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M Clifford Townsend was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Indiana from 1937 until 1941.
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M Q Sharpe was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of South Dakota from 1943 until 1947.
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Ma Yuan was a Chinese general. He was born in 14 BC at Mou-ling, now in Shensi province, China and died in 49 AD at Hunan. He helped to establish the Eastern Han dynasty after the usurpation of power by the minister Wang Mang ended the Western Han dynasty in 25 AD.
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The Macaroni were a group of 18th century dandies who from 1770 to 1775 led the fashion, and infuriated the church. They imitated extravagant Continental fashions - having derived their fashion in Italy - and were distinguished by wearing an immense knot of artificial hair, a very small cocked hat, jacket, waist-coat, and small clothes all worn very tight against the body and carrying a long walking-stick ornamented with tassels. The Macaronis were infamous for their gambling, drinking and duelling and around 1773 were described as the curse of Vauxhall Gardens.
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Macbeth was King of Scotland from 1040 until his death in 1057. Macbeth's story was fictitiously told by William Shakespeare in his play Macbeth. In fact, Macbeth came to power after killing his cousin, Duncan I, in battle near Elgin on August the 14th 1040. He was killed in a battle against Malcolm, the eldest son of Duncan I, who was assisted by the English.
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The Maccabees was a name given to the Asmonaegans, a family of Jewish patriots, who headed a religious revolt in the reign of Antiochus IV from 168 to 161 BC, which led to a period of freedom for Israel.
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The Macedonians were members of a certain Christian religious sect which followed the doctrines of Macedonius, Bishop of Constantinople, in the fourth century. They believed that the Holy Ghost was a creature, like the angels, and a servant of the Father and the Son.
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The Macusis are a South American Indian tribe still found in Guyana.
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Madame Albani, maiden name Marie Louise Emma Cecile Lajeunesse, was a Canadian singer. She was born in 1852 near Montreal and died after 1905. Sh was trained at home by her father, and studied also in Paris and Milan. She made her first public appearance in Europe at Messina, in Bellini's La Sonnambula, and in 1872 sang in the Royal Italian Opera in London. Since then she attained the position of one of the world's foremost singers, both in opera and oratorio. She was an especial favourite of Queen Victoria. In 1878 she was married to Ernest Gye, the operatic manager. She adopted the professional name of Albani from Albany, in the United States, where as a girl she sang in the Roman Catholic cathedral.
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Madame Cresswell was an English eccentric of infamous character. She is famous for bequeathing ten pounds for a funeral sermon in which nothing ill should be said of her. The Duke of Buckingham wrote the sermon which said: 'All I shall say of her is this - she was born well, she married well, lived well and died well; for she was born at Shad-well, married to Cress-well, lived at Clerken-well, and died in Bride-well.'
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Madame D'Arblay (born Frances Burney) was an English writer. She was born in 1752 at Lynn-Regis in Norfolk and died in 1840. She was the second daughter of Dr Burney, author of the History of Music. In 1786 she was appointed one of the keepers of the robes to Queen Charlotte; in 1793 married the Count D'Arblay, a French emigrant artillery officer, with whom she afterwards went to France, and who, on the restoration of the Bourbons, attained the rank of general. She gained considerable celebrity by her literary productions. These were mostly novels, of which she produced four: Evelina, Cecilia, Camilla, and the Wanderer. She published the memoirs of her father, which appeared in 1832, and her Diary, edited by her niece, was also published.
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Madame De Pompadour (Jeanne Antoinette Poisson) was mistress to king Louis XV of France and patron to Voltaire. She was born in 1721 at Paris and died in 1764.
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Madame de Thebes was a French palmist and prophet. She was born in 1845 and died in 1916. She carried on a business as a palmist at her salon in the Avenue de Wagram in Paris, and each year at Christmas published prophecies which enjoyed a wide circulation. She was said to have predicted the Boer War and the Russo-Japanese War.
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Madeleine M Kunin was an American politician. She was a Democratic governor of Vermont from 1985 until 1991.
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Madeleine Hamilton Smith was a Scottish girl tried in Edinburgh in 1857 for murdering her lover, Pierre Emile L'Angelier.
Pierre Emile L'Angelier and Madeleine Smith met clandestinely for two years before she broke off the relationship and requested the return of letters she had written him, he refused, and threatened to hand the letters over to her father.
Shortly afterwards Pierre Emile L'Angelier informed a friend that he was to meet with Madeleine Smith, and left his lodgings in the evening in normal health, only to be discovered the next morning writhing on his bedroom floor. He recovered and went to Bridge of Allan to recuperate, only to die a few weeks later following another violent paroxysm. The discovery of the letters written to him by Madeleine Smith led to a post mortem being conducted which revealed that Pierre Emile L'Angelier had died of arsenic poisoning. It was proven that Madeleine Smith had purchased arsenic on several occasions around the time, but claimed she used it for her complexion, and the case that she had murdered her former lover was unproven.
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The Madi (Ma'di or Ma'adi) are a tribe native to River Nile in north-western Uganda and the Sudan. They are farmers and also hunters and fishermen, growing millet and also keeping cattle. The tribe is divided into chiefdoms under the rule of Vudupi, which is a hereditary title passed down from father to son.
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Madison S Perry was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Florida from 1857 until 1861.
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The mafia were originally a Sicilian secret terrorist murderous society comprising people of all classes which became prominent in the 1860s - they described themselves as a Sicillian vendetta society. One of their earlier victims was David Hennessy, chief of police in New Orleans who was assassinated on the 15th of October 1890. The subsequent trial of 17 Sicilians for the murder, six of which were acquitted resulted in no verdict for the other nine, and a mob subsequently broke into the gaol and murdered eleven prisoners, two of which were Italian citizens. Italy subsequently recalled its ambassador, and shortly afterwards the American government paid $25000 compensation for the benefit of the heirs of the two murdered Italian citizens, and diplomatic relations were reinstated. Today the mafia are an organised criminal society operating in the USA and wherever there are Italian people.
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Magdalena Abakanowicz is a Polish artist. She was born in 1930 at Falenty, Poland. A descendant of Polish nobility, she studied at the School of Fine Arts in Sopot in 1949, and graduated from the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw in 1954. In 1956 she began working as an independent artist in and initially earned success for large, three-dimensional weavings she named Abakans. From 1965, she taught at the State College of Fine Arts in Poznan, Poland, before becoming a professor in 1979.
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The Magi were an order of priests and teachers among the ancient Medes and Persians with a great deal of political power. On the death of Cambyses, one
Magi asserted that he was Smerdis, a son of Cyrus and claimed the throne of Persia. He was disposed by Darius Hystaspes in 521 BC and a massacre of the
Magi followed.
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A Magistrate is a 'junior judge', they serve in lower courts of law and hear minor offences.
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Count Magnus Frederick Ferdinand Bjornstjerna was a Swedish statesman and author. He was born in 1779 and died in 1847. Having entered the Swedish army and risen to be colonel, he went with the Swedish troops to Germany in 1813 and took part in the battles of Grossbeeren, Dennewitz, the passage of the Elbe, the storming of Dessau, and the Battle of Leipzig. He also received the surrender of Lubeck and of Maestricht. After the capitulation of Paris he fought in Holstein and in Norway, at length concluding with Prince Christian Frederick at Moss the convention uniting Norway and Sweden. In 1826 he was made a count, and in 1828 plenipotentiary to Great Britain, where he continued until 1846. He published works on British Rule in the East Indies, on the Theogony, Philosophy, and Cosmogony of the Hindus, etc.
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Magnus Celsius was a Swedish astronomer. He was born in 1621 at Alfta, and died in 1679.
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Magnus the Good was king of Denmark in 1042.
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Mahlon Dickerson was an American politician. He was born in 1770 and died in 1853. A lawyer by trade, he practised in New Jersey and Pennsylvania before becoming Democratic-Republican governor of New Jersey from 1815 until 1817 and a Senator from that State from that time to 1833. From 1834 until 1838 he was Secretary of the Navy, serving under Jackson and Martin Van Buren.
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A Mahout is a man who drives working elephants. In Burma they are called Oozis, in India Mahouts.
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The Maillotins was a name given to certain citizens of Paris who, in March 1382, violently opposed the collection of new taxes imposed by the Duke of Anjou, the regent. They armed themselves with small iron mallets - taken from the arsenal - and killed the collectors; for which they were severely punished.
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The Makua are a people living to the north of the Zambezi River in Mozambique. With the Lomwe people, they make up the country's largest ethnic group. The Makua are mainly farmers, living in villages ruled by chiefs. The
Makua language belongs to the Niger-Congo family, and has about 5 million speakers.
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A Malagasy is an inhabitant of or native to Madagascar. The Malagasy language has about nine million speakers; it belongs to the Austronesian family. Despite Madagascar's proximity to Africa, Malagasy contains only a small number of Bantu and Arabic loan words. It seems likely that the earliest settlers came by sea, some 1,500 years ago, from Indonesia. Primarily rice farmers, the Malagasy make use both of irrigated fields and swidden (temporary plot) methods.
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Sir Malcolm Campbell was a British racing motorist. He was born in 1885 and died in 1949. He set land speed records and speed-boat speed records.
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Malcolm I was King of Scotland from 943 to 954.
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Malcolm II was King of Scotland from 1005 to 1034.
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Malcolm III was King of Scotland from 1057 to 1093. He was born around 1031 and died in 1093. Malcolm III was the eldest son of Duncan I, who was killed by Macbeth. Malcolm III lived in exile in England until defeating and killing Macbeth in 1057, and subsequently ascending the Scottish throne. In 1072 he recognised William I as overlord of England, but in 1093 was killed by William II while making a raid into England.
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Malcolm R Patterson was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Tennessee from 1907 until 1911.
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Malcolm Wilson was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New York from 1973 until 1975.
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Malcolm IV was King of Scotland from 1153 to 1165.
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The Malecite (Maliseet) are a North American Indian tribe of the Algonquin family, found along the St John River in New Brunswick, Canada.
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The Maler (Malto or Rajmahali) are a Dravidian people of the Rajmahal hills of northern India.
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The Mameluke were Turkoman warriors taken to Egypt as slaves to act as bodyguards for the caliphs and sultans. When the Ottoman Turks conquered Egypt in 1250 the Mamelukes became sultans. They were defeated by Napoleon in 1798 and the survivors were massacred by Muhammad Ali in 181.
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Manasseh Cutler was an American clergyman, scientist and politician. He was born in 1742 at Connecticut and died in 1823. During the American War of Independence he served as a chaplain, and in 1786 was agent for the Ohio company which founded Marietta. He drafted for Nathan Dane the Ordinance of 1787 which excluded slavery from the Northwest-Territory, and was a Massachusetts Federal Congressman from 1801 to 1805.
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The Manchus are a civilized division of the Tunguses people. They have been the political masters of China since 1643.
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The Mandans are or were a small tribe of American Indians, numbering about 500 at the end of the 19th century and then dwelling on a reservation in Dakota. They are first heard of about 1772. They then lived on the Missouri, about 1500 miles up from its mouth. They are of light complexion, hence many vain attempts to trace their descent from the supposed Welsh colony of Prince Madoc.
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Mandell Creighton was an English bishop and historian. He was born in 1843 and died in 1901. He was educated at Durham grammar-school and Merton College, Oxford, had a distinguished academical career, was fellow and tutor of his college, took orders, and was vicar of Embleton, Northumberland, for nine years. In 1884 he was appointed Dixie professor of ecclesiastical history at Cambridge, in 1891 was called to be bishop of Peterborough, and in 1897, on Dr. Temple's promotion to the archbishopric of Canterbury, became bishop of London. His chief work is History of the Papacy during the Reformation (published in five volumes between 1882 and 1894). He also wrote Life of Simon de Montfort, The Age of Elizabeth, The Tudors and the Reformation, Life of Cardinal Wolsey; with Historical Essays and Reviews,and Thoughts on Education, edited by his wife.
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The Mandingos are a people of west Africa living in Mali, Senegal and the Ivory Coast. They speak a Sudanic language, Mandingo.
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The Mangoaks were a tribe of American Indians living in North Carolina, into whose country Ralph Lane, commander of Raleigh's colony, in 1586 attempted an expedition, on information of a pearl fishery among them.
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The Manicheans were a sect founded by Manes in Persia around 261. It spread into Egypt, Arabia and Africa. A rich widow to whom Manes had been a servant, left him a lot of money and he assumed the title of an apostle and composed a system of doctrine from Christianity and the dogma of the ancient fire- worshippers. He was burned alive by Bahram or Varanes, King of Persia in 277 and his followers dispersed and several sects sprang from them.
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Manteo was a friendly American Indian of the Roanoke region. He was helpful to Sir Walter Raleigh's colony of 1585 to 1586, and had visited England with Amidas and Barlow just before.
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Manuel Castro was Mexican prefect of Monterey. He was born in 1801 at California and died in 1891. He opposed by military force the entrance of the Americans under Fremont into California.
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Manuel Chrysoloras was a Greek teacher. He was born about the middle of the 14th century at Constantinople (Istanbul) and died in 1415. He settled as a teacher of Greek literature at Florence, about 1395. He also taught at Milan, Pavia, and Rome, thus becoming a chief promoter of' the great revival of learning.
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Manuel de Falla was a Spanish composer. He was born in 1876 at Cadiz and died in 1946.
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Manuel Faria y Sousa was a Portuguese historian and poet. He was born in 1590, of an ancient and illustrious family and died about 1649. Among his writings are: Discursos Morales y Politicos, Epitome de las Historias Portuguesas; Comentarios sobre la Lusiada; and a collection of poems.
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Manuel Godoy, Duke of Alcudia, better known as the Prince of the Peace, was a Spanish soldier and politician. He was born in 1767 at Badajoz and died in 1851. He entered the royal body-guards in 1787. His personal qualities soon made him a favourite at the Spanish court, and his promotion was rapid. In 1791 he became adjutant-general of the guards, in 1792 lieutenant-general, Marquis of Alcudia, grandee of Spain of the first class, and prime-minister; and in 1795, as a reward for the part he had taken in concluding peace with France, he was presented with a large and valuable landed estate, and made a knight of the Golden Fleece. It was on this occasion also that he was named by the king Prince of Peace. As he used his vast power in the promotion of French more than Spanish interests, he became extremely unpopular, and the hatred of the people became so great in 1808 that he had to take refuge in France. Having lost everything, he lived for a long time only on the bounty of his royal friends. In 1847 he was permitted to return to Spain and resume his titles. The larger portion of his domains, however, was irrecoverably lost, and he ended his days in obscurity and poverty.
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Mao Tse-Tung (properly Mao Zedong) was a Chinese revolutionary leader. He was born in 1893 at Shao-Shan, Hunan Province and died in 1976. He was a founder member of the Chinese Communist party.
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The Maori are a Polynesian people of pre-European New Zealand. Their language, Maori, belongs to the eastern branch of the Austronesian family. The Maori colonized New Zealand from about 850, establishing a flourishing civilization throughout the country.
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The Maratha are a Hindu warrior people of western India who in the 17th and 18th centuries led a military revival against Muslim expansion. The Maratha rose to prominence under the inspired leadership of Sivaji, who, after victories against the Moguls, established a Maratha kingdom in 1674. Their great age was the early 18th century when, after a temporary collapse, they benefited from Mogul decline to sweep over the north and central Deccan. They seemed poised for all-India mastery, but failure in 1761 of their bid to take Delhi (in the battle of Panipat) was followed by increasing internal disunity. Authority had passed from Sivaji's line to a Brahmin family based at Pune, who as hereditary peshwas struggled to hold the dissident chiefs together. Rivalry among these 'confederates', notably the Sindhia, Holkar, Bhonsla, and Gaekwar families, prevented a united stand against expanding British power.
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Marc Bohemond was a Norman soldier. He was born about 1056 and died in 1111. The son of the Norman adventurer Robert Guiscard, he rose to be Duke of Apulia and Calabria. After distinguishing himself in Greece and Illyria against Alexius Comnenus, he returned to find that in his absence his younger brother Roger had seized upon the paternal inheritance in 1085. War ensued, but Marc Bohemond, contenting himself with the principality of Tarentum, ultimately threw his energy into the Crusades. He took a leading part in the campaign in Asia Minor, captured Antioch in 1098, and assumed the principality; but was taken prisoner in 1101 and held captive for two years. In 1106 he married Constance, daughter of Philip I of France, and after an unsuccessful renewal of war with Alexius, died at Canossa in 1111. Five of his descendants held in succession the principality of Antioch for over a century and a half.
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Marc Chagall was a Russian painter. He was born in 1887 at Vitebsk.
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Marcel Duchamp was a French artist. He was born in 1887 and died in 1968.
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Marcel Proust was a French novelist. He was born in 1871 at Paris and died in 1922.
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Marcellin Pierre Eugene Berthelot was a French chemist and politician. He was born in 1827 and died in 1907. He was the first person to produce organic compounds synthetically.
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Marcello Malpighi was an Italian anatomist. He was born in 1628 at Crevalcuore and died in 1694. He was professor of medicine at Pisa, Messina and Bologna, and was one of the first to apply the microscope in anatomical study, making important discoveries as to the structure of the kidneys, lungs, skin and spleen. He also carried out work on the anatomy of plants.
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Marcellus L Stearns was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Florida from 1874 until 1877.
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Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear was an Argentine politician. He was born in 1868 and died in 1942. He was president of Argentina from 1922 to 1928.
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Marco Polo was a Venetian traveller. He was born in 1256 and died in 1323. He travelled through various eastern countries.
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Marco Antonio Raimondi was an Italian engraver. He was born in 1475 at Bologna and died in 1534. Around 1505 he went to Venice where he made copies from Durers works. From 1510 to 1527 he worked at Rome, but retired to Bologna after the capture of Rome by the Constable of Bourbon.
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The Marcomanni were a Germanic tribe who originally dwelt between the Rhine and the Danube; but they expelled the Boii from Bohemia and part of Bavaria early in the Christian era, and founded a kingdom which reached to the Danube. During the reign of Marcus Aurelius they waged war with Rome, until peace was purchased by Commodus.
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Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa was a Roman statesman and general. He was born in 63 BC and died in 12 BC. The son-in-law of Augustus he was praetor in 41 BC; consul in 37, 28, and 27; aedile in 33; and tribune from 18 until his death. He commanded the fleet of Augustus in the battle of Actcium. To him Rome is indebted for three of her principal aqueducts, the Pantheon, and several other works of public use and ornament.
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Marcus Antonius (Mark Antony) was a Roman triumvir. He was born in 83 BC and died in 30 BC. He was connected with the family of Caesar by his mother. Debauchery and prodigality marked his youth. To escape his creditors he went to Greece in 58, and from thence followed the consul Gabinius on a campaign in Syria as commander of the cavalry. He served in Gaul under Caesar in 52 and 51. In 50 he returned to Rome to support the interests of Caesar against the aristocratical party headed by Pompey, and was appointed tribune.
When war broke out between Caesar and Pompey, Antony led reinforcements to Caesar in Greece, and in the battle of Pharsalia he commanded the left wing. He afterwards returned to Rome with the appointment of master of the horse and governor of Italy in 47. In 44 BC he became Caesar's colleague in the consulship. Soon after Caesar was assassinated, and Antony would have shared the same fate had not Brutus stood up in his behalf. Antony, by the reading of Caesar's will, and by the oration which he delivered over his body, excited the people to anger and revenge, and the murderers were obliged to flee. After several quarrels and reconciliations with Octavianus, Caesar's heir, Antony departed to Cisalpine Gaul, which province had been conferred upon him against the will of the senate. But Marcus Cicero thundered against him in his famous Philippics; the senate declared him a public enemy, and entrusted the conduct of the war against him to Octavianus and the consuls Hirtius and Pansa. After a campaign of varied fortunes Antony fled with his troops over the Alps. Here he was joined by Lepidus, who commanded in Gaul, and through whose mediation Antony and Octavianus were again reconciled. It was agreed that the .Roman world should be divided among the three conspirators, who were called triumvirs.
Antony was to take Gaul; Lepidus, Spain; and Octavianus, Africa and Sicily. They decided upon the proscription of their mutual enemies, each giving up his friends to the others, the most celebrated of the victims being Marcus Cicero the orator. Antony and Octavianus departed in 42 for Macedonia, where the united forces of their enemies, Brutus and Cassius, formed a powerful army, which was, however, speedily defeated at Philippi. Antony next visited Athens, and thence proceeded to Asia. In Cilicia he ordered Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, to apologize for her insolent behaviour to the triumviri. She appeared in person, and her charms fettered him for ever. He followed her to Alexandria, where he bestowed not even a thought upon the affairs of the world, until he was aroused by a report that hostilities had commenced in Italy between his own relatives and Octavianus.
A short war followed, which was decided in favour of Octavianus before the arrival of Antony in Italy. A reconciliation was effected, which was sealed by the marriage of Antony with Octavia, the sister of Octavianus. A new division of the Roman dominions was now made in 40, by which Antony obtained the East, Octavianus the West. After his return to Asia Antony gave himself up entirely to Cleopatra, assuming the style of an eastern despot, and so alienating many of his adherents and embittering public opinion against him at Rome. At length war was declared at Rome against the Queen of Egypt, and Antony was deprived of his consulship and government. Each party assembled its forces, and Antony lost, in the naval battle at Actium in 31 BC, the dominion of the world. He followed Cleopatra to Alexandria, and on the arrival of Octavianus his fleet and cavalry deserted, and his infantry was defeated. Deceived by a false report which Cleopatra had disseminated of her death, he killed himself by falling upon his own sword in 30 BC.
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Marcus Gabius Apicius was a Roman epicure in the time of Augustus and Tiberius, who, having exhausted his vast fortune on the gratification of his palate, and having only about £80,000 left, poisoned himself that he might escape the misery of plain diet. The book of cookery published under the name of Apicius was written by one Caelius, and belongs to a much later date.
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Marcus Aurelius Antoninus was a Roman Emperor. He was born in 121 and died in 180.
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Marcus Eliezer Bloch was a naturalist. He was born in 1723 at Anspach and died in 1799. His main work was on fish, and he wrote 'Natural History Of Fishes' in 1785 which included 432 colour plates.
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Marcus Junius Brutus was a distinguished Roman. He was born in 85 BC. He was at first an enemy of Pompey, but joined him on the outbreak of civil war until the battle of Pharsalia. He then surrendered to Caesar, who made him in the following year governor of Cisalpine Gaul, and afterwards of Macedonia. He soon, however, joined the conspiracy against Julius Caesar, and by his influence ensured its success. After the assassination he took refuge in the East, made himself master of Greece and Macedonia, and with a powerful army joined Cassius in the subjugation of the Lycians and Rhodians. In the meantime the triumvirs, Octavianus, Antony, and Lepidus, had been successful at Rome, and were prepared to encounter the army of the conspirators, which, crossing the Hellespont, assembled at Philippi in Macedonia. Cassius appears to have been beaten at once by Antony; and Brutus, though temporarily successful against Octavianus, was totally defeated twenty days later. He escaped with a few friends; but, seeing that his cause was hopelessly ruined, fell upon the sword held for him by his confidant Strato, and died in 42 BC.
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Marcus Furius Camillus was a Roman patrician. He became famous for delivering the city of Rome from the Gauls and in 396 BC was made dictator during the Veientine War and captured the town of Veil by mining after it had defied the Roman power for ten years. In 394 BC Camillus besieged the Falerii, and by an act of generosity induced them to surrender. Three years after, the envy and jealousy of enemies caused him to exile himself for a time, and he was living in retirement when the Gauls under Brennus invaded and captured Rome, with the exception of the Capitol. Camillus was now appointed dictator a second time, and was successful in repelling the invaders. After having been four times appointed dictator, a new invasion of the Gauls called Camillus, now eighty years old, again to the front, and for the fifth and last time, being appointed dictator, he defeated and dispersed the barbarians. He died in 365 BC.
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Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Caracalla was a Roman emperor. He was born in 188 at Lyons and died in 217. The eldest son of the Emperor Severus, on the death of his father he succeeded to the throne with his brother Antoninus Geta, whom he speedily murdered. To effect his own security upwards of 20,000 other victims were butchered. He was himself assassinated by Macrinus, the pretorian prefect, who succeeded him.
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Marcus Porcius Cato (Cato the Censor) was a Roman soldier. He was born in 234 BC at Tusculum and died in 149 BC. He inherited from his father, a plebeian, a small estate in the territory of the Sabines, which he cultivated with his own hands. He served his first campaign, at the age of seventeen, under Fabius Maximus, was present at the siege of Capua in 214 BC; and five years after fought under the same commander at the siege of Tarentum.
After the war was ended he returned to his farm, but by the advice of Valerius Flaccus removed to Rome, where his forensic abilities had free scope. He rose rapidly, accompanied Scipio to Sicily as quaestor in 204 BC, became an aedile in 199, and in 198 was chosen praetor, and appointed to the province of Sardinia. Three years later he gained the consulship, and in 194 for his brilliant campaign in Spain obtained the honour of a triumph. In 191 he served as military tribune against Antiochus, and then, having abundantly proved his soldierly qualities, returned to Rome.
For some years he exercised a practical censorship, scrutinizing the characters of candidates for office, and denouncing false claims, peculations, etc. His election to the censorship in 184 set an official seal to his efforts, the unsparing severity of which has made his name proverbial. From that year until his death, in 149, he held no public office, though zealously continuing his unofficial labours for the state. His hostility to Carthage, the destruction of which he advocated in every speech made by him in the forum, was the most striking feature of his closing years. His incessant Delenda est Carthago (Carthage must be destroyed) did much to further the third Punic war. Of his works his De Re Rusfcica (On Rural Economy) alone survives, though there exist in quotation fragments of his history and speeches.
Marrcus Porcius Cato (Cato of Utica) was a Roman reformer. He was born in 95 BC and died in 46 BC. He formed an intimacy with the Stoic Antipater of Tyre, and ever remained true to the principles of the Stoic philosophy. He distinguished himself as a volunteer in the war against Spartacus, served as military tribune in Macedonia in 67 BC, was made quaestor in 65 BC.
His rigorous reforms won him general respect, and in 63 BC he was chosen tribune of the people. During the troubles with Catiline Cato gave Marcus Cicero important aid both by his eloquence and sagacity, and at the same time set himself to thwart the ambitious projects of Pompey, Caesar, and Marcus Crassus. Such success as he had, however, was only temporary, and he failed to prevent the formation of the triumvirate. To get rid of him they sent him to take possession of Cyprus, but, having successfully accomplished his mission, he returned, opposed the Tribonian law for conferring extraordinary powers on the triumvirs, and in 54 BC enforced, as praetor, an obnoxious law against bribery.
On the breach between Pompey and Caesar he threw in his lot with Pompey, and guarded the stores at Dyrrhachium, while Pompey pushed on to Pharsalia. After receiving news of Pompey's defeat he sailed to Cyrene and effected a junction with Metellus Scipio at TJtica, in 47 BC. He took command of that city, but its defence appearing hopeless after the defeat of Scipio at Thapsus, he determined on suicide, and after spending some time in the perusal of the Phaedo of Plato, stabbed himself with his sword. His wounds were bound up by his attendants, but he tore off the bandages and died.
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Marcus Tullius Cicero was a Roman orator, politician and writer. He was born in 106 BC at Arpinum and died in 43 BC. His family was of equestrian rank, and bis father, though living in retirement, was a friend of some of the chief public men. He received the best education available, studied philosophy and law, became familiar with Greek literature, and acquired some military knowledge from serving a campaign in the Marsic war.
At the age of twenty-five he came forward as a pleader, and having undertaken the defence of Sextus Roscius, who was accused of parricide, procured his acquittal. He visited Greece in 79 BC, conversed with the philosophers of all the schools, and profited by the instruction of the masters of oratory. Here he formed that close friendship with Atticus of which his letters furnish such interesting evidence. He also made a tour in Asia Minor and remained some time at Rhodes, where he visited the most distinguished orators and took part in their exercises.
On his return to Rome his displays of eloquence proved the value of his Grecian instruction, and he became one of the most distinguished orators in the forum. In 76 BC he was appointed quaestor of Sicily, and behaved with such justice that the Sicilians gratefully remembered him and requested that he would conduct their suit against their governor Verres. He appeared against this powerful robber, and the crimes of Verres were painted in the liveliest colours in his immortal speeches. Seven of the Verrine orations are preserved, but only two of them were delivered, and Verres went into voluntary exile.
After this suit Marcus Cicero was elected to the office of sedile, in 70 BC, became praetor in 67, and consul in 63. It was now that he succeeded in defeating the conspiracy of Catiline, after whose fall he received greater honours than had ever before been bestowed upon a Roman citizen. He was hailed as the saviour of the state and the father of his country (parens patriae), and thanksgivings in his name were voted to the gods. But Marcus Cicero's fortune had now reached the culminating point, and soon was to decline.
The Catilinarian conspirators who had been executed had not been sentenced according to law, and Marcus Cicero, as chief magistrate, was responsible for the irregularity. Publius Clodius, the tribune of the people, raised such a storm against him that he was obliged to go into exile in 58 BC.
On the fall of the Clodian faction he was recalled to Rome, but he never succeeded in regaining the influence he had once possessed. In 52 BC he became proconsul of Cilicia, a province which he administered with eminent success. As soon as his term of office had expired he returned to Rome in 49 BC, which was threatened with serious disturbances owing to the rupture between Caesar and Pompey. He espoused the cause of Pompey, but after the battle of Pharsalia he made his peace with Caesar, with whom he continued to all appearance friendly, and by whom he was kindly treated, until the assassination of the latter in 44 BC.. He now hoped to regain his political influence. The conspirators shared with him the honour of an enterprise in which no part had been assigned him; and the less he had contributed to it himself the more anxious was he to justify the deed and pursue the advantages which it offered.
Antony having taken Caesar's place, Marcus Cicero composed those admirable orations against him, delivered in 43 BC, which are known to us by the name of Philippies (after the speeches of Demosthenes against Philip of Macedon). His implacable enmity towards Antony induced him to favour young Octavianus, who professed to entertain the most friendly feelings towards him. Octavianus, however, having possessed himself of the consulate, and formed an alliance with Antony and Lepidus, Marcus Cicero was proscribed. In endeavouring to escape from Tusculum, where he was living when the news of the proscription arrived, he was overtaken and murdered by a party of soldiers; and his head and hands were publicly exhibited in the forum at Rome. He died in his sixty-fourth year, 43 BC.
Marcus Cicero's eloquence has always remained a model. After the revival of learning he was the most admired of the ancient writers; and the purity and elegance of his style will always place him in the first rank of Roman classics. His works, which are very numerous, consist of orations; philosophical, rhetorical, and moral treatises; and letters to Atticus and other friends. The life of Marcus Cicero was written by Plutarch, and there are modern lives by Middleton, Forsyth, and others. Marcus Cicero left a son of the same name by his wife Terentia. Young Marcus was born in 65 BC, was carefully educated, and distinguished himself in military service. In 30 BC Octavianus (Augustus) assumed him as his colleague in the consulship, and he was afterwards governor of Asia or Syria.
Marcus Cicero had also a daughter, Tullia, who to his great grief died in 45 BC.
Marcus Cicero's younger brother, Quintus was a man of some note both as a public character and as a writer. He was married to a sister of Atticus, and was put to death at the same time as the orator.
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Marcus Licinius Crassus was a Roman triumvir. He was known as Crassus Dives (the rich), on account of his vast riches. He was born about 115 BC and died in 53 BC. He took part with Sulla in the civil war; and as praetor, in 71 BC, he defeated Spartacus and the revolted slaves at Rhegium. In 70 BC he was elected consul, having Pompey as his colleague; and in 60 BC Caesar, Pompey, and Marcus Crassus formed the first triumvirate. Five years later he again became consul, and obtaining Syria for his province he made war on the Parthians, but was defeated and killed. It is said that when his head was sent to Orodes, the Parthian king, he caused melted gold to be poured into the mouth, in scorn of his notorious love of wealth.
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Marcus Curtius (Mettus Curius) was a noble Roman youth. According to the legend, he plunged with horse and armour into a chasm which had opened in the forum in 362 BC, thus devoting himself to death for the good of his country, a soothsayer having declared that the dangerous chasm would only close if what was most precious to Borne was thrown into it.
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Marcus Dods was an English theologian. He was born in 1834 at Belford, Northumberland and died after 1905. He was educated in Edinburgh, where he took his M.A. degree at the age of 20;
in 1858 was licensed as a minister of the Free Church of Scotland, and eight years afterwards was ordained to Renneld Free Church, Glasgow, where he officiated with much acceptance until his appointment in 1889 to the chair of New Testament Exegesis in New College, Edinburgh. Among his published works some of the most important are: The Prayer that Teaches to Pray (1863); Epistles to the Seven Churches (1865); Israel's Iron Age (1874); Mohammed, Buddha, and Christ (1877); Handbook on Genesis (1882); Parables of Our Lord (1883 and 1885); How to become like Christ (1897); Genesis, John, and First Corinthians in the Expositor's Bible; and several articles in the Encyclopaedia Britannica.
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Marcus L Ward was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Jersey from 1866 until 1869.
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Marcus Morton was an American politician. He was born in 1784 and died in 1864. He represented Massachusetts in the US Congress as a Democrat from 1817 to 1821. He was Governor of Massachusetts from 1840 to 1841 and from 1843 to 1844.
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Marcus Stone was an English artist. He was born in 1840 at London and died in 1921. He was a son of Frank Stone, and studied under his father and gained some reputation as an illustrator before specialising in historical genre of both a sentimental and humorous nature. He became ARA in 1877 and RA in 1887.
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Marcus Claudius Tacitus was a Roman emperor for seven months between 275 and 276. He was born in 205. He was chosen emperor after the murder of Aurelian but was himself victim of a conspiracy and was succeeded by Probus.
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Marcus Terentius Varro was a Roman scholar and miscellaneous writer. He was born in 116 BC at Reate, in the Sabine country and died in 28 BC. He studied at Athens, and distinguished himself at sea in Pompey'a war against the pirates. Having followed Pompey in the civil war, he was pardoned after the battle of Pharsalus, and spent the rest of his long life in study. The most learned and voluminous of Roman authors, he wrote a great work on the political and religious antiquities of Rome, writings on the liberal arts, philosophy, geography, and law, as well as the Saturae Menippeae, a medley of prose and verse. Apart from fragments, valuable for the information they give on Roman institutions, his only extant-works are the philological treatise, De Lingua Latina, and the treatise on agriculture, De Re Rustica,
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Marcus Whitmas was an American missionary. He was born in 1802 and died in 1847. He was sent to Oregon as a missionary physician in 1836. He reported to the US Government the value of the then disputed territory. His colonization efforts did much to secure that region for the United States.
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The Mardi are a fishing-people of Uganda, living along the River Nile.
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Margaret was queen of Scotland from 1286 to 1290.
Margaret was queen of Denmark, Sweden and Norway in 1387.
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Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle, was an English writer. She was born in 1624 and died in 1674. The wife of William Cavendish, Duke of Newcastle, she wrote poems and other works, including an autobiography, and a biography of her husband, the Duke.
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Margaret Eaton (Peggy O'Neill) was the wife of American politician John H Eaton. She was born in 1796 and died in 1879. When John H Eaton became Secretary of War she was refused recognition by the families of the Cabinet members because of her low social background. Her cause was supported by president Andrew Jackson, who attempted to enforce her recognition, which led to the disruption of the Cabinet in 1831.
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Margaret Ursula Mee was an English botanical artist. She was born in 1909 and died in 1988. In the 1950s she went to Brazil, where she accurately and comprehensively painted many plant species of the Amazon basin. She is thought to have painted more species than any other botanical artist.
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Margaret of Navarre was a French aristocrat, writer and patron of science and art. She was born in 1492 at Angouleme and died in 1549. The daughter of Charles of Orleans, she was married in 1509 to the Duke of Alencon and following his death in 1525 to Henri d'Albert, King of Navarre.
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Margaret Power, Countess of Blessington, was an Irish writer and socialite. She was born in 1789 at Clonmel and died in 1849. She was the daughter of Edmund Power, an improvident man of good family, and at the age of fifteen was married to a Captain Farmer, who died in 1817; and a few months after his death she married Charles John Gardiner, earl of Blessington. In 1822 they went abroad, and continued to reside on the Continent until the earl's death in 1829, when Lady Blessington took: up her abode in Gore House, Kensington. Her residence became the fashionable resort for all the celebrities of the time; and that notwithstanding a doubtful connection which she formed with Count D'Orsay, with whom she lived until her death. She contributed to the New Monthly Magazine, Conversations with Lord Byron; wrote numerous novels, including The Belle of a Season, The Two Friends, Strathern, and the Victims of Society; and acted as an editor, for several years, of Heath's Book of Beauty, the Keepsake, and the Gems of Beauty.
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Margaret Todd was a British doctor and author. She was born in 1859 at Glasgow and died in 1918. She was educated at Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Berlin, and, after a period spent in teaching, studied at the Edinburgh school of medicine for women, where she took her medical degrees in 1894. She was for some time assistant medical officer at the Edinburgh hospital and dispensary for women and children. Under the name of Graham Travers she published 'Mona Maclean', a novel dealing with the life of a woman doctor, in 1892; 'Fellow Travellers' in 1896 and 'Windyhaugh' in 1898. Her chief literary work is her Life of Dr. Sophia Jex-Blake published in 1918.
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Margaret Tudor was a daughter of Henry VII of England. She was born in 1489 at Westminster and died in 1541. She married James IV of Scotland in 1503. After his death at Flodden in 1513 she married Archibald Douglas, the sixth Earl of Angus, in 1514 and unsuccessfully strove to oppose the regent, the Duke of Albany. She divorced in 1527 and in 1528 married Henry Stewart who was created Lord Methven by James V.
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Margot Fonteyn (Peggy Hookham) was a British ballerina. She was born in 1919 and died in 1991 of cancer. She spent some of her childhood in China. When she was 14 her family returned to England and she auditioned successfully for the Vic-Wells ballet, making her debut in 1934 as a snowflake in 'Nutcracker'; her first solo role was the Young Treginnis in de Valois's 'The Haunted Ballroom'. When Markova, the company's first ballerina, left in 1935, Fonteyn worried with the rest of the dancers, and most of the audience, about who could ever replace her: over the next three years it became apparent that it would be she herself. By the time she was 16 her promise was unmistakable. By the time the war broke out in 1939 she had danced Aurora, Giselle, and Odette/Odile, and - perhaps more importantly - had already created half a dozen roles for Ashton.
After a stormy start caused by mutual incomprehension, she and the choreographer established a happy relationship which over the next 25 years produced most of her greatest roles and his greatest ballets. The company's nomadic wartime existence ended with the invitation take up residence at Covent Garden, and their opening night performance of 'Sleeping Beauty' showed how far Fonteyn, still only 26, had travelled on the path to prima ballerina. 'Symphonic Variations' and 'Cinderella' followed, and the seal on her progress from national treasure to international star was set by her triumph in New York on the company's historic opening night in 1949.
The 1950s saw her taking on Karsavina's role in 'Firebird', and creating Ondine and Chloe - the part in which Ashton said he most missed her when she gave up dancing. In 1956 she married Roberto de Arias, a diplomat from Panama, and for a time had to juggle her commitments as both ballerina and ambassador's wife. By about 1960, though, talk of possible retirement had begun to creep into reviews and interviews. Her most famous partnership - which lasted twenty years - was dancing with Nuryev after he defected from Russia in 1961. She gave her
final performance in the early 1970's, and then retired to Panama to care for her husband, who had been paralysed in a shooting incident.
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Margrave is a German title (equivalent of marquess) for the 'counts of the March' who guarded the frontier of the empire from Charlemagne's time. Later the title was borne by other territorial princes.
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Maria Gaetana Agnesi was an Italian mathematician and linguist. She was born in 1718 at Milan and died in 1799. The daughter of a professor of mathematics at Bologna, at the age of nine she composed a thesis in Latin, and when thirteen knew Greek, Hebrew and several modern languages. In mathematics she wrote two volumes on the analysis of finite quantities and the analysis of infinitesimals, though these were not published until she was in her thirties and not translated into English until 1801. By the authority of Pope Benedict XIV she took her father's place as professor of mathematics at Bologna when her father became ill in 1752. She later entered a sisterhood at Milan where she became a nun.
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Maria Anne Eliza Bacciocchi (born Maria Anne Eliza Bonaparte) was the sister of Napoleon. She was born in 1777 at Ajaccio 1777 and died in 1820. A great patroness of literature and art, she married Captain Bacciocchi, who in 1805 was created Prince of Lucca and Piombino. She virtually ruled these principalities herself, and as Grand-duchess of Tuscany she enacted the part of a queen. She fell with the empire.
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Maria Meneghini Callas (Sophie Cecelia Kalogeropoulou) was an American opera singer. She was born in 1923 at New York and died in 1977. She left the United States in 1937 to move to Greece. There she studied at the Athens Conservatory. She made her professional operatic debut in a major role, Tosca, at the Athens Opera in 1941 going on to triumphant performances at all of the major opera houses. Her last operatic appearance was in 1965 at Covent Garden, again as Tosca. She gave a number of master classes from 1971 to 1972. In the following two years, she toured with Giuseppe di Stefano in recitals of arias with piano accompaniment.
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Maria Luigi Carlo Zenobio Salvatore Cherubini was an Italian composer. He was born in 1760 at Florence and died in 1842. His first opera, Quinto Fabio, was produced in Alessandria in 1780, and in Rome (in an altered form) in 1783, with such success as to spread his fame over Italy. After visiting London he finally settled in Paris, where he became director of the L'ecole Royale in 1822. Among his compositions are Iphigenia in Aulide; Lodoiska, Faniska, Les Deux Journees, etc. In his later years he confined himself almost exclusively to the composition of sacred music, and gained a lasting fame by his Coronation Mass, and more especially his gorgeous Requiem.
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Maria Christina was queen of Spain. She was born in 1806 and died in 1878. The daughter of Francis I of Naples, in 1829 she married Ferdinand VII of Spain. After Ferdinand's death in 1833 she ruled alone as regent for her daughter Isabella, but abdicated in 1840 as a result of the popular disturbances aroused by the Carlists.
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Maria Edgworth was an English writer. She was in 1767 at Black Bourton, in Oxfordshire and died in 1849. Her first novel, Castle Rackrent, a tale of Irish life, published in 1800, immediately established her reputation. Her later works include Belinda, Moral Tales, Leonora, Popular Tales, Tales of Fashionable Life, Patronage, Harrington, Ormond, and Helen, besides an Essay on Irish Bulls and a work on Practical Education, largely based on Rousseau's Emile. Maria Edgeworth's characteristics are a simple and lucid style and considerable power of observation, but she was not a great creative artist, and her work lacks poetic elevation.
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Maria Evarist Miguel was a usurper to the throne of Portugal. He was born in 1802 at Lisbon and died in 1866. A son of John VI, he refused to recognise the constitution of 1822 and headed an unsuccessful insurrection. His brother, Pedro IV of Brazil, on his accession to the throne, betrothed his daughter Maria to Miguel, and in 1826 abdicated in her favour, Miguel acting as regent. In 1828, supported by the nobility and clergy, he proclaimed himself king, but after six years of civil war he was dethroned and in 1834 banished.
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Maria Montessori was an Italian educationalist. She was born in 1870 and died in 1952. She developed the Montessori system of education.
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Maria Taglioni was an Italian dancer. She was born in 1804 at Stockholm and died in 1884. The daughter of a ballet master, she made her first appearance at Vienna when she was eighteen years old. In 1827 she appeared in Paris and proved very popular, and for the next twenty years was the most famous ballet dancer in Europe until she retired in 1847.
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Maria Theresa was queen of Hungary and German empress. She was born in 1717 at Vienna and died in 1780. For nearly thirty years her father (Charles VI) endeavoured to secure for her the right of succession to the imperial crown. This he did by the Pragmatic Sanction in 1740. She married Francis of Lorraine, whom, when she was crowned at Pressburg in 1741, she nominated joint-regent with herself. Her succession was at once challenged by Charles Albert of Bavaria, supported by the French, by the elector of Saxony, and by the kings of Prussia, Spain and Sardinia. On the success of Charles, who was proclaimed emperor in 1742 as Charles VII, she took refuge in Hungary, and the Magyars helped her to win back her crown in 1748. Silesia, however, during the struggle was taken by the Prussians in 1742 and this gave rise fourteen years later to the Seven Years' War.
In 1772 Poland was partitioned by Catherine II of Russia, Frederick of Prussia and Maria Theresa, who acquired Red Russia. Between 1777 and 1779 Maria Theresa engaged in another war with Prussia. After 1763 the empress instituted many reforms in the army, justice, and education; opened the ports of Trieste and Fiume to trade; expelled the Jesuits and confiscated much church property; and abolished legal torture. With much of her later policy Count Von Kaunitz is associated. In honour of Marshal Leopold Daun's victory over the Prussians at Kolin in 1757, she instituted the military order bearing her name.
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Mariano Arista was a Mexican general. He was born in 1802 and died in 1855. In the war with the USA he commanded at Palo Alto and at Resaca de la Palma. He was elected president of Mexico in 1850 but resigned in 1853.
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Mariano Fortuny was a Spanish painter. He was born in 1839 near Barcelona and died in 1874. He studied at Madrid, travelled in Morocco, and settled at Rome, where he became the centre of a school of artists in revolt against over-study of the 'masters'. In 1866 he went to Paris, where his pictures, mostly genre subjects from southern and oriental life, had a great success. Amongst the best known are A Spanish Marriage, A Fantasia at Morocco, The Academicians at Arcadia, The Seashore at Portici.
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The Marias are a Dravidian people living in the jungles of central India.
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Marie Antoinette was Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Louis XVI of France. She was born in 1755 and died in 1793 when she was executed for treason during the French revolution. The youngest daughter of the Emperor Francis I and of Maria Theresa she was married at the age of fifteen to the Dauphin, afterwards Louis XVI, but her manners were ill-suited to the French court, and she made many enemies among the highest families by her contempt for its ceremonies, which excited her ridicule. The freedom of her manners, indeed, even after she became queen, was a cause of scandal. The extraordinary affair of the diamond necklace, in which the Cardinal Louis de Holian, the great quack Cagliostro, and a certain Countess de Lamotte were the chief actors, tarnished her name, and added force to the calumnies against her. Though it was proved in the examination which she demanded that she had never ordered the necklace, her enemies succeeded in casting a stigma on her, and the credulous people laid every public disaster to her charge.
There is no doubt she had great influence over the king, and that she constantly opposed all measures of reform. The enthusiastic reception given her at the guards' ball at Versailles on the 1st of October, 1789, raised the general indignation to the highest pitch, and was followed in a few days by the insurrection of women, and the attack on Versailles.
When practically prisoners in the Tuileries it was she who advised the flight of the royal family in June, 1791, which ended in their capture and return. On the 10th of August, 1792, she heard her husband's deposition pronounced by the Legislative Assembly, and accompanied him to the prison in the Temple, where she displayed the magnanimity of a heroine and the patient endurance of a martyr. In January, 1793, she parted with her husband who had been condemned by the Convention; in August she was removed to the Conciergerie; and in October she was charged before the revolutionary tribunal with having dissipated the finances, exhausted the treasury, corresponded with the foreign enemies of France, and favoured the domestic foes of the country. She defended herself with firmness, decision, and indignation; and heard the sentence of death pronounced with perfect calmness - a calmness which did not forsake her when the sentence was carried out the following morning. Her son, eight years of age, died shortly afterwards, as was generally believed by poison, and her daughter was suffered to quit France, and afterwards married her cousin the Duke of Angouleme.
Marie Antoinette was renowned for rarely carrying money with her, and rather borrowing money from her associates for which she earned the nickname 'Madame Deficit'.
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Marie Bashkirtseff was a Russian painter and writer. She was born in 1860 and died in 1884. She was born into a noble family near Poltava and educated mostly outside of Russia, in France, Germany, and Italy. She became an accomplished linguist and musician, and studied art in Paris, attaining high success, but overtaxed her system, with fatal results. She is best known from her journal, an intimate personal record, interesting not only as revealing her own peculiar character and intellectual gifts, but also for notices of the notable personages with whom she came in contact. It has been translated into various languages - into English by Mathilde Blind in 1890, who has also published A Study of Marie Bashkirtseff in 1892. A number of her letters have also been published.
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Marie Francois Xavier Bichat was a French physiologist. He was born in 1771 at Thoirette and died in 1802. He studied at Paris under Dessault and lectured on tissue and formed the basis of modern histology, and in his book 'Anatomie Generale Appliquee' showed the intimate connexion between the brain, heart and lungs.
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Marie Anne du Boccage was a French poet. She was born in 1710 and died in 1802. Her writings comprise an imitation of Paradise Lost; The Death of Abel; The Amazons, a tragedy; and a poem called Columbiad.
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Marie Francoise Sadi Carnot was a French President. He was born in 1837 and died in 1894. He was a grandson of Lazare Carnot, entered the government service, was returned to the Assembly for Cote d' Or in 1871 and in 1887 was elected President. He successfully countered the Boulangist movement, and in 1892 the scandals arising out of French financial activities in Panama. He was assassinated by an Italian anarchist at Lyons.
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Marie Corelli was an English novelist. She was born in 1864 and died in 1924. She first made her name with the work 'The Romance of Two Worlds' published in 1886. Her books are superficial, and popular.
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Marie Curie was a French scientist. She was born in 1867 at Warsaw and died in 1934. She and her husband together separated radium in 1902.
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Marie Jean Antoine Bicolas de Caritat, Marquis de+Condorcet, was a French writer. He was born in 1743 and died in 1794. At the age of twenty-one he presented to the Academy of Sciences an Essai sur le Calcul Integral, and in 1767 his Memoire sur le Probleme des Trois Points appeared, both being afterwards united under the title of Essais d'Analyse. The merit of this work gained for him in 1769 a seat in the Academy of Sciences, of which, after the publication of his Eloges des Academiciens morts avant 1699 (1773), he was appointed perpetual secretary in 1777.
In 1777 his Theory of Comets gained the prize offered by the Academy of Berlin; he enriched the Transactions of many learned societies; and took an active part in the Encyclopedie.
During the troubles of the first French Revolution his sympathies were strongly engaged on the side of the people. By the city of Paris he was elected deputy to the legislative assembly, of which he was soon appointed secretary, and in February, 1792, president. On the trial of Louis he was in favour of the severest sentence not capital and at the same time he proposed to abolish capital punishments, except in case of crimes against the state. The fall of the Girondist party, on May the 31st, 1793, prevented the constitution which he had drawn up from being accepted, and as he freely criticised the constitution which took its place he was denounced as being an accomplice of Brissot. Madame Verney, a woman of noble feelings, secreted him for eight months, during which he wrote his Esquisse d'un Tableau Historique des Progres de l'Esprit Humain. Lest he should endanger her safety, however, he left the house secretly in opposition to her wishes, fled from Paris, and wandered about until he was arrested and thrown into prison, where, on March the 28th, 1794, he was found dead on the floor, having apparently swallowed poison.
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Marie Joseph Blaise De Chenier was a French poet. He was born in 1764 and died in 1811. The brother of Andre-Marie De Chenier, he served as an officer of dragoons, left the service, and devoted himself to literature. His dramas Charles IX, Henry VIII, La Morte de Calas, full of wild democratic declamation, were received with great applause. He was chosen a member of the Convention, and belonged to the party of the most violent Democrats. His works comprise odes, songs, hymns, etc.
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Marie De Flavigny, the Comtesse D'agoult, was a French writer of fiction, history, politics, philosophy, and art. She was born in 1805 at Frankfort and died at Paris in 1876. The daughter of Viscount de Flavigny, she contributed many articles to the Revue des Deux - Mondes, etc, under the name of Daniel Stern, and wrote Histoire de la Revolution de 1848; Trois Journees de la Vie de Marie Stuart; Florence and Turin, a series of artistic and political studies; Dante and Goethe; dialogues, and numerous romances, etc.
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Comtesse Marie Jeanne Dubarry was a mistress of Louis XV. She was born in 1746 at Vaucouleurs and died in 1793 being executed as a royalist during the French Revolution. At a young age she went to Paris, became a prostitute, and was presented to the king in 1769, who had her married for form's sake to the Count du Barry. She exercised a powerful influence at court, and
with some of her confidants completely ruled the king. Important offices and privileges were in her gift, and the courtiers abased themselves before her. After the death of Louis XV she was dismissed from court and sent to live in a convent near Meaux. She received a pension from Louis XVI.
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Marie Jean Pierre Flourens was a French physician and physiologist. He was born in 1794 and died in 1867. In 1828 he was elected a. member of the Academy of Sciences, in 1832 was appointed to the chair of comparative anatomy at the Jardin des Plantes, Paris. In 1833 he became permanent secretary to the Academy of Sciences, in 1840 member of the French Academy. In 1846 he was created by Louis Philippe a peer of France. His works include Experiences sur la Systeme Nerveux, Developpement des Os, Anatomie de la Peau, Memoires d'Anatomie et de Physiologie Comparees, De l'Instinct et de 1'Intelligence des Animaux, etc.
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Marie Louise was Empress of France and a wife of Napoleon. She was born in 1791 at Vienna and died in 1847. She was the daughter of Francis I of Austria. In 1810 she married Napoleon and in 1811 bore him a son who became Napoleon II.
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Marie Louise De la Ramee was an English novelist. She was born in 1839 at Bury St Edmunds and died in 1908. She wrote under the name of Ouida and achieved enormous success with 'Strathmore' written in 1865, 'Under Two Flags' written in 1867 and 'Moths' written in 1880.
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Marie Marguerite D'aubray, Marchioness of Brinvilliers, was a French murderer. She was born about 1630 and died in 1676. She was married in 1651 to the Marquis of Brinvilliers, but after some seven or eight years of married life a young cavalry officer named Sainte-Croix inspired her with a violent passion, and being instructed by him in the art of preparing poisons, she poisoned in succession her father, her two brothers, and her sisters, chiefly, it is thought, in order to procure the means for living extravagantly with her paramour. The sudden death of Sainte-Croix, caused, it is said, by the falling off of a glass mask which he used to protect himself in preparing poisons, led to the discovery of letters incriminating Madame de Brinvilliers. She fled to England, and finally to Liege, where she was captured, conveyed to Paris, condemned to death and executed.
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Marie Carmichael Stopes was an English scientist, writer on eugenics and the pioneer of birth control. She was born in 1880 and died in 1958. Educated ay Edinburgh, Munich and London University she was appointed to the science staff of Manchester University in 1904, and in 1907 went to Japan where she spent 18 months collecting fossils. She wrote on botany, and became widely known for her books 'Married Love' and 'Wise Parenthood' published in 1918 which dealt with relations between the sexes.
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Marie Joseph Eugene Sue (also known as Eugene Sue) was a French novelist and surgeon. He was born in 1804 at Paris and died in 1857. He served as a naval and military surgeon, seeing service in Spain in 1823 and at Navarino in 1828 before coming into prominence as a contributor to the La Presse newspaper before publishing several novels. In 1850 he became deputy for the Seine and in 1851 a political exile.
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Marie Tussaud was a Swiss-born French sculptress. She was born in 1760 at Strasbourg and died in 1850. Arriving in Paris in 1766, she grew up fascinated by her uncle's sculpting and modelling in wax, and soon learned the art herself. During the French revolution she was imprisoned, and only spared from death so she could make death masks of the executed aristocrats - many of whom were her friends - from their severed heads. Leaving France she arrived in Dover in 1802 and founded the famous Tussaud's wax works in London, showing her first exhibition of her models there in 1803.
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Marie-Francoise-Sophie Gay (born Nichault de Lavalette) was a French writer. She was born in 1776 at Paris 1776 and died in 1852. She was first married to a financier, Liottier, from whom after six years she was divorced to marry Gay, a receiver-general under the empire. Her salon was a famous resort for the men of letters and artists of the time. Her chief works are Laure d'Estell (1802), Anatole (1815), Le Moqueur Amoureuse (1830), Scenes de Jeunes Ages (1833), La Duchesse de Chateauroux (1834), Les Salons Celebres (1837), and Le Mari Confident (1849).
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Marie-Henri Beyle was a French author widely known by his pseudonym de Stendhal. He was born in 1783 at Grenoble and died in 1842. He held civil and military appointments under the empire; took part in the Russian campaign of 1812, thence until 1821 lived at Milan, chiefly occupied with works on music and painting. After nine years' residence at Paris he became in 1830 consul at Trieste, and in 1833 at Civita Vecchia. In 1841 he returned to Paris. The distinguishing feature of his works was the application of acutely analytic faculties to sentiment in all its varieties, his best books being the De l'Amour, 1822; Le Rouge et Ie Noir, 1831;
and La Chartreuse de Parme, 1839.
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Marino Falieri was the doge of Venice who repelled the Hungarians at Zara in 1346 and captured that city. He was born in 1274 and died in 1355 when he was executed for conspiring against the nobles of Venice in the hope of becoming Prince of Venice.
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Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco was an Italian born American composer. He was born in 1895 and died in 1968. he composed music scores for films including the 1944 'The Return of The Vampire'.
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Mario M Cuomo was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of New York from 1983 until 1995.
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Marion Delorme was a celebrated French beauty who reigned under Louis XIII. The date of her birth is stated at 1611, 1612, and 1615. Her beauty and wit soon made her house the rendezvous of all that was gallant and brilliant in Paris. She espoused the side of the Frondeurs, and Mazarin was about to have her arrested when her sudden death terminated her short career of thirty-nine years. The legend in France is that the death and funeral was a mere pretence; that she escaped to England, returned to Paris, and after marrying three husbands lived to the age of 129. Victor Hugo took her as the subject of one of his dramas.
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Marion E Hay was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Washington from 1909 until 1913.
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Marion Elliot (Poly Styrene) is an English songwriter and musician. She was the driving force behind and founder of the 1970's punk rock band X-Ray Spex which disbanded in 1979 after releasing a single album, only to reform in 1991 playing a surprise sell-out concert at London's Brixton Academy venue and release a second album in 1995.
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Marion Ravn (also known as Marion Raven) is an American musician. She was born in 1984. A drummer with the band M2M, after the band split up she became a solo performer.
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Mariotto Albertinelli was a Florentine painter. He was born in 1474 and died in 1515. He was trained by Cosimo Rosselli, in whose studio he met Fra Bartolommeo. The two went into partnership in 1508, but soon after this Albertinelli abandoned painting to become an inn keeper, saying (according to Vasari ) that he was fed up with criticism and wanted a 'less difficult and more cheerful craft'. Albertinelli's paintings are elegant but rather insipid. His best-known pictures are the Visitation, painted in 1503 and an Annunciation painted in 1510.
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Marius Curius Dentatus was an ancient Roman general. In 290 BC he brought to a victorious termination the war with the Samnites, which had lasted for nearly fifty years. In 275 BC he defeated King Pyrrhus at Beneventum, for which he received a magnificent triumph. In 274 BC he was made consul for the third time and conducted to a successful issue the last war with the southern Italians. He died about 270 BC.
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Mark Akenside was an English physician and poet. He was born in 1721 at Newcastle-upon-Tyne and died in 1770. He was the son of a butcher, and was sent to the University of Edinburgh to qualify himself for the Presbyterian ministry, but chose the study of medicine instead. After three years' residence at Edinburgh he went to Leyden, and in 1744 became Doctor of Physic. In the same year he published the Pleasures of Imagination, which he is said to have written in Edinburgh. Having settled in London, he became a fellow of the Royal Society and was admitted into the College of Physicians. In 1759 he was appointed first assistant and afterwards head physician to St Thomas' Hospital. Latterly he wrote little poetry, but published several medical essays and observations. The place of Akenside as a poet is not very high, though his somewhat cumbrous and cloudy Pleasures of Imagination was once considered one of the most pleasing didactic poems in our language.
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Sir Mark Isambard Brunel was a French engineer. He was born in 1769 near Rouen and died in 1849. The was the son of a Normandy farmer, he was educated in Rouen, his mechanical genius early displaying itself. In 1786 he entered the French naval service, and in 1793 only escaped proscription by a hasty flight to America, where he joined a French expedition to explore the regions around Lake Ontario. He was afterwards employed as engineer and architect in the city of New York, erecting forts for its defence, and establishing an arsenal and foundry. In 1799 he proceeded to England and settled at Plymouth, rapidly winning reputation by the invention of an important machine for making the block-pulleys for the rigging of ships. Among his other inventions were a machine for making seamless shoes, machines for making nails and wooden boxes, for ruling paper and twisting cotton into hanks, and a machine for producing locomotion by means of carbon dioxide gas; but his greatest engineering triumph was the Thames Tunnel, commenced in March, 1825, and opened in 1843. In 1841 the honour of knighthood was conferred on him.
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Mark O Hatfield was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Oregon from 1959 until 1967.
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Sir Mark Sykes was a British soldier, explorer and politician. He was born in 1879 and died in 1919. Educated at Brussels and Jesus College, Cambridge, he served in the South African War and from 1905 until 1907 was honourable attache at the British embassy at Constantinople (Istanbul) during which time he travelled Asiatic Turkey and mapped north-west Mesopotamia.
During the Great War he raised a battalion of the Yorkshire Regiment, and acted as special emissary to Petrograd and the Caucasus, and later Mesopotamia. He was member of parliament for Central Hull from 1911 until 1919, and was an enthusiastic supporter of Zionism.
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Mark Twain (real name Samuel Langhorne Clemens) was an American writer. He was born in 1835 at Hannibal or possibly Florida, Missouri, and died in 1910. He started life as a compositor, in 1851 became a steamboat pilot on the Mississippi river, later taking his pseudonym from the call of the leadsman when reporting the soundings. After being a reporter on a newspaper in Virgina City, Nevada, he tried mining and journalism in San Francisco and in 1866 visited the Sandwich Islands.
He wrote several books based on the Mississippi river, including 'The Adventures of Tom Sawyer', in 1876 which explored the lawless side of vagrant boyhood and in 1883 'The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn'. His first story, however was 'The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County' which appeared in The Californian in 1867. His first book, 'Innocents Abroad' was published in 1869 and was based upon his first visit to Europe, and established his reputation as a humorist.
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Mark Wayne Clark was an American general in the Second World War. He was born in 1896 at New York and died in 1984. In 1942 he became Chief of Staff for ground forces, and deputy to General Eisenhower. He led a successful secret mission by submarine to get information in North Africa to prepare for the Allied invasion, and commanded the 5th Army in the invasion of Italy. He remained in this command until the end of the war when he took charge of the US occupation forces in Austria.
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Mark White was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Texas from 1983 until 1987.
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Marko Bozzaris was a Greek Patriot. He was born in the end of the 18th century and died in 1823. Bozzaris was a hero of the Greek war of independence against the Turks. After the fall of Suli he retired to the Ionian Islands, from whence he made a vain attempt to deliver his native country. In 1820, when the Turks were trying to reduce their overgrown vassal, Ali Pasha of Janina, to submission, the latter sought aid from the exiled Suliotes, and Marko Bozzaris returned to Epirus. On the outbreak of the war of independence he at once joined the Greek cause, and distinguished himself as much by his patriotism and disinterestedness as by his military skill and personal bravery. In the summer of 1823, when he held the command-in-chief of the Greek forces at Missolonghi, he made a daring night attack on the camp of the Pasha of Scutari, near Karpenisi. The attack was successful; but the triumph of the Greeks was clouded by the fall of the heroic Bozzaris. His deeds are celebrated in the popular songs of Greece.
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Markus Wolf was the head of the East German (GDR) Foreign Intelligence service for thirty-four years until the disintegration of the German Democratic Republic, where upon he was the only East German spy sentenced to imprisonment by the West German courts.
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The Maroons were escaped slaves in Jamaica who were armed by the Spanish to attack the British forces on the island during the late 17th and 18th centuries, leading a resistance to slavery. They lived mainly in the central mountainous region now known as cockpit country and developed a method of cooking known as 'jerking' peculiar to Jamaica.
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The Marquesan are an aboriginal Polynesian people of the Marquesas Islands in the Pacific.
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Marquess is the second order of nobility. The first marquess was Robert de Vere, who was created
Marquess of Dublin in 1385 by Richard II. A marquessate is rarely created and only for exceptional services to the State. The premier marquess is the Marquess of Winchester, the title having been created in 1551. The marquess' s mantle has three and a half rows of ermine on the cape. His coronet has only four strawberry leaves as opposed to the duke's eight, the four intervening spaces being occupied by four silver balls. The cap is the same as for a duke. A letter should be addressed: To the Most Noble the Marquess of --.
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Marquess of Granby is an English title borne by the eldest son of the duke of Rutland.
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James Graham, the Marquess of Montrose, was a Scottish soldier. He was born in 1612 and died in 1650. he started his military career in 1638 in the Covenanter army commanded by Alexander Leslie. Within a few years he had earned himself a reputation, but had also become disillusioned with the Covenanters and like some others within the army was using the Covenant as a means to achieve his own control in Scotland. During the English Civil War he fought with the Royalists, and following the Royalist defeat escaped to Europe, where, upon hearing of the execution of the king Charles I, he swore revenge and returned with an army to Scotland. His army was all but wiped out in a shipwreck and the few that did land were quickly defeated. After a short time on the run Montrose was captured and taken to Edinburgh where he was publicly hanged in the High Street. His body was not buried for a further eleven years, when he was finally laid to rest in St Giles' Cathedral.
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The Marquis de Bievre was a French soldier and writer. He was born in 1747 and died in 1789. He served in the corps of the French musketeers, was a life-guard of the King of France, and acquired much reputation by his puns and repartees. He is the author of several amusing publications, including Le Seducteur, a comedy in verse; an Almanach des Calembourgs or collection of puns; and there is also a collection of his jests called Bievriana.
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The Marquis de Denonville was the French Governor of Canada from 1685 to 1689. He worked zealously against the British settlements and Governor Dongan, but alienated the Indians by his cruelty.
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The Marquis de Lafayette (Marie Jean Paul Joseph Roche Yves Gilbert du Motier) was a French soldier. He was born in 1757 at Auvergne and died in 1834. A general, he was born of a noble family distinguished in the service of the State. As a boy he was a page to the queen. He was still a mere youth when the outbreak of the American War of Independence excited the sympathy of many high-spirited young Frenchmen, Lafayette among others. Having equipped a ship at his own expense he sailed from Bordeaux, with the nominal disapproval of the French Government, in April, 1777. Landing in South Carolina he proceeded northward, and was in July appointed a major-general, and soon became a fast friend of George Washington. He was wounded at Brandywine, served at Monmouth and in the Rhode Island campaign, and sailed for France in 1779, returning in time to sit on the board of judges against Andre.
In 1781 he commanded in Virginia against Arnold and then against Charles Cornwallis, and earned distinction by his conduct of affairs against the able British general. After the war he returned to France, paid in 1784 a short visit to America, and on the breaking out of the French Revolution he was for a time one of the foremost figures. He commanded the National Guard, but by 1792 the Jacobins removed him, as a moderate, from the eastern department; escaping to Belgium he fell into the hands of the Prussians and Austrians and was imprisoned, chiefly at Olmutz, until 1797. He did not accept office during the Napoleonic regime, but was a member of the Chamber of Deputies in the Restoration period. In 1824-25 he visited the United States and was received with the utmost enthusiasm. His last conspicuous service was as commander of the National Guard in the revolutionary days of 1830.
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John Manners, the Marquis of Granby , was a popular British general. He was born in 1721 and died in 1770. Many British pubs were named in honour of him.
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The Marquis of Rockigham (Charles Wentworth) was an English politician. He was born in 1730 and died in 1783. While Prime Minister of England from 1765 to 1766, he secured the repeal of the stamp Act. He became Prime Minister again in 1782 and began the negotiation of the Treaty of Paris with the United States.
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Marriot Arbuthnot was a British admiral. He was born in 1711 and died in 1794. He was made vice-admiral and commander-in-chief on the American station in 1779 and co-operated with Sir Henry Clinton in the capture of Charleston in 1780.
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In the USA, a marshal is n officer with certain police duties. The Judiciary Act of 1789 provided for officers called marshals, whose functions with respect to the Federal courts were to be like those of sheriffs with respect to the State courts. In 1790 they were entrusted with the census enumeration, and so frequently with respect to later censuses. In modern times a marshal in the USA is a police officer with responsibility for a designated area.
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Marshal Henri Philippe Petain was a French soldier. He was born in 1856 at Normandy and died in 1951. He headed the Vichy government which collaborated with the Germans after the fall of France during the Second World War.
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Marshall Hall was an English physician and physiologist. He was born in 1790 and died in 1857. He studied at Edinburgh and on the European continent, commenced practice at Nottingham in 1815, and removed to London in 1826, where he obtained a large practice. Marshall Hall was distinguished by his medical writings on diagnosis, the circulation of the blood, and female diseases; but particularly by his discoveries made public in his work on the nervous system, and by his method of restoring asphyxiated persons.
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Marshall Jewell was an American statesman. He was born in 1825 and died in 1883. He was elected Governor of Connecticut in 1869, 1871 and 1872. He was Minister to Prussia from 1873 to 1874. In 1874 he was appointed Postmaster-General; after introducing numerous reforms, he resigned in 1876. He was a member of the Republican National Convention in 1880, and was elected chairman of the National Republican Committee.
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The Marsi were a people of southern Italy who contested Roman occupation until they were subdued around 301 BC. They subsequently allied with other peoples in 91 BC and rebelled against the Romans demanding the rights of Roman citizenship. These rights they were granted in 87 BC.
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Marsilio Ficino was an Italian philosopher. He was born in 1433 at Florence and died in 1499.
His early display of talent attracted the notice of Cosmo de' Medici, who caused him to be instructed in the ancient languages and philosophy, and employed him to aid in establishing a Platonic Academy at Florence about 1460. Marsilio Ficino amply satisfied his patron, and many excellent scholars were formed under his tuition. His exposition of Plato suffers, however, from his confounding the doctrines of Plato and those of Neo-Platonism.
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Martha Layne Collins was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Kentucky from 1983 until 1987.
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Martha Washington (born Martha Dandridge) was the wife of George Washington. She was born in 1732 at Virginia and died in 1802. She married Daniel Parke Custis in 1749, by whom she had four children. She inherited his vast estates and was one of the wealthiest women in Virginia. In 1759 she married George Washington. She was a competent housekeeper and her wealth enabled them to entertain in magnificent style. She fully sympathized with George Washington's revolutionary feelings and suffered many privations for the cause of independence.
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Marthinus Theunis Steyn was a South African statesman. He was born in 1857 and died in 1916. Educated in Holland and England, he was called to the Inner Temple in 1882. On returning to South Africa he practised law at Bloemfontein, before becoming state attorney in 1889 and later first puisne judge. In 1896 he was elected president of the Orange Free State and was loyal to Britain until the outbreak of the Boer War in 1899 when he sided with the Transvaal against the British, and declared war. After the Boer defeat he became a staunch supporter of the British government.
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Martianus Mineus Felix Capella was a Latin writer of the 4th century, whose work, De Nuptiis Philologise et Mercurii, was in high repute in the middle ages as an encyclopaedia of the liberal culture of the time. His statement of the heliocentric system of astronomy may possibly have given hints to Nicholas Copernicus.
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Martine Behaim (Martin Behem) was a Belgian mathematician and astronomer. He was born about 1430 at Nurnberg and died in 1506. He went from Antwerp to Lisbon with a high reputation in 1480, sailed in the fleet of Diego Cam on a voyage of discovery from 1484 to 1486, and explored the islands on the coast of Africa as far as the Congo. He colonized the island of Fayal, where he remained for several years, and assisted in the discovery of the other Azores. He was afterwards knighted, and returned to his native country, where, in 1492, he constructed a terrestrial globe, still preserved.
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Martin Bucer (real name Martin Kuhorn) was a German social reformer. He was born in 1491 at Schlettstadt, in Alsace and died in 1551. In 1521 he left the Dominican order and became preacher at the court of the Elector Frederick, and afterwards in Strasburg, where he was professor in the university for twenty years. In 1548 Edward VI invited him to Cambridge, where he held the office of professor of theology, and died in 1551. In 1557 Queen Mary caused his bones to be burned. Cardinal Contarini called him the most learned divine among the heretics. He wrote a commentary on the Psalms under the name of Aretius Filinus, and many other works.
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Martin Cahill was an Irish gangster. He was born in 1950 at Dublin and died in 1994. Martin Cahill was known as 'The General' and was renowned as a clever, but vicious gangster who was responsible for a number of major robberies including the 1973 £90,000 Rathfranham Shopping Centre robbery and probably the 1983 £2 million Thomas O'Connor and Sons jewellery robbery. Martin Cahill was shot dead by the IRA in 1994 while driving his car, 'because of his involvement with, and assistance to pro-British death squads' the IRA claimed.
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Martin Chemnitz was a German Protestant theologian. He was born in 1522 and died in 1586. His chief works were Loci Theologici, published in 1591, a commentary on Melanchthon's system of dogmatics, and Examen Consilii Tridentini, on the Council of Trent.
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Martin Chittenden was an American politician. He was a Federalist governor of Vermont from 1813 until 1815.
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Martin de Alzaga was an Argentine politician. He was born in 1756 and died in 1812. He was mayor of Buenos Aires at the time of the British invasion of 1606 to 1807.
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Martin Droeshout was an English engraver. He was born in 1620 and died in 1651. He is chiefly remembered for his engraving of Shakespeare which is prefixed to the first folio edition of the poet's works published in 1623.
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Martin E Trapp was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Oklahoma from 1923 until 1927.
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Martin F Ansel was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of South Carolina from 1907 until 1911.
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Sir Martin Frobisher was an English navigator. He was born in 1535 near Doncaster and died in 1594. He made three expeditions to the Arctic regions for the purpose of discovering a north-west passage to India, and endeavoured to found a settlement north of Hudson's Bay, hopes of immense wealth to be found in these northern regions having taken the public fancy. In 1585 he accompanied Sir Francis Drake to the West Indies. He distinguished himself against the Spanish Armada when he commanded one of the largest ships in the fleet, and was honoured with knighthood for his services. In 1594 he was sent to the assistance of Henry IV of France, when, in an attack on a fort near Brest, he was mortally wounded.
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Martin G Brumbaugh was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Pennsylvania from 1915 until 1919.
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Martin Heidegger was a German existentialist philosopher. He was born in 1889 and died in 1976.
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Martin Henry Glynn was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of New York from 1913 until 1914.
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Martin J Schreiber was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Wisconsin from 1977 until 1979.
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Martin L Davey was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Ohio from 1935 until 1939.
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Martin Luther was a German Protestant Reformer and translator of the bible. He was born in 1483 at Saxony and died in 1546.
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Martin Pinzon was a Spanish explorer. He was born in 1441 and died in 1493. He is reported by some to have visited the New World in 1488 and by others to have seen charts of Norman explorers. He aided Columbus in fitting out his expedition, and was given command of La Pinta. He parted from Columbus in the West Indies and allegedly attempted to usurp the honours of the discovery by arriving first at the Court, but was prevented by storms.
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Martin Scorsese is an American film director. His films include 'Raging Bull'.
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Martin Sennett Conner was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Mississippi from 1932 until 1936.
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Martin John Sutton was a British agriculturist. He was born in 1850 and died in 1913. His father and uncle founded the firm of Sutton and Sons, at the age of 21 Martin Sutton became a partner in the firm and in 1887 head of the firm. He was made a fellow of the Linnean Society and was a member of the National Agricultural Examinations Board. He wrote a number of papers on agricultural subjects.
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Martin Happertzoon Tromp was a Dutch sailor. He was born in 1597 at Briel and died in 1653. He entered the navy in 1607 and rose to admiral in 1637. In 1639 he defeated a Spanish fleet off Gravelines and he served in the campaigns of 1640 to 1641. In 1652 he was defeated by Blake off Dover, but later defeated Blake at the battle of Dungeness. In 1643 he encountered the English off Portland, North Foreland and at Scheveningen where he was killed in action.
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Martin Farquhar Tupper was an English author. He was born in 1810 at London and died in 1889. Educated at Charterhouse and at Christ Church, Oxford he wrote 'Proverbial Philosophy' a collection of didactic poems of little value, which enjoyed great popularity selling over one million copies in the USA and 750,000 copies in Britain.
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Martin Van Buren was the eighth president of the USA. He was born in 1782 at Kinderhook, New York and died in 1862. He was the son of a tavern keeper, and was called to the Bar in 1813.
He rose to eminence in his State both as a lawyer and as a Democratic politician. He is noted as an adroit party manager, and was styled in his time the 'Little Magician'.
He was a State Senator, US Senator from 1821 until 1828, Governor from 1828 to 1829, and Secretary of State under Jackson from 1829 until 1831. In 1831 President Jackson appointed him US Minister to England, but the Senate refused to confirm the nomination.
He was elected with Jackson for the latter's second term, serving as Vice-President from 1833 until 1837, and was the chosen heir to the succession. Elected by 170 electoral votes over the Whig candidate, Harrison, in 1836, he inherited the results of Jackson's measures.
The two foremost places in President Martin Van Buren's Cabinet were held by Forsyth in the State and Woodbury in the Treasury Department. Among the features of public interest in his administration, were the disastrous panic of 1837, the independent treasury system and the preemption law. In 1840 he was pitted against his former antagonist, but with the opposite result; he received only sixty electoral votes.
In 1844 former President Martin Van Buren had a majority, but not a two-thirds majority of votes in the Democratic National Convention; he opposed the annexation of Texas, and was discarded for Polk. In 1848 he was the Free Soil candidate, and diverted enough Democratic votes to defeat Cass and elect Taylor.
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Martin Van Heemskerk was a Dutch painter. He was born in 1498 and died in 1574. He studied in Rome and settled in Harlem. His earlier paintings are marked by the simplicity of the earlier Dutch painters, his later show an increasing amount of mannerism. He was a popular painter, and was also an etcher and designer for wood-carving and glass-painting. Among his works are St. Luke Painting the Madonna, an Ecce Homo, the Crown of Thorns, and The Criticism of Momus.
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Marvin Griffin was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Georgia from 1955 until 1959.
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Marvin Mandel was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Maryland from @1969 until 1979.
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The Marwari are a people of India.
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Mary Elizabeth Braddon (also known as Mrs Maxwell) was an English novelist. She was born in 1837 at London and died after 1905. She was the daughter of a solicitor and after publishing some poems and tales, in 1862 she brought out Lady Audley's Secret, the first of a series of clever sensational novels. She long edited the magazine Belgravia.
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Mary Carleton was an English confidence trickster, bigamist, robber, playwright and actress. She was born in 1626 and died in 1663. Married, with two children, and living in Canterbury she became bored with her domestic life and went to Dover where she married a rich German surgeon. Charged with bigamy she fled to Germany and assumed the identity of a German princess. She subsequently tricked many men out of money and valuables, worked as an actress with a German travelling stage company, performing in plays she had written about her own criminal exploits. After returning to England she continued to cheat, trick and rob men of money and valuables until l she was some time later tried for bigamy at the Old Bailey and hanged at Tyburn in 1663.
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Mary Ann Cotton was an English district nurse and serial killer. She was born in 1833 and died in 1873. A resident of Bishops Aukland, Durham, she was suspected of having murdered 36 people - 21 of them close to her, and was convicted of the murder of her second stepson by arsenic poisoning. She was hanged in 1873, her execution being bungled and instead of her spine being broken by the drop, she was strangled by the rope, thrashing at the end of it for over three minutes before she passed out and died.
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Mary Baker Eddy was the founder of the Christian Science Movement. She was born in 1821 at Bow, New Hampshire and died in 1910.
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Mary Hamilton was an English woman tried in 1746 for marrying with her own sex.
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Mary Howitt was an English writer. She was born in 1805 and died in 1888. The daughter of a Mr. Botham, a Quaker, she was married in 1823 to William Howitt. Mary Howitt wrote a number of hymns and ballads, several volumes in prose and verse for children, and translated Miss Bremer's works and H. C. Andersen's Improvisatore. Amongst her writings for the young may be mentioned The Children's Year, The Dial of Love, A Treasury of Tales for the Young, etc. In conjunction with her husband she also wrote The Literature and Romance of Northern Europe, and Ruined Abbeys of Great Britain. Shortly before her death she joined the Roman Catholic Church.
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Mary I was queen of Scotland from 1542 to 1567.
Mary I was queen of England from 1553 to 1558. She was born in 1516 and died of cancer in 1558. Mary I was the first Queen Regnant (that is, a queen reigning in her own right rather than a queen through marriage to a king). Courageous and stubborn, her character was moulded by her earlier years: an Act of Parliament in 1533 had declared her illegitimate and removed her from the succession to the throne (she was reinstated in 1544, but her half-brother Edward removed her from the succession once more shortly before his death), whilst she was pressurised to give up the Mass and acknowledge the English Protestant Church. Mary restored papal supremacy in England, abandoned the title of Supreme Head of the Church, reintroduced Roman Catholic bishops and began the slow reintroduction of monastic orders. Mary I also revived the old heresy laws to secure the religious conversion of the country; heresy was regarded as a religious and civil offence amounting to treason (to believe in a different religion from the Sovereign was an act of defiance and disloyalty).
As a result, around 300 Protestant heretics were burnt in three years - apart from eminent Protestant clergy such as Thomas Cranmer (a former archbishop and author of two Books of Common Prayer), Latimer and Ridley, these heretics were mostly poor and self-taught people, leading to her being known as 'Bloody Mary'. Apart from making Mary I deeply unpopular, such treatment demonstrated that people were prepared to die for the Protestant settlement established in Henry's reign. The progress of Mary I's conversion of the country was also limited by the vested interests of the aristocracy and gentry who had bought the monastic lands sold off after the Dissolution of the Monasteries, and who refused to return these possessions voluntarily as Mary I invited them to do.
Aged 37 at her accession, Mary I wished to marry and have children, thus leaving a Catholic heir to consolidate her religious reforms, and removing her half-sister Elizabeth (a focus for Protestant opposition) from direct succession. Mary I's decision to marry Philip, King of Spain from 1556, in 1554 was very unpopular; the protest from the Commons prompted Mary I's reply that Parliament was 'not accustomed to use such language to the Kings of England' and that in her marriage 'she would choose as God inspired her'. The marriage was childless, Philip spent most of it on the continent, England obtained no share in the Spanish monopolies in New World trade and the alliance with Spain dragged England into a war with France. Popular discontent grew when Calais, the last vestige of England's possessions in France dating from William the Conqueror's reign, was captured by the French in 1558. Dogged by ill health, Mary I died later that year leaving the crown to her half-sister Elizabeth.
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Mary II was queen of England from 1689 to 1694. She was born in 1662 and died of smallpox in 1694. She was a Stuart, the elder daughter of James II. She became joint sovereign of Great Britain with her husband, William III, when the Revolution of 1688 drove her father from the throne. Although the administration was exclusively in the hands of William, it was the queen who made the reign popular by her youth, good heart, and pleasing manners.
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Mary Jeffries was an English brothel-keeper. She was born in 1854 and died in 1907. She owned three fashionable brothels in Church Street, Kensington, a flagellation house in Hampstead and a chamber of horrors in Gray's Inn Road. Her clients included the King of Belgium and many rich
and important members of British society, including at least one member of the House of Lords and a titled Guards officer. It is likely that she also operated a white slave house by the river at Kew, from where kidnapped drugged women were exported to foreign countries.
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Mary Lyon was an American educationalist. She was born in 1797 and died in 1849. She was a pioneer in the higher education of women in America and founded Mount Holyoke Seminary at South Hadley, Massachusetts in 1837, and was its principal until 1849.
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Mary Russell Mitford was an English writer. She was born in 1787 at Alresford and died in 1855. She was a voluminous contributor to the magazines of the day, especially 'The Lady's Magazine'. She also wrote four tragedies which were performed at Covent Garden and Drury Lane.
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Mary Moser was a Swiss floral painter. She was born in 1774 and died in 1819. She was much patronised by Queen Caroline and chosen a member of the Academy.
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Mary O'Hara (Mary Alsop) was an American novelist. She was born in 1885 and died in 1980. She is best known for her book 'My Friend Flicka', which was made into a film in 1943.
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Mary Seacole was a Jamaican-born British nurse and healer. She was born in 1805 at Kingston, Jamaica and died in 1881. She was a holistic herbal healer who travelled to Russia in 1855 at her own expense to work in a hospital in the Crimea during the Crimean War at the same time as Florence Nightingale. Mary Seacole was well-liked by the troops, happy to sit up half the night with the patients drinking and talking with them. After the Crimean War she returned to England in financial difficulties - having insisted her patients pay only what they could afford - and became masseuse to Princess Alexandra.
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Mary Shelley (Mary Godwin) was the daughter of William Godwin. She was born in 1797 and died in 1851. She is remembered for writing Frankenstein.
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Mary Mitchell Slessor was a Scottish missionary. She was born in 1848 at Aberdeen and died in 1915. She worked as a mill girl in Dundee, and later was trained for missionary work. In 1876 she was sent as a missionary of the Free Church of Scotland to southern Nigeria. Her knowledge of native languages was recognised by her appointment as British consul for the Okoyong province.
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Mary Somerville (born Mary Fairfax) was a Scottish technical writer. She was born in 1780 at Jedburgh and died in 1872. A daughter of Sir William Fairfax, she was a keen scientist who was inspired by the works of Euclid and studied algebra and the classics despite strong disapproval from her family, and mixed with the Edinburgh scientists, and after her second marriage in 1812 to William Somerville with the London scientific crowd. She wrote a number of scientific works including 'The Celestial Mechanism of the Heavens' published in 1831. Mary Somerville supported the emancipation and education of women and had Somerville College, Oxford named after her in 1879.
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Masaccio was an Italian painter. He was born in 1401 and died in 1428.
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The Masai are an east African people whose territory is divided between Tanzania and Kenya, and who number about 250,000. They were originally warriors and nomads, breeding humped zebu cattle, but some have adopted a more settled life. They speak a Nilotic language belonging to the Nilo-Saharan family.
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Masakata Terauchi was a Japanese soldier and statesman. He was born in 1852 at Chosu and died in 1919. After joining the army he took part in the civil war of 1878. After leaving the army he went to France to study before returning to Japan and occupying staff posts. During the Chino-Japanese War he was charged with transport arrangements, and as minister of war was head of the department of supplies in the Russo-Japanese War. For his services as minister of war he was made a viscount and continued as minister of war until 1911 when he became governor-general of Korea and was promoted to a count. From 1916 until 1918 he was prime minister and a staunch supporter of the Allies during the Great War.
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Masaniello (Tommaso Aniello) was a Neapolitan fisherman. He was born in 1622 and died in 1647. he led the revolt of Naples in 1647 against the cruel exactions of the Spanish government. During the revolt the power rather went to his head, and he was confined in a monastery and assassinated.
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Masinissa was king of the Numidians. In the second Punic war he was at first on the Carthaginian side, but afterwards joined the Romans. The Carpathaginians and Syphax, king of the Massylians, pressed him hard until Scipio invaded Africa in 204 BC In 202, at the decisive Battle of Zama,
Masinissa commanded the cavalry on the right wing. After the conquest of Carthage, he received most of Syphax's territory and reigned until 148 BC.
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Maso Finiguerra (Tommaso Finiguerra) was a Florentine goldsmith of the 15th century. He was one of the best workers in niello, a form of decorative art then much in vogue in Italy, and the inventor of the method of taking impressions from engraved plates.
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Mason Weems was an American wandering clergyman. He was born in 1760 at Virginia and died in 1825. He wrote unreliable and untrue biographies of George Washington, Francis Marion, Benjamin Franklin and William Penn. With him originated many anecdotes about George Washington, including the story of the cherry-tree, in which George Washington declares 'I cannot tell a lie, I cut the tree down'.
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At the time of the English settlement of the State of Massachusetts, America, there were five Algonquin tribes, recently decimated by pestilence living in the area. The Nipmucks occupied central Massachusetts, the Pennacooks what is now New Hampshire, the Massachusetts the lands around Massachusetts Bay, the Nausets Cape Cod, while the Pokanokets lived in the South-eastern portion of the State. All except the Nausets were friendly to the settlers, and this tribe entered into a peace with the Plymouth colonists. Missions were begun on Martha's Vineyard in 1644, and in 1651 Indian converts under John Eliot were gathered at Natick. The converts were termed Praying Indians. At length discontent arose which in 1675 led to King Philip's War.
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Massasoit was chief of the Wampanoag Indians. He was born about 1580 and died in 1660. He made a treaty of peace and mutual protection with the Plymouth colony in 1621, which was kept for over fifty years. He resided in what is now the town of Warren, Rhode Island. He was always friendly to the colonists, and warned them of intended Indian attacks. He was father of King Philip.
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Massimo Taparelli, Marquis D'Azeglio, was an Italian artist, novelist, publicist, statesman, and soldier. He was born in 1798 at Turin and died in 1866. After gaining some reputation in Rome as a painter, he married the daughter of Manzoni, and achieved success in literature by his novels Ettore Fieramosco (1833) and Niccolo di Lapi (1841). These embodied much of the patriotic spirit, and in a short time he devoted himself exclusively to fostering the national sentiment by personal action and by his writings. Many of the reforms of Pius IX were due to him. He commanded a legion in the Italian struggle of 1848, and was severely wounded at Vincenza. Chosen a member of the Sardinian Chamber of Deputies, he was, after the battle of Novara, made president of the cabinet, and in 1859 appointed to the military post of general and commissioner-extraordinary for the Roman States.
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The Master of the Horse is one of the great officers of the British Court. He formerly had the management of all the royal stables and bred horses, with authority over all the equerries and pages, coachmen, footmen, grooms, etc. In state cavalcades he rides next behind the sovereign.
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Mata Hari (real name Margaretha Gertruida Zelle) was a Dutch exotic dancer. She was born in 1876 and died in 1917. During the Great War she was convicted of spying for the Germans, and was shot.
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Mateo Aleman was a Spanish novelist. He was born in 1547 and died in 1614.
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Mathias Grunewald was a German religious painter. He was born in 1480 and died in 1530.
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Matteo Bandello was an Italian writer of novelle or tales. He was born about 1480 and died about 1562. He was, in his youth, a Dominican monk, and having been banished from Italy as a partisan of the French, Henry II of France gave him in 1550 the bishopric of Agen. He left the administration of his diocese to the Bishop of Grasse, and employed himself, at the advanced age of seventy, in the completion of his novelle. He also wrote poetry, but his fame rests on his novelle, which are in the style of Boccaccio, and have been made use of by Shakespeare, Massinger, and Beaumont and Fletcher.
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Matteo Maria Boiardo, Count of Scandiano, was an Italian poet, scholar, knight, and courtier. He was born in 1434 near Ferrara and died in 1494. From 1488 he was commander of the city and castle of Reggio, in the service of Ercole d'Este, duke of Modena. His chief poem was his uncompleted Orlando Innamorato (1495), a romantic epic, the principal Italian poem before the Orlando Furioso of Ariosto, though now chiefly known by the rifacimento of Berni. His other works include a comedy, Il Timone; Sonnetti e Canzoni; Carmen Bucolicon; Cinque Capitoli in terza rima; and translations from Lucian, Apuleius, and Herodotus.
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Matthaeus Ignazius Van Bree was a Flemish painter. He was born in 1773 and died in 1839. He painted the Death of Cato and other classical subjects, as well as scenes pertaining to modern history, especially the grand picture representing Van der Werff, burgomaster of Leyden, addressing the famishing populace, and telling them that they might share his body among them.
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Matthew Arnold was a British poet. He was born in 1822 at Laleham and died in 1888. The son of a headmaster at Rugby, Matthew Arnold spent a short period as assistant master at Rugby before in 1851 becoming one of HM Inspectors of Schools, a post he held until 1886. His first books of poetry were published anonymously in 1849 and 1852 and were unsuccessful, but two later volumes published under his own name caused him to be elected professor of poetry at Oxford, a post he held from 1857 to 1867.
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Matthew Baillie was a Scottish physician and anatomist. He was born in 1761 at Shotts, Lanarkshire and died in 1823. In 1773 he was placed at the University of Glasgow. He afterwards studied anatomy under his maternal uncles John and William Hunter, and entered Oxford, where he graduated as M.D. In 1783 he succeeded his uncle as lecturer on anatomy in London, where he acquired a high reputation as, a teacher and demonstrator, having also a large practice. In 1810 he was appointed physician to George III. His work on The Morbid Anatomy of Some of the Most Important Parts of the Human Body gave him a European reputation.
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Matthew Boulton was an English mechanical engineer. He was born in 1728 at Birmingham and died in 1809. He engaged in business as a manufacturer of hardware, and invented and brought to great perfection inlaid steel buckles, buttons, watch-chains, etc. In 1762 he added to his premises by the purchase of the Soho, a barren heath near Birmingham, where he established an extensive manufactory and school of the mechanical arts. The introduction of the steam-engine at Soho led to a connection between Matthew Boulton and James Watt, who became partners in trade in 1769.
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Matthew Carey was an Irish-born American publisher. He was born in 1760 and died in 1839. He went to Philadelphia from Ireland in 1784. In 1796 he was a founder of the first Sunday-school Society. In 1822 he published 'Essays on Political Economy', followed by numerous tracts in the interest of protection. His 'Olive Branch' was an important and influential pamphlet.
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Matthew Hale Carpenter was an American politician. He was born in 1824 and died in1881. He settled in Wisconsin in 1848, and soon acquired an extensive law practice. He successfully argued the reconstruction act of 1867 before the US Supreme Court. He was a US Senator from 1869 to 1875 and from 1879 till his death.
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Matthew E Welsh was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Indiana from 1961 until 1965.
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Matthew F Maury was an American sailor. He was born in 1806 and died in 1873. A naval officer, he wrote a famous Physical Geography of the Seas. In 1861 he commanded in the Confederate navy, and afterward was Confederate Commissioner in Europe.
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Matthew Flinders was a British navigator. He was born in 1774 and died in 1814. After serving in the Navy he went to Australia in the Reliance and with George Bass, the ship's surgeon, explored much of the Australian coast and Tasmania. In 1801, as commander of the Investigator, he went out in charge of a scientific expedition, and circumnavigated Australia. Returning home he was taken prisoner by the French at Mauritius, and detained until 1810, after which he published his 'Voyage to Terra Australis'. Flinders Island (off the north-east coast of Tasmania) was named after him.
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Sir Matthew Hale was an eminent English judge. He was was born in 1609 at Alderley, in Gloucestershire and died in 1676. He studied at Oxford, was called to the bar, became a judge of the common bench in 1654, was knighted and made chief baron of the exchequer in 1660, was raised to the chief-justiceship of the King's bench in 1671. After his death appeared his History of the Pleas of the Crown, the Jurisdiction of the Lords' House, and The History of the Common Law of England; of which there have been repeated editions, with comments. He also wrote several religious works.
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Matthew Harvey was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of New Hampshire from 1830 until 1831.
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Matthew Henry was an English Nonconformist divine. He was born in 1662 and died in 1714 of apoplexy. With the view of studying law he entered himself at Gray's Inn; but in 1687 settled as pastor to a dissenting congregation at Chester. He continued there twenty-five years, when he was removed to a larger charge at Hackney, London. Besides his greatest work, Exposition of the Old and New Testament (Romans to the end completed by others after his death), he was the author of A Discourse on Schism, A Saripture Catechism, Family Hymns, Sermons, and religious tracts.
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Matthew Hopkins was an infamous witch-finder, who during the middle of the 17th century travelled the eastern counties of England seeking witches who had put to death. Finally he was tested by his own rule, and being thrown into a river where he floated he was himself declared a witch and executed.
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Matthew Locke was an English composer. He was born in 1630 at Exeter and died in 1677.
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Matthew Lyon was an Irish-born American politician. He was born in 1746 and died in 1822. He went to America from Ireland in 1759. He represented Vermont in the US Congress as an Anti-Federalist and Democrat from 1797 to 1801. He was a US Congressman from Kentucky from 1803 to 1811. A strong Democrat, he was prosecuted under the Sedition Act of 1798.
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Matthew M Neely was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of West Virginia from 1941 until 1945.
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Matthew Calbraith Perry was an American sailor. He was born in 1794 and died in 1858. The brother of the victor of Lake Erie, he served as a boy in the War of 1812, and later against the pirates. He rendered important services while in command of the Brooklyn Navy Yard, and was promoted to be commodore in 1841. His aid in the capture of Vera Cruz in 1847 was valuable, as was his blockade of the coast. Commodore Perry is best remembered for his connection with Japan. He organized and commanded the military expedition to that country in 1853, and signed a treaty with its government in 1854, thus opening the 'Mikado's Empire' to western influences.
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Matthew White Ridley (Viscount Ridley) was an English politician. He was born in 1842 at London and died in 1904. He sat in the House of Commons first as the member for Northumberland, and then for the Blackpool division of Lancashire from 1886 to 1900. He was appointed Home Secretary, with a seat in the cabinet in 1895, a position he held until 1900, when he was raised to the peerage as Viscount Ridley. He was under-secretary for the Home department from 1878 to 1880 in Lord Beaconsfield's government of 1874 to 1880, and financial secretary in the first Salisbury ministry of 1885 to 1886.
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Sir Matthew Smith was an English painter. He was born in 1879 at Halifax and died in 1959.
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Matthew Talbot was an American politician. He was a Jeffersonian-Republican governor of Georgia during 1819.
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Matthew Thornton was an Irish-born American jurist. He was born in 1714 and died in 1803. He went to America from Ireland about 1717. He was Judge of the New Hampshire Supreme Court from 1776 to 1782. He represented New Hampshire in the Continental Congress from 1776 to 1778 and signed the American Declaration of Independence.
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Matthew Tilghman was an american politician. He was born in 1718 and died in 1790. He was a member of the Maryland General Assembly from 1751 to 1774. He was a delegate to the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1777. He was president of the Revolutionary Convention which directed the State Government from 1774 to 1777. To him was largely due the drafting and organizing of the government of Maryland.
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Matthew Tindal was an English deist. He was born in 1653 at Beer Ferris, Devon and died in 1733. Educated at Lincoln College, Oxford, he was elected a fellow of All Souls College in 1678 and became an advocate at Doctors' Commons. About this time he joined the Church of Rome, but returned to the Church of England in 1688. He wrote a number of controversial works, including 'The Rights of The Christian Church Asserted' published in 1706, which the House of Commons ordered to be burnt, and 'Christianity as Old as the Creation' published in 1733. Critics of his works claimed his profession to Christianity was purely politic.
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Matthias Alexander Castren was a Finnish philologist and student of the Finnish languages. He was was born in 1813 and died in 1852. Educated at the University of Helsingfors, his attention was turned to the language of his native country. He travelled much among the nations of the Arctic regions, both in Europe and Asia, including the Norwegian and Russian Lapps, and the Samoyeds of Siberia and the coasts of the White Sea. He was appointed in 1851 professor of the Finnish and old Scandinavian languages in the University of Helsingfors, but he died next year. Among his works are a Swedish translation of the Great Finnish epic, the Kalevala; besides grammars, travels, and other works.
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Matthias Claudius was a German poet. He was born in 1741 near Liibeck and died in 1815. His works, which are on a great variety of subjects, are all of a popular character, and many of his songs have become a part of the national melodies. In later life he became a convert to religious mysticism, and died at Hamburg in 1815, after having filled several public offices.
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Matthias Corvinus was king of Hungary. He was born in 1443 at Klausenburg and died in 1490. He became king in 1458. He attacked the Emperor Frederick III, who had secured the Hungarian crown, and forced him to resign it in 1463. He next attacked the Turks, who had entered Hungary; and after invading Bosnia, he made a truce with Mohammed II in 1468. For the next ten years Matthias was troubled by a war with Bohemia and Poland, a rebellion in Hungary, and a fresh invasion of the Turks. From 1478 to his death Matthias was in almost continual opposition to the Emperor Frederick III. In 1485 he occupied Vienna, and in 1487 invaded Lower Austria. He collected a large library at Buda, founded a university there, issued a law code, and effected many useful social reforms.
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Matthieu Dumas was a French soldier and military writer. He was born in 1753 and died in 1837. At a young age he joined the French cavalry, took part in the American War of Independence, and was employed in the Levant and in Holland. At the commencement of the revolution he assisted Lafayette in organizing the national guard. On the triumph of the extreme party in 1797 Matthieu Dumas was proscribed, but made his escape to Holstein, where he wrote the first part of his Precis des Evenements Militaires, a valuable source for the history of the period of which it treats (1798-1807).
He was recalled from exile by Napoleon, who had become first consul. His first employment was to organize the reserve for the army of Italy. In 1802 he was appointed state councillor; in 1805 he became general of division, and was shortly afterwards Neapolitan minister in the service of Joseph Bonaparte. In 1808 he was actively employed in the arrangements for the war against Austria, fought in the battles of Essling and Wagram, and arranged the terms of the armistice of Znaim. He held the office of general intendant of the army in the campaign of 1812. After the restoration Louis XVIII appointed him councillor of state, and gave him several important appointments connected with the army. In 1830 he aided in bringing on the revolution of July, and after the fall of Charles X he obtained the chief command of all the national guards of France, together with a peerage. He published a translation of Napier's History of the Peninsular War.
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Maurice Augustus, Count of Benyowsky, was a Hungarian soldier. Hre was born in 1741 and died in 1786. He served in the Seven Years' War; and in 1769 was made prisoner while fighting for the Polish Confederacy. Exiled to Kamtchatka, he gained the affections of the governor's daughter, who assisted him to escape with his companions in 1771. They visited Japan, Macao, etc, and then went to France. The French government having requested him to form a colony in Madagascar he sailed thither, and was made king in 1776 by the native chiefs. He broke with the French government, sought private aid in England and America, sailed again to Madagascar in 1785, and was killed fighting against the French in 1786. His memoirs were published in 1790.
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Sir Maurice Fitzmaurice was a British engineer. He was born in 1861 and died in 1924. He built the Rotherhithe tunnel under the Thames in 1908.
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General Maurice Gustave Gamelin was a French military commander. He was born in 1872 and died in 1958. Commander of the Allied forces on the Western Front during the Great War he was instrumental in the action at the Battle of the Marne. He put forward the notion of defence in warfare, claiming that 'to attack is to lose', only to be proved wrong when his solid defences along the French border were bypassed by the Germans in 1940.
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Count Maurice Etienne Gerard was a Marshal, and Peer of France. He was born in 1773 and died in 1852. He served as a soldier during the republic and the empire, distinguishing himself at Austerlitz and other battles. In 1813 he was made a general of division and count. He distinguished himself in the battle of Ligny, and at the Battle of Waterloo acted under Grouchy. He took an active part in the revolution of 1830; became war-minister and marshal; commanded the troops which reduced Antwerp in 1832; became primeminister 1834 and commander of the national guard in 1838.
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Maurice Greene was an English composer. He was born about 1696 and died in 1755. He was in turn organist at St Paul's, at the Chapel Royal, and held the chair of music at Cambridge. His works include a Te Deum; several oratorios, a masque, The Judgment of Hercules, an opera, Phoebe (first produced in 1748), and various glees and catches. His collection of Forty Anthems was well known.
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Maurice J Tobin was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Massachusetts from 1945 until 1947.
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Maurice Ravel was a French composer. He was born in 1875 at Cibourne and died in 1937.
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Maurice Paul Emmanuel Sarrail was a French General. He Was born in 1856 at Carcassonne and died in 1929. He commanded the French 3rd army in 1914 during the Great War and was responsible for the defence of the Verdun region. From 1915 until 1917 he was in command of Allied forces in the east at Salonica. In 1925 he became High Commissioner of Syria.
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Maurice Utrillo was a French painter. He was born in 1883 in Paris and died in 1955. He was taught how to paint by his mother, Suzanne Valadon.
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Max Pechstein was a German expressionist painter. He was born in 1881 near Zwickau and died in 1955. Associated with both the Die Brucke group in Dresden and the Neue Sezession in Berlin, he painted landscapes, still lives, portraits, and beach scenes. Inspired by primitive art, he used bright undiluted colours and vigorous brushstrokes. His paintings tended to be more eclectic, more naturalistic, and less innovative than the work of other expressionists.
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Max Planck was a German scientist. He was born at Kiel in 1858 and died in 1947. He won the Nobel prize for physics in 1918.
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Max Weber was a German sociologist and economist. He was born in 1864 and died in 1920. He put forward the theory that there is a connection between Protestantism and the development of capitalism.
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Maxim Gorky was a Russian writer. He was born in 1868 and died in 1936.
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Maxime Ducamp was a French author and artist. He was born in 1822 at Paris and died in 1894.
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Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph was Archduke of Austria and king of Mexico. He was born in 1832 and died in 1867. He became prominent for his enlightened administration of the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom. In 1863 France called an assembly of notables in Mexico, which approved a monarchical form of government and offered the crown of Mexico to Maximilian. He became emperor in 1864, but his reign was disturbed by a powerful republican faction. He was able to maintain his position only by aid of French troops, which were withdrawn at the demand of the United States. Maximilian was soon afterward deposed and shot.
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Maximilian I was German emperor. He was born in 1459 at Vienna and died in 1519. He was the son of Frederick III and in 1477 married Mary, the heiress of Burgundy, and in 1493 succeeded Frederick as emperor. Six years later the Swiss established their independence of the empire. Maximilian joined the League of Cambrai against Venice in 1508, and later the Holy League, but gained nothing by doing so. He is chiefly remembered for his efforts to reform the imperial and Austrian administrations. he established the public peace, he divided the empire for administrative purposes into ten circles, and he instituted the imperial chamber and the Aulic Council as supreme tribunals for the empire and Austria respectively.
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Maximilian II was German emperor. He was born in 1527 at Vienna and died in 1576. He was the son of Ferdinand I and succeeded the throne in 1564.
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Count Maximilian von Spee was a German sailor. He was born in 1861 at Copenhagen and died in 1914. He was one of the creators of the German navy and in 1914 was in command of the Far Eastern squadron. On the outbreak of the Great War he escaped from Chinese waters and on the 1st of November defeated Admiral Cradock's squadron at Coronel, but on the 8th of December was decisively beaten by Admiral Sturdee at the Battle of The Falkland Islands, he himself going down with his flagship, the Scharnhorst.
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Maximilien de Bethune (Duc de Sully) was a French statesman. He was born in 1560 at Rosny and died in 1641. A son of the baron of Rosny, Maximilien de Bethune joined the court of Henry IV, then king of Navarre around 1571. He studied in Paris, and during the civil war fought with the Protestants.
In 1597 he became superintendent of finances, and afterwards was Henry IV's chief adviser, a position which gave him real influence to lighten the tax burden and to reform the corrupt and wasteful tax collection system. He instigated a program of road and bridge building, and improved agriculture. He was made a duke in 1606. Soon after the death of Henry IV Maximilien de Bethune resigned and spent the rest of his life in retirement.
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Maximilian Sebastian Foy was a French soldier. He was born in 1775 and died in 1825. Educated at the military school at La Fere, he served with distinction under Dumouriez, Moreau, and Massena, in 1803 received the command of the floating batteries intended for the defence of the coasts of the Channel, and in 1805 commanded the artillery of the second division in the Austrian campaign. In 1807 he took part in the preparations for the defence of Constantinople (Istanbul) against the British. From 1808 to 1812 he was general of division of the army in Portugal. In 1812, after the defeat of the French at Salamanca, he succeeded Marmont as commander-in-chief, and showed much talent in his conduct of the operations on the Douro. He was present in all the battles of the Pyrenees, until he was dangerously wounded at Orthez in 1814. In 1815 he commanded a division at the Battle of Waterloo, where he was wounded for the fifteenth time. In 1819 he was appointed division-inspector of infantry, and the same year was elected deputy by the department of the Aisne. He at once distinguished himself as one of the leading orators of the liberal party and became very popular.
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Maya Anne Evans is an English cook and anti-war protester. She was born in 1980. In October 2005 Maya Evans was arrested after reading out a list of names of British soldiers killed during the American/British invasion of Iraq, at central London's war memorial, the Cenotaph. Maya Evans was arrested and prosecuted - receiving a 12 month conditional discharge and being ordered to pay 100 pounds costs - under Section 132 of the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act which prohibits 'unauthorised demonstrations' within one kilometre of London's Houses of Parliament, and which was passed to try and silence - without success - the anti-Iraq war protester Brian Haw.
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Mayne Reid was an Irish novelist. He was born in 1818 at Ballyroney and died in 1883. Originally called Thomas
Mayne Reid he emigrated to America in 1840 and after a roving life joined the US army as a volunteer serving at Chapultepec with distinction during the Mexican War. Settling in London in 1849 he wrote a number of boys' adventure books.
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