000 on the son of Niepce.
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Louis Jean Makie Daubenton (or D'Aubenton) was a French naturalist and physician. He was born in 1716 and died in 1800. He studied medicine at Paris, and in 1742 began to assist Buffon in the preparation of his great work on natural history, the anatomical articles of which were prepared by him. In 1745 he was appointed curator and demonstrator of the cabinet of natural history in Paris, of which he had charge for nearly fifty years. He became professor of natural history in the College of France in 1778. Among his publications are: Instructions to Shepherds, A Methodical View of Minerals, etc, and he contributed many scientific articles to the first Encyclopedie.
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Louis Nicolas Davout (Louis-Davoust) was Duke of Auerstadt and Prince of Eckmuhl, marshal and peer of France. He was born in 1770 at Annoux, in Burgundy and died in 1823. He entered the army at the age of seventeen; served with distinction under Dumouriez, and at the passage of the Rhine, in 1797. He went with Bonaparte to Egypt in 1798, and commanded the cavalry of the army of Italy in 1800. He received a marshal's baton in 1804, led the right wing at Austerlitz in 1805, and defeated the Prussians at Auerstadt in 1806. He shared the glory of Eyiau, Eckmuhl, and Wagram; was made governor of Hamburg; took part in the Russian campaign of 1812, and was wounded at Borodino. During the Hundred Days in 1815 he was Napoleon's minister of war, and after the Battle of Waterloo was appointed by the provisional government general-in-chief of the French armies. In 1819 he was a member of the Chamber of Peers.
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Louis de Balbes de Berton de Crillon was a French soldier of the 16th century. He was born in 1541 and died in 1615. He distinguished himself in five successive reigns: those of Henry II, Francis II, Charles IX, Henry III., and, above all, in that of Henry IV. He distinguished himself at the capture of Calais, and in the battles of Dreux, Jarnac, and Moncontour, against the Huguenots, and in the naval battle of Lepanto against the Turks. The massacre of St Bartholomew was reprobated by him. He fought for Henry at Ivry against the Catholic League.
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Louis de Bourbon, Prince of Conde, also known as the Great Conde, was a Frech soldier. He was born in 1621 and died in 1687. In 1641 he married a niece of Cardinal Richelieu. His defeat of the Spanish at Rocroi, in 1643, was followed, in 1645, by his defeat of Mercy at Nordlingen, and by his capture of Dunkirk in 1646, the year in which he inherited his father's title. During the troubles of the Fronde he at first took the side of the court; but believing himself to be ill requited by Mazarin, he put himself at the head of the faction of the Petits Maitres, and was imprisoned for a year by Mazarin in 1650. On his release he at once put himself at the head of a new Fronde, entered upon negotiations with Spain, and, his attack on Paris being indecisive, retired to the Netherlands, where he was appointed generalissimo of the Spanish armies.
In this capacity he unsuccessfully besieged Arras in 1654; but he was more fortunate at Valenciennes in 1656, and at Cambrai in 1657. In 1658 he was defeated before Dunkirk by Turenne, but was restored to his rank in France after the peace of 1659. In 1668 he accomplished the reduction of Franche Comte in three weeks; and in 1674 he defeated the Prince of Orange at Senef. His successes over Montecuculi in Alsace in 1675 closed his military career. Four years later he retired to Chantilly, near Paris.
Louis Antoine Henri de Bourbon, Duke of Enghien, was a French nobleman. He was born in 1772 at Chantilly. The son of Louis Henry Joseph Conde, duke of Bourbon, on the outbreak of the revolution he left France, travelled through various parts of Europe, and in 1792 went to Flanders to join his grandfather, the Prince of Conde, in the campaign against France. From 1796 to 1799 he commanded with distinguished merit the vanguard of Conde's army, which was disbanded at the Peace of Luneville in 1801. He then took up residence as a private citizen at Ettenheim in Baden, where he married the Princess Charlotte de Rohan Rochefort. He was generally looked upon as the leader of the emigres, and was suspected by the Bonapartists of complicity in the attempt of Cadoudal to assassinate the first consul. An armed force was sent to seize him in Baden in violation of all territorial rights, and he was brought to Vincennes on the 20th of March, 1804. A mock trial was held the same night; and on the following morning he was shot in the ditch outside the walls. It was this event which drew from Fouche the comment since become proverbial: 'C'est plus qu'un crime, c'est une faute' (' It is worse than a crime, it is a blunder').
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Louis de Buade Frontenac was a French colonial administrator. He was born in 1620 and died in 1698. Governor of New France, he was a man of high military reputation, was appointed to that post in 1672. Being a man of violent passions and great self-will he quarreled with the intendant Duchesneau, the priests and the Jesuits, and was recalled in 1682. But in 1689, the colony having fallen into grave difficulties, he was reappointed. He organized the war against the English with great spirit and skill, and in 1690 sent out the expeditions which destroyed Schenectady, New York, Salmon Falls, New Hampshire, and Casco, Maine. In the same year he repulsed the attack of Sir William Phips upon Quebec. In 1696 he invaded in person the country of the Iroquois and inflicted upon them a crushing defeat.
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Louis de Casablanca was a French naval officer. He was born in 1755 at Corsica and died in 1798. He was mortally wounded at Aboukir (the battle of the Nile) and perished with his burning ship. He was made the subject of a poem by Felicia Hemans.
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Louis Auguste Victor de Ghaisne, Comte de Bourmont, was a Marshal of France. He was born in 1773 and died in 1846. Entering the republican army he distinguished himself under Napoleon, who made him a general of division. After the restoration he readily took service with the new dynasty, and in 1830 commanded the troops which conquered Algiers, a success which gained for him the marshal's baton. After the revolution of 1830 he followed the banished Charles X into exile, but latterly retired to his estate in Anjou, where he died.
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Louis Charles Delescluze was a French communist. He was born in 1809 and died in 1871. He adopted a career in journalism and was imprisoned and fined for his socialist and revolutionary articles, and also sentenced to banishment. He escaped to England, but having returned to France in 1853 was kept in prison for some time and then banished to Cayenne. On his return he again got into trouble. After the fall of the empire and the German occupation he became a prominent member of the Commune, and was shot at one of the barricades in 1871.
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Louis Charles Antoine Desaix de Veygoux was a French soldier. He was born in 1768 at St Hilaire d'Ayat, in Auvergne and died in 1800 of wounds inflicted by a cannon shot. He was of noble family, and entered the army as a sub-lieutenant. He distinguished himself greatly in 1794 under Pichegru, and two years later with the army of the Rhine under Moreau. In 1797 he accompanied Bonaparte to Egypt, and was very successful in reducing Upper Egypt. After the Treaty of El Arish he followed Bonaparte to Italy, took command of the corps of reserve, and, arriving on the field of Marengo at a critical moment, decided the victory by a brilliant charge, on June the 14th, 1800.
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Louis Elzevir was a Dutch printer. He was born in 1540 and died in 1617. He founded the Elzevir family printing business in Leyden around 1580, which became famous for producing fine pocket editions of the classics.
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Louis F Hart was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Washington from 1919 until 1925.
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Louis Leon Cesar Faidherbe was a French soldier. He was born in 1818 and died in 1889. He entered the army in 1840, served in Africa and the West Indies, was appointed governor of Senegal in 1854, and afterwards of a district in Algiers from 1867 to 1870. After the fall of Napoleon III he was summoned by the government of the National Defence to France and appointed commander of the army of the north. He fought some bloody but indecisive battles with the Germans under Manteuffel and Goeben. After the war he was elected to the Assembly by Lille, his native place, but on the triumph of Thiers retired from politics to private life. He wrote valuable monographs on Senegal, the Soudan, and other parts of Africa.
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Louis Figuier was a French writer of popular works on science. He was born in 1819 and died in 1894. He was professor in the School of Pharmacy, Paris. Among his works are Histoire du Merveilleux dans les Temps Modernes; L'Alchimie et les Alchimistes; Vies des Savants Illustre depuis k'Antiquite jusqu'au XIX Siecle; Les Grandes Inventions; Le Tableau de la Nature; etc. Several of his works have been translated into English, including different sections of the one last mentioned.
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Louis Honore Frechette was a French Canadian writer. He was born in 1839 at Levis, Quebec and died in 1908. He was educated at Nicolet College and Laval University, studied law and was called to the bar of Lower Canada, represented his native county in the Dominion parliament of 1874 to 1879, contributed to various newspapers, and became editor of La Patrie in Montreal in 1884. He published collections of poems entitled Mes Loisirs, Les Fleurs Boreales and Les Oiseaux de Neige (the two last crowned by the French Academy); the dramas of Felix Poutre (1862), Papineau (1880), The Thunderbolt (1882), etc. In prose he wrote Petite Histoire des Rois de France, Lettres a Basile, etc.
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Louis Gallait was a Belgian historical painter. He was born in 1812 at Tournai and died in 1887. He studied at his native town Tournai, Antwerp, and Paris, where he acquired a name by his portraits as well as his genre and historical paintings. Among his earlier pictures of note were: Christ Restoring Sight to a Blind Man; The Strolling Musicians; The Beggars; Montaigne Visiting Tasso in Prison; Abdication of Charles V. Among his later pictures are: Temptation of St Antony; The Dead Bodies of Counts Egmont and Horn; The Prisoner's Family; The Last Moments of Count Egmont; Alva Signing Death-warrants; and lastly The Plague at Touruai, painted in 1882 and purchased for Brussels Museum at the price of 120,000 francs.
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Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac was a French chemist and physicist. He was born in 1778 at St. Leonard (Haute-Vienne) and died in 1850. He was educated in the Ecole Polytechnique from 1797 to 1800, and afterwards in the Ecole des Fonts et Chaussees, but preferring chemistry, he entered Berthollet's Ecole Laboratory. In 1802 he returned to the Polytechnique as demonstrator of chemistry, and in 1804 performed his two balloon ascents for scientific purposes, the first with Biot, the second by himself, an account of which appeared in the Journal de Physique.
In 1806 he was elected to the Academy of Sciences. In 1808 he was appointed professor of physics at the Sorbonne, a post he held for twenty-four years, in 1809 professor of chemistry in the Ecole Polytechnique, and then succeeded Fourcroy as professor of general chemistry in the Jardin des Plantes. In 1831 he entered the chamber of deputies, and in 1839 he was made a peer of France, but he never took an active part in politics. He was especially celebrated for his researches into the chemical and physical properties of gases and vapours. For many years he edited, in conjunction with Arago, the Annales de Chimie et de Physique; and many of his numerous memoirs were published in this or in the Comptes Rendus. He also published, along with Thenard, Recherches Physico-chimiques, in which some of their most important discoveries are described. Other works are his Cours de Physique and Lecons de Chimie.
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Louis M Goldsborough was an American sailor. He was born in 1805 and died in 1877. He entered the navy at the age of seven, served in the Mediterranean in 1827, was promoted commander in 1841, and aided in the bombardment of Vera Cruz in 1847. In 1861 he was in command of the North Atlantic squadron, and planned the capture of Roanoke Island in 1862. He retired in 1873, as rear-admiral, having been longer in the service than any other officer to date.
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Louis Hennepin was a Belgian missionary. He was born in 1640 and died in 1701. A missionary of the Order of Recollets of St Francis he went to Canada in 1673, and founded a convent at Fort Frontenac in 1676. He accompanied La Salle's expedition to the West and to the Niagara and the Upper Lakes in 1678, and constructed Fort Crevecoeur in Illinois. Hennepin and his followers proceeded down the Mississippi until captured by the Sioux in 1680. On his return to Europe he published his 'Description de la Louisiane nouvellement decouverte au sud-ouest de la Nouvelle France', and in 1697 his 'Nouvelle decouverte d'un tres-grand pays situe dans l'Amerique, entre le Nouveau-Mexique et la mer Glaciale'. He claimed to be the first to descend to the mouth of the Mississippi, but this is open to dispute.
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Louis Joseph Ferdinand Herold was a French composer. He was born in 1791 and died in 1833. He entered the conservatoire at Paris, afterwards studied at Rome, and became musical tutor to the daughters of Murat, king of Naples. His first successful opera was Les Rosibres, produced in 1817. This was followed by, among other minor compositions, Le Muletier (1823), and Marie (1826). His chief works, however, are the famous Zampa (1821), and the Pre aux Clercs (1832).
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Louis I was Emperor of France in 814.
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Louis II was king of Bavaria. He was born in 1845 and died in 1886, committing suicide. He was an amiable and eccentric ruler who was a great Patron of Wilhelm Wagner.
Louis II (Louis the Stammerer) was king of France in 877.
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Louis III was joint ruler of France in 879 together with Carloman II.
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Louis IX was King of France. He was born in 1214 and died in 1270 whilst on crusade.
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Louis J Brann was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Maine from 1933 until 1937.
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Louis Joliet was a French explorer. He was born in 1645 at Quebec and died in 1700. He explored Canada and northern America.
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Louis Joseph de Bourbon, Prince of Conde was a French soldier. He was born in 1786 at Chantilly and died in 1818. The only son of the Duke of Bourbon and the Princess of Hesse-Rheinfels, he distinguished himself in the Seven Years' War, and in 1762 defeated the Prince of Brunswick at Johannisberg. On the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 he emigrated, and in 1792 formed, at Worms, a corps of emigrant nobility, which first joined the Austrian, and in 1795 the English service. In 1797 he entered the Russian service, but in 1800, after the separation of Russia from the coalition, re-entered for a time the English army. He lived in England until 1813, returned to Paris in 1814, received various honours, and attended the king in his flight to Ghent. On his return he was appointed president of a bureau of the chamber of peers, but soon after retired to Chantilly.
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Louis Kossuth was a Hungarian statesman. He was born in 1802 and died in 1894. He was provisional Governor of Hungary during the Hungarian war for independence in 1848 and 1849. Exiled, he visited the United States from 1851 to 1852, and attempted to arouse the American people to support the cause of Hungary. However, the US Government at the time refused to interfere in the affairs of European powers.
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Louis L Emmerson was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Illinois from 1929 until 1933.
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Louis McLane was an American politician. He was born in 1786 at Delaware and died in 1857. He was a Representative in Congress from 1817 to 1827, Senator from 1827 to 1829, Minister to England from 1829 to 1831, and Secretary of the Treasury in Andrew Jackson's Cabinet from 1831 to 1833, when he resigned rather than order the removal of the deposits. He was then Secretary of State for a year. In 1845 to 1846 he was again Minister to England.
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Louis Joseph Montcalm Marquis de Montcalm was a French soldier. He was born in 17l2 and died in 1759. He entered the army at the age of fifteen years. He had experience in the War of the Austrian Succession, and in 1756 was sent by the Government to take command in the New World. The jealousy of the Canadian Governor, Vaudreuil, hampered Montcalm, but the first years of his command mark the high-water point of French success. In 1756 he took Oswego, and the next year besieged and received the surrender of Fort William Henry at the head of Lake George; this surrender was followed by a massacre of the captives on the part of Montcalm's Indian allies. On July the 8th, 1758, he repulsed Abercromby's overwhelming force at Ticonderoga. The next year Wolfe made his formidable attack on Quebec. For weeks the French commander's skillful precautions foiled the British. On the thirteenth of September Wolfe's army scaled the Heights of Abraham, and in the defeat Montcalm was mortally wounded, and died the following day.
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Louis P Harvey was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Wisconsin during 1862.
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Louis Pasteur was a French scientist. He was born in 1822 at Dole and died in 1895. He founded the modern theory of bacteria.
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Louis Riel was a Canadian insurgent leader. He was born in 1844 at St Boniface, Manitoba, and died in 1885. He led the half-breeds in their rebellion of 1869 to 1870, and on its suppression by Garnet Wolseley, fled to the USA. He was elected to the Dominion houses of Parliament, but was expelled in 1873. Again heading an insurrection in 1885 he was captured after considerable fighting and executed at Regina.
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Louis Gabriel Suchet was a French soldier. He was born in 1770 and died in 1826. The son of a Lyons silk merchant, he became a soldier on the outbreak of the French Revolution and saw service in Italy and elsewhere. In 1799 he commanded a division, distinguishing himself in the campaign against the Austrians in Italy. He took part in the 1805 campaign against Austria and in the 1806 to 1807 campaign against Prussia, and afterwards in Spain where he defeated the British at Sagunto in 1812. Having joined the Bourbons in 1814, he returned to Napoleon during the Hundred Days and was exiled, before returning to France in 1819.
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Louis Adolphe Thiers was a French statesman and historian. He was born in 1797 at Marseilles and died in 1877. Educated in law at Aix he became an advocate and went to Paris where he wrote for the Constitutionnel, attended political groups and worked on his History of the french revolution, the first volumes of which were published in 1823. With Armand Carrel he founded Le National, in which he fought for constitutional liberty, and after the revolution of July 1830, proposed Louis Philippe as successor to Charles X. From 1832 until 1836 he was minister of the interior.
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Louis Jules Trochu was a French soldier. He was born in 1815 at Palais, Morbihan and died in 1896. He first saw service in Algeria and subsequently distinguished himself in the Crimean War and in the Italian campaign of 1859, playing a prominent part at Solferino. After Sedan he was made governor of Paris and commander of the troops drawn together to defend it, and shortly afterwards president of the government of national defence. He resigned the governorship of Paris in 1871.
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Louis Gustave Vapereau was a French writer. He was born in 1819 at Orleans and died in 1906. He became a teacher and later a lawyer. In 1870 he obtained a post in the public service, and from 1877 to 1888 was inspector-general of public instruction. He wrote several books and much for L'lllustration, but is chiefly known for his biographical dictionaries.
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Louis Vaudreuil was a French sailor. He was born in 1721 and died in 1802. He entered the French navy in 1740 and became chef d'escadre in 1777. He participated in the capture of Grenada under Count d'Estaing. He assisted at the siege of Savannah in 1779, assuming command of the fleet during the assault. He commanded a division under Count de Grasse in the Chesapeake engagement with Admiral Graves and in the siege of Yorktown.
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Louis Nicolas Vauquelin was a French chemist. He was Born in 1763 at St Andre d' Hebertot, Normandy and died in 1829. He went to Paris as an assistant in pharmacy, and later became laboratory assistant to A F Fourcroy. He afterwards became inspector of the mint and professor of applied chemistry to the museum of natural history. He discovered the preparation of chromium and beryllium, and made an accurate analysis of carbon disulphide, lithium, cyanogen, allantoin, and the hyposulphites. In 1802 he was made a member of the legion of honour.
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Louis Veuillot was a French journalist. He was born in 1813 at Boynes and died in 1883. After a visit to Rome in 1838 he returned to France an ardent supporter of Ultramontanism. As editor of the Univers he became the champion of the church. In 1842 he was made chief secretary to the minister of the interior.
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Louis XI was king of France. He was born in 1423 and died in 1483. He was the eldest son of Charles VII and raised France from the degradation of the Hundred Years War. His chief enemies were the feudal nobles in alliance with Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. In this struggle he suffered some severe disasters, and in 1467 was a prisoner in the hands of Charles at Peronne. In his internal administration he made great use of the new ideas of Roman law which were quickly coming into vogue.
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Louis XIII (Louis the Just) was king of France in 1610.
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Louis XIV (Louis The Great) was King of France. He was born in 1638 and died in 1715. The son of Louis XIII and Anne of Austria, he succeeded his father to the throne in 1643.
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Louis XV was King of France. He was born in 1710 and died in 1774.
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Louis XVI (Louis the Baker) was King of France. He was born in 1754 and died in 1793 when he was executed during the French revolution. Louis XVI succeeded to the throne of France in 1774. He gave the American colonies very considerable aid during the American War of Independence, and burdened France with a debt on their behalf. His war with Great Britain lasted from 1778 to 1783.
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Louis XVIII was King of France. He was born in 1755 and died in 1824. He entered Paris and took possession of the throne in 1814 and was forced to flee in 1815, returning a few months later.
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Louis Zukofsky was an American poet. He was born in 1904 and died in 1978. He combined poetry, prose, criticism, musical notation, and drama in his complex epic A. He was a major theorist and practitioner of Objectivism. Zukofsky also published fiction, translations, and works of criticism and aesthetics including Bottom: On Shakespeare in 1963 and Prepositions in 1967. His short lyric poems were collected in two volumes in 1965 and in 1966.
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Louisa Maria Caroline, Countess of Albany, was a princess of the Stolberg-Gedern family. She was born in 1753 and died in 1824. In 1772 she married the pretender, Charles Stuart, becoming the Countess of Albany. To escape from the illtreatment of her husband she retired, in 1780, to the house of her brother-in-law at Rome, where she met the poet Alfieri, whose mistress she became.
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Louisa Stuart Costello was an Irish writer. She was born in 1815 and died in 1870. She published two romances, entitled The Queen Mother (1841) and Clara Fane (1848), a poem called The Lay of the Stork (1856), and various historical and descriptive works.
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Louisa May Alcott was an American novelist. She was born in 1832 at Germantown, Pennsylvania and died in 1888. After spending several years teaching she wrote her first book 'Flower Fables' which was oublished in 1855, followed by 'Hospital Sketches' published in 1863 which revealed her experiences as an army nurse during the American Civil War. She is best known for her novel 'Little Women' published in 1868.
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Louise Florence Petronille d'Epinay was a French writer. She was born in 1725 and died in 1783. She became the wife of Delalive d'Epinay, who filled the office of farmer-general. In 1748 she became acquainted with Rousseau, and gave him a cottage in which he passed many of his days. She was the author of Les Conversations d'Emilie, Lettres a mon Fils, and Mes Moments heureux. In addition, she left interesting memoirs and correspondence.
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Louis Antoine de Bougainville was a French navigator. He was born in 1729 at Paris and died in 1811. He started his career as a Lawyer before entering the army and fighting with distinction in Canada under the Marquis of Montcalm. Later returning to France he joined the Navy, and in 1763 undertook command of a colonising expedition to the Falkland Islands, which was abandoned as the Spanish had a prior claim to the islands. He then made a voyage around the world which made many important geographical discoveries. He acted as a naval commander in the American War of Independence and was made a senator and count by Napoleon.
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Luc de Clapiers (Marquis of Vauvenargues) was a French writer. He was born in 1715 at Aix in Provence and died in 1747. He served for some years in the army and fought in Italy and Bohemia. Having left the army, he settled in Paris, and became friendly with Voltaire. He is chiefly known by his Introduction to the Knowledge of the Human Mind, with Reflexions and Maxims.
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Luca Giordano was an Italian painter. He was born about 1632 at Naples and died in about 1705. A scholar of Spagnoletto, he studied the great Italian masters at Rome, and became the pupil of Peter of Cortona. Paul Veronese had afterwards great influence on his manner. He imitated the greatest masters so well that even connoisseurs were imposed upon. In 1679 he was employed by Charles II to ornament the Escurial, and at the court of Spain he became a great favourite. Giordano was especially successful in imitating the manner of Bassano, and of the Chevalier Massimo Stanzioni. After the death of Charles II he returned to his native country, where he died. His most celebrated pieces are his frescoes, in the Escurial, at Madrid, Florence, and Rome. Some of his finest paintings are at Dresden.
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Luca Marenzio was an Italian composer. He was born in 1560 at Coccaglio and died in 1599. He became maestro to Cardinal d'Este, then to Sigmund III of Poland, and finally organist to the Pope's chapel in Rome. He perfected the madrigal.
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Lucas Cranach was a German painter. He was born in 1472 at Kronach and died in 1553.
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LUCAS CRANACH
Lucas Cranach (also known as Lucas Kranach) was a German painter born. He was born in 1472 and died in 1553. He was patronized by Frederick of Saxony, and accompanied him in his pilgrimage to Jerusalem. On the commencement of the Reformation movement he became the intimate friend of Luther and Melanchthon, whose portraits, as taken by him, are among the most interesting memorials of the age. His works, chiefly portraits and historical subjects, are numerous and much prized.
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Luca Della Robbia was an Italian sculptor. He was born in 1400 at Florence and died in 1482. He was distinguished for his work both in marble and bronze, and also for his reliefs in terra-cotta coated with enamel, a kind of work named after him. Other members of the family distinguished themselves in the same line.
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Lucien Bonaprate was Prince of Canino. He was born in 1775 at Ajaccio and died in 1840. The next younger brother of Napoleon I he emigrated to Marseilles in 1793, and having been appointed to a situation in the commissariat at the small town of St Maximin in Provence, he married the innkeeper's daughter. Here he distinguished himself as a republican orator and politician, and was so active on this side that after Robespierre's fall he was in some danger of suffering as a partisan. His brother's influence, however, operated in his favour, and in 1798 we find him settled in Paris and a member of the newly-elected Council of Five Hundred.
Shortly after Napoleon's return from Egypt in 1799 he was elected President of the Council, in which position he contributed greatly to the fall of the Directory and the establishment of his brother's power, on the famous 18th Brumaire (9th November). Next year, as Napoleon began to develop his system of military despotism, Lucien Bonaparte, who still held to his republican principles and candidly expressed his disapproval of his brother's conduct, fell into disfavour and was sent out of the way as ambassador to Spain. Eventually, when Napoleon had the consulate declared hereditary, Lucien Bonaparte withdrew to Italy, settling finally at Rome, where he devoted himself to the arts and sciences, and lived in apparent indifference to the growth of his brother's power.
In vain Napoleon offered him the crown, first of Italy and then of Spain; but he came to France and exerted himself on his brother's behalf, both before and after the Battle of Waterloo. Returning to Italy, he spent the rest of his life in literary and scientific researches, dying in 1840. Pope Pius VII made him Prince of Canino. He was the author of several works, amongst which are two long poems. His eldest son, Charles Lucien Laurent Bonaparte, born in 1803, achieved a considerable reputation as a naturalist, chiefly in ornithology. He published a continuation of Wilson's Ornithology; Iconografia della Fauna Italica;
Conspectus Generum Avium, etc. He died in 1857. Another son, Pierre was born in 1815 and died in 1881. He led an unsettled and disreputable life, and became notorious in 1870 by killing, in his own house at Paris, the journalist Victor Noir, who had brought him a challenge. He got off on the plea of self-defence, but had to leave France.
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LuciusAfranius was a Roman comic dramatist who flourished about the beginning of the first century BC, and of whose writings only fragments remain.
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Lucius Apuleius was a Roman lawyer, philosopher and author. He lived around 160.
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Lucius Cary (Viscount Falkland) was an English noble. He was born about 1610 and died in 1643. His father being Lord-deputy of Ireland, he was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. After passing a short time abroad he devoted himself to a life of retirement and the writing of polite literature, chiefly residing at his seat at Burford, near Oxford, which be made a kind of academy for the learned men of the neighbouring universities.
In 1639 he joined the expedition against Scotland; and in 1640, his peerage being Scottish, he was chosen member of the House of Commons for Newport, in the Isle of Wight. In the first instance he warmly supported the parliament, but doubts of the ultimate objects of the parliamentary leaders caused him to modify his attitude; and in 1642 he accepted from Charles I the office of secretary of state. When hostilities began he embraced decidedly the cause of the king, though he wished rather peace than victory. He was killed at the Battle of Newbury, on the 20th of September 1643. He left behind him several pamphlets and published speeches, also a few poems, but nothing that explains the universal praises bestowed on him by contemporaries.
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Lucius Cornelius Cinna was an eminent Roman. He was an adherent of Marius, who, obtaining the consulship 87 BC, along with Cneius Octavius, impeached Sulla and endeavoured to secure the recall of Marius. Being driven from the city by Octavius, he raised the Italian cities, and invested Rome while Marius blockaded it from the sea. On its capture the friends of Sulla were massacred, and Cinna and Marius made themselves consuls in 86 BC; but after the death of Marius the army refused to follow Cinna against Sulla, and put him to death in 84 BC.
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Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella was a Roman writer on agriculture. He was born at Cadiz in Spain and lived about the middle of the first century after Christ. He wrote twelve books which are still extant, one of which, on gardening (De Re Rustica), is in verse.
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Lucius F C Garvin was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Rhode Island from 1903 until 1905.
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Lucius F Hubbard was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Minnesota from 1882 until 1887.
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Lucius Fairchild was an American politician. He was born in 1831 and died in 1896. He was a Republican Governor of Wisconsin from 1865 until 1871. He was US Consul at Liverpool from 1873 until 1878, Consul-General in Paris from 1878 until 1880, and US Minister to Spain from 1880 until 1882.
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Lucius Junius Brutus was ancient Roman hero. The son of Marcus Junius by the daughter of the elder Tarquin. He saved his life from the persecutions of Tarquin the Proud by feigning himself insane, whence his name Brutus (stupid). On the suicide of Lucretia however, he threw off the mask, and headed the revolt against the Tarquins. Having secured their banishment, he proposed to abolish the regal dignity and introduce a free government, with the result that he was elected to the consulship, in which capacity he condemned his own sons to death for conspiring to restore the monarchy. He fell in battle 509 BC.
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Lucius Lamar was an American politician. He was born in 1825 and died in 1893. He represented Mississippi in the US Congress as a Democrat from 1857 to 1861. He became a colonel in the Confederate service. In 1863 he was sent as a commissioner to Russia. He was a member of the US House of Representatives from 1872 to 1877, and a Senator from 1877 to 1885. He was an effective speaker and an opponent of the inflation policy. He was Secretary of the Interior in Cleveland's Cabinet from 1885 to 1888, when he became a Justice of the US Supreme Court.
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Lucius Robinson was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of New York from 1877 until 1879.
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Lucius Cornelius Sulla was a Roman soldier and statesman. He was born in 138 BC and died in 78 BC. Of noble birth, he served with distinction under Marius in the war against Jugurtha in 107 BC, and served with distinction in the war with the Teutones from 104 to 101 BC. In 82 BC Sulla was appointed dictator and revolutionised the Roman constitution, making the Senate supreme, reforming the judiciary before retiring in 79 BC.
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Lucky Luciano (Charles Luciano) was an American gangster. He was born in 1897 at Sicily and died in 1962. A Mafia leader he operated profitably during the 1920's and 1930's before forming the National Crime Syndicate, a major criminal corporation.
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Lucretia Borgia was the daughter of Pope Alexander VI. She was born in 1480 and died in 1523.
In 1493 she was married to Giovanni Sforza, lord of Pesaro, but after she had lived with him for four years, Alexander dissolved the marriage, and gave her to Alphonso, nephew of Alphonso II of Naples. Two years after this new husband was assassinated by the hired ruffians of Cesare Borgia. Her third husband was Alphonso d'Este, son of the duke of Ferrara. She was accused by contemporaries of incest, poisoning, and almost every species of enormous crime; but several modern writers defend her, maintaining that the charges which have been made against her are false or much exaggerated. She was a patroness of art and literature.
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Lucretia Mott was an American anti-slavery campaigner. She was born in 1793 and died in 1880. She entered the ministry of the Friends in Philadelphia in 1818. She adhered to the Hicksite branch. She was one of the original founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society. In 1840 she was sent as a delegate to the World's Anti-Slavery Convention at London. Her exclusion from it increased the woman-suffrage agitation, in which she became, a leader.
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Lucretius was a Roman poet. He was born in 99 BC and died in 55 BC.
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Lucy Stone was an American journalist and abolitionist. She was born in 1818 and died in 1893. She was prominent as an ardent anti-slavery advocate. In 1869, she aided in forming the American Woman's Suffrage Association. She edited the Womans' Journal in Boston from 1872.
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Ludecan was king of Mercia in 823.
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Ludmila Belousova is a Russian figure-skater. She was born in 1935 at Ulyanovsk. Together with her partner, Topopov, she won two Olympic, four world and four European pair-skating championships.
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Ludolf Backhuysen was a Dutch painter. He was born in 1631 and died in 1709. He particularly painted sea scenes, his most famous picture is a sea piece which the burgomasters of Amsterdam commissioned him to paint as a present to Louis XVI It is still at Paris.
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Ludolph van Ceulen was a Dutch mathematician. He was born in 1540 and died in 1610. He devoted himself to the calculation of the value of pi, which he worked out to 35 decimal places, subsequently known as 'Ludolph's Number', which was inscribed on his tombstone.
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Ludovic Vitet was a French writer and politician. He was born in 1802 at Paris and died in 1873. He was appointed inspector-general of monuments in 1830 by Guizot. In 1834 he became secretary to the minister of commerce and a deputy, and in 1836 a councillor of state. In 1845 he succeeded Soumet as a member of the Academy. The 1851 coup d'etat compelled him to retire from public office.
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Ludovico Ariosto was one of the most celebrated poets of Italy. He was born in 1474 at Reggio, in Lombardy and died in 1533. His lyric poems in the Italian and Latin languages, distinguished for ease and elegance of style, introduced him to the notice of the Cardinal Ippolito d'Este, son of Duke Ercole I of Ferrara. In 1503 Ippolito employed him in his service, used his counsel in the most important affairs, and took him with him on a journey to Hungary. In this service he began and finished, in ten or eleven years, his immortal poem, the Orlando Furioso, which was published in 1515, and immediately became highly popular. He afterwards entered the service of Alfonso I, Duke of Ferrara, the cardinal's brother, a lover of the arts, who put much confidence in him. After quelling disturbances that had broken out in the wild and mountainous Garfagnana, he returned to Ferrara, where he employed himself in the composition of his comedies, and in putting the last touches to his Orlando. The Orlando Furioso is a continuation of the Orlando Innamorata of Bojardo, details the chivalrous adventures of the paladins of the age of Charlemagne, and extends to forty-six cantos. The best English translation is that of Rose.
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Ludovico Carracci was an Italian painter. He was born in 1555 at Bologna and died in 1619. At Florence he studied under Andrea del Sarto, and afterwards went to Parma for the purpose of studying Correggio, who was then imitated by almost all the Florentine painters. He then set up a studio in Bologna, and established a school of painting characterized particularly by its attention to composition and its principle of eclecticism, or endeavour to imitate and unite the chief excellencies of different great masters, the drawing of Raphael, the colouring of Titian, etc. To assist him Ludovico Carracci had his two younger cousins, Agostino Carracci and Annibale Carracci, educated as artists; and after the completion of their studies all three by their able work soon made a high reputation for the academy of the Carracci at Bologna. Ludovico Carracci has left many works, the finest of which are in the Pinacoteca.
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Ludwig Bamberger was a German economist and publicist. He was born in 1823 at Mainz and died in 1899. His studies in French law were interrupted by the revolution of 1848 and he became a republican and newspaper editor. He took part in the republican rising in the Palatinate in 1849 and had to flee to Switzerland. In 1852 he was sentenced to death, and living in exile in France worked for a bank until he returned to Germany in 1866 As a politician he obtained the standardisation of the German coinage, the adoption of the gold standard and the establishment of the Reichsbank.
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Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach was a German metaphysician. He was born in 1804 at Landshut and died in 1872. The son of the celebrated jurist, Paul Feuerbach, after studying theology and philosophy at Heidelberg and Berlin he became a tutor (Privatdocent) at Eriangen University in 1828. As his negative views in theology were obnoxious to government, and thus deprived him of all chance of a professorship, he resigned, and the latter part of his life was passed in straitened circumstances. All transcendental ideas, such as God, immortality, etc, Ludwig Feuerbach came to regard as deleterious illusions, and considered that the direct contact of the senses with things alone gave the full truth. His works include a Critique of Hegel (1839); The Essence of Christianity (1841; translated by George Eliot in 1854); The Essence of Religion (1849); Godhead, Freedom, and Immortality (1866).
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Baron Ludwig Holberg was a Danish writer. He was was born in 1684 at Bergen, in Norway, then part of the Danish dominions and died in 1754. He studied at the University of Copenhagen, and afterwards travelled through a good part of Europe, spending some time in Oxford, where he taught music and modern languages, and studied modern history and philosophy. In 1718 he was appointed to an ordinary professorship in the University of Copenhagen, where after this date he chiefly resided until his death. In 1735 he was elected rector, and in 1737 treasurer of the university in which he held his professorship, and in 1747 he was raised to the rank of baron.
His works may be divided into four classes: poems, stage pieces, philosophical treatises, and historical works. His poems are chiefly of a satirical nature. The most celebrated is Peder Paars, a comic heroic poem in fourteen cantos, which is still regarded throughout the Scandinavian countries as a masterpiece. Almost equally famous is his Nicolas Klimm's Subterraneous Travels, a satirical romance in prose. His stage pieces are all either comedies or farces, and are nearly all characterized by true comic power. Among his philosophical writings the most important is his Moral Reflections (published in 1744). His historical works include The Political, Ecclesiastical, and Geographical Condition of the Danish Monarchy, A General History of the Jews, and A History of Famous Men and Famous Women (1739-1745).
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Ludwig Mond was a German chemist. He was born in 1838 at Cassel and died in 1909. Educated at Marburg and Heidelburg universities he went to England in 1862 to introduce a process for the recovery of sulphur from alkali waste and in 1873 partnered John Brunner to invent a process for creating soda - the Silvay or ammonia process - erecting a works near Norwich for the manufacture of soda.
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Ludwig Spohr was a German violin virtuoso and composer. He was born in 1784 at Brunswick and died in 1859. He was musical director at Gotha in 1805, Vienna in 1813, Frankfort-on-Main in 1817 until 1819 and at Kassel from 1822 to 1857. He was the first conductor to use a baton in Britain when he conducted the London Philharmonic in 1820.
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Ludwig van Beethoven was a German composer. He was born in 1770 at Bonn and died in 1827. At a very early stage his father sensed his talent and forced piano and violin lessons on him in the hope of creating a prodigy who would keep the family in luxury. When the widowed and frequently drunken father was dismissed from his post, Ludwig at the age of nineteen found himself responsible for the upkeep of his father, two brothers, and a sister who died while young. He gave lessons and played viola in the Opera orchestra until, under the patronage of Count Waldstein, and possibly with a recommendation from Joseph Haydn, he was given introductions to contacts in Vienna, where he spent most of the rest of his life. Other distinguished patrons were, in the fashion and necessity of the time, to receive dedications from Beethoven in subsequent years, though his wayward and often boorish temperament led him to quarrel with many of them and with many musicians, relatives and friends. A key figure within the Romantic movement,
Beethoven broke with all previous traditions of patronage and servitude. Not for him the steady employment of Joseph Haydn, the humiliations of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart at the hands of archbishops, or the deference of composer and player to petty princelings: he believed that a great artist should be free to create without the constraints of regular employment. He accepted a small regular income from three noblemen without ever deigning to bow to their dictates; and when an audience failed to treat him with the adoration to which he felt entitled, as when they laughed after he had knocked over a couple of candles while performing one of his own concertos at a concert, he was capable of storming off the stage and refusing to reappear. In his own time he was more highly regarded as a pianist than as a composer, especially as an improviser in aristocratic houses and the concert hall. It was not unreasonable that during such highly acclaimed recitals he should introduce piano and chamber works of his own.
The passion of his playing, his compositions, and his rough speech entranced many wealthy listeners and patrons; but at the same time the mere whiff of such patronage was enough to enrage the composer. He met many attractive and well-to-do women, and seems to have fallen in love with quite a number; but his gaucheness made it impossible for him ever to pursue these desires, and he never married. In 1801 he started to go deaf and by 1819 it was impossible for anyone to hold a conversation with him. He composed five piano concertos, a violin concerto, sonatas, nine symphonies, chamber music and other pieces.
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Ludwig Von Benedek was an Austriansoldier. He was born in 1804 and died in 1881. He fought against the Italians in 1848, and afterwards against the Hungarian patriots. He distinguished himself at Solferino in the campaign of 1859; and in the war with Prussia in 1866 he commanded the Austrian army until after his defeat at Sadowa, when he was superseded.
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Ludwig August von Dieskau was a German soldier. He was born in 1701 in Saxony and died in 1767. He served under Marshal Saxe in the French service, and was sent to Canada as a major-general in 1755, and commanded an expedition against the English colonies by way of Lake Champlain. At first victorious in the fight near Fort Edward, he was finally defeated.
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The Lugbara are a tribe of native Africans living in north-west Uganda and neighbouring Congo. They are farmers, growing millet, cassava and tobacco, and also keeping cattle.
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Luigi Alamanni was an Italian poet. He was born in 1495 at Florence and died in 1556. Suspected of conspiring against the life of Cardinal Giulio Medici, who then governed Florence in the name of Pope Leo X, he fled to Venice, and when the cardinal ascended the papal chair under the name of Clement VII he took refuge in France, where he henceforth lived, being employed by Francis I and Henry II in several important negotiations. His principal works are a didactic poem, La Coltivazione; a comedy entitled Flora; two epics, Girone il Cortese and L'Avarchide, and a collection of eclogues, satires, psalms, &c., partly in blank verse, the invention of which is contested with him by Trissino, a contemporary.
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Luigi Boccherini was an Italian composer. He was born in 1740 at Lucca and died in 1805 at Madrid. His compositions consist of symphonies, sestets, quintets, quartets, trios, duets and sonatas for the violin, violoncello and pianoforte.
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Luigi Canina was an Italian architect and antiquary. He was born in 1795 at Casale in Piedmont and died in 1856. He was professor of architecture at Turin, where he produced his standard work on ancient architecture - 'L'Architettura Antica descritta e dimostrata coi Monumenti' published in twelve volumes from 1832 to 1844.
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Luigi Carrer was an Italian poet and scholar. He was born in 1801 at Venice and died in 1850. He held professorships of philosophy at Padua in 1830 and at Venice in 1844 and was subsequently appointed custodian of the Museo Correr in Venice, a post he held until his death.
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Luigi Carlo Farini was an Italian statesman and author. He was born in 1812 and died in 1866. He studied medicine at Bologna, and practised as a physician. He became known as a nationalist and patriot in the political movements of 1841, had to leave the country for a time, but returned and was made a member of the Reform Ministry at Rome during the disturbances of 1848. Disapproving equally the views of the old Conservative and the extreme Republican party, he went to Piedmont, where he was elected a deputy, and fought with great energy both in literature and in parliament on behalf of Cavourand the Piedmoutese Constitutionalists. After the peace of Villafranca he was chosen dictator of the duchies of Parma and Modena, and was mainly instrumental in inducing them to unite with the Piedmontese monarchy. His History of the Papal States from 1814 to 1850 was well known. In 1862 he became president of the ministry, before supposedly losing his reason in 1863.
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Luigi Galvani was an Italian physiologist. He was born in 1737 and died in 1798. He made the first investigations into the action of electrical activity in the muscles of animals. Galvanism was named after him.
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Luigi Pirandello was an Italian writer. He was born in 1867 at Girgenti and died in 1936. He won the Nobel prize for literature in 1934.
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Luigi Settembrini was an Italian writer and patriot. He was born in 1813 at Naples and died in 1876. In 1835 he became professor of rhetoric at Catanzaro, but between 839 and 1860 he spent many years in prison at St Stefano and in exile at Malta and London for his political views.
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Luigi Tansillo was an Italian poet and soldier. He was born in 1610 at Venosa and died in 1568. He served with distinction under Don Pedro de Toldeo, viceroy of Naples, against the Turks and in Charles V's expedition against the Turks. Later he became a judge at Gaeta and became famous for his lyrics and satirical writings. He was condemned by the Inquisition, and forced to make amends in order to have himself removed from the Index.
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Luis de Camoens was a Portuguese poet. He was born in 1524 or 1525 at Lisbon and died in 1579. Disappointed in love, he became a soldier, and served in the fleet which the Portuguese sent against Morocco, losing his right eye in a naval engagement before Ceuta. An affray into which he was drawn was the cause of his embarking in 1553 for India. He landed at Goa, but, being unfavourably impressed with the life led by the ruling Portuguese there, wrote a satire which caused his banishment to Macao in 1556.
Here, however, he was appointed to an honourable position as administrator of the property of' absentee and deceased Portuguese, and here, too, in what were the quietest and most prosperous years of his life, he wrote the earlier cantos of his great poem, the Lusiads. Returning to Goa in 1561, he was shipwrecked and lost all his property except his precious manuscript. After much misfortune Camoens in 1570 arrived once more in his native land, poor and without influence, as he had left it. The Lusiads was now printed at Lisbon in 1572, and celebrating, as it did, the glories of the Portuguese conquests in India, acquired at once a wide popularity. The king himself accepted the dedication of the poem, but the only reward Camoens obtained was a pittance insufficient to save him from poverty; and it is said that his faithful Javanese servant had often to beg food for them both in the streets.
Fifteen years after his death a magnificent monument was erected to his memory, with an inscription on it which called him the prince of poets. The Lusiads is an epic poem in ten cantos. Its subject is the voyage of Vasco De Gama to the East Indies; but many other events in the history of Portugal are also introduced. The other works of Camoens consist of sonnets, songs, epigrams, dramas, etc. The Lusiads has been translated into English by William Mickle and Burton as well as by others.
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Luis de Vargas was a Spanish painter. He was born in 1502 at Seville and died in 1568. He studied in Rome, and remained in Italy from about 1527 until 1555. He excelled in religious subjects, especially in fresco, but much of his work in this medium has perished. His best work in oils is in the cathedral of Seville, and there are examples in the Louvre and the Prado at Madrid.
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Luis Galvez de Montalvo was a Spanish poet. He was born in 1549 at Guadalajara and died in 1610.
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Luis Gongora y Argote was a Spanish poet. He was born in 1561 at Cordova and died there in 1627. He was educated for the church, and was made chaplain to the king, and a prebendary in the cathedral of Cordova. His works consist chiefly of lyrical poems, in which he excelled. He introduced a new poetic phraseology called the estilo culto, and founded a school of writers, the Gongoristas, who carried this depraved style to an absurd length.
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Luis Velez De Guevara y Duenas was a Spanish dramatic poet. He was born in 1570 and died in 1644. His literary fame rests chiefly on his Diablo Cojuelo (Lame Devil), which suggested the famous Diable Boiteux of Le Sage.
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Luisa Tetrazzini was an Italian soprano singer. She was born in 1874 at Florence and died in 1940. She studied operatic singing at Florence under Ceccherini and made her debut in L'Africaine at Florence in 1895. Afterwards she toured in Rome, South America, Mexico and the USA before first appearing in London in 1907. In 1913 she became a member of the Chicago Opera Company, leaving in 1914. Her autobiography was published in 1921 under the title 'My Life of Song'.
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Luiz Vaz de Camoens was a Portuguese poet. He was born in 1524 at Lisbon and died in 1579. Disappointed in love he became a soldier and served in the fleet the Portuguese sent against Morocco where he lost his right eye in a naval engagement before Ceuta.
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Sir Samuel Luke Fildes was an English portrait and genre painter. He was born in Liverpool in 1844 and died in 1929. He received his artistic education at the South Kensington and Royal AcademyArt Schools. His earliest productions were sketches in black-and-white for the Graphic, Illustrated London News, Cornhill Magazine, and other periodicals, and after being chosen to illustrate the last works of Dickens and Samuel Lover, he took to painting. His first picture was Nightfall (1868), and after that he exhibited: The Loosened Team; The Empty Chair; Fair, Quiet, and Sweet Rest; Simpletons; Applicants for Admission to a Casual Ward, The Widowers The Return of the Penitent; The Village Wedding; Venetian Life; The Al-Fresco Toilette; The Doctor; Portraits of the Duke and Duchess of York (for the Graphic, 1893); also state portraits of the King (1902), and of the Queen (1905). Several of his paintings, and in particular the famous Casual Ward, show powers of realism in painting not unlike those of Dickens in fiction; but his later works are more striking from their colour-effects. Later he took a distinguished place as a portrait painter. ARA in 1879, a full Academician in 1887, he was knighted in 1906.
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Luke P Blackburn was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Kentucky from 1879 until 1883.
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Luke P Poland was an American jurist and politician. He was born in 1815 and died in 1887. He was a Judge of the Vermont Supreme Court from 1848 to 1860 and Chief Justice from 1860 to 1865. He represented Vermont in the US Senate as a Republican from 1865 to 1867 and in the House from 1867 to 1875. He was chairman of the committees to investigate the Ku-Klux Klan outrages and the Credit Mobilier transactions.
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The Lunda are a people of Zaire.
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The Luo are the second-largest ethnic group of Kenya, living in the Lake Victoria region and the Upper Bile valley. In 1987 they numbered some 2,650,000. The Luo traditionally live by farming livestock. The Luo language is of the Nilo-Saharan (Nilotic) family.
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The Lur are an aboriginal people of Luristan in western Iran.
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Luren D Dickinson was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Michigan from 1939 until 1940.
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Lurleen Wallace was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Alabama from 1967 until 1968.
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William Luson Thomas was a British artist and journalist. He was born in 1830 at Bath and died in 1900. Educated privately in London and Paris, he worked as an engraver in Paris with his brother, George Housman Thomas and became assistant to William James Linton. He studied in New York and Rome, was associate, 1864, and member, 1875, of the R.I., worked for The Illustrated London News, in 1869 founded The Graphic, and in 1889 started The Daily Graphic. Luson Thomas was a pioneer of the photographic method of art reproduction.
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Luther Cushing was an American civil-servant. He was born in 1803 and died in 1856. From 1832 until 1846 he was clerk of the Massachusetts House of Representatives and was reporter of the Massachusetts Supreme Court decisions from 1850 until 1856. He wrote a work entitled 'Cushing's Manual of Parliamentary Practice'.
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Luther E Hall was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Louisiana from 1912 until 1916.
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Luther H Hodges was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of North Carolina from 1954 until 1961.
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Luther Martin was an American jurist. He was born in 1744 and died in 1826. He was Attorney-General of Maryland, was a member of the Annapolis Convention. He was a delegate from Maryland to the Continental Congress from 1784 to 1785. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1787, but opposed the adoption of the Constitution. He was counsel for defence in the trials of Judge Chase and Aaron Burr, having in his later years become a Federalist.
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Luther W Youngdahl was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Minnesota from 1947 until 1951.
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Lydia Maria Child was an American writer. She was born in 1802 at Massachusetts and died in 1880. Her voluminous writings were mainly in the interest of the anti-slavery cause, and were widely circulated and very influential.
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Lydia H Sigourney was an American poet. She was born in 1791 at Connecticut and died in 1865. She was known as a writer of graceful prose and poetry of elevated moral tone. She wrote 'Traits of the Aborigines of America' and 'Pocahontas'.
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Lyman C Draper was an American historian. He was born in 1815 and died in 1891. He made thorough and valuable investigations regarding Western history and biography. He published Collections of the Wisconsin Historical Society, from 1853 to 1887.
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Lyman Hall was an American politician. He was born in 1725 and died in 1790. He was a member of the Savannah Conventions of 1774 and 1775, represented Georgia in the Continental Congress from 1775
to 1780 and signed the American Declaration of Independence.
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Lyman Spitzer is an American astrophysicist. He was bon in 1914 at Toledo, Ohio. He has developed influential theories about the formation of stars and planetary systems proposing that only a magnetic field could contain gases at temperatures as high as 100 million degrees, by which point hydrogen gas fuses to form helium, and he devised a figure-of-eight design to describe this field. His model was important to later attempts to bring about the controlled fusion of hydrogen. He criticized the theory that our planetary system is the result of a gas cloud or gaseous filaments breaking off from the Sun to become planetary fragments, showing that a gas would be dispersed into interstellar space long before it had cooled sufficiently to condense into planets.
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Lyman Trumbull was an American jurist and politician. He was born in 1813 and died in 1896. He was called to the bar in 1837. He was Secretary of State for Illinois from 1841 to 1842, and a Justice of the Illinois Supreme Court from 1848 to 1853. He represented Illinois in the US Senate as a Democrat from 1855 to 1861 and as a Republican from 1861 to 1873.
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Lyman Underwood Humphrey was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Kansas from 1889 until 1893.
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Lyndon Baines Johnson was the 36th President of the USA. He was born in 1908 at Gillespie County, Texas. He became president following the assassination of John F Kennedy in 1963 and remained president until 1965.
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Lynn J Frazier was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Dakota from 1917 until 1921.
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