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N B Willey was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Idaho from 1891 until 1893.
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N E Kendall was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Iowa from 1921 until 1925.
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The Nabataean were an ancient Arabian people speaking a form of Aramaic strongly influenced by Arabic. Originally a nomadic Arab tribe, they formed an independent state between 312 and 363 BC, prospering from control of trade routes between southern Arabia and the Mediterranean, which converged at their capital Petra (now in Jordan). Their culture reflects Babylonian, Arab, Greek, and Roman influence in its speech, religion, art, and architecture. From AD 63 they became allies and vassals of Rome, and in AD 106 Trajan transformed their kingdom into the Roman province of Arabia.
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Nabis was a native of Sparta in ancient Greece, who made himself tyrant in 207 BC. He attacked Megalopolis and seized Messene in 202 BC. In 201 BC he was defeated by the forces of the Achaean League under Philopoemen and in 192 BC he was assassinated by Alexamenus, a leader of mercenaries.
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The Nabis were a group of French artists much influenced by Gauguin, and including Bonnard and Vuillard, who reacted against the naturalism of the impressionists.
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Nadar, whose real name was Gaspard Felix Tournachon, was a French photographer, writer, and caricaturist. He was born in 1820 and died in 1910. He is noted for his portrait photographs of artists and writers and for taking the first aerial photographs (in 1858).
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The Naga are the various peoples who inhabit the highland region near the Indian/Myanmar (Burma) border; they number approximately 800,000. These peoples do not possess a common name; some of the main groups are Ao, Konyak, Sangtam, Lhota, Sema, Rengma, Chang, and Angami. They live by farming, hunting, and fishing. Their languages belong to the Sino-Tibetan family.
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Nagarjuna was an Indian Buddhist monk. He was born in 150 and died in 250. He founded the Madhyamika (Middle Path) school of Mahayana Buddhism and is noted for his philosophical writings.
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The Nahua are an indigenous people of Mexico.
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The Nahuatl are a group of Mesoamerican Indian peoples, of which the best- known group were the Aztecs. The
Nahuatl are the largest ethnic group in Mexico, and their languages, which belong to the Uto-Aztecan (Aztec- Tanoan) family, are spoken by over a million people today.
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Nahum J Batchelder was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Hampshire from 1903 until 1905.
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Nahum Tate was an Irish poet and dramatist and poet laureate. He was born in 1652 at County Cavan and died in 1715. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin, his dramatic work was mainly that of an adaptor and collaborator. In 1692 he was appointed poet laureate and in collaboration with Nicholas Brady he published a new version of the Psalms in 1696.
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The Naiman are a tribe of the Uzbeg people.
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The Namaqua (Nama) are a branch of the Hottentot race of South Africa. They speak Nama which is a language belonging to the Khoisan family.
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The Nambi are a tribe of head hunters native to one of the islands of Vanuatu.
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Nanak was an Indian guru who formed the religion of Sikhism. He was born in 1469 and died in 1539. He was born into a Hindu family at Talwandi in the Punjab (now known as Nankana Sahib, in present- day Pakistan) . Legends about his life are contained in the four janam sakhis ('evidences of his life'). As a child, Nanak learned about Islam as well as Hinduism, and he used to compose hymns together with a Muslim musician. He was a house- holder for the first part of his life, but at the age of 30 he went travelling in search of spiritual inspiration. He underwent a religious experience in which he had a vision of God. Nanak then proclaimed that he was neither a Hindu nor a Muslim; he gave away all his possessions and became a wandering preacher, hoping to bring Muslims and Hindus together by expounding his message of the oneness of God and the equality of men. He preached a new path to the orthodox Hindu goal of release from the cycle of rebirth and attainment of union with God and practised a form of inward and disciplined meditation on the name of God. He returned to the Punjab after years of travelling and set up a community of disciples, who became known as Sikhs (from Sanskrit, shishya, 'pupil'). His teachings in the form of short devotional hymns are contained in the Adi Granth. Many details of his life and travels remain uncertain, although hagiographical collections of anecdotes, called Fanam-sakhis, are in circulation among Sikhs, who revere him as the first of their ten gurus (religious teachers).
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The Nandi are an east African people of mixed origin living around the Uganda-Kenya border.
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Napoleon B Broward was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Florida from 1905 until 1909.
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Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon I) was emperor of France. He was born in 1769 at Ajaccio in Corsica and died in 1821. He was sent to the military school of Brienne in Champagne in 1779, and in 1784 to that of Paris. In 1785 he was appointed junior lieutenant in the army. He was in Aris on June the 20th 1792 and saw the mob invade the Tuileries. He also witnessed the overthrow of the monarchy on August the 10th. In 1799 he overthrew the Directory and appointed himself dictator. He became emperor in 1804 and reigned until 1815. From 1803 he conquered most of Europe. He was finally overthrown following his defeat at Waterloo at the hands of Wellington's army and was exiled on the Island of St Helena where he died after a seven month period of slow arsenic poisoning by a secret agent of the Bourbon's, posing as one of his most trusted entourage. At the time his death was recorded as being of cancer, and it was not until 1952 that a Swedish dentist discovered the truth from forming a theory and having some of Napoleon's hair samples
analysed.
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Napoleon II was the titular king of Rome. He was born in 1811 and died in 1832. He was the son of Napoleon Bonaparte and Marie Louise.
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Napoleon III was president of France from 1848 to 1852 and Emperor of France from 1852 to 1870. He was born in 1808 at Paris and died in 1873. He was the son of Louis Bonaparte, brother of Napoleon Bonaparte, and of Hortense Beauharnais, daughter of Josephine Beauharnais. He was elected President of the French Republic in 1848, and in 1852 established an imperial government. From 1862 to 1867 he attempted to establish Archduke Maximilian on the Mexican throne. The demand of US Secretary of State Seward for the withdrawal of French troops from Mexico in 1866 was conceded by Napoleon III. During the American Civil War he inclined toward recognition of the independence of the Confederate States, but did not take that step.
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Narcisso Lopez was a Cuban military adventurer. He was born in Havana and died in 1851. A refugee living in America, in 1849, 1850 and 1851, he planned, with the aid of Governor Quitman, of Mississippi, and other Southerners, the capture and annexation of Cuba. The first expedition was frustrated by President Tyler. The second, 300 strong, landed at Cardenas and captured the town, but was quickly expelled. Narcisso Lopez was arrested in Savannah, Georgia, but released for want of evidence. The third expedition landed at Las Pazas in 1851. The inhabitants fled instead of giving their aid. The invaders were set upon by the Government troops and quickly dispersed. Narcisso Lopez fled to the mountains, but was captured and executed at Havana, on September the 1st, 1851.
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The Narragansetts were a tribe of American Rhode Island Indians, formerly inhabiting the western shores of the bay bearing their name. Though they at first engaged in no open war against the settlers, yet they were held in distrust. In 1636 Roger Williams gained their friendship, and in 1644 they ceded their lands to the king. Troubles arose in 1645, and an expedition was sent against them. The Indians, however, hastened to make a treaty. At the outbreak of King Philip's War they were suspected and were attacked by the whites. Hostilities followed which was terminated by a bloody encounter in a swamp at South Kingstown. The Indians were almost annihilated the remnant, however, settled at Charlestown, Rhode Island.
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Nat Adderley (Nathaniel Adderley) was an American musician. He was born in 1932 at Tampa, Florida and died in 2000 of diabetes. A popular jazz musician, he is best known as a cornet player playing with various bands, including the Lionel Hampton band from 1954 to 1955.
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Nat Fleischer was an American boxing reporter and historian. He was born in 1887 and died in 1972. He founded The Ring magazine in 1922 and the Annual Ring Record Book in 1942.
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Nat Turner was an American insurgent. He was born about 1800 and died in 1831. A negro slave, he was the instigator of the Southampton insurrection in Virginia in 1831. He believed himself to be divinly chosen to free his people. At an appointed time he set out with his followers from house to house to kill all the white persons. Fifty-five were killed before the insurgents were dispersed. After hiding for a time Nat Turner was captured and hanged.
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The Natchez are an American Indian tribe of the Mississippi area. They were almost wiped out by the French in 1731. Today a few survive in Oklahoma.
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Nathan Brownson was an American politician. He was a Whig governor of Georgia from 1781 until 1782.
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Nathan Clifford was an American jurist. He was born in 1803 and died in 1881. He was Speaker of the Maine House of Representatives in 1833 and 1834; Attorney-General of Maine from 1834 until 1838, and member of Congress from 1839 until 1843. From 1846 to 1848 he was Attorney-General in President Polkas Cabinet. In 1858 he was appointed by President Buchanan a Justice of the US Supreme Court. In 1877 he was president of the Electoral Commission.
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Nathan Cutler was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Maine from 1829 until 1830.
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Nathan Dane was an American politician. He was born in 1752 and died in 1835. He was a delegate to the Continental Congresses from 1785 until 1788, was the framer of the celebrated Ordinance of 1787 for the government of the Northwest Territory. In 1811 he was appointed to revise and publish the charters of Massachusetts, and in 1813 to publish the statutes. He was a delegate to the Hartford Convention in 1814.
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Nathan B Forrest was an American soldier. He was born in 1821 at Tennessee and died in 1871. He enlisted in the Confederate service, and commanded a regiment of cavalry at Port Donelson. He took part in the Battle of Shiloh, and made a successful attack upon Murfreesboro. He served at Chickamauga in 1863, captured Fort Pillow in 1864, and surrendered to General Wilson, at Gainesville, in 1865.
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Nathan Hale was an American patriot. He was born in 1755 at Connecticut and died in 1776. He joined a volunteer company at the first news of the American War Of Independence and took part in the siege of Boston, being made a captain in 1776. He captured the British supply ship 'Asia' and volunteered to reconnoitre the position of the British forces. He was caught and hanged as a spy, his last words being 'I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country'.
Nathan Hale was an American journalist. He was born in 1784 and died in 1863. He was editor of the Boston Daily Advertiser from 1814 to 1863, was one of the founders of the North American Review and was active in promoting industrial improvement.
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Nathan K Hall was an American politician and jurist. He was born in 1810 and died in 1874. He represented New York in the US Congress. from 1847 to 1849 and was appointed Postmaster-General in Fillmore's Cabinet, serving from 1850 to 1853, when he became a US District Judge, serving until 1874.
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Nathan L Miller was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New York from 1921 until 1922.
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Nathan Sanford was an American jurist and politician. He was born in 1777 and died in 1838. He was a US District-Attorney from 1803 to 1816. He represented New York in the US Senate as a Democrat from 1815 to 1821 and from 1826 to 1831.
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Nathan Smith was an American jurist and politician. He was born in 1762 and died in 1822. He represented Connecticut in the US Congress as a Federalist from 1795 to 1799. He was a Judge of the Connecticut Supreme Court from 1806 to 1819. He was a leader at the Hartford convention in 1814.
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Nathanael Greene was an American general. He was born in 1742 at Warwick, Rhode Island and died in 1786. He served in the Rhode Island Assembly in 1770. He joined a military company in 1774 and was commissioned brigadier-general in 1775. He was active in the engagement at Dorchester Heights, and was made major-general in 1776. He fought at Trenton and at Princeton and saved the American forces from defeat at Brandywine by a rapid march and skilful management. He commanded the left wing at Germantown, skilfully covering the retreat, and in 1778 was appointed quartermaster-general while retaining his rank in the field. He presided at the trial of Major Andre. In 1780 he succeeded Gates in command of the Southern forces. One of his detachments, under General .Morgan, having gained a decisive victory at Cowpens, Nathanael Greene joined him with reinforcements and attacked Charles Cornwallis at Guilford Court House. He then began a brilliant campaign in South Carolina, engaging Lord Rawdon at Camden, capturing Forts Watson, Motte and Granby, regaining Orangeburg, Augusta and Fort Ninety-six, and winning a decisive victory at Eutaw Springs. Soon afterward a detachment under General Wayne took possession of Savannah and Nathanael Greene occupied Charleston. He disbanded his troops in 1783. By his skill in military manoeuvres he proved himself one of the most brilliant generals of that period, second only to George Washington, among those of the American War Of Independence.
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Nathaniel Alexander was an American politician. He was a Democratic- Republican governor of North Carolina from 1805 until 1807.
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Nathaniel B Baker was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of New Hampshire from 1854 until 1855.
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Nathaniel Bacon was an English-born American revolutionary. He was born in 1630 and died in 1677. He became a planter in Virginia and a member of the Governor's council. Dissatisfied with Governor Berkeley's ability at protecting the settlers from Indian raids he led a revolt against the Governor, in the course of which Jamestown - the then capital of Virginia - was burned. The revolt was close to success when the sudden death of Nathaniel Bacon resulted in its total collapse.
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Nathaniel Prentiss Banks was an American politician and soldier. He defended Washington from Jackson's army in 1862. He was born in 1816 and died in 1894.
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Sir Nathaniel Barnaby was an English naval architect. He was born in 1829 at Chatham and died in 1915. Apprenticed as a boy to a shipwright at Sheerness, in 1848 he obtained an Admiralty scholarship. After serving as a draughtsman at the Royal Arsenal at Woolwich and later in the Admiralty he became overseer and in 1870 head of the constructive department of the Admiralty. He was knighted upon his retirement in 1885.
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Nathaniel Walter Barnardiston was an English soldier. He was born in 1858 and died in 1919. Educated at Merton College, Oxford, he entered the army in 1878 joining the 77th Regiment and later the Middlesex Regiment, afterwards serving as a staff officer from 1894 to 1901 he fought with the 2nd Middlesex regiment in the South African War from1901 until 1902. From 1902 until 1906 he was military attache at Brussels and The Hague and from 1906 until 1910 was assistant commandant of the RMC, Sandhurst. From 1910 until 1914 he was assistant director of military training at the War Office. On the outbreak of the Great War he was in command of the small British contingent from Wei-hei-Wei that co-operated with the Japanese in the capture of Tsingtao, and in 1917 he went to Portugal as chief of the British military mission.
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Nathaniel Bowditch was an American mathematician. He was born in 1773 at Massachusetts and died in 1838. he wrote the 'American Navigator'.
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Nathaniel E Harris was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Georgia from 1915 until 1917.
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Nathaniel Hawthorne was an American writer. He was born in 1804 at Salem, Massachusetts and died in 1864. He published his first novel, 'Fanshawe', anonymously in 1828. He contributed his early productions to periodicals such as the New England Magazine the American Magazine the Democratic Review and the Token. In 1837 appeared his 'Twice Told Tales', and in 1849 he published the 'Scarlet Letter', which at once brought him into prominence. In 1853 he was appointed Consul at Liverpool by President Pierce, and served until 1857.
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Nathaniel Lyon was an American soldier. He was born in 1818 and died in 1861. He served with distinction at Contreras, Churu-busco and the city of Mexico during .the Mexican War. He served in Kansas during the political struggles and supported the cause of the Free-Soil party. In 1861 he was placed in command of the US arsenal at St Louis, and soon afterward succeeded General Harney in command of the department. He defeated the Confederates at Booneville and at Dug Spring under McCulloch. He was defeated at Wilson's Creek by a superior force, and during the battle he was killed.
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Nathaniel Macon was an American politician. He was born in 1757 at North Carolina and died in 1837. He was a Representative from 1791 to 1815, was Speaker of the House of Representatives from 1801 to 1807. From 1815 to 1828 he was a Senator from North Carolina. A Democratic-Republican of the strictest type, he was noted for his political uprightness and purity. He was a principal member of the faction called 'Quids'.
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Nathaniel Mitchell was an American politician. He was a Federalist governor of Delaware from 1805 until 1808.
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Nathaniel Morton was an American colonist. He was born in 1613 at England and died in 1685. He went to America from England in 1623. He was secretary of the Massachusetts colony from 1647 to 1685. He wrote 'New England's Memorial', a carefully prepared history of American early colonial days.
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Nathaniel Prentiss Banks was an American soldier and politician. He was born in 1816 at Waltham, Massachusetts and died in 1894. He became a lawyer, and from 1853 until 1857 was a member of Congress and then became Republican governor of Massachusetts from 1857 until 1859. During the American Civil War he led a Unionist force, and was responsible for the capture of Port Hudson before his disastrous expedition along the Red River led to his retirement. After retiring from the army he returned to politics and was a member of Congress again from 1865 until 1877 and from 1888 until 1890.
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Nathaniel Pitcher was an American politician. He was a Independent governor of New York during 1828.
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Nathaniel Rochester was an American soldier and politician. He was born in 1752 and died in 1831. He served in North Carolina in the American War of Independence as commissary-general. He purchased large tracts near Rochester, New York., which was named after him. He served in the Legislatures of North. Carolina, Maryland and New York.
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Nathaniel S Berry was an American politician. He was born in 1796 and died in 1894. He was a Republican governor of New Hampshire from 1861 until 1863.
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Nathaniel Ward was an English heretic. He was born in 1578 and died in 1652. He was charged with non-conformity in, England and went to Massachusetts in 1634. He compiled the 'Body of Liberties' for the Massachusetts colony which was adopted by the general court in 1641. It was the first code of laws established in New England, He returned to England in 1646. He wrote 'The Simple Cobbler of Aggawam in America', a political satire.
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Natt Head was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Hampshire from 1879 until 1881.
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The Navaho (Navajo) are a peaceable agricultural North American Indian people related to the Apache originally occupying the northern part of New Mexico and Arizona.. Like the Apache, they speak a Southern Athapaskan language. The Mexicans continually attempted to reduce them, but failed. After long-continued hostilities against the whites, Colonel Carson compelled them in 1863 to leave their country and remove to Bosque Redondo as prisoners of the Government. In 1868 they were removed to Fort Wingate, and in 1869 were again placed in their old country.
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The Naxalites are an extremist Indian communist movement named after the town of Naxalbari, in west Bengal, where a peasant uprising was suppressed in 1967. The movement was founded by Charu Mazumdar.
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The Naxi are a people of China, mostly living in Lijiang Naxi.
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The Nazarenes were a group of German and Austrian artists working mainly in Rome in the early 19th century, who aimed to revive religious art by turning to medieval and Renaissance models. The group first formed in Vienna 1809 and later received several important commissions in Rome, notably in the field of fresco painting. It derived its name from the monastic lifestyle and dress that its members adopted. In many ways the Nazarenes anticipated the English Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. Wackenroder and Schlegel, enthusiasts for the Middle Ages, gave a literary impetus to the movement initiated by Overbeck of Lubeck. With other young artists he established 1810 a kind of monastic workshop in the disused monastery of San Isidoro in Rome, and by 1828 the group included Pforr of Frankfurt, Vogel of Zurich, Cornelius of Dusseldorf, Schadow and Veit of Berlin, Schnorr Von Carolsfeld of Leipzig, and Fuhrich and Steinle of Vienna. Their art was derisively described by Johann Goethe and others as 'Religious-Patriotic', 'Art- Catholic', 'Romantic' and 'Pre- Raphaelite', none of these descriptions being quite beside the point. The revival of fresco was part of their plan, and the frescoes for the Bartholdi Palace (now at Berlin) by Cornelius, Overback, Veit and Schadow were a result. The movement is characterised by a stiff and anaemic style.
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The Nazis were a German fascist political party led by Hitler.
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The Ndebele are a Negroid people of Zimbabwe. They speak a language belonging to the Bantu grouping of the Niger-Congo family.
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The Naenderthal were early human beings of the Palaeolithic period. The first Neanderthal skeleton was found in the Rhineland in 1857. They became extinct in 30,000 BC.
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A Neapolitan is a native of Naples; also someone or something pertaining to Naples.
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Nebuchadnezzar was King of Babylonia from 604 BC. He was born in 630 BC and died in 562 BC. Shortly before his accession he defeated the Egyptians at Carchemish and brought Palestine and Syria into his empire. Judah revolted, with Egyptian assistance, in 596 and from 587 to 586 BC; on both occasions he captured Jerusalem and took many Hebrews into captivity. He largely rebuilt Babylon and constructed the hanging gardens.
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Ned Ray McWherter was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Tennessee from 1987 until 1995.
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Nefertiti (or Nofretete) was a Queen of Egypt and wife of the pharaoh Akhenaton. She disappeared from the records about 12 years after the marriage, and her name was defaced on monuments at some later date. A small gold scarab bearing her name, inscribed within the royal cartouche that marks the name of a pharaoh, was recovered in 1986 from an ancient wreck and suggests that she briefly ruled in her own right.
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The Negdas are a division of the Tunguses people, living about the northern affluents of the Amur River.
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The Negrito are several groups living on various islands in south east Asia. The Negritos are long- established inhabitants of the region. They include the cave-dwelling Vedda of Sri Lanka, the Andamanese of the Andaman Islands, and the Semang of Malaysia.
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Negroid refers to one of the three major races of humans, mainly the indigenous peoples of Sub-Saharan Africa and some of the nearby islands in the Indian Ocean and the west Pacific. General physical traits include dark eyes, tightly curled dark hair, brown to very dark skin, little beard or body hair, low to medium-bridged wide noses, and wide or inverted lips.
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Nehemiah was a Hebrew governor of Judea under Persian rule. He rebuilt Jerusalem's walls 444 BC, and made religious and social reforms.
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Nehemiah Green was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Kansas from 1868 until 1869.
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Nehemiah R Knight was an American politician. He was a Democratic-Republican governor of Rhode Island from 1817 until 1821.
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Neil Armstrong was the first man to step onto the moon in 1969.
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Neil Arnott was a Scottish physician and physicist. He was born in 1788 at Arbroath and died in 1874. Having graduated as M.A. at Aberdeen, he went to England, and was appointed a surgeon in the East India Company's naval service. In 1811 he commenced practice in London. In 1837 he was appointed extraordinary physician to the queen. In 1827 he published Elements of Physics, and in 1838 a treatise on Warming and Ventilation, etc. He is widely known as the inventor of a stove, which is regarded as one of the most economical arrangements for burning fuel; a ventilating chimney-valve, and his water-bed for the protection of the sick against bed-sores. In 1869 he gave 1000 pounds to each of the four Scotch universities and 2000 pounds to the London University for the promotion of the study of physics.
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Neil Goldschmidt was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Oregon from 1987 until 1991.
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Neil Gordon Kinnock is a British politician. He was born in 1942 in Wales. He was secretary of state for employment between 1974 and 1975. Later leader of the Labour Party he failed to be elected as prime minister and became a member of the European Parliament.
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Neil McGrigor is an English financier and adventurer. He was born in 1961 at Nakuru, Kenya. In 2006 he co-led an expedition 'Ascend the Nile' to trace the river Nile from the sea, back to its source. The team discovered that the Nile is actually some 107 km longer than was previously thought and rather than originating at Lake Victoria, rises in the Nyungwe Forest, Rwanda.
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Neill S Brown was an American politician. He was a Whig governor of Tennessee from 1847 until 1849.
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Nellie Tayloe Ross was an American politician. She was born in 1876 and died in 1977. She was a Democratic governor of Wyoming from 1925 until 1927, the first woman governor in the USA, she was elected to succeed her husband, William B Ross, as governor of Wyoming after his death in 1924. In 1933, President Franklin D Roosevelt named her director of the United States Mint, a position she held until 1953. She was the first woman to hold that post, also. For several years she served as a vice chairman of the Democratic National Committee in charge of the activities for women of the Democratic Party.
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Nelly Kim Furtado is a Canadian singer. She was born in 1978 at Victoria, British Columbia. She was a founder member of the pop-group Nelstar, before leaving to pursue a solo career.
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Nels H Smith was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Wyoming from 1939 until 1943.
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Nelson A Rockefeller was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New York from 1959 until 1973.
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Nelson Algren was an American novelist. He was born in 1909 and died in 1981. His 1949 book 'The Man With The Golden Arm' won him a 1850 National Book Award and was made into a film in 1955.
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Nelson Dewey was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Wisconsin from 1848 until 1852.
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Nelson Dingley Jr. was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Maine from 1874 until 1876.
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Nelson G Kraschel was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Iowa from 1937 until 1939.
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The Nentsy are a nomadic people of Siberia, following the reindeer herds as they wander and living in tepees made of reindeer hide they call 'chums'.
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The Neoconservatives are an American, extreme-right wing movement dedicated to American world domination through globalisation and intervention in other countries (replacing governments and regimes with ones subservient to the USA), all outside of international law. The Neoconservative movement first came to prominence in the late 1990s, and then hit the headlines with the 'election' of George W Bush, himself a Neoconservative, to the office of President of the USA and the subsequent appointment of other Neoconservatives to posts in government. It was the Neoconservative movement and George W Bush which spoke of 'an axis of evil' and 'a war on terrorism' and which persuaded the American people to invade Iraq in 2003. After the invasion of Iraq, less right-wing Conservative organisations in the USA sought to distance themselves from the Neoconservatives by claiming that the Neoconservatives had their roots in the extreme-Left wing and Trotskyism.
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Nero (Claudius Caesar) was a Roman Emperor. He was born in 37 and died in 68. He was a cruel and unpopular Emperor and committed suicide after a successful revolt against him.
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The Nervii were an ancient Gallic tribe, belonging to the Belgic Gauls. Their territory extended from the river Sabis (Sambre) to the sea in modern Hainault. They were subdued by Julius Caesar in 57 BC.
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Nevil Maskelyne was an English astronomer-royal. He was born in 1732 at London and died in 1811. He travelled to St Helena to observe the transit of Venus on June the 6th 1761; succeeded Bliss as astronomer-royal in 1765; founded the 'Nautical Almanac' in 1767, and superintended its publication during forty-five years. In 1774 he experimented on the deviation of the plumb-line near mount Schiehallion in Scotland, for the purpose of ascertaining the earth's density, and published in 1790 a catalogue of thirty-six fundamental stars.
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Arthur Neville Chamberlain was an English politician and ardent social reformer. He was born in 1869 at Birmingham and died in 1940. He was lord Mayor of Birmingham from 1915 to 1916 and Conservative MP from 1918. He was Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1923 to 1924 and again from 1931 to 1937 during which times he was responsible for the destruction of slums rebuilt with modern houses with their own bathrooms, minister for health from 1924 to 1929 and prime Minister from 1937 to 1940, when he resigned following criticism of his appeasement - which had been demanded by the British people in a petition signed by 11 million adults urging peaceful negotiations rather than war - towards Hitler and the Axis forces during the run up to the Second World War.
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The New Lights were religions revivalists in Massachusetts and Connecticut in 1734 and for some years later, during the period known as the Great Awakening. The movement was started by Jonathan Edwards and became a wild passion under the ministrations of George Whitefield. The New Lights were so called in contradistinction to the Old Lights, or more conservative churchmen.
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Newton Booth was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of California from 1871 until 1875.
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Newton C Blanchard was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Louisiana from 1904 until 1908.
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Newton Cannon was an American politician. He was a Whig governor of Tennessee from 1835 until 1839.
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The Nez Perces are an American Indian tribe of Idaho. They remained friendly to the whites, covering Colonel Steptoe's retreat in the Oregon War. In 1854 they disposed of a part of their land, and a part went on a reservation.
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The Ngai Tahu are a Maori people of Stewart Island.
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Niccala Pisano was an Italian sculptor. He was born in 1220 and died in 1280. He created reliefs such as those on the pulpit in Pisa Cathedral.
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Niccolo Alunno (real name Niccolo di Liberatore) was an Italian painter. He was born about 1430 at Foligno and died in 1502. He was the founder of the Umbrian School.
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Niccolo dell' Abbate was an Italian painter. He was born in 1512 at Modena and died in 1571. He was trained in the tradition of Modena, but developed his mature style in Bologna where he lived from 1548 to 1552 under the influence of Correggio and Parmigianino. There he decorated palaces, combining painted stucco with figure compositions and landscapes, and painted some portraits of the Pontormo type. He was invited to France in 1552, probably at the suggestion of Primaticcio, under whom he worked at Fontainebleau, and he remained in France for the rest of his life.
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Niccolo Machiavelli was an Italian statesman and writer. He was born in 1469 at Florence and died in 1527. He has the reputation of being manipulative, hence the psychological term 'Machiavellism' which refers to manipulation of people.
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Niccolo Paganini was an Italian composer. He was born in 1782 and died in 1840. He composed Caprices for violin solo.
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Niccolo Tommaseo was an Italian author and politician. He was born in 1802 at Sebenico and died in 1874. he was a versatile writer and critic who won distinction in many areas of literature, without producing any enduring work in any one. He was a writer on the Florentine Antologia, and when the paper was suppressed in 1834 he had to flee into exile, returning to Italy in 1848 and becoming a member of the provisional government. After the reaction had again had to flee Italy, spending most of his later years in Florence where despite being blind he worked on the 'Italian Dictionary', his chief work.
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Sir Nicholas Bacon was an English statesman. He was born in 1510 and died in 1579. He was the father of Lord Francis Bacon, and lord-keeper of the great seal. Henry VIII gave him several lucrative offices, which he retained under Edward VI. He lived in retirement during the reign of Mary, but Queen Elizabeth appointed him lord-keeper for life. He was the intimate friend of Lord Burleigh, a sister of whose wife he married, and by her became the father of the great chancellor.
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Nicholas Berghem was a Dutch painter. He was born in 1620 at Haarlem and died in 1683 at Amsterdam. He produced a large number of works, chiefly landscapes with cattle and also a few etched plates.
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Nicholas Brown was an American merchant. He was born in 1769 and died in 1841. A resident of Providence, Rhode Island he was a liberal benefactor of Rhode Island College which changed its name to Brown University in his honour.
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Nicholas Cooke was an American politician. He was a governor of Rhode Island from 1775 until 1778.
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Nicholas Copernicus was the founder of astronomy. He was born in 1478 at Torun in Poland. He died in 1543. He studied at Cracow university and settled in Frauenburg in 1512. He put forward the theory that the planets revolve around the sun.
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Nicholas Culpeper was a 17th century English medical writer and astrologer.
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Nicholas Ferrara was an English Anglican clergyman and spiritual mystic. He was born in 1592 at London and died in 1637. After studying medicine he became a deacon in the Church of England in 1626. At Little Gidding he founded a small religious community which engaged in constant services and perpetual prayer while carrying out a range of crafts including bookbinding.
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Nicholas Filipescu was a Romanian statesman. He was born in 1862 and died in 1916. A Conservative leader, he became Minister of Agriculture and War Minister in 1910.
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Nicholas Herkimer was an American soldier. He was born in (1715 and died in 1777. He was appointed a colonel of militia in 1758, and commanded at Fort Herkimer against the French and Indians. He was appointed brigadier-general of militia by the State Convention in 1776, and marched against Sir John Johnson's force of Tories and Indians. He was mortally wounded at Oriskany in an expedition for the relief of Fort Stanwix, which was besieged by St Leger in 1777.
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Nicholas Hilliard was an English artist. He was born in 1547 and died in 1619.
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Nicholas I was Czar of Russia from 1825 to 1855.
Nicholas I was king of Denmark in 1105.
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Nicholas II was the last Czar of Russia from 1894 to 1917. He was born in 1868 and died in 1918. He was a great-grandson of Nicholas I. In 1894 he formalised an alliance with France, but his Far Eastern ambitions led to disaster with the Russo-Japanese War of 1904 to 1905 which played an important part in causing the Revolution of 1905. Although he won support for taking Russia into the Great War against Germany in 1914, mismanagement of the war and governmental chaos at home led to his abdication in 1917 and the Russian Revolution. Imprisoned, he was murdered in 1918 by Bolsheviks who feared a counter-revolution.
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Nicholas Ridley was an English protestant martyr. He was born in 1500 and died in 1555 when he was burnt at the stake.
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Nicholas Storck (Storch?) was a fanatical German preacher. He formed the Anabaptists in 1521 and excited rebellion of the German lower orders which was quelled with force in 1525.
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Sir Nicholas Throgmorton (also known as Sir Nicholas Throckmorton) was an English diplomat. He was born in 1515 and died in 1571. The son of a Warwickshire knight, he was brought up at court and entered parliament in 1545. He served in the Scottish campaign of 1547. He was sent to France by Elizabeth I as ambassador in 1559, a position he held until 1564. While in Paris he formed a friendship with Mary Stuart whom he assisted in her return to Scotland.
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Nicholas Udall was an English dramatist and the headmaster of Westminster School. He was born in 1505 and died in 1556. He wrote Ralph Roister Doister.
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Nicholas Van Dyke was an American politician. He was a governor of Delaware from 1783 until 1786.
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Nicolai Abraham Abildgaard was a Danish Neoclassical painter. He was born in 1743 and died in 1809. From 1772 to 1777 he studied in Rome, where his friendship with Fuseli helped to form his eclectic early style. On his return to Denmark his work became more purely Classical, as is best seen in his cycles of paintings illustrating Apuleius and Terence. He became one of the leading figures in Danish art and had great influence because of his post as Director of the Copenhagen Academy from 1789 to 1791 and from 1801 to 1809, where his pupils included Runge and Thorvaldsen. Abildgaard occasionally worked as an architect, sculptor, and designer (most notably of some Grecian furniture for himself), and he also wrote on art. His most ambitious work, a huge decorative scheme at Christianborg Palace, was destroyed by fire in 1794.
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Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakov was a Russian composer. He was born in 1844 at Novgorod and died in 1908.
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Nicolas Poussin was a French painter. He was born in 1594 at Andelys and died in 1665 at Rome. He studied at Andelys and at Paris and in 1624 went to Italy to improve his skills, studying at the school of Domenichino.
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Marshal Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult (duke of Dalmatia) was a French soldier. He was born in 1769 at St Amans-la-Bastide and died in 1851. He joined the army in 1785 as an ordinary soldier and by 1794 had become a brigadier-general. His service under Massena in Switzerland and in Italy added to his reputation, and in 1804 he was made a marshal. He took part in the campaigns against the Prussians and the Austrians, and was present at Austerlitz and Eylau. In 1808 he was made a duke and transferred to Spain where he forced the British to evacuate Portugal despite his defeat at Corunna, only to be ousted by Wellington. When Napoleon abdicated, Soult switched allegiance to the new regime, only to support Napoleon once more in the Hundred Days' campaign, and went into exile after the defeat at Waterloo. In 1819 he was allowed to return to Paris, and represented France at the coronation of Queen Victoria and under Louis Philippe was minister for war from 1830 until 1834 and again from 1840 until 1844.
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Nicolo Fortiguerra was an Italian poet. He was born in 1674 at Pistoia and died in 1735.
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Nicolo Paganini was an Italian violinist and composer. He was born in 1784 and died in 1840. He was the founder of the modern school of violin-playing.
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Niels Henrik Abel was a Norwegian mathematician. He was born in 1802 at Finnoy and died in 1829. In 1823 he proved that there is no algebraic formula for the solution of a general polynomial equation of the fifth degree, a formulae which had been sought for the previous three hundred years.
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The nightriders were a band of mounted and usually masked Whites in the southern USA who carried out acts of revenge and intimidation at night after the American Civil War.
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Nikita Khruschchev was a Soviet statesman. He was born in 1894 at Kursk and died in 1971. A coal miner, he joined the Communist Party in 1918 and fought in the Civil War. After rising to full membership of the Politburo in 1939 he was assigned to organise the guerrilla defence of the Ukraine against the Axis forces during the Second World War. From 1947 to 1949 he was chairman of the Ukraine Council of Ministers and in 1952 he became a member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. And in 1953 Secretary General of the USSR. He opposed Stalinism, believing naively that Communism could survive by peaceful means. In 1958 he became chairman of the council of ministers, but resigned in 1964 following a row with Mao Tse-Tung of China. He was responsible for the despatch of missiles to Cuba which prevented the American invasion of Cuba, but which almost resulted in a massive pre-emptive nuclear strike by the USA against every Communist country in the world.
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Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol was a Russian novelist and dramatist. He was born in 1809 and died in 1852.
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Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov was a Russian composer. He was born in 1844 and died in 1908. He composed Golden Cockerel, Capriccio Espagnol, Scheherazade, Russian Easter Overture, Flight of the Bumblebee.
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Nils Boe was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of South Dakota from 1965 until 1969.
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Nina Bawden is an English writer. She was born in 1925 at London. Primarily an author of adult novels centred upon domestic issues, she also wrote 'Carrie's War', a children's book about two children evacuated from London to Wales during the Second World War, which was based in part on her own experiences as an evacuee.
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Ninian Edwards was an American politician. He was a Democratic-Republican governor of Illinois from 1826 until 1830.
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The Nipmucks were a tribe of New England Indians, situated in southern-central Massachusetts. The majority of the Nipmucks did not at first join with Philip in his war against the colonists, but were active against the English during the struggle in Connecticut during 1675. In January, 1676, the remnant of Philip's tribe, with the Narragansetts, the Quaboag and River Indians, effected a junction with the Nipmucks. On the overthrow of Philip the Nipmucks fled north and west.
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Noah Davis was an American jurist. He was born in 1818. He was a Judge of the Supreme Court for the Eighth Judicial District from 1857 until 1868 and a US Representative from 1869 until 1870, when he became US Attorney for Southern New York. From 1872 until 1887 he was a Justice of the New York Supreme Court, becoming Presiding Justice in 1874.
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Noah Martin was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of New Hampshire from 1852 until 1854.
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Noah Noble was an American politician. He was a Whig governor of Indiana from 1831 until 1837.
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Noah Porter was an American lexicographer. He was born in 1811 and died in 1892. He was president of Yale College from 1871 to 1886. He was principal editor of revised editions of Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, and was one of the most scholarly metaphysicians in America.
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Noah Webster was an American author, politician and lexicographer. He was born in 1758 at Connecticut and died in 1843. He first came to prominence by the publication of a spelling book, of which 62,000,000 copies were issued. In 1784 he published 'Sketches of American Policy', which had influence upon the movement toward a national constitution. In 1787 he published 'The Leading Principles of the Federal Constitution'. In 1795 he wrote articles signed 'Curtius', which were influential on behalf of the Jay treaty. In 1806 he published 'Compendious Dictionary of The English Language' and in 1828 'An American Dictionary of The English Language' which survives in revised forms today as 'Webster's Dictionary of The English Language'. He served in the legislatures of Connecticut and Massachusetts.
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Norbert T Tiemann was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Nebraska from 1967 until 1971.
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Nordic is the ethnic designation for any of the various Germanic peoples, especially those of Scandinavia. The physical type of Caucasoid described under that term is tall, long-headed, blue-eyed, fair of skin and hair.
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Norman A Erbe was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Iowa from 1961 until 1963.
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Sir Norman Everard Brookes was Australia's first notable lawn tennis player. He was born in 1877 and died in 1968. He was the first overseas competitor to win the men's singles title at Wimbledon.
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Norman H Bangerter was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Utah from 1985 until 1993.
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Norman S Case was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Rhode Island from 1928 until 1933.
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The Normans were the Scandinavian Norsemen who were granted Normandy by the king of France in 911, and adopted the French language and culture. During the 1lth and 12th centuries they conquered England, parts of Wales and Ireland, Southern Italy, Sicily, and Malta, settled in Scotland, and took a prominent part in the Crusades. After the 13th century, they ceased to exist as a distinct people.
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The Norsemen or Rus as they were also known, were early inhabitants of Norway. The term Norsemen is also applied to Scandinavian Vikings who during the 8th-11th centuries raided and settled in Britain, Ireland, France, Russia (named after the Rus), Iceland, and Greenland. The Norse religion (banned 1000) was recognized by the Icelandic government 1973.
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The Nuba are a minority ethnic group living in south Sudan, numbering about 1 million in 1991. They speak related dialects of Nubian, which belongs to the Chari-Nile family. The Nuba farm terraced fields in the Nuba mountains, to the west of the White Nile.
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The Nuer are a people of south-east Sudan and Ethiopia.
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Nuis de Onis was a Spanish statesman. He was born in 1769 and died in 1830. While minister from Spain to the United States from 1815 to 1819, he negotiated the treaty by which Spain ceded Florida to the United States in 1819.
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The Nyamwezi are a people of the highlands of north-central Tanzania, south of Lake Victoria. Traders, they established a trade network from the east coast of Africa to Uganda during the 18th century and later into Zambia.
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The Nyanja are a central African people living mainly in Malawi, and numbering about 400,000. The
Nyanja are predominantly farmers, living in villages under a hereditary monarchy. They speak a Bantu language belonging to the Niger-Congo family.
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