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Mehemed Fuad Pasha was a Turkish statesman and man of letters. He was born in 1814at Constantinople (Istambul) and died in 1869. His diplomatic career took him to London, Madrid, and St. Petersburg; he was four times minister of foreign affairs, and for five years grand vizier; and was the chief support of the reform party in the Turkish empire. He wrote poetry, political pamphlets, and a Turkish grammar, which has been translated into several languages.
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Mehemet Aali was a Turkish statesman. He was born in 1815 at Constantinople and died in 1871. He was the son of a government official. Entering the diplomatic service of his country he became successively secretary of the Embassy in Vienna, minister in London, and foreign minister under Reshid Pasha. In 1852 he was promoted to the post of grand vizier, but after a short time retired into private life. During the Crimean War he was recalled in order to take the portfolio of foreign affairs for a second time under Reshid Pasha, and in this capacity took part in 1855 in the conference of Vienna. Again becoming in that year grand vizier, an office he filled no less than five times, he represented Turkey at the congress of Paris in 1856. In 1867 he was appointed regent of Turkey during the sultan's visit to the Paris Exhibition. Aali Pasha was one of the most zealous advocates of the introduction of Western reforms under the sultans Abdul Mejid and Abdul Aziz. A scholar and a linguist, he was a match for the diplomats of the Christian powers, against whom he successfully defended the interests of his country.
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Meier Aaron Goldschmidt was a Danish novelist. He was born in 1819 and died in 1887. In 1840 he founded what became the most famous of Danish newspapers, The Corsair, celebrated for its brilliant wit and audacious satire. In 1845 he published his first novel, A Jew, which was translated into English and several other European languages. In 1847 he published a collection of short stories, and began the issue of another newspaper, North and South. His chief novels are Homeless, The Heir, The Haven, and The Vacillator. He also published a series of short stories of Jewish life, and a play, The Rabbi and the Knight. His style is said to be one of the most graceful in the language.
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Meindert Hobbema was a Dutch landscape painter. He was born in 1638 at Amsterdam and died in 1709. After a life of poverty, about which little is recorded, his pictures achieved popularity after his death, and are amongst the finest of Dutch landscapes. His paintings consist chiefly of forest scenes, ruins, villages, erc, and are highly valued for their excellence in perspective and colouring. The figures in them were generally painted by others.
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Melancthon Smith was an American politician. He was born in 1724 and died in 1798. He was a member of the first New York Provincial Congress in 1775. In 1777 he was a commissioner for detecting and defeating conspiracies in the State. He was a delegate from New York to the Continental Congress from 1785 to 1788. In the New York convention in 1788 to consider the ratification of the Constitution, he supported the Anti-Federal party.
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Melanie Chisholm (also known as 'Sporty Spice' and 'Mel C') is an English singer. She was born in 1974 at Widnes, Merseyside. She became known as 'Sporty Spice' in the 1990's all-girl, manufactured pop group 'The Spice Girls'.
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Melchiore Cesarotti was an Italian poet. He was born in 1730 at Padua and died in 1808. He became professor of rhetoric at Padua, and subsequently professor of the Greek and Hebrew languages. Besides his own poems, his works include translations of Voltaire's tragedies, Ossian, Demosthenes, and the Iliad, and essays on the Philosophy of Languages, on Studies, etc.
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Meldrim Thomson Jr was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Hampshire from 1973 until 1979.
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Meleager was an ancient Greek poet who wrote epigrams.
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Melita Norwood (Melita Sirnis) was an English NKGB, GRU, MGB and KGB spy. She was born in 1912. Melita Norwood (codename Hola) worked for the Soviet intelligence services during the Second World War, first being recruited in 1937 and afterwards, refusing payment for her services, passing details of Britain's first atomic bomb to her Soviet controllers. Her first job was the Woolwich arsenal, where in 1938 all the other members of her spy ring were arrested, but her identity was not discovered by MI5 and she escaped. She was later identified in 1965 by the British Security Service but was not interviewed so as not to compromise other counter intelligence activities.
After the end of the Cold War in 1992 Vasili Mitrokhin defected to the West and brought with him confirmation of Melisa Norwood being a Soviet spy, but the British Security Services decided they didn't have enough evidence to prosecute her. In 1999 when Mitrokhin's memoirs were published news of Melisa Norwood became public and she was questioned by the police in 1999 during which she confessed fully - she said she would gladly do it again - but no action was taken against the then very elderly Melita Norwood perhaps because the manner of her confession mean that it was not admissible as evidence.
Speaking about why she spied for the Soviets, Melita Norwood said that 'she wanted Russia to be on equal footing'. Decorated with the highest KGB award, the Order of The Red Banner, Melita Norwood was one of the most important spies ever and undoubtedly prevented the American use of nuclear weapons against the USSR or its allies during the Cold War by equipping the USSR with its own nuclear weapons with which it could retaliate.
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The Melungeons are a race of mixed descendants of northern Europeans and Angolan Africans of 17th century Virginia, Maryland, Delaware and the Carolinas. These African ancestors first arrived in Virginia in 1619, one year before the pilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock. Early Virginians had not yet embraced chattel slavery and many Africans were indentured in the same class along with white servants. After seven years, black and white servants were released from bondage. Prosperous Melungeons married whites, owned black and white servants, voted and served on juries before 1680. However, as chattel slavery took hold, new colonial laws curbed the rights of mixed Melungeons. After 1720 they fell into a legal crevice of being neither slave nor white. Fleeing persecution, Melungeons settled in the Appalachian Mountains in the 18th century where isolated communities remain today. Early 20th century racial policies in Tennessee designed to discriminate against Melungeons based on the science of eugenics, were studied by Adolf Hitler prior to the Second World War. The name 'Melungeon' comes from the Kimbundu-Angolan word 'malungu' meaning 'comrades who came on the same ship from a common homeland'.
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Melvin E Thompson was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Georgia from 1947 until 1948.
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The Mende are a west African people living in the rainforests of central east Sierra Leone and west Liberia. They number approximately one million. The Mende are farmers as well as hunter-gatherers, and each of their villages is led by a chief and a group of elders. The Mende language belongs to the Niger-Congo family.
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The Mengrelians are a western Georgian tribe of the Grazinian people.
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Baron Menno van Coehorn was a Dutch military engineer. He was born in 1641 and died in 1704. Having entered the Dutch military service he distinguished himself by his invention of small mortars, called after him coehorns, but more by his eminence as a master of the art of fortification, whence he has been called the Dutch Vauban. He fortified almost all the strong places in Holland.
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The Mennonites were a sect that sprang up in Holland and Germany about the time of the Reformation, through the influence of Simon Menno. In doctrine they were allied to the Baptists. Members of this body went to America as early as 1683, and by invitation of William Penn settled in Pennsylvania. In 1727 they published a Confession of Faith.
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The Menominee are an Algonquian tribe of Indians, generally resembling the Ojibwa, but with a distinct language. They formerly ranged over north Wisconsin and upper Michigan. They were unfriendly to the English settlers, but took sides against the colonists during the American War Of Independence. In 1813 also they allied themselves with the British, taking part in several engagements. Treaties were made in 1817, 1825, and 1827. In 1831 they began to cede their lands around Green Bay and Lake Michigan. They aided the Government in the Sac and Fox War and in the Rebellion.
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The Merchants of the Steelyard were a league of German merchants established in London in the 13th century. Their headquarters, the Steelyard, stood near London Bridge. They were expelled in 1578.
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The Mercia were a large and powerful tribe of Anglo-Saxon Britons ruling the English Midlands from Wales in the west, East Anglia in the east, the River Humber in the north and the River Thames in the south, and the less powerful tribes that lived in those parts. Suffering from Viking attacks during the 9th century, the kingdom was divided between Britons and Danes until during the 10th century Edward the Elder conquered the Danish lands and the area was ruled by earldormen on behalf of the Wessex Kings, who ruled all England.
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Meredith M Marmaduke was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Missouri during 1844.
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Meriwether Lewis was an American explorer. He was born in 1774 and died in 1809. He was secretary to President Jefferson from 1801 to 1803. He commanded an expedition with William Clark across the continent of America from 1803 to 1806. They ascended the Missouri River, named three of its tributaries the Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin Rivers, and descended the Columbia River to its mouth. From 1807 to 1809 he was Governor of Missouri Territory.
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Meriwether Smith was an American politician. He was born in 1730 and died in 1790. He was a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1770 and of the Revolutionary conventions of 1775 and 1776. He was a delegate to the Continental Congress from 1778 to 1782, and a member of the convention that ratified the Federal Constitution in 1788.
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Merle Haggard is an American country music musician.
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Merlin was a magician who aided Arthur.
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Merovaeus was son-in-law of Clodion the Hairy, and king of France in 447.
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Merritt C Mechem was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Mexico from 1921 until 1923.
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Meshech Weare was an American politician. He was a governor of New Hampshire from 1776 until 1785.
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The Meskhetian (Meskhians) are a community of the Grazinian of Turkish descent that formerly inhabited Meskhetia, on the then Turkish-Soviet border.
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The Methodists are a Protestant Christian sect. The organisation was founded by John Wesley in England in the middle of the 18th century, and were called 'Methodists' in derision of their methodical habits by people not of the organisation.
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Meyer Guggenheim was an American industrialist. He was born in 1847 in Switzerland and died in 1905. He went to the USA in 1901, and dominated the American mining industry.
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The Miccosukee are an aboriginal people of southern Florida, USA. The Miccosukee never signed a peace treaty with the colonists, and are still officially at war with the American government to regain control of their lands which were taken by force by the European settlers, however in the 20th century this 'war' was a peaceful one conducted through the courts.
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Michael William Balfe was an Irish composer, He was born in 1808 at Dublin and died in 1870. In his seventh year he performed in public on the violin, and at sixteen took the part of the Wicked Huntsman in Der Freischiitz at Drury Lane. In 1825 he went to Italy, wrote the music for a ballet La Peyrouse for the Scala at Milan, and in the following year sang at the Theatre-Italien, Paris, with moderate success. He returned to Italy, and at Palermo was given his first opera, I Rivali (1829). For five years he continued singing and composing operas for the Italian stage. In 1835 he came to England, and composed a number of operas, amongst others The Bohemian Girl (1843), Rose of Castile (1857), Satanella (1858), and The Talisman (first performed in 1874). His operas are melodious and many of the airs are excellent.
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Michael Baius (Michael De Bay) was an English Catholic theologian. He was born in 1513, at Hainaut and died in 1589. Educated at Louvain, he was made professor of theology there in 1563 or 1564, and chosen a member of the Council of Trent. Leaving the scholastic method, he founded systematic theology directly upon the Bible and the Christian fathers, of whom he particularly followed St Augustine. His doctrines of original sin and of salvation by grace led to his persecution as a heretic by the old Scotists, and the Jesuits, who succeeded in obtaining a Papal bull in 1567, condemning the doctrines imputed to him. Baius, however, remained in the possession of his dignities, was appointed in 1578 chancellor of Louvain University; and the King of Spain even conferred upon him the office of inquisitor-general in the Netherlands. He died in 1589. His Augustinian views descended to the Jansenists, while his doctrine of pure undivided love to God formed the staple of Quietism.
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Prince Michael Barclay de Tolly was a Russian soldier. He was born in 1755 and died in 1818. His family, of Scottish origin, had been established in Livonia since 1689. He entered the army at twelve years of age, served in various campaigns against the Turks, Swedes, and Poles, and in 1811 was named minister of war. On the invasion of Napoleon he was transferred to the chief command of the army, and adopted a plan of retreat; his forces did not greatly exceed 100,000 men, but the court became impatient, and after the capture of Smolensk by the French he was superseded by Kutusoff. Sinking all personal feeling, he asked leave to serve under his successor, commanded the right wing at the battle of the Moskwa, maintained his position, and covered the retreat of the rest of the army. After the battle of Bautzen, in 1813, he was reappointed to the chief command, which he had soon after to resign to Prince Schwarzenberg. He forced the surrender of General Vandamme after the battle of Dresden, took part in the decisive battle of Leipzig, and was made a field-marshal in Paris. In 1815 he received from the emperor the title of prince, and from Louis XVIII the badge of the order of Military Merit.
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Michael Bruce was a Scottish poet. He was born in 1746 at Kinnesswood and died in 1767 from consumption. He struggled his whole life against poverty, starting off as a herd boy he managed to attend Edinburgh University.
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Michael Angelo Buonarotti was an Italian painter, sculptor, architect and poet. He was born in 1475 at Tuscany and died in 1563. He studied drawing under Domenico Ghirlandaio, and sculpture under Bertoldo at Florence, and having attracted the notice of Lorenzo de'Medici, was for several years an inmate of his household.
Having distinguished himself both in sculpture and painting, He was commissioned (together with Leonardo da Vinci) to decorate the senate-hall at Florence with a historical design, but before it was finished, in 1505, he was induced by Pope Julius II to settle in Rome. Here he sculptured the monument of the pontiff (there are seven statues belonging to it) now in the church of St Pietro in Vincoli; and painted the dome of the Sistine Chapel, his frescoes representing the creation and the principal events of sacred history.
In 1530 he took a leading part in the defence of Florence against Charles V. Three years later he began his great picture in the Sistine Chapel, the Last Judgment, which occupied him eight years. His last considerable works in painting were two large pictures: the Conversion of St Paul and the Crucifixion of St Peter in the Pauline Chapel.
In sculpture he executed the Descent of Christ from the Cross, four figures of one piece of marble. His statue of Bacchus was thought by Raphael to possess equal perfection with the masterpieces of Phidias and Praxiteles. As late as 1546 he was obliged to undertake the continuation of the building of St Peter's, and planned and built the dome, but he did not live long enough to see his plan finished, in which many alterations were made after his death. Besides this, he undertook the building of the Piazza del Campidoglio (Capitol), of the Farnese Palace, and of many other edifices. His style in architecture is distinguished by grandeur and boldness, and in his ornaments the untamed character of his imagination frequently appears, preferring the uncommon to the simple and elegant. His poems, which he considered merely as pastimes, contain, likewise, convincing proofs of his great genius. His prose works consist of lectures, speeches, etc.
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Michaela C Kerr was an American politician. He was born in 1827 and died in 1876. He was a member of the Indiana Legislature In 1856 and 1857. He was reporter of the Indiana Supreme Court from 1862 to 1865. He represented Indiana in the Congress of the United States as a Democrat from 1865 to 1873, and was Speaker from 1875 to 1876. He served on the Committees on Elections, Civil Service and Ways and Means.
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Michael Cadbury was an English businessman and the brother of George Cadbury. He was born in 1835 and died in 1899.
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Michael Cimino is an American director and screenwriter. He was born in 1940.
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Michael Collins was an Irish politician. He was born in 1890 and died in 1922 when he was ambushed and shot. He took part in the Easter rising in Dublin of 1916 and was elected Sinn Fein member for Cork in 1918.
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Sir Michael Costa was an Italian-born English musical composer and conductor of Spanish extraction. He was born in 1810 at Naples of an old Spanish family and died in 1884. In 1828 he came to England, and in 1839 became a naturalized British subject. He was conductor of the Philharmonic Society, the Sacred Harmonic Society, Her Majesty's Opera, the Handel Festivals, etc. His chief works are the opera Don Carlos and the oratorios Eli and Naaman. He was knighted in 1869.
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Michael Davitt was an Irish Nationalist. He was born in 1846 in County Mayo and died in 1906. He joined the Fenians and was sentenced to 15 years penal servitude in 1865 on a charge of importing arms into Ireland. On his release in 1879 he returned to Ireland and with Parnell started the Land League, an anti-landlord organisation.
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Michael Drayton was an English poet. He was born in 1563 and died in 1631. He is said to have studied at Oxford, and afterwards held a commission in the army. The poem by which his name is chiefly remembered is his Polyolbion, a sort of topographical description of England. It is generally extremely accurate in its details, with, at the same time, many passages of true poetic fire and beauty. Other works are his Nymphidia, the Court of Fairy; the Barons' Wars; the Legend of Great Cromwell; the Battle of Agincourt; besides numerous legends, sonnets, and other pieces. Michael Drayton was made poet-laureate in 1626. He died in 1631, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
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Michael Faraday was a British chemist and physicist. He was born in 1791 at Newington Butts and died in 1867. At an early age he was apprenticed to a bookbinder in London, but occupied himself in his leisure hours with electrical and other scientific experiments.
Having been taken by a friend to Sir Humphry Davy's lectures, he attended the course, and conceived such an ardent desire for study that be resolved to quit trade. With this end he sent his notes of the lectures to Sir Humphry Davy, who was so struck with the great ability they showed that he appointed him his assistant at the Royal Institution. In 1829 he became lecturer at the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich, and in 1833 he was appointed to the newly-established chair of chemistry at the Royal Institution. It was while in this office that he made most of his great electrical discoveries. He discovered electrical currents and invented the dynamo, for example. The farad is named after Michael Faraday.
His communications to the Philosophical Transactions were published separately in three volumes in 1839, 1844 and in 1855. In 1832 he received the honorary degree of D.C.L. from Oxford, was made an honorary member of the Academy at Berlin, with many other honours too numerous to mention. In 1835 he received a pension of 300 pounds a year from Lord Melbourne.
As an experimentalist Michael Faraday was considered the very first of his time. As a popular lecturer he was equally distinguished, and used to draw crowds to the Friday evening lecture at the Royal Institution. Amongst his published works were: Researches in Electricity (1831-1855), Lectures on Non-metallic Elements (1853), Lectures on the Forces of Matter (1860), Lectures on the Chemical History of a Candle (1861).
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Prince Michael Gortschakoff was a Russian general. He was born in 1792 and died in 1861. He took part as an artillery officer in the Battle of Borodino in 1812, and served in the subsequent campaigns of the allies against t'he French. He took a prominent part in the Turkish war of 1828 to 29; the Polish war of 1831; the invasion of Hungary in 1849; and in the war with Turkey and the western powers from 1853 to 1855. In the Crimean War he held the command in Sebastopol during the siege. After the war he was made governor of Poland.
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Michael Hahn was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Louisiana from 1864 until 1865.
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Michael Joseph Jackson (nicknamed Wacko Jacko) was an American singer. He was born in 1958 at Gary, Indiana and died in 2009 of a heart attack. He started his career with his brothers singing in 'The Jackson Five', when he was eleven years old and went on to become one of the biggest music stars of all time, his album 'Thriller' selling more copies than any other record. Michael Jackson was denied a child hood, by his father, being pushed to become a music star and forced to perform, an abuse which left the performer an eccentric character, his adult life being dogged by peculiarities, not least of which was the constant operations to alter his appearance and make him appear more caucasian and less negro. Allegations of child abuse were denied, and he was acquitted, though the suspicion remained, fuelled in no small part by his reclusive nature and obsession with infantile behaviour, he lived on a ranch he called 'Never Land', a reference to the play Peter Pan.
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Michael Norman Manley was Prime Minister of Jamaica from 1989 to 1992. He was born in 1924 and educated in economics at London University. During the Second World War he served as a pilot officer with the Royal Canadian Air Force from 1943 to 1945. After the war he was a freelance journalist with the BBC from 1950 to 1951.
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Michael George Mulhall was a British statistician. He was born in 1836 at Dublin and died in 1900. He went to South America and there founded the first English daily paper, the Buenos Ayres Standard, in 1861. He also wrote the first English book printed in Argentina, the Handbook of the River Plate, published in 1869, but his chief work was in the compilation of statistics.
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Michael Munkacsy was a Hungarian painter. He was born in 1846 at Munkacs and died in 1900. He was born Michael Lieb, but changed his name based on his place of birth.
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Michael N Castle was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Delaware from 1985 until 1993.
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Michael O'Herlihy was an Irish film director. He was born in 1928 at Dublin and died in 1997.
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Michael S Dukakis was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Massachusetts from 1983 until 1991.
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Michael Gregorovitch Tchernaiev was a Russian general. He was born in 1828 and died in 1898. He gained distinction in the Crimean War. In 1864 he stormed Chimkend, and in 1865 reduced Tashkent. He retired in 1874 and edited the journal Ruski Mir. In 1876 he was Commander-in-chief of the Serbian army but was defeated at Alexinatz. In 1879 he incited a rising of the Bulgarians and was arrested and deported back to Russia.
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Michael V Di Salle was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Ohio from 1959 until 1963.
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Michael Wilson was an American screenwriter. He was born in 1914 and died in 1978.
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Michel Adanson was a French naturalist and traveller. He was born in 1727 and died in 1806. He lived five years in Senegal, and wrote a natural history of this region as well as works on botany. The baobab genus is named Adansonia after him.
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Michel Angelo Amerighi Caravaggio was an Italian painter. He was born in 1569 at Caravaggio and died in 1609. He attained distinction as a colourist of the Neapolitan school, being considered the head of the so-called Naturalists' school. He was coarse and violent in his character and habits, and was in continual trouble through his quarrelsome disposition. Among his chief pictures are the Card Player, the Burial of Christ, St Sebastian, Supper at Emmaus, and a Holy Family.
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Michel Chevalier was a French economist. He was born in 1806 at Limoges and died in 1879. He was educated as an engineer in the School of Mines, joined the St Simonians, and suffered six months' imprisonment for promulgating the free doctrines of Pere Enfantin's party. On his liberation Michel Chevalier renounced his extreme doctrines, and was sent to the United States and to England on special missions. He became a councillor of state in 1838, professor of political economy in the College de France in 1840, member of the chamber of deputies in 1846, and member of the Institute in 1851. By this time he had written a number of works: Lettres sur L'Amerique du Nord; Des Interets Materiels en France; Essais de Politique Industrielle; Cours d'Economie Politique, etc. He was known as a strong advocate of free-trade, and as a specialist on questions of currency. Along with Cobden and Bright he had a great part in the commercial treaty of 1860 between France and Britain.
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Michel Eugene Chevreui was a French chemist. He was born in 1786 and died in 1889. In 1813 he became professor of physical science in the Charlemagne Lyceum, in 1824 director of dyeing in the Gobelins manufactory, in 1830 professor of chemistry in the College de France. In 1879 he retired. He has written various works on chemistry and dyeing, and an important work on the Principles of Harmony and Contrast of Colours, translated into English.
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Michel de Montaigne was a French essayist. He was born in 1533 at Bordeaux and died in 1592.
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Michel Gerard Christophe Duroc, Duke of Friuli, was a French soldier. He was born in 1772 at Pont-a-Mousson and died in 1813, at the battle of Bautzen. He served as aide-de-camp to Napoleon in the Italian and Egyptian campaigns. In 1805 he was made grand-marshal of the palace; and was frequently employed in diplomatic missions, though he still took his full share in the wars of France until the time of his death. He was a great favourite of Napoleon, and was killed by his side.
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Michel Ney was a French general. He was born in 1769 and died in 1815. He served under Napoleon at Jena, Borodino and Waterloo.
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Michel Van Coxie or Michel Van Coxcie was a Flemish painter. He was born about 1500 and died in 1592. He travelled to Rome, where he remained for several years attracted by the works of Raphael. Here he executed several paintings in fresco, and many other pieces. For Philip II of Spain he executed an admirable copy of Van Eyck's altar-piece at Ghent.
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Michelle Heaton is an English singer. She was born in 1980 at Newcastle-upon-Tyne. She is best known as a member of the pop group Liberty X.
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Micipsa was king of Numidia in ancient Africa. He succeeded his father Masinissa, and reigned from 1480 to 118 BC. He was on good terms with the Romans, whom he assisted with auxiliary troops both against Viriathus in Spain in 142 BC and against Numantia in 133 BC.
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Sir Michael Philip Jagger (popularly known as Mick Jagger) is an English musician. He was born in 1943 at Dartford, Kent. During the early 1960's he and his long-time friend Keith Richards formed the pop group the 'Rolling Stones' with Mick Jagger on lead vocals and Keith Richards on guitar together with Bill Wyman on bass guitar, Charlie Watts on drums and Brian Jones on guitar. He was knighted in 2002 for his services to the British music industry.
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The Micmac are a tribe of North American Indians, an eastern branch of the Algonquin family, who formed the dominant element in Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick and adjacent parts. They were among the first native Americans met by Europeans, and John Cabot took three back to England in 1497.
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Miguel Ricardo de Alava was a Spanish soldier. He was born in 1771 and died in 1843. He served first in the navy and then in the army of Spain. During 1808 to 1811 he fought on the side of the French, then joined the Spanish independents, and served under Wellington, who gave him command of a brigade. Later he was Spanish ambassador in the Netherlands in 1819, London in 1834 and Paris in 1835. In 1822 he was elected president of the Cortes.
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Miguel Aleman was a Mexican politician. He was born in 1902 and died in 1983. He was president of Mexico from 1946 to 1952.
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Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra was a Spanish writer. He was born in 1547 at Acala de Henares and died in 1616. He was the author of the book Don Quixote de la Mancha.
He removed to Madrid at the age of seven and commenced writing verses at an early age, his pastoral Filena attracted the notice of Cardinal Acquaviva, whom he accompanied to Italy as a page. In 1570 he served under Colonna in the war against the Turks and African corsairs, and in the battle of Lepanto of 1571 he lost the use of his left hand. After this he joined the troops at Naples, in the service of the Spanish king, winning the highest reputation as a soldier. In 1575, while returning to his country, he was taken by the corsair Arnaut Mami, and sold in Algiers as a slave - a condition in which he remained for seven years, displaying great fortitude. In 1580 his friends and relations at length ransomed him, and, rejoining his old regiment, he fought in the naval battle and subsequent storming of Terceira. In 1583, however, he retired from service, and recommenced his literary work, publishing in 1584 his pastoral Galatea. In the same year he married, and lived for a long time by writing for the stage, to which he contributed between twenty and thirty plays, of which two only have survived.
F'rom 1588 to 1599 he lived retired at Seville, where he held a small office. He did not appear again as an author until 1605, when he produced the first part of Don Quixote, a work having, as its immediate aim, the satirical treatment of the novels of chivalry then popular, but embodying at the same time human types of cosmopolitan interest, and having a profounder bearing upon life than its express object covered.
In 1613 his twelve Exemplary Novels (his best work after Don Quixote), in 1614 his Journey to Parnassus, and in 1615 eight new dramas, with intermezzos, were published. In 1614 an unknown writer published, under the name of Alonzo Fernandez de Avellaneda, a continuation of Don Quixote, full of abuse of Cervantes, who thereupon published the real continuation, which was the last work of his issued during his lifetime. His novel Persiles and Sigismunda was published after his death.
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Mihail Eminescu was a Romanian poet. He was born in 1849 and died in 1889. He studied philosophy, started life as a teacher and was then appointed to the University Library at Jassy. He later became the editor of Timpul, a Romanian Conservative paper. In 1883 he developed signs of alleged madness and was killed by a fellow inmate in an institution in 1889.
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Mike Hayden was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Kansas from 1987 until 1991.
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Mike O'Callaghan was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Nevada from 1971 until 1979.
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Mike Sullivan was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Wyoming from 1987 until 1995.
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Mikhail Alexeyev was a Russian military commander during The Great War. He was born in 1855 and died in 1918. In 1914 he was Chief of Staff to General Ivanoff on the South-east Front, becoming Chief of Staff to the Russian Army 1915, a post he held until 1917 when after the March 1917 revolution he was replaced by General Brusilov, and following the October Revolution he helped found the Volunteer Army, fighting with the counter- revolutionary army against the Bolsheviks.
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Mikhail Fokine was a Russian dancer. He was born at St Petersburg in 1880. He died in 1942. He is famous for his work with ballet.
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Mikhail Glinka was a Russian composer. He was born in 1803 at Smolensk and died in 1857.
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Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin was a Russian politician. He was born in 1875 at Tver and died in 1946. He was President of the Soviet Central Executive Committee from 1919 to 1938 and President of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 1938 to 1946.
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Mikhail Yurevitch Lermentoff was a Russian poet and novelist. He was born in 1814 at Moscow, of Scottish descent and died in 1841. He became an officer in the Russian army. The death of Pushkin inspired his first poem. This incurred the displeasure of the Tsar, who sent him to serve in the Caucasus. He was killed in a duel in 1841.
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Miles B McSweeney was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of South Carolina from 1899 until 1903.
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Miles Coverdale was an English bishop. He was born in 1488 at Yorkshire and died in 1568. He was educated at Cambridge, and was ordained priest in 1514. He was led some years afterwards to embrace the reformed doctrines, and, having gone abroad, assisted Tindall in his translation of the Bible. In 1535 his own translation of the Scriptures appeared, with a dedication to Henry VIII. Miles Coverdale was almoner to Queen Catharine Parr, and officiated at her funeral. In 1551, during the reign of Edward VI, he was appointed Bishop of Exeter, but was ejected on the accession of Mary, and thrown into prison. After two years' confinement he was liberated, and proceeded first to Denmark, and subsequently to Geneva, where he was employed in preparing the Geneva translation of the Scriptures. On the accession of Elizabeth I he returned to England, and held for a short time the rectory of St Magnus, London Bridge.
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Millard F Caldwell was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Florida from 1945 until 1949.
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Millard Fillmore was the thirteenth president of the USA from 1850 to 1853. He was born in 1800 at Locke, New York and died in 1874. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1823 and began practice in Aurora, New York, and by the mid-19th century was a recognised political leader of New York state, being elected to the state assembly in 1828 after which he secured the passage of a law abolishing imprisonment for debt. He represented New York as a Whig in the Congress of the United States from 1833 until 1835, and again from 1837 until 1843, when he served as chairman of the Ways and Means Committee and drafted the tariff bill of 1842. From 1847 until 1849 he was State Controller.
In 1848 he was elected Vice-President of the United States on the Whig ticket with Zachary Taylor for President. He became president upon the death of President Taylor in 1850. During his administration the Compromise Acts of 1850 were passed and the Japanese expedition of 1853 was arranged. In 1856 he was defeated as the National American candidate for President of the United States. He commanded a corps during the American Civil War, and was president, of the Buffalo Historical Society.
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Milledge L Bonham was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of South Carolina from 1862 until 1864.
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Dame Millicent Garrett Fawcett was a leader of the movement for women's suffrage in England. She was born in 1847 at Aldeburgh, Suffolk and died in 1929. A daughter of a radical ship owner, she married the blind Henry Fawcett in 1867 and immediately began to work for women's suffrage, making her first speech on the subject in 1868 and in 1897 became president of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies.
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Mills E Godwin Jr was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Virginia from 1974 until 1978.
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A millwright is a mechanic whose occupation is to build mills, or to set up their machinery.
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Milton Byron Babbitt is an American composer. He was born in 1916 at Philadelphia. He studied with the American composer Roger Sessions and joined the Princeton University faculty in 1938, and in 1959 he helped found the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center. In 1982 he was awarded a Pulitzer Special Citation for his life's work. His works include 'Philomel' written in 1964, for soprano and magnetic tape, and 'Concerti for Violin, Small Orchestra', and the 1976 Synthesized Tape.
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Milton J Shapp was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Pennsylvania from 1971 until 1979.
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Milton S Latham was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of California during 1860.
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Milward L Simpson was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Wyoming from 1955 until 1959.
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Minangkabau are an Indonesian people of west Sumatra. In addition to approximately 3 million Minangkabau in west Sumatra, there are sizeable communities in the major Indonesian cities. The
Minangkabau language belongs to the Austronesian family.
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Mindy McReady is an American country singer. She was born in 1975 at Fort Meyers, Florida.
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The Minyae were one of the tribes of the original Pelagic race in early Greece.
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Mirabeau was a French orator. He was born in 1749 and died in 1791.
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(1798-1859), was commissioned major in the Texan revolution. He was vice-president of Texas from 1836 to 1838, and president from 1838 to 1841. He was prominent at Monterey during the Mexican War.
Martha Lamb
Martha Lamb was an American historian. She was born in 1829 at Massachusetts and died in 1893. She was the author of a 'History of the City of New York', and many historical essays for periodicals. From 1883 to 1892 she was editor of the Magazine of American History.
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Miriam A Ferguson was an American politician. She was a Democratic governor of Texas from 1924 to 1926 and again from 1933 until 1935.
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The Miskito are an American Indian people of Central America, living mainly in the area that is now Nicaragua.
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The Mixtecs were a civilized nation of Central America whose territory (Mixtecapan) was conterminous with that of the kindred Zapotecs, with whom they were allies against the Aztecs. Their ancestors now live in southern Mexico.
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The Moabites were a Palestinian tribe east of the Red Sea. They were supposedly descended from Moab, son of Lot. They were at constant strife with Israel, until David subdued them and their king Mesha later revolted against Israel.
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Modest Petrovich Moussorgsky was a Russian composer. He was born in 1835 at St Petersburg and died in 1881.
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The Modocs or Modoc Indians are an American Indian tribe. They lived on the south shore of Klamath Lake in California and on the Oregon frontier. They began attacks against the whites as early as 1847. Hostilities continued until 1864, when they ceded their lands and agreed to go on a reservation which was not set apart until 1871. In the meantime they were placed on the Klamath reservation, and later on the Yainax reservation. A band under Captain Jack left the reservation and settled on Lost River, whence they refused to depart. Hostilities followed, Captain Jack retreated to the Lava Beds and was not finally conquered until June, 1873 when most of them died. The survivors were removed to the Klamath reservation in Indian Territory where they numbered less than 300 in 1900.
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The Moeso-Goths were a tribe of Goths who settled in Moesia on the Lower Danube and devoted themselves to architecture under the protection of the Roman emperors.
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Mohammed (Mahomet, Mehmet, Muhammad) was the founder of the religion of Islam. He was born in 570 at Mecca and died in 632.
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Mohammed Shems Ed Din Hafiz was one of the most celebrated and most charming poets of Persia. He was born in the beginning of the 14th century at Shiraz and died about 1390. He studied theology and law, sciences which, in Muslim countries, were intimately connected with each other. He preferred independent poverty as a dervish to a life at court, whither he was often invited by Sultan Ahmed, who earnestly pressed him to visit Bagdad. His poems, known collectively as the Divan, are Anacreontic in sentiment, abounding in the praise of love and wine.
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Mohammed Anwar el Sadat was president of Egypt. He was born in 1919 and died in 1981 when he was assassinated.
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The Mohawks or Agmegue are a North American Indian people, part of the Iroquois confederation, who lived in the Mohawk Valley, New York, and now live on reservations in Ontario, Quebec, and New York State, as well as among the general population. Their language belongs to the Macro-Siouan group. The English early secured their friendship, and during the French and Indian Wars they proved valuable allies of the colonists. In the American War of Independence the tribe under Brant carried on hostilities against the Americans. In 1784 the Mohawks retired to Upper Canada.
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The Mohican were a North American Indian people, speaking an Algonquian language, who formerly occupied the Hudson Valley, New York. In 1628 they were driven to the Connecticut River by the Mohawks, but a part subsequently returned to their old home. Others who had previously gone eastward became known as the Pequots. The Mohicans were continually friendly to the English colonists during the struggle with the French, and also served the Americans in the American War Of Independence. The tribe finally became divided. Some were assigned a reservation at Red Springs, and many became citizens.
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The Mohocks were ruffians usually armed with razors and knives, who went about London at night, wounding and disfiguring men and indecently exposing women. A reward of one hundred pounds was offered by royal proclamation in 1712 for apprehending any one of them. One of their favourite tricks was to roll a victim down Snow Hill in a tub, another was to push over coaches onto rubbish heaps.
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The Moi (Montagnard) are an aboriginal people inhabiting the highlands of south Vietnam.
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Mojos was a collective name for a large number of South American tribes who gathered about the missions around the Mamore and Beni rivers in Bolivia.
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Jean Baptiste Poquelin (Moliere) was a French dramatist. He was born in 1622 and died in 1673.
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The Molly Maguires were an Irish secret society which established a reign of terror in the coal regions of Pennsylvania, USA from 1854 to 1877. The society was brought to an end by the conviction and execution of its leaders in 1876 and 1877.
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Molly Mog (the Fair Maid of the Inn) was an English beauty. She was born in about 1699 at Oakingham, Berkshire and died in 1766. the daughter of an inn keeper, she was renowned for her beauty and had a ballad written about her.
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The Molokani were a west Russian sect dating from the 16th century who maintained primitive Christian doctrines and practices. In 1905 they were persecuted by the local authorities around the Caucasus.
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The Mon are a minority ethnic group living in the Irrawaddy delta region of lower Myanmar (Burma) and Thailand. The Mon language belongs to the Mon- Khmer branch of the Austro-Asiatic family. They are Buddhists, but also retain older animist beliefs.
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A Monegasque is a person that comes from Monaco.
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Mongols are any of the various Mongol (or Mongolian) ethnic groups of Central Asia. Mongols live in Mongolia, Russia, Inner Mongolia (China), Tibet, and Nepal. The Mongol language belongs to the Altaic family; some groups of Mongol descent speak languages in the Sino-Tibetan family, however. The Mongols are primarily pastoral nomads, herding sheep, horses, cattle, and camels. Traditionally the Mongols moved with their animals in summer to the higher pastures, returning in winter to the lower steppes.
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Mongoloid refers to one of the three major races of humans, including the indigenous peoples of Asia, the Indians of the Americas, Polynesians, and the Inuit and Aleuts. General physical traits include dark eyes with epicanthic folds; straight to wavy dark hair; little beard or body hair; fair to tawny skin; low to medium-bridged noses; thin to medium lips.
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A Monk is a man who retires from the world to live in a monastery as a member of some religious order. Originally all monks were laymen, but after the 8th century the seniors and by degrees the other member were admitted to holy orders.
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Monrad C Wallgren was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Washington from 1945 until 1949.
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The Montauks were an American Indian tribe which, at the time of the settlement of Long Island by whites, occupied the east end of the island. In 1659 they were nearly exterminated by the Block Island Indians. In 1660, 1663, 1670 and 1687 they conveyed their lands to certain bodies of settlers at Easthampton, reserving the right to live on them or parts of them. By the end of the 19th century they were extinct.
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The Montenegrin are Slavic inhabitants of Montenegro whose culture has much in common with the Serbs.
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Montezuma I was the fifth Aztec sovereign of Mexico. He was born in 1390 and died in 1464. He succeeded to the throne in 1436, enlarged his capital Tenochtitlan, and extended his power to the Atlantic and to the Pacific.
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Montezuma II was an Aztec sovereign of Mexico. He was born in 1466 and died in 1520. He succeeded to the throne in 1502 and pushed the Aztec conquests further south. Upon the appearance of Cortes he vacillated - believing in the ancient prophecies of his race - and died while a prisoner of the Spanish.
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Montfort Stokes was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of North Carolina from 1830 until 1832.
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The Montgolfier brothers made a hot air balloon, in which Jean François Pilatre de Rozier and the Marquis d'Ariandes made the world's first aerial voyage over Paris on November the 21st 1783.
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Bernard Law Montgomery was a British soldier. He was born in 1887 at County Donegal in Ireland. He entered the army in 1908 and served in the Great War. In 1939 he was Divisional Commander. He took part in the evacuation of Dunkirk and in 1942 took over command of the Eight Army in North Africa. In 1944 he led the 21st Army Group in Normandy to the Rhine.
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Moody Currier was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Hampshire from 1885 until 1887.
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The Moors were dark skinned, mixed race (part Arab, part Berber) people of North Africa who under the influence of Islam conquered an empire stretching from the Pamirs to the Pyrenees in the 9th century. Their occupation of Spain lasted from 711 until 1492.
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The Moquis were an American Indian tribe in Arizona on the Little Colorado and San Juan Rivers. They killed or expelled the early missionaries who visited them. They suffered greatly from the attacks of Apaches and Navajos.
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Mordecai Bartley was an American politician. He was a Whig governor of Ohio from 1844 until 1846.
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Mordecai Gist was an American soldier. He was born in 1743 and died in 1792. He was elected captain of the first Maryland company in the American War Of Independence, fought at Camden in 1780, and gained a victory over the British at Combahee in 1783.
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Mordecai Menahem Kaplan was an American rabbi and philosopher. He was born in 1881 at Svencionys, Lithuania and died in 1983. After emigrating with his family to the USA in 1889, Kaplan studied theology and became ordained as a rabbi in 1902. He founded the Jewish Center in New York in 1916 and in 1922 the Society for the Advancement of Judaism. He was a reformist, campaigning for a more equal role for women within the Jewish religion.
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The Mordvin are a Finnish people inhabiting the middle Volga Valley in west Asia. They are known to have lived in the region since the 1st century. There are 1 million speakers of Mordvin scattered throughout west Russia, about one-third of whom live in the Mordvinian republic. *Morgan F. Larson
Morgan F Larson was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Jersey from 1929 until 1932.
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Morgan Lewis was an American politician. He was born in 1754 and died in 1844. He served in the American Continental army from 1776 to 1783, commanding at Stone Arabia and Crown Point. He was Chief Justice of New York from 1801 to 1804 and Governor from 1804 to 1807. He was a major-general in the Niagara campaign and commanded at Sackett's Harbor and French Creek.
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Morgan L Smith was an American soldier. He was born in 1822 and died in 1874. He fought at Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, and led a brigade at Shiloh and Corinth. He commanded a division at Vicksburg, Missionary Ridge, Knoxville and Chattanooga.
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Moritz Von Schwind was an Austrian painter. He was born in 1804 at Vienna and died in 1871.
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Morley Griswold was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Nevada from 1934 until 1935.
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The Mormons are a religious sect originally located in Utah and the Territories and States in its neighbourhood. The sect was founded by Joseph Smith, of Sharon, Vermont, and Palmyra, New York, the first organized conference being held on June the 1st, 1830, at Fayette, New York. The distinguishing features of their belief are polygamy, materialism and baptism for the remission of sins. The Mormons first settled in Missouri, but were expelled thence, probably because of their anti-slavery sentiments. In 1839. they settled at Nauvoo, Illinois. In 1844 an Illinois mob killed the leader Smith. Emigrating again, by 1848 they were settled at Salt Lake City. Brigham Young, the president, was appointed Governor of Utah Territory in 1850 by President Fillmore, but he turned out to be wholly in sympathy with the Mormons, and resisted the Federal troops in 1857. For many years after the American Government experienced many difficulties in regulating the relations of the Mormons and Christians in Salt Lake City. In 1883 the Edmunds Act disfranchised polygamists.
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Morocco men was the name given to the touts who wandered around the public houses and streets of England selling lottery tickets during the 18th century. In 1796 the great State Lottery employed 7500 Morocco men to sell their tickets.
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Morrie Ryskind was an American comedy writer. He was born in 1895 at New York and died in 1985.
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Morrison K Waite was an American jurist. He was born in 1816 and died in 1888. He was called to the bar in 1839 and soon was acknowledged as a leader. He was a member of the Ohio Legislature in 1849. He won distinction as a counsel for the United States in the Alabama claims before the tribunal of arbitration at Geneva, Switzerland, from 1871 to 1872. He was elected President of the Ohio Constitutional Convention in 1874. He became Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court in 1874 and served until his death.
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Mortimer R Proctor was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Vermont from 1945 until 1947.
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Moses was the founder and legislator of the Israelite nation. He delivered his people from Egypt.
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Moses Alexander was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Idaho from 1915 until 1919.
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Moses Cleveland was an American pioneer. He was born in 1754 at Connecticut and died in 1806. He was a promoter of the purchase from Connecticut of the so-called Western Reserve, and was the founder of the city of Cleveland.
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Sir Moses Haim Montefiore was a Jewish philanthropist who made a fortune on the London stock market. He was born in 1784 and died in 1885. He became sheriff of London in 1837. He secured better treatment for Jews in various countries, including: Turkey, Russia, Moldavia and Morocco.
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Moses Robinson was an American politician. He was a governor of Vermont from 1789 until 1790.
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Moses Wisner was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Michigan from 1859 until 1860.
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The Mosquitos are native Indians of the Sumo-Mosquito group of the Mosquito coast on the Atlantic side of Nicaragua, and Honduras in Central America. They are a mixed race people evolved from local aborigines, Carib Indians, Negro slaves and Europeans. They were formerly protected by Britain, which thereby claimed a footing in Central America but this caused severe problems with the USA which culminated in the Clayton-Bulwer treaty of 1850.
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The Mossi are the majority ethnic group living in Burkina Faso. Their social structure, based on a monarchy and aristocracy, was established in the 11th century. The Mossi have been prominent traders, using cowrie shells as currency. At the end of the 20th century there were reckoned on being about four million Mossi.
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The Mosstroopers were bandits who plagued the border area between England and Scotland. They were so named from camping on the mosses.
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Mother Shipton was an English prophetess. She was born around 1487 Ursula Southill and lived in Knaresborough, Yorkshire. She was popularly believed to have occult powers and to have foretold the Great Fire of London.
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The moundbuilders is a name given to an American prehistoric race the principal remains of which are extensive earthworks found in the Mississippi Valley extending from the lakes southward to the gulf. Many of these are clearly defensive works or places of sepulture. Fort Hill, Ohio, has a line of circumvallation about four miles in extent. These defensive works also include structures used for religious purposes. Many mounds are of regular outline assuming the form of various geometrical figures. In Newark, Ohio, works of this character cover an area of more than two square miles. A mound near St Louis is 700 feet long by 500 broad at the base and ninety feet high. Some mounds of this character contain skeletons. Mounds, such as those near Wheeling, West Virginia, and Miamisburg, Ohio, are possibly the graves of distinguished personages. In Wisconsin and Iowa are earthworks which assume the outline of men and animals. One in Adams County, Ohio, has the form of a serpent. It is over 1000 feet in length and its mouth is partially closed around an egg of perfectly regular dimensions. The figure reaches a height of about five feet. Various theories prevail as to the question what race built the mounds. It is now frequently thought to have been a race related to the Indians.
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Sue Mountstuart Elphinstone Frant Duff was a Scottish writer on political and other subjects. He was born in 1829 at Aberdeenshire and died in 1906. He was educated at Edinburgh Academy, The Grange, Bishop Wearmouth, and Balliol College, Oxford. He was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1854, and in 1857 entered the House of Commons as Liberal member for the Elgin Burghs, which constituency he continued to represent until 1881. He was under-secretary for India in Gladstone's ministry from 1868 to 1874, and under-secretary for the colonies from 1880 to 1881, in which latter year he was appointed governor of Madras. His Indian administration was most successful, and on his retirement in 1886 he was made a GOSI. He was president of the Royal Geographical Society from 1889 until 1893, and of the Royal Historical Society from 1892 until 1899, and was also a trustee of the British Museum. His published works include Studies in European Politics (1866); A Political Survey (1868); Elgin Speeches (1871); Notes of an Indian Journey (1876); Miscellanies, Political and Literary (1879); Memoir of Sir H. S. Maine (1892); Ernest Renan (1893); and Notes from a Diary (published in seven volumes between 1897 and 1905).
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Mountstuart Elphinstone was an English statesman and historian. He was born in 1779 at Scotland and died in 1859. He joined the Bengal civil service in 1795, was ambassador to the Afghan court in 1808, was resident at the court of Poonah from 1810 to 1817, and was British commissioner to that province from 1817 to 1819, when he became governor of Bombay. During a government of seven years he established a code of laws, lightened taxes, and paid great attention to schools and public institutions. He resigned in 1827. A college established by the natives was called after him Elphinstone College. He was the author of an Account of the Kingdom of Cabul and its Dependencies (1815), and a History of India (1841). He was offered the governor-generalship of India in 1835, and afterwards that of Canada, both of which he declined.
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William Moy Thomas was a British author and journalist. He was born in 1828 and died in 1910. He was private secretary to Charles Wentworth Dilke; on the staff of Household Words from 1851 until 1858; was dramatic critic, and contributor to The Daily News from 1868 until1901; dramatic critic of The Academy from 1875 until 1879; and first editor of Cassell's Magazine, for which he wrote his novel, 'A Fight for Life' from 1866 until 1867. He edited the poetical works of William Collins, with memoir in 1806 ; and re-edited Lord Wharncliffe's Letters and Works of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, 2 vols. In 1861.
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The Mpongwa are a native tribe of the Gabon.
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Mrs Grant of Laggan was a Scottish author. She was born in 1755 at Glasgow and died in 1838. Her maiden name was M'Vicar and her husband, the Reverend James Grant of Laggan, died in 1801, leaving her a widow, with eight children, and little money and income. In 1803 she published by subscription a volume of poems, and in 1806 won reputation by her Letters from the Mountains, a series of letters describing her life in the Highlands, the character of the people, and the natural scenery. For some time she conducted a boarding establishment for young ladies in Edinburgh. Her chief subsequent works are her Memoirs of an American Lady, and Essays on the Superstitions of the Highlanders of Scotland (published in 1811); Eighteen Hundred and Thirteen, a poem (published in 1814), and her Memoirs, published posthumously in 1844. In 1825 she obtained a pension from government.
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Mugwump is a word of the Massachusetts Indians, meaning a great personage (mugquomp). After long use in American localities, and occasional use in American politics, it came into prominence in 1884, being then applied to those independent members of the Republican party, who openly refused to vote for the party's candidate, Blaine. Thus the name came to be applied to all Independent Republicans.
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Muhammad Abduh was an Egyptian theologian and patriot. He was born in 1849 and died in 1905. He campaigned for an independent Egypt and educational reorganisation.
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Muhammed Ali (formerly Cassius Clay) is an American former world champion boxer. He was born in 1942. He won the world heavyweight title in 1964, four years after winning the Olympic light-heavyweight championship. In 1967 his boxing license was withdrawn because he refused to serve in the US armed forces (as his religious faith forbade). His license was reinstated in 1970 and in 1971 he lost on points to Joe Frazier when trying to regain his title.
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Mulatta is an offensive term for the female offspring of a white man and a black woman. A male child is similarly termed a Mulatto. Both terms mean a mongrel or mule.
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Mulatto is an offensive term for the male offspring of a white man and a black woman. A female child is similarly termed a Mulatta. Both terms mean a mongrel or mule.
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The Munda are any one of several groups living in north east and central India, numbering about 5 million in 1983. Their most widely spoken languages are Santali and Mundari, languages of the Munda group, an isolated branch of the Austro-Asiatic family. The Mundas were formerly nomadic hunter- gatherers, but now practise shifting cultivation. They are Hindus, but retain animist beliefs.
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The Mundrucus are a tribe of South American Indians. They live along the south bank of the Amazon.
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Mungo Park was a Scottish explorer. He was born in 1771 and died in 1806 when he drowned at Boussa. He is famous for exploring Africa. He was first sent by the African Association to explore the valley of the Niger in 1795. He returned for a second exploration to west Africa in 1805.
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Murphy J Foster was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Louisiana from 1892 until 1900.
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Murray D Van Wagoner was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Michigan from 1941 until 1942.
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The Muskogean (Creeks) were a race of North American Indians including the Choctaws, Chickasaws and the Seminoles. They lived in the Gulf states east of the Mississippi.
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A Muslim is someone who professes the religion of Islam.
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Mustafa Kemel Ataturk was a Turkish army officer and president of Turkey from 1923 to 1938. He was born in 1881 at Salonika, Greece and died in 1938. He entered a military career early in life and proved himself a capable - if irritating commander. Following the Great War he organised resistance before being elected president of the Turkish Republic which he set about modernising in a dictatorial manner, but with the aim of instigating democracy which he succeeded in doing and also tempering the religious fervour of some of his country folk and instead adopting western attitudes of tolerance. The result was that he re-established Turkey's international position and ended the animosity which had existed previously between Turkey and so many other countries. Today, Mustafa Kemel Ataturk is suitably remembered as the founder of modern Turkey and a great statesman and soldier.
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Mustapha-Ben-Abdallah Hadji Khalifah was a Turkish historian. He was born about 1605 at Constantinople (Istanbul) and died in 1658. He became 'first secretary' to Sultan Mourad IV. His most important work is Keshf-ul-tzunun, a kind of encyclopaedia of Arabic, Turkish, and Persian literature. Among his other works are Chronological Tables, Mirror of the World, History of the Maritime Wars of the Turks. All the works mentioned have been translated into Latin or modern languages.
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The Mutazilites were an 8th-century liberal Muslim sect that later merged into the Shiahs.
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Mutsuhito was Emperor of Japan from 1867 until 1912. He was born in 1852 and died in 1912. He abolished the feudal system and modernised Japan with state schools, conscription and the Western calendar. Under his rule Japan became a world naval and military power. In 1889 he introduced a constitution.
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Muzio Clementi was an Italian composer. He was born in 1752 and died in 1832. As young as twelve years old he wrote a successful mass for four voices, and had made such progress in the pianoforte that an Englishman, Mr. Beckford, took him to England to complete his studies. He was then engaged as director of the orchestra of the opera in London, and his fame having rapidly increased he went in 1780 to Paris, and in 1781 to Vienna, where he played with Mozart before the emperor. In 1784 he repeated his visit to Paris, but after that remained in England until 1802, when he went back to the Continent. He returned in 1810 to England, where he settled down as superintendent of one of the principal musical establishments in London.
He is best known for his Gradus ad Parnassum pianoforte studies. He was a brilliant pianist, competing with Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in a contest at Vienna in 1781. After a brilliant career as a concert pianist he established in London the music-publishing and pianoforte manufacturing business which became Collard & Collard.
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Myers Y Cooper was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Ohio from 1929 until 1931.
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Myleene Klass is an English musician. She was born in 1978 at Norfolk. She forms part of the band 'Hear'say' which achieved prominence through the British television programme 'Popstars' in 2001.
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Myles Cooper was an English clergyman. He was born in 1735 and died in 1785. He was president of King's College, New York, from 1763 until 1775, in which year, being a Tory, he returned to England. His sermon at Oxford, 'On the Causes of the Present Rebellion in America', aroused much controversy.
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Myles Birket Foster was an English water-colour painter and illustrator. He was born in 1825 at North Shields and died in 1899. He trained as a wood- engraver and began a successful career as an illustrator in 1846.
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Myles Standish (also known as Miles Standish) was one of the Pilgrim Fathers. He was born in 1584 at Duxbury, Lancashire and died in 1656. He sailed in the Mayflower for Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620. He led the exploring expeditions to discover a suitable place for settlement. He was appointed military captain in 1621, being the first commissioned military officer in New England. He rendered valuable service in repelling Indian hostilities. He visited England in 1625 as agent for the colony and returned with supplies in 1626. He founded Duxbury in 1632. He was a member of the executive council, and for many years treasurer of the colony. His courtship of Priscilla Mullens was commemorated by Longfellow, in his 'Courtship of Miles Standish'.
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Myrick Davies was an American politician. He was a Whig governor of Georgia from 1780 until 1781.
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Myron Holley was an American politician. He was born in 1779 and died in 1841. While in the New York Assembly from 1816 to 1824, he advocated the construction of the Erie Canal. He was prominent among the Anti-Masons, and afterward laboured on behalf of the Liberty party.
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Myron Holley Clark was an American politician. He was a Whig governor of New York from 1855 until 1856.
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Myron T Herrick was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Ohio from 1904 until 1906.
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