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M Clifford Townsend was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Indiana from 1937 until 1941.
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M Q Sharpe was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of South Dakota from 1943 until 1947.
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Ma Yuan was a Chinese general. He was born in 14 BC at Mou-ling, now in Shensi province, China and died in 49 AD at Hunan. He helped to establish the Eastern Han dynasty after the usurpation of power by the minister Wang Mang ended the Western Han dynasty in 25 AD.
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The Macaroni were a group of 18th century dandies who from 1770 to 1775 led the fashion, and infuriated the church. They imitated extravagant Continental fashions - having derived their fashion in Italy - and were distinguished by wearing an immense knot of artificial hair, a very small cocked hat, jacket, waist-coat, and small clothes all worn very tight against the body and carrying a long walking-stick ornamented with tassels. The Macaronis were infamous for their gambling, drinking and duelling and around 1773 were described as the curse of Vauxhall Gardens.
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Macbeth was King of Scotland from 1040 until his death in 1057. Macbeth's story was fictitiously told by William Shakespeare in his play Macbeth. In fact, Macbeth came to power after killing his cousin, Duncan I, in battle near Elgin on August the 14th 1040. He was killed in a battle against Malcolm, the eldest son of Duncan I, who was assisted by the English.
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The Maccabees was a name given to the Asmonaegans, a family of Jewish patriots, who headed a religious revolt in the reign of Antiochus IV from 168 to 161 BC, which led to a period of freedom for Israel.
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The Macedonians were members of a certain Christian religious sect which followed the doctrines of Macedonius, Bishop of Constantinople, in the fourth century. They believed that the Holy Ghost was a creature, like the angels, and a servant of the Father and the Son.
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The Macusis are a South American Indian tribe still found in Guyana.
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Madame Cresswell was an English eccentric of infamous character. She is famous for bequeathing ten pounds for a funeral sermon in which nothing ill should be said of her. The Duke of Buckingham wrote the sermon which said: 'All I shall say of her is this - she was born well, she married well, lived well and died well; for she was born at Shad-well, married to Cress-well, lived at Clerken-well, and died in Bride-well.'
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Madame D'Arblay (born Frances Burney) was an English writer. She was born in 1752 at Lynn-Regis in Norfolk and died in 1840. She was the second daughter of Dr Burney, author of the History of Music. In 1786 she was appointed one of the keepers of the robes to Queen Charlotte; in 1793 married the Count D'Arblay, a French emigrant artillery officer, with whom she afterwards went to France, and who, on the restoration of the Bourbons, attained the rank of general. She gained considerable celebrity by her literary productions. These were mostly novels, of which she produced four: Evelina, Cecilia, Camilla, and the Wanderer. She published the memoirs of her father, which appeared in 1832, and her Diary, edited by her niece, was also published.
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Madame De Pompadour (Jeanne Antoinette Poisson) was mistress to king Louis XV of France and patron to Voltaire. She was born in 1721 at Paris and died in 1764.
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Madame de Thebes was a French palmist and prophet. She was born in 1845 and died in 1916. She carried on a business as a palmist at her salon in the Avenue de Wagram in Paris, and each year at Christmas published prophecies which enjoyed a wide circulation. She was said to have predicted the Boer War and the Russo-Japanese War.
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Madeleine M Kunin was an American politician. She was a Democratic governor of Vermont from 1985 until 1991.
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Madeleine Hamilton Smith was a Scottish girl tried in Edinburgh in 1857 for murdering her lover, Pierre Emile L'Angelier.
Pierre Emile L'Angelier and Madeleine Smith met clandestinely for two years before she broke off the relationship and requested the return of letters she had written him, he refused, and threatened to hand the letters over to her father.
Shortly afterwards Pierre Emile L'Angelier informed a friend that he was to meet with Madeleine Smith, and left his lodgings in the evening in normal health, only to be discovered the next morning writhing on his bedroom floor. He recovered and went to Bridge of Allan to recuperate, only to die a few weeks later following another violent paroxysm. The discovery of the letters written to him by Madeleine Smith led to a post mortem being conducted which revealed that Pierre Emile L'Angelier had died of arsenic poisoning. It was proven that Madeleine Smith had purchased arsenic on several occasions around the time, but claimed she used it for her complexion, and the case that she had murdered her former lover was unproven.
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The Madi (Ma'di or Ma'adi) are a tribe native to River Nile in north-western Uganda and the Sudan. They are farmers and also hunters and fishermen, growing millet and also keeping cattle. The tribe is divided into chiefdoms under the rule of Vudupi, which is a hereditary title passed down from father to son.
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Madison S Perry was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Florida from 1857 until 1861.
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The mafia were originally a Sicilian secret terrorist murderous society comprising people of all classes which became prominent in the 1860s - they described themselves as a Sicillian vendetta society. One of their earlier victims was David Hennessy, chief of police in New Orleans who was assassinated on the 15th of October 1890. The subsequent trial of 17 Sicilians for the murder, six of which were acquitted resulted in no verdict for the other nine, and a mob subsequently broke into the gaol and murdered eleven prisoners, two of which were Italian citizens. Italy subsequently recalled its ambassador, and shortly afterwards the American government paid $25000 compensation for the benefit of the heirs of the two murdered Italian citizens, and diplomatic relations were reinstated. Today the mafia are an organised criminal society operating in the USA and wherever there are Italian people.
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Magdalena Abakanowicz is a Polish artist. She was born in 1930 at Falenty, Poland. A descendant of Polish nobility, she studied at the School of Fine Arts in Sopot in 1949, and graduated from the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw in 1954. In 1956 she began working as an independent artist in and initially earned success for large, three-dimensional weavings she named Abakans. From 1965, she taught at the State College of Fine Arts in Poznan, Poland, before becoming a professor in 1979.
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The Magi were an order of priests and teachers among the ancient Medes and Persians with a great deal of political power. On the death of Cambyses, one
Magi asserted that he was Smerdis, a son of Cyrus and claimed the throne of Persia. He was disposed by Darius Hystaspes in 521 BC and a massacre of the
Magi followed.
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A Magistrate is a 'junior judge', they serve in lower courts of law and hear minor offences.
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Magnus Celsius was a Swedish astronomer. He was born in 1621 at Alfta, and died in 1679.
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Magnus the Good was king of Denmark in 1042.
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Mahlon Dickerson was an American politician. He was born in 1770 and died in 1853. A lawyer by trade, he practised in New Jersey and Pennsylvania before becoming Democratic-Republican governor of New Jersey from 1815 until 1817 and a Senator from that State from that time to 1833. From 1834 until 1838 he was Secretary of the Navy, serving under Jackson and Martin Van Buren.
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A Mahout is a man who drives working elephants. In Burma they are called Oozis, in India Mahouts.
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The Maillotins was a name given to certain citizens of Paris who, in March 1382, violently opposed the collection of new taxes imposed by the Duke of Anjou, the regent. They armed themselves with small iron mallets - taken from the arsenal - and killed the collectors; for which they were severely punished.
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The Makua are a people living to the north of the Zambezi River in Mozambique. With the Lomwe people, they make up the country's largest ethnic group. The Makua are mainly farmers, living in villages ruled by chiefs. The
Makua language belongs to the Niger-Congo family, and has about 5 million speakers.
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A Malagasy is an inhabitant of or native to Madagascar. The Malagasy language has about nine million speakers; it belongs to the Austronesian family. Despite Madagascar's proximity to Africa, Malagasy contains only a small number of Bantu and Arabic loan words. It seems likely that the earliest settlers came by sea, some 1,500 years ago, from Indonesia. Primarily rice farmers, the Malagasy make use both of irrigated fields and swidden (temporary plot) methods.
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Sir Malcolm Campbell was a British racing motorist. He was born in 1885 and died in 1949. He set land speed records and speed-boat speed records.
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Malcolm I was King of Scotland from 943 to 954.
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Malcolm II was King of Scotland from 1005 to 1034.
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Malcolm III was King of Scotland from 1057 to 1093. He was born around 1031 and died in 1093. Malcolm III was the eldest son of Duncan I, who was killed by Macbeth. Malcolm III lived in exile in England until defeating and killing Macbeth in 1057, and subsequently ascending the Scottish throne. In 1072 he recognised William I as overlord of England, but in 1093 was killed by William II while making a raid into England.
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Malcolm R Patterson was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Tennessee from 1907 until 1911.
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Malcolm Wilson was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New York from 1973 until 1975.
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Malcolm IV was King of Scotland from 1153 to 1165.
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The Malecite (Maliseet) are a North American Indian tribe of the Algonquin family, found along the St John River in New Brunswick, Canada.
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The Maler (Malto or Rajmahali) are a Dravidian people of the Rajmahal hills of northern India.
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The Mameluke were Turkoman warriors taken to Egypt as slaves to act as bodyguards for the caliphs and sultans. When the Ottoman Turks conquered Egypt in 1250 the Mamelukes became sultans. They were defeated by Napoleon in 1798 and the survivors were massacred by Muhammad Ali in 181.
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Manasseh Cutler was an American clergyman, scientist and politician. He was born in 1742 at Connecticut and died in 1823. During the American War of Independence he served as a chaplain, and in 1786 was agent for the Ohio company which founded Marietta. He drafted for Nathan Dane the Ordinance of 1787 which excluded slavery from the Northwest-Territory, and was a Massachusetts Federal Congressman from 1801 to 1805.
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The Manchus are a civilized division of the Tunguses people. They have been the political masters of China since 1643.
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The Mandans are or were a small tribe of American Indians, numbering about 500 at the end of the 19th century and then dwelling on a reservation in Dakota. They are first heard of about 1772. They then lived on the Missouri, about 1500 miles up from its mouth. They are of light complexion, hence many vain attempts to trace their descent from the supposed Welsh colony of Prince Madoc.
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The Mandingos are a people of west Africa living in Mali, Senegal and the Ivory Coast. They speak a Sudanic language, Mandingo.
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The Mangoaks were a tribe of American Indians living in North Carolina, into whose country Ralph Lane, commander of Raleigh's colony, in 1586 attempted an expedition, on information of a pearl fishery among them.
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The Manicheans were a sect founded by Manes in Persia around 261. It spread into Egypt, Arabia and Africa. A rich widow to whom Manes had been a servant, left him a lot of money and he assumed the title of an apostle and composed a system of doctrine from Christianity and the dogma of the ancient fire- worshippers. He was burned alive by Bahram or Varanes, King of Persia in 277 and his followers dispersed and several sects sprang from them.
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Manteo was a friendly American Indian of the Roanoke region. He was helpful to Sir Walter Raleigh's colony of 1585 to 1586, and had visited England with Amidas and Barlow just before.
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Manuel Castro was Mexican prefect of Monterey. He was born in 1801 at California and died in 1891. He opposed by military force the entrance of the Americans under Fremont into California.
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Manuel de Falla was a Spanish composer. He was born in 1876 at Cadiz and died in 1946.
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Mao Tse-Tung (properly Mao Zedong) was a Chinese revolutionary leader. He was born in 1893 at Shao-Shan, Hunan Province and died in 1976. He was a founder member of the Chinese Communist party.
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The Maori are a Polynesian people of pre-European New Zealand. Their language, Maori, belongs to the eastern branch of the Austronesian family. The Maori colonized New Zealand from about 850, establishing a flourishing civilization throughout the country.
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The Maratha are a Hindu warrior people of western India who in the 17th and 18th centuries led a military revival against Muslim expansion. The Maratha rose to prominence under the inspired leadership of Sivaji, who, after victories against the Moguls, established a Maratha kingdom in 1674. Their great age was the early 18th century when, after a temporary collapse, they benefited from Mogul decline to sweep over the north and central Deccan. They seemed poised for all-India mastery, but failure in 1761 of their bid to take Delhi (in the battle of Panipat) was followed by increasing internal disunity. Authority had passed from Sivaji's line to a Brahmin family based at Pune, who as hereditary peshwas struggled to hold the dissident chiefs together. Rivalry among these 'confederates', notably the Sindhia, Holkar, Bhonsla, and Gaekwar families, prevented a united stand against expanding British power.
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Marc Chagall was a Russian painter. He was born in 1887 at Vitebsk.
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Marcel Duchamp was a French artist. He was born in 1887 and died in 1968.
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Marcel Proust was a French novelist. He was born in 1871 at Paris and died in 1922.
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Marcellin Pierre Eugene Berthelot was a French chemist and politician. He was born in 1827 and died in 1907. He was the first person to produce organic compounds synthetically.
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Marcello Malpighi was an Italian anatomist. He was born in 1628 at Crevalcuore and died in 1694. He was professor of medicine at Pisa, Messina and Bologna, and was one of the first to apply the microscope in anatomical study, making important discoveries as to the structure of the kidneys, lungs, skin and spleen. He also carried out work on the anatomy of plants.
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Marcellus L Stearns was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Florida from 1874 until 1877.
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Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear was an Argentine politician. He was born in 1868 and died in 1942. He was president of Argentina from 1922 to 1928.
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Marco Polo was a Venetian traveller. He was born in 1256 and died in 1323. He travelled through various eastern countries.
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Marco Antonio Raimondi was an Italian engraver. He was born in 1475 at Bologna and died in 1534. Around 1505 he went to Venice where he made copies from Durers works. From 1510 to 1527 he worked at Rome, but retired to Bologna after the capture of Rome by the Constable of Bourbon.
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The Marcomanni were a Germanic tribe who originally dwelt between the Rhine and the Danube; but they expelled the Boii from Bohemia and part of Bavaria early in the Christian era, and founded a kingdom which reached to the Danube. During the reign of Marcus Aurelius they waged war with Rome, until peace was purchased by Commodus.
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Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa was a Roman statesman and general. He was born in 63 BC and died in 12 BC. The son-in-law of Augustus he was praetor in 41 BC; consul in 37, 28, and 27; aedile in 33; and tribune from 18 until his death. He commanded the fleet of Augustus in the battle of Actcium. To him Rome is indebted for three of her principal aqueducts, the Pantheon, and several other works of public use and ornament.
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Marcus Antonius (Mark Antony) was a Roman triumvir. He was born in 83 BC and died in 30 BC. He was connected with the family of Caesar by his mother. Debauchery and prodigality marked his youth. To escape his creditors he went to Greece in 58, and from thence followed the consul Gabinius on a campaign in Syria as commander of the cavalry. He served in Gaul under Caesar in 52 and 51. In 50 he returned to Rome to support the interests of Caesar against the aristocratical party headed by Pompey, and was appointed tribune.
When war broke out between Caesar and Pompey, Antony led reinforcements to Caesar in Greece, and in the battle of Pharsalia he commanded the left wing. He afterwards returned to Rome with the appointment of master of the horse and governor of Italy in 47. In 44 BC he became Caesar's colleague in the consulship. Soon after Caesar was assassinated, and Antony would have shared the same fate had not Brutus stood up in his behalf. Antony, by the reading of Caesar's will, and by the oration which he delivered over his body, excited the people to anger and revenge, and the murderers were obliged to flee. After several quarrels and reconciliations with Octavianus, Caesar's heir, Antony departed to Cisalpine Gaul, which province had been conferred upon him against the will of the senate. But Cicero thundered against him in his famous Philippics; the senate declared him a public enemy, and entrusted the conduct of the war against him to Octavianus and the consuls Hirtius and Pansa. After a campaign of varied fortunes Antony fled with his troops over the Alps. Here he was joined by Lepidus, who commanded in Gaul, and through whose mediation Antony and Octavianus were again reconciled. It was agreed that the .Roman world should be divided among the three conspirators, who were called triumvirs.
Antony was to take Gaul; Lepidus, Spain; and Octavianus, Africa and Sicily. They decided upon the proscription of their mutual enemies, each giving up his friends to the others, the most celebrated of the victims being Cicero the orator. Antony and Octavianus departed in 42 for Macedonia, where the united forces of their enemies, Brutus and Cassius, formed a powerful army, which was, however, speedily defeated at Philippi. Antony next visited Athens, and thence proceeded to Asia. In Cilicia he ordered Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, to apologize for her insolent behaviour to the triumviri. She appeared in person, and her charms fettered him for ever. He followed her to Alexandria, where he bestowed not even a thought upon the affairs of the world, until he was aroused by a report that hostilities had commenced in Italy between his own relatives and Octavianus.
A short war followed, which was decided in favour of Octavianus before the arrival of Antony in Italy. A reconciliation was effected, which was sealed by the marriage of Antony with Octavia, the sister of Octavianus. A new division of the Roman dominions was now made in 40, by which Antony obtained the East, Octavianus the West. After his return to Asia Antony gave himself up entirely to Cleopatra, assuming the style of an eastern despot, and so alienating many of his adherents and embittering public opinion against him at Rome. At length war was declared at Rome against the Queen of Egypt, and Antony was deprived of his consulship and government. Each party assembled its forces, and Antony lost, in the naval battle at Actium in 31 BC, the dominion of the world. He followed Cleopatra to Alexandria, and on the arrival of Octavianus his fleet and cavalry deserted, and his infantry was defeated. Deceived by a false report which Cleopatra had disseminated of her death, he killed himself by falling upon his own sword in 30 BC.
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Marcus Gabius Apicius was a Roman epicure in the time of Augustus and Tiberius, who, having exhausted his vast fortune on the gratification of his palate, and having only about £80,000 left, poisoned himself that he might escape the misery of plain diet. The book of cookery published under the name of Apicius was written by one Caelius, and belongs to a much later date.
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Marcus Aurelius Antoninus was a Roman Emperor. He was born in 121 and died in 180.
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Marcus Eliezer Bloch was a naturalist. He was born in 1723 at Anspach and died in 1799. His main work was on fish, and he wrote 'Natural History Of Fishes' in 1785 which included 432 colour plates.
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Marcus Furius Camillus was a Roman patrician. He became famous for delivering the city of Rome from the Gauls and in 396 BC was made dictator during the Veientine War and captured the town of Veil by mining after it had defied the Roman power for ten years.
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Marcus Tullius Cicero was a Roman orator, politician and writer. He was born in 106BC and died in 43BC.
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Marcus L Ward was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Jersey from 1866 until 1869.
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Marcus Morton was an American politician. He was born in 1784 and died in 1864. He represented Massachusetts in the US Congress as a Democrat from 1817 to 1821. He was Governor of Massachusetts from 1840 to 1841 and from 1843 to 1844.
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Marcus Stone was an English artist. He was born in 1840 at London and died in 1921. He was a son of Frank Stone, and studied under his father and gained some reputation as an illustrator before specialising in historical genre of both a sentimental and humorous nature. He became ARA in 1877 and RA in 1887.
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Marcus Claudius Tacitus was a Roman emperor for seven months between 275 and 276. He was born in 205. He was chosen emperor after the murder of Aurelian but was himself victim of a conspiracy and was succeeded by Probus.
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Marcus Whitmas was an American missionary. He was born in 1802 and died in 1847. He was sent to Oregon as a missionary physician in 1836. He reported to the US Government the value of the then disputed territory. His colonization efforts did much to secure that region for the United States.
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The Mardi are a fishing-people of Uganda, living along the River Nile.
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Margaret was queen of Scotland from 1286 to 1290.
Margaret was queen of Denmark, Sweden and Norway in 1387.
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Margaret Eaton (Peggy O'Neill) was the wife of American politician John H Eaton. She was born in 1796 and died in 1879. When John H Eaton became Secretary of War she was refused recognition by the families of the Cabinet members because of her low social background. Her cause was supported by president Andrew Jackson, who attempted to enforce her recognition, which led to the disruption of the Cabinet in 1831.
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Margaret Ursula Mee was an English botanical artist. She was born in 1909 and died in 1988. In the 1950s she went to Brazil, where she accurately and comprehensively painted many plant species of the Amazon basin. She is thought to have painted more species than any other botanical artist.
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Margaret of Navarre was a French aristocrat, writer and patron of science and art. She was born in 1492 at Angouleme and died in 1549. The daughter of Charles of Orleans, she was married in 1509 to the Duke of Alencon and following his death in 1525 to Henri d'Albert, King of Navarre.
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Margaret Todd was a British doctor and author. She was born in 1859 at Glasgow and died in 1918. She was educated at Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Berlin, and, after a period spent in teaching, studied at the Edinburgh school of medicine for women, where she took her medical degrees in 1894. She was for some time assistant medical officer at the Edinburgh hospital and dispensary for women and children. Under the name of Graham Travers she published 'Mona Maclean', a novel dealing with the life of a woman doctor, in 1892; 'Fellow Travellers' in 1896 and 'Windyhaugh' in 1898. Her chief literary work is her Life of Dr. Sophia Jex-Blake published in 1918.
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Margaret Tudor was a daughter of Henry VII of England. She was born in 1489 at Westminster and died in 1541. She married James IV of Scotland in 1503. After his death at Flodden in 1513 she married Archibald Douglas, the sixth Earl of Angus, in 1514 and unsuccessfully strove to oppose the regent, the Duke of Albany. She divorced in 1527 and in 1528 married Henry Stewart who was created Lord Methven by James V.
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Margot Fonteyn (Peggy Hookham) was a British ballerina. She was born in 1919 and died in 1991 of cancer. She spent some of her childhood in China. When she was 14 her family returned to England and she auditioned successfully for the Vic-Wells ballet, making her debut in 1934 as a snowflake in 'Nutcracker'; her first solo role was the Young Treginnis in de Valois's 'The Haunted Ballroom'. When Markova, the company's first ballerina, left in 1935, Fonteyn worried with the rest of the dancers, and most of the audience, about who could ever replace her: over the next three years it became apparent that it would be she herself. By the time she was 16 her promise was unmistakable. By the time the war broke out in 1939 she had danced Aurora, Giselle, and Odette/Odile, and - perhaps more importantly - had already created half a dozen roles for Ashton.
After a stormy start caused by mutual incomprehension, she and the choreographer established a happy relationship which over the next 25 years produced most of her greatest roles and his greatest ballets. The company's nomadic wartime existence ended with the invitation take up residence at Covent Garden, and their opening night performance of 'Sleeping Beauty' showed how far Fonteyn, still only 26, had travelled on the path to prima ballerina. 'Symphonic Variations' and 'Cinderella' followed, and the seal on her progress from national treasure to international star was set by her triumph in New York on the company's historic opening night in 1949.
The 1950s saw her taking on Karsavina's role in 'Firebird', and creating Ondine and Chloe - the part in which Ashton said he most missed her when she gave up dancing. In 1956 she married Roberto de Arias, a diplomat from Panama, and for a time had to juggle her commitments as both ballerina and ambassador's wife. By about 1960, though, talk of possible retirement had begun to creep into reviews and interviews. Her most famous partnership - which lasted twenty years - was dancing with Nuryev after he defected from Russia in 1961. She gave her
final performance in the early 1970's, and then retired to Panama to care for her husband, who had been paralysed in a shooting incident.
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Margrave is a German title (equivalent of marquess) for the 'counts of the March' who guarded the frontier of the empire from Charlemagne's time. Later the title was borne by other territorial princes.
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Maria Gaetana Agnesi was an Italian mathematician and linguist. She was born in 1718 at Milan and died in 1799. The daughter of a professor of mathematics at Bologna, at the age of nine she composed a thesis in Latin, and when thirteen knew Greek, Hebrew and several modern languages. In mathematics she wrote two volumes on the analysis of finite quantities and the analysis of infinitesimals, though these were not published until she was in her thirties and not translated into English until 1801. By the authority of Pope Benedict XIV she took her father's place as professor of mathematics at Bologna when her father became ill in 1752. She later entered a sisterhood at Milan where she became a nun.
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Maria Anne Eliza Bacciocchi (born Maria Anne Eliza Bonaparte) was the sister of Napoleon. She was born in 1777 at Ajaccio 1777 and died in 1820. A great patroness of literature and art, she married Captain Bacciocchi, who in 1805 was created Prince of Lucca and Piombino. She virtually ruled these principalities herself, and as Grand-duchess of Tuscany she enacted the part of a queen. She fell with the empire.
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Maria Meneghini Callas (Sophie Cecelia Kalogeropoulou) was an American opera singer. She was born in 1923 at New York and died in 1977. She left the United States in 1937 to move to Greece. There she studied at the Athens Conservatory. She made her professional operatic debut in a major role, Tosca, at the Athens Opera in 1941 going on to triumphant performances at all of the major opera houses. Her last operatic appearance was in 1965 at Covent Garden, again as Tosca. She gave a number of master classes from 1971 to 1972. In the following two years, she toured with Giuseppe di Stefano in recitals of arias with piano accompaniment.
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Maria Christina was queen of Spain. She was born in 1806 and died in 1878. The daughter of Francis I of Naples, in 1829 she married Ferdinand VII of Spain. After Ferdinand's death in 1833 she ruled alone as regent for her daughter Isabella, but abdicated in 1840 as a result of the popular disturbances aroused by the Carlists.
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Maria Evarist Miguel was a usurper to the throne of Portugal. He was born in 1802 at Lisbon and died in 1866. A son of John VI, he refused to recognise the constitution of 1822 and headed an unsuccessful insurrection. His brother, Pedro IV of Brazil, on his accession to the throne, betrothed his daughter Maria to Miguel, and in 1826 abdicated in her favour, Miguel acting as regent. In 1828, supported by the nobility and clergy, he proclaimed himself king, but after six years of civil war he was dethroned and in 1834 banished.
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Maria Montessori was an Italian educationalist. She was born in 1870 and died in 1952. She developed the Montessori system of education.
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Maria Taglioni was an Italian dancer. She was born in 1804 at Stockholm and died in 1884. The daughter of a ballet master, she made her first appearance at Vienna when she was eighteen years old. In 1827 she appeared in Paris and proved very popular, and for the next twenty years was the most famous ballet dancer in Europe until she retired in 1847.
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Maria Theresa was queen of Hungary and German empress. She was born in 1717 at Vienna and died in 1780. For nearly thirty years her father (Charles VI) endeavoured to secure for her the right of succession to the imperial crown. This he did by the Pragmatic Sanction in 1740. She married Francis of Lorraine, whom, when she was crowned at Pressburg in 1741, she nominated joint-regent with herself. Her succession was at once challenged by Charles Albert of Bavaria, supported by the French, by the elector of Saxony, and by the kings of Prussia, Spain and Sardinia. On the success of Charles, who was proclaimed emperor in 1742 as Charles VII, she took refuge in Hungary, and the Magyars helped her to win back her crown in 1748. Silesia, however, during the struggle was taken by the Prussians in 1742 and this gave rise fourteen years later to the Seven Years' War.
In 1772 Poland was partitioned by Catherine II of Russia, Frederick of Prussia and Maria Theresa, who acquired Red Russia. Between 1777 and 1779 Maria Theresa engaged in another war with Prussia. After 1763 the empress instituted many reforms in the army, justice, and education; opened the ports of Trieste and Fiume to trade; expelled the Jesuits and confiscated much church property; and abolished legal torture. With much of her later policy Count Von Kaunitz is associated. In honour of Marshal Daun's victory over the Prussians at Kolin in 1757, she instituted the military order bearing her name.
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Mariano Arista was a Mexican general. He was born in 1802 and died in 1855. In the war with the USA he commanded at Palo Alto and at Resaca de la Palma. He was elected president of Mexico in 1850 but resigned in 1853.
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The Marias are a Dravidian people living in the jungles of central India.
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Marie Antoinette was Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Louis XVI of France. She was born in 1755 and died in 1793 when she was executed for treason during the French revolution. The youngest daughter of the Emperor Francis I and of Maria Theresa she was married at the age of fifteen to the Dauphin, afterwards Louis XVI, but her manners were ill-suited to the French court, and she made many enemies among the highest families by her contempt for its ceremonies, which excited her ridicule. The freedom of her manners, indeed, even after she became queen, was a cause of scandal. The extraordinary affair of the diamond necklace, in which the Cardinal Louis de Holian, the great quack Cagliostro, and a certain Countess de Lamotte were the chief actors, tarnished her name, and added force to the calumnies against her. Though it was proved in the examination which she demanded that she had never ordered the necklace, her enemies succeeded in casting a stigma on her, and the credulous people laid every public disaster to her charge.
There is no doubt she had great influence over the king, and that she constantly opposed all measures of reform. The enthusiastic reception given her at the guards' ball at Versailles on the 1st of October, 1789, raised the general indignation to the highest pitch, and was followed in a few days by the insurrection of women, and the attack on Versailles.
When practically prisoners in the Tuileries it was she who advised the flight of the royal family in June, 1791, which ended in their capture and return. On the 10th of August, 1792, she heard her husband's deposition pronounced by the Legislative Assembly, and accompanied him to the prison in the Temple, where she displayed the magnanimity of a heroine and the patient endurance of a martyr. In January, 1793, she parted with her husband who had been condemned by the Convention; in August she was removed to the Conciergerie; and in October she was charged before the revolutionary tribunal with having dissipated the finances, exhausted the treasury, corresponded with the foreign enemies of France, and favoured the domestic foes of the country. She defended herself with firmness, decision, and indignation; and heard the sentence of death pronounced with perfect calmness - a calmness which did not forsake her when the sentence was carried out the following morning. Her son, eight years of age, died shortly afterwards, as was generally believed by poison, and her daughter was suffered to quit France, and afterwards married her cousin the Duke of Angouleme.
Marie Antoinette was renowned for rarely carrying money with her, and rather borrowing money from her associates for which she earned the nickname 'Madame Deficit'.
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Marie Bashkirtseff was a Russian painter. She was born in 1860 and died in 1884. She was born into a noble family near Poltava and after making a tour of Europe settled at Paris.
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Marie Francois Xavier Bichat was a French physiologist. He was born in 1771 at Thoirette and died in 1802. He studied at Paris under Dessault and lectured on tissue and formed the basis of modern histology, and in his book 'Anatomie Generale Appliquee' showed the intimate connexion between the brain, heart and lungs.
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Marie Anne du Boccage was a French poetess. She was born in 1710 and died in 1802. Her writings comprise an imitation of Paradise Lost; The Death of Abel; The Amazons, a tragedy; and a poem called Columbiad.
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Marie Francoise Sadi Carnot was a French President. He was born in 1837 and died in 1894. He was a grandson of Lazare Carnot, entered the government service, was returned to the Assembly for Cote d' Or in 1871 and in 1887 was elected President. He successfully countered the Boulangist movement, and in 1892 the scandals arising out of French financial activities in Panama. He was assassinated by an Italian anarchist at Lyons.
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Marie Corelli was an English novelist. She was born in 1864 and died in 1924. She first made her name with the work 'The Romance of Two Worlds' published in 1886. Her books are superficial, and popular.
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Marie Curie was a French scientist. She was born in 1867 at Warsaw and died in 1934. She and her husband together separated radium in 1902.
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Marie De Flavigny, the Comtesse D'agoult, was a French writer of fiction, history, politics, philosophy, and art. She was born in 1805 at Frankfort and died at Paris in 1876. The daughter of Viscount de Flavigny, she contributed many articles to the Revue des Deux - Mondes, etc, under the name of Daniel Stern, and wrote Histoire de la Revolution de 1848; Trois Journees de la Vie de Marie Stuart; Florence and Turin, a series of artistic and political studies; Dante and Goethe; dialogues, and numerous romances, etc.
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Marie Louise was Empress of France and a wife of Napoleon. She was born in 1791 at Vienna and died in 1847. She was the daughter of Francis I of Austria. In 1810 she married Napoleon and in 1811 bore him a son who became Napoleon II.
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Marie Louise De la Ramee was an English novelist. She was born in 1839 at Bury St Edmunds and died in 1908. She wrote under the name of Ouida and achieved enormous success with 'Strathmore' written in 1865, 'Under Two Flags' written in 1867 and 'Moths' written in 1880.
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Marie Carmichael Stopes was an English scientist, writer on eugenics and the pioneer of birth control. She was born in 1880 and died in 1958. Educated ay Edinburgh, Munich and London University she was appointed to the science staff of Manchester University in 1904, and in 1907 went to Japan where she spent 18 months collecting fossils. She wrote on botany, and became widely known for her books 'Married Love' and 'Wise Parenthood' published in 1918 which dealt with relations between the sexes.
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Marie Joseph Eugene Sue (also known as Eugene Sue) was a French novelist and surgeon. He was born in 1804 at Paris and died in 1857. He served as a naval and military surgeon, seeing service in Spain in 1823 and at Navarino in 1828 before coming into prominence as a contributor to the La Presse newspaper before publishing several novels. In 1850 he became deputy for the Seine and in 1851 a political exile.
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Marie Tussaud was a Swiss-born French sculptress. She was born in 1760 at Strasbourg and died in 1850. Arriving in Paris in 1766, she grew up fascinated by her uncle's sculpting and modelling in wax, and soon learned the art herself. During the French revolution she was imprisoned, and only spared from death so she could make death masks of the executed aristocrats - many of whom were her friends - from their severed heads. Leaving France she arrived in Dover in 1802 and founded the famous Tussaud's wax works in London, showing her first exhibition of her models there in 1803.
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Marino Falieri was the doge of Venice who repelled the Hungarians at Zara in 1346 and captured that city. He was born in 1274 and died in 1355 when he was executed for conspiring against the nobles of Venice in the hope of becoming Prince of Venice.
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Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco was an Italian born American composer. He was born in 1895 and died in 1968. he composed music scores for films including the 1944 'The Return of The Vampire'.
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Mario M Cuomo was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of New York from 1983 until 1995.
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Marion E Hay was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Washington from 1909 until 1913.
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Marion Elliot (Poly Styrene) is an English songwriter and musician. She was the driving force behind and founder of the 1970's punk rock band X-Ray Spex which disbanded in 1979 after releasing a single album, only to reform in 1991 playing a surprise sell-out concert at London's Brixton Academy venue and release a second album in 1995.
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Marion Ravn (also known as Marion Raven) is an American musician. She was born in 1984. A drummer with the band M2M, after the band split up she became a solo performer.
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Mariotto Albertinelli was a Florentine painter. He was born in 1474 and died in 1515. He was trained by Cosimo Rosselli, in whose studio he met Fra Bartolommeo. The two went into partnership in 1508, but soon after this Albertinelli abandoned painting to become an inn keeper, saying (according to Vasari ) that he was fed up with criticism and wanted a 'less difficult and more cheerful craft'. Albertinelli's paintings are elegant but rather insipid. His best-known pictures are the Visitation, painted in 1503 and an Annunciation painted in 1510.
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Mark Akenside was an English physician and poet. He was born in 1721 at Newcastle-upon-Tyne and died in 1770. He was the son of a butcher, and was sent to the University of Edinburgh to qualify himself for the Presbyterian ministry, but chose the study of medicine instead. After three years' residence at Edinburgh he went to Leyden, and in 1744 became Doctor of Physic. In the same year he published the Pleasures of Imagination, which he is said to have written in Edinburgh. Having settled in London, he became a fellow of the Royal Society and was admitted into the College of Physicians. In 1759 he was appointed first assistant and afterwards head physician to St Thomas' Hospital. Latterly he wrote little poetry, but published several medical essays and observations. The place of Akenside as a poet is not very high, though his somewhat cumbrous and cloudy Pleasures of Imagination was once considered one of the most pleasing didactic poems in our language.
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Mark O Hatfield was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Oregon from 1959 until 1967.
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Sir Mark Sykes was a British soldier, explorer and politician. He was born in 1879 and died in 1919. Educated at Brussels and Jesus College, Cambridge, he served in the South African War and from 1905 until 1907 was honourable attache at the British embassy at Constantinople (Istanbul) during which time he travelled Asiatic Turkey and mapped north-west Mesopotamia.
During the Great War he raised a battalion of the Yorkshire Regiment, and acted as special emissary to Petrograd and the Caucasus, and later Mesopotamia. He was member of parliament for Central Hull from 1911 until 1919, and was an enthusiastic supporter of Zionism.
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Mark Twain (real name Samuel Langhorne Clemens) was an American writer. He was born in 1835 at Hannibal or possibly Florida, Missouri, and died in 1910. He started life as a compositor, in 1851 became a steamboat pilot on the Mississippi river, later taking his pseudonym from the call of the leadsman when reporting the soundings. After being a reporter on a newspaper in Virgina City, Nevada, he tried mining and journalism in San Francisco and visited the Sandwich Islands.
He wrote several books based on the Mississippi river, including 'The Adventures of Tom Sawyer', in 1876 which explored the lawless side of vagrant boyhood and in 1883 'The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn'. His first story, however was 'The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County' which appeared in The Californian in 1867. His first book, 'Innocents Abroad' was published in 1869 and was based upon his first visit to Europe, and established his reputation as a humorist.
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Mark Wayne Clark was an American general in the Second World War. He was born in 1896 at New York and died in 1984. In 1942 he became Chief of Staff for ground forces, and deputy to General Eisenhower. He led a successful secret mission by submarine to get information in North Africa to prepare for the Allied invasion, and commanded the 5th Army in the invasion of Italy. He remained in this command until the end of the war when he took charge of the US occupation forces in Austria.
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Mark White was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Texas from 1983 until 1987.
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Markus Wolf was the head of the East German (GDR) Foreign Intelligence service for thirty-four years until the disintegration of the German Democratic Republic, where upon he was the only East German spy sentenced to imprisonment by the West German courts.
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The Maroons were escaped slaves in Jamaica who were armed by the Spanish to attack the British forces on the island during the late 17th and 18th centuries, leading a resistance to slavery. They lived mainly in the central mountainous region now known as cockpit country and developed a method of cooking known as 'jerking' peculiar to Jamaica.
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The Marquesan are an aboriginal Polynesian people of the Marquesas Islands in the Pacific.
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Marquess is the second order of nobility. The first marquess was Robert de Vere, who was created
Marquess of Dublin in 1385 by Richard II. A marquessate is rarely created and only for exceptional services to the State. The premier marquess is the Marquess of Winchester, the title having been created in 1551. The marquess' s mantle has three and a half rows of ermine on the cape. His coronet has only four strawberry leaves as opposed to the duke's eight, the four intervening spaces being occupied by four silver balls. The cap is the same as for a duke. A letter should be addressed: To the Most Noble the Marquess of --.
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Marquess of Granby is an English title borne by the eldest son of the duke of Rutland.
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James Graham, the Marquess of Montrose, was a Scottish soldier. He was born in 1612 and died in 1650. he started his military career in 1638 in the Covenanter army commanded by Alexander Leslie. Within a few years he had earned himself a reputation, but had also become disillusioned with the Covenanters and like some others within the army was using the Covenant as a means to achieve his own control in Scotland. During the English Civil War he fought with the Royalists, and following the Royalist defeat escaped to Europe, where, upon hearing of the execution of the king Charles I, he swore revenge and returned with an army to Scotland. His army was all but wiped out in a shipwreck and the few that did land were quickly defeated. After a short time on the run Montrose was captured and taken to Edinburgh where he was publicly hanged in the High Street. His body was not buried for a further eleven years, when he was finally laid to rest in St Giles' Cathedral.
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The Marquis de Denonville was the French Governor of Canada from 1685 to 1689. He worked zealously against the British settlements and Governor Dongan, but alienated the Indians by his cruelty.
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The Marquis de Lafayette (Marie Jean Paul Joseph Roche Yves Gilbert du Motier) was a French soldier. He was born in 1757 at Auvergne and died in 1834. A general, he was born of a noble family distinguished in the service of the State. As a boy he was a page to the queen. He was still a mere youth when the outbreak of the American War of Independence excited the sympathy of many high-spirited young Frenchmen, Lafayette among others. Having equipped a ship at his own expense he sailed from Bordeaux, with the nominal disapproval of the French Government, in April, 1777. Landing in South Carolina he proceeded northward, and was in July appointed a major-general, and soon became a fast friend of George Washington. He was wounded at Brandywine, served at Monmouth and in the Rhode Island campaign, and sailed for France in 1779, returning in time to sit on the board of judges against Andre.
In 1781 he commanded in Virginia against Arnold and then against Charles Cornwallis, and earned distinction by his conduct of affairs against the able British general. After the war he returned to France, paid in 1784 a short visit to America, and on the breaking out of the French Revolution he was for a time one of the foremost figures. He commanded the National Guard, but by 1792 the Jacobins removed him, as a moderate, from the eastern department; escaping to Belgium he fell into the hands of the Prussians and Austrians and was imprisoned, chiefly at Olmutz, until 1797. He did not accept office during the Napoleonic regime, but was a member of the Chamber of Deputies in the Restoration period. In 1824-25 he visited the United States and was received with the utmost enthusiasm. His last conspicuous service was as commander of the National Guard in the revolutionary days of 1830.
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John Manners, the Marquis of Granby , was a popular British general. He was born in 1721 and died in 1770. Many British pubs were named in honour of him.
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The Marquis of Rockigham (Charles Wentworth) was an English politician. He was born in 1730 and died in 1783. While Prime Minister of England from 1765 to 1766, he secured the repeal of the stamp Act. He became Prime Minister again in 1782 and began the negotiation of the Treaty of Paris with the United States.
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Marriot Arbuthnot was a British admiral. He was born in 1711 and died in 1794. He was made vice-admiral and commander-in-chief on the American station in 1779 and co-operated with Sir Henry Clinton in the capture of Charleston in 1780.
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In the USA, a marshal is n officer with certain police duties. The Judiciary Act of 1789 provided for officers called marshals, whose functions with respect to the Federal courts were to be like those of sheriffs with respect to the State courts. In 1790 they were entrusted with the census enumeration, and so frequently with respect to later censuses. In modern times a marshal in the USA is a police officer with responsibility for a designated area.
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Marshal Henri Philippe Petain was a French soldier. He was born in 1856 at Normandy and died in 1951. He headed the Vichy government which collaborated with the Germans after the fall of France during the Second World War.
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Marshall Jewell was an American statesman. He was born in 1825 and died in 1883. He was elected Governor of Connecticut in 1869, 1871 and 1872. He was Minister to Prussia from 1873 to 1874. In 1874 he was appointed Postmaster-General; after introducing numerous reforms, he resigned in 1876. He was a member of the Republican National Convention in 1880, and was elected chairman of the National Republican Committee.
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The Marsi were a people of southern Italy who contested Roman occupation until they were subdued around 301 BC. They subsequently allied with other peoples in 91 BC and rebelled against the Romans demanding the rights of Roman citizenship. These rights they were granted in 87 BC.
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Marsilio Ficino was an Italian philosopher. He was born in 1433 and died in 1499. In 1482 he translated Plato.
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Martha Layne Collins was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Kentucky from 1983 until 1987.
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Martha Washington (born Martha Dandridge) was the wife of George Washington. She was born in 1732 at Virginia and died in 1802. She married Daniel Parke Custis in 1749, by whom she had four children. She inherited his vast estates and was one of the wealthiest women in Virginia. In 1759 she married George Washington. She was a competent housekeeper and her wealth enabled them to entertain in magnificent style. She fully sympathized with George Washington's revolutionary feelings and suffered many privations for the cause of independence.
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Marthinus Theunis Steyn was a South African statesman. He was born in 1857 and died in 1916. Educated in Holland and England, he was called to the Inner Temple in 1882. On returning to South Africa he practised law at Bloemfontein, before becoming state attorney in 1889 and later first puisne judge. In 1896 he was elected president of the Orange Free State and was loyal to Britain until the outbreak of the Boer War in 1899 when he sided with the Transvaal against the British, and declared war. After the Boer defeat he became a staunch supporter of the British government.
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Martin Cahill was an Irish gangster. He was born in 1950 at Dublin and died in 1994. Martin Cahill was known as 'The General' and was renowned as a clever, but vicious gangster who was responsible for a number of major robberies including the 1973 £90,000 Rathfranham Shopping Centre robbery and probably the 1983 £2 million Thomas O'Connor and Sons jewellery robbery. Martin Cahill was shot dead by the IRA in 1994 while driving his car, 'because of his involvement with, and assistance to pro-British death squads' the IRA claimed.
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Martin Chittenden was an American politician. He was a Federalist governor of Vermont from 1813 until 1815.
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Martin de Alzaga was an Argentine politician. He was born in 1756 and died in 1812. He was mayor of Buenos Aires at the time of the British invasion of 1606 to 1807.
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Martin Droeshout was an English engraver. He was born in 1620 and died in 1651. He is chiefly remembered for his engraving of Shakespeare which is prefixed to the first folio edition of the poet's works published in 1623.
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Martin E Trapp was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Oklahoma from 1923 until 1927.
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Martin F Ansel was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of South Carolina from 1907 until 1911.
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Sir Martin Frobisher was an English navigator. He was born in 1535 and died in 1594. He distinguished himself against the Spanish Armada, and was the first Englishman to attempt a North-west passage to Cathay.
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Martin G Brumbaugh was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Pennsylvania from 1915 until 1919.
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Martin Heidegger was a German existentialist philosopher. He was born in 1889 and died in 1976.
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Martin Henry Glynn was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of New York from 1913 until 1914.
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Martin J Schreiber was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Wisconsin from 1977 until 1979.
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Martin L Davey was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Ohio from 1935 until 1939.
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Martin Luther was a German Protestant Reformer and translator of the bible. He was born in 1483 at Saxony and died in 1546.
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Martin Pinzon was a Spanish explorer. He was born in 1441 and died in 1493. He is reported by some to have visited the New World in 1488 and by others to have seen charts of Norman explorers. He aided Columbus in fitting out his expedition, and was given command of La Pinta. He parted from Columbus in the West Indies and allegedly attempted to usurp the honours of the discovery by arriving first at the Court, but was prevented by storms.
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Martin Scorsese is an American film director. His films include 'Raging Bull'.
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Martin Sennett Conner was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Mississippi from 1932 until 1936.
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Martin John Sutton was a British agriculturist. He was born in 1850 and died in 1913. His father and uncle founded the firm of Sutton and Sons, at the age of 21 Martin Sutton became a partner in the firm and in 1887 head of the firm. He was made a fellow of the Linnean Society and was a member of the National Agricultural Examinations Board. He wrote a number of papers on agricultural subjects.
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Martin Happertzoon Tromp was a Dutch sailor. He was born in 1597 at Briel and died in 1653. He entered the navy in 1607 and rose to admiral in 1637. In 1639 he defeated a Spanish fleet off Gravelines and he served in the campaigns of 1640 to 1641. In 1652 he was defeated by Blake off Dover, but later defeated Blake at the battle of Dungeness. In 1643 he encountered the English off Portland, North Foreland and at Scheveningen where he was killed in action.
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Martin Farquhar Tupper was an English author. He was born in 1810 at London and died in 1889. Educated at Charterhouse and at Christ Church, Oxford he wrote 'Proverbial Philosophy' a collection of didactic poems of little value, which enjoyed great popularity selling over one million copies in the USA and 750,000 copies in Britain.
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Martin Van Buren was the eighth president of the USA. He was born in 1782 at Kinderhook, New York and died in 1862. He was the son of a tavern keeper, and was called to the Bar in 1813.
He rose to eminence in his State both as a lawyer and as a Democratic politician. He is noted as an adroit party manager, and was styled in his time the 'Little Magician'.
He was a State Senator, US Senator from 1821 until 1828, Governor from 1828 to 1829, and Secretary of State under Jackson from 1829 until 1831. In 1831 President Jackson appointed him US Minister to England, but the Senate refused to confirm the nomination.
He was elected with Jackson for the latter's second term, serving as Vice-President from 1833 until 1837, and was the chosen heir to the succession. Elected by 170 electoral votes over the Whig candidate, Harrison, in 1836, he inherited the results of Jackson's measures.
The two foremost places in President Martin Van Buren's Cabinet were held by Forsyth in the State and Woodbury in the Treasury Department. Among the features of public interest in his administration, were the disastrous panic of 1837, the independent treasury system and the preemption law. In 1840 he was pitted against his former antagonist, but with the opposite result; he received only sixty electoral votes.
In 1844 former President Martin Van Buren had a majority, but not a two-thirds majority of votes in the Democratic National Convention; he opposed the annexation of Texas, and was discarded for Polk. In 1848 he was the Free Soil candidate, and diverted enough Democratic votes to defeat Cass and elect Taylor.
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Marvin Griffin was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Georgia from 1955 until 1959.
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Marvin Mandel was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Maryland from @1969 until 1979.
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The Marwari are a people of India.
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Mary Carleton was an English confidence trickster, bigamist, robber, playwright and actress. She was born in 1626 and died in 1663. Married, with two children, and living in Canterbury she became bored with her domestic life and went to Dover where she married a rich German surgeon. Charged with bigamy she fled to Germany and assumed the identity of a German princess. She subsequently tricked many men out of money and valuables, worked as an actress with a German travelling stage company, performing in plays she had written about her own criminal exploits. After returning to England she continued to cheat, trick and rob men of money and valuables until l she was some time later tried for bigamy at the Old Bailey and hanged at Tyburn in 1663.
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Mary Ann Cotton was an English district nurse and serial killer. She was born in 1833 and died in 1873. A resident of Bishops Aukland, Durham, she was suspected of having murdered 36 people - 21 of them close to her, and was convicted of the murder of her second stepson by arsenic poisoning. She was hanged in 1873, her execution being bungled and instead of her spine being broken by the drop, she was strangled by the rope, thrashing at the end of it for over three minutes before she passed out and died.
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Mary Baker Eddy was the founder of the Christian Science Movement. She was born in 1821 at Bow, New Hampshire and died in 1910.
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Mary Hamilton was an English woman tried in 1746 for marrying with her own sex.
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Mary I was queen of Scotland from 1542 to 1567.
Mary I was queen of England from 1553 to 1558. She was born in 1516 and died of cancer in 1558. Mary I was the first Queen Regnant (that is, a queen reigning in her own right rather than a queen through marriage to a king). Courageous and stubborn, her character was moulded by her earlier years: an Act of Parliament in 1533 had declared her illegitimate and removed her from the succession to the throne (she was reinstated in 1544, but her half-brother Edward removed her from the succession once more shortly before his death), whilst she was pressurised to give up the Mass and acknowledge the English Protestant Church. Mary restored papal supremacy in England, abandoned the title of Supreme Head of the Church, reintroduced Roman Catholic bishops and began the slow reintroduction of monastic orders. Mary I also revived the old heresy laws to secure the religious conversion of the country; heresy was regarded as a religious and civil offence amounting to treason (to believe in a different religion from the Sovereign was an act of defiance and disloyalty).
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