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O Max Gardner was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of North Carolina from 1929 until 1933.
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Oakley C Curtis was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Maine from 1915 until 1917.
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An Oba is a Yoruba chief or ruler.
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Oblates are members of the Roman Catholic Church who dedicate themselves to the service of religion as laymen, as the Oblates of St Charles, founded in 1578; the Oblates of St Frances of Rome, founded 1433; the Oblates of Italy, founded 1816.
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Oconosota was head king of the American Cherokee Indians. He was born before 1730 and died after 1809. He captured Fort Prince George and Fort Loudon, and massacred the garrisons in revenge for an attack by English settlers in 1756. He aided the English in the American War of Independence by harassing the frontiers of Virginia and the Carolinas, but was soon afterward dethroned.
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Octa was king of the Heptarchy in 512 and a son of Aesc.
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Octave Feuillet was a French author. He was born in 1821 at Saint Lo and died in 1890. He became noticed about 1846 with his novels of Le Fruit Defendu, Le Conte de Polichinelle, and a series of comedies and tales which were published in the Revue des deux Mondes. In 1857 the appearance of Le Roman d'un Jeune Homme Pauvre raised Octave Feuillet to the first rank of the novelists of the day. Amongst his other numerous novels are Monsieur de Camors (1867), Julia de Trecoeur (1872), Le Sphinx (1874), Histoire d'une Parisienne (1881), etc. His works earned great praise and the favour of the Napoleonic Court.
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Octaviano A Larrazolo was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Mexico from 1919 until 1921.
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The Octobrists were a Russian conservative political party formed in 1906 and dissolved in 1917 during the Russian Revolution. They sought an enactment of constitutional reforms based on the October Manifesto issued by Tsar Nicholas II.
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Oda Nobunaga was a Japanese military leader. He was born in 1534 and died in 1582. The son of a warlord family, he was the first Japanese commander to arm his troops with muskets. He unified one- third of Japan before his death in 1582.
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Oden Bowie was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Maryland from 1869 until 1872.
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Odo William Leopold Russell (Baron Ampthill) was a British diplomat. He was born in 1829 at Florence and died in 1884. Privately educated, he acquired fluency in Italian, German and French and later began his diplomatic career in 1849 working as attache at Vienna. After working at the foreign office from 1850 until 1852, he filled various diplomatic posts until 1870 in Paris, Vienna, Constantinople, Washington and Rome. From 1858 until 1870 he was the unofficial minister at the Vatican. In 1870 he became assistant under-secretary for foreign affairs, and in October 1871 was appointed ambassador at Berlin. In 1872 he was made a privy councillor and in 1881 raised to the peerage as the first Baron Ampthill.
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Offa was king of the East Saxons in 700 until he became a monk at Rome.
Offa was King of Mercia from 757 until his death in 796. He seized the throne after a civil war, and established supremacy over many lesser kings. He consolidated his position by marrying his daughters to the kings of Wessex and Northumbria, and was the first ruler to be called 'king of the English'.
Offa ruthlessly overcame strong opposition in southern England. By the end of his reign, Offa was master of all England south of the Humber; he married his daughters to the kings of Wessex and Northumbria. He had a frontier barrier (known as Offa's Dyke) built; this continuous ditch and bank ran 149 miles along the boundary between the Mercian and Welsh kingdoms 'from sea to sea'. Offa had dealings with the emperor Charlemagne (a proposed a dynastic marriage between their children came to nothing), and he visited Rome in 792 to strengthen his links with the papacy. The English penny (silver currency) was introduced during Offa's reign. In the first recorded coronation in England,
Offa's son Ecgfrith was consecrated in 787 in Offa's lifetime in an attempt to secure the succession. However, Ecgfrith died childless months after Offa. Offa's success in building a strong unified kingdom caused resistance in other kingdoms. The Mercians' defeat at the hands of Egbert of Wessex at the battle of Ellendun in 825 meant that supremacy passed to Wessex.
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Ojibwa is another spelling for Ojibway.
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The Ojibway (Ojibwa, Chippewa, Chippewayans) are a North American Indian tribe of the North Carolina Algonquin family. The Ojibway originated from Sault Marie in Ontario and were contacted by Europeans in the 17th century, becoming involved in the fur trade from about 1670 and during the 18th century extended east and north-west. At the end of the 19th century they were living on the shores of Lake Huron and Lake Superior. Early wars with neighboring-tribes greatly reduced their numbers. They joined Pontiac. During the American War of Independence they were allies of England, but made peace by treaties in 1785 and 1789. They joined in the Miamis' uprising, but, reduced by Wayne, made peace in 1795. They ceded most of their lands on Lake Erie in 1805. They renewed hostilities in 1812, but joined in the peace of 1816, and relinquished all their lands in Ohio. Other treaties ceding territory followed, and by 1851 nearly the entire tribe had moved west of the Mississippi.
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Okey L Patteson was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of West Virginia from 1949 until 1953.
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Olaus IV (Olaus the Hungry) was king of Denmark in 1086.
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Olaus V was king of Denmark in 1376.
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Ole Bornemann Bull was a Norwegian violinist. He was born in 1810 at Bergen and died in 1880. He secured great triumphs both throughout Europe and in America by his wonderful playing. He lost all his money in a scheme to found a colony of his countrymen in Pennsylvania, and had to take again to his violin to repair his broken fortunes. He afterwards settled down at Cambridge, Massachusetts, and had also a summer residence in Norway, where he died.
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Ole H Olson was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Dakota from 1934 until 1935.
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Olga Korbut is a Russian gymnast. She was born in 1955. At the 1972 Munich Olympic Games she won the gold medals for the beam, floor exercises and team event, but is best remembered for her charismatic personality.
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Olin D Johnston was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of South Carolina from 1935 until 1939.
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Olinthus Gilbert Gregory was an English mathematician. He was born in 1774 at Huntingdonshire and died in 1841. At nineteen he published a volume of Lessons, Astronomical and Philosophical, and was afterwards in turn sub-editor of a newspaper at Cambridge, bookseller, and teacher of mathematics. In 1801 he became mathematical master in the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich, and published a treatise on astronomy and several mathematical works, of which his Treatise on Mechanics was of most importance. His Letters on the Evidences and Doctrines of the Christian Religion (published in 1810), and a Life of the Reverend Robert Hall (published in 1833), were his chief miscellaneous writings.
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Oliver Ames was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Massachusetts from 1887 until 1890.
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Oliver Cromwell was Lord-protector of the commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland. He was born at Huntingdon in 1599 and died in 1658. His father, Robert Cromwell, who represented the borough of Huntingdon in the parliament of 1593, was a younger son of Sir Henry Cromwell, who was knighted by Queen Elizabeth I; and Sir Henry again was a son of Sir Richard Williams, a nephew of Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex, whose name he took. Oliver Cromwell's mother was a daughter of William Steward, of Ely, and could trace her descent back to Alexander, lord-steward of Scotland, the founder of the house of Stuart. The first really authentic fact in his biography is his leaving school at Huntingdon and entering Sidney - Sussex College, Cambridge, on April the 23rd, 1616.
On the death of his father in 1617 he returned home, and in 1620 married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir James Bourchier. In 1628 he was member of parliament for the borough of Huntingdon, to which he returned on the dissolution in 1629. In 1631 he went with his family to a farm which he had taken at St Ives; and in 1636 to Ely, where he had inherited a property worth nearly 500 pounds a year.
During the Short and Long Parliaments he represented Cambridge, his influence gradually increasing. In the summer of 1642 he was actively engaged in raising and drilling volunteers for the parliamentary party, in view of the impending struggle with the king. He served as captain and colonel in the earlier part of the war, doing good service with his troop of horse at Edgehill;
and it was his energy and ability which made the Eastern Association the most efficient of those formed for mutual defence. At the battle of Winceby in 1643 he led the van, narrowly escaping death, and in the following year he led the victorious left at Marston Moor, deciding the result of the battle. A few months later he was present at the second battle of Newbury, and his action being fettered by the timidity of Manchester, he impeached the conduct of the earl. As the result of this disagreement Sir Thomas Fairfax was made lord general, while Oliver Cromwell, notwithstanding the Self-denying Ordinance, was placed under him, with the command of the cavalry and the rank of lieutenant-general.
As the result of the discipline introduced by Oliver Cromwell the decisive victory of Naseby was gained in 1645, and Leicester, Taunton, Bridgewater, Bristol, Devizes, Winchester, and Dartmouth fell into the hands of the parliament. On the occasion of the surrender of Charles by the Scottish army in 1646 Oliver Cromwell was one of the commissioners, and in the distribution of rewards for services received 2500 pounds a year from the estates of the Marquis of Worcester.
Though at first supporting parliament in its wish to disband the army, which refused to lay down its arms until the freedom of the nation was established, he afterwards saw reason to decide in favour of the latter course. Hastily suppressing the Welsh rising, he marched against the Scottish royalists, whom he defeated with a much inferior force at Preston on August the 17th,1648. Then followed the tragedy of the king's execution, Oliver Cromwell's name standing third in order in the death-warrant. Affairs in Ireland demanding his presence, he was appointed lord-lieutenant and commander-in-chief; and by making a terrible example of Drogheda in September, 1649, crushed the royalist party in that country within six months. Resigning the command to Ireton, he undertook, at the request of the parliament, a similar expedition against Scotland, where Charles II had been proclaimed king. With an army greatly reduced by sickness he saved himself from almost inevitable disaster by the splendid victory at Dunbar on September the 3rd, 1650, and a year later put an end to the struggle by his total defeat of the royalists at Worcester on September the 3rd, 1651. For these services he was rewarded with an estate of 4000 pounds a year, besides other honours.
He already exerted a weighty influence in the supreme direction of affairs, being instrumental in restoring the continental relations of England, which had been almost entirely dissolved, and regulating them so as to promote the interests of commerce. The Navigation Act, from which may be dated the rise of the naval power of England, was framed upon his suggestion, and passed in 1651. The Rump Parliament, as the remnant of the Long Parliament was called, had become worse than useless, and on April the 20th, 1653, Oliver Cromwell, with 300 soldiers, dispersed that body. He then summoned a council of state, consisting mainly of his principal officers, which finally chose a parliament of persons selected from the three kingdoms, nicknamed Barebone's Paliament, or the Little Parliament. Fifteen months after a new annual parliament was chosen; but Oliver Cromwell soon prevailed on this body, who were totally incapable of governing, to place the charge of the commonwealth in his hands.
The chief power now devolving again upon the council of officers on December the 12th 1653, they declared Oliver Cromwell sole governor of the commonwealth, under the name of Lord-protector, with an assistant council of twenty-one men. The new protector behaved with dignity and firmness. Despite the innumerable difficulties which beset him from adverse parliaments, insurgent royalists, and mutinous republicans, the early months of his rule established favourable treaties with Holland, Sweden, Portugal, Denmark, and France. In September 1656 he called a new parliament, which undertook the revisal of the constitution and offered Oliver Cromwell the title of king. On his refusal he was again installed as Lord-protector, but with his powers now legally defined.
Early in the following year, however, he peremptorily dissolved the house, which had rejected the authority of the second chamber. Abroad his influence still increased, reaching its full height after the victory of Dunkirk in June, 1658. But his masterly administration was not effected without severe strain, and upon the death of his favourite daughter, Elizabeth Claypole, in the beginning of August, 1658, his health began to fail him. Towards the end of the month he was confined to his room from a tertian fever, and on September the 3rd 1658, he died at Whitehall, in the sixtieth year of his age. He was buried in King Henry VII's Chapel, in Westminster Abbey, but after the Restoration his body was taken up and hanged at Tyburn, the head being fixed on a pole at Westminster Abbey, and the rest of the remains buried under the gallows.
Great as a general, Oliver Cromwell was still greater as a civil ruler. He lived in a simple and retired way, like a private man, and was abstemious, temperate, indefatigably industrious, and exact in his official duties. He possessed extraordinary penetration and knowledge of human nature; and devised the boldest plans with a quickness equalled only by the decision with which he executed them. No obstacle deterred him; and he was never at a loss for expedients. Cool and reserved, he patiently waited for the favourable moment, and never failed to make use of it. In his religious views he was a tolerant Calvinist. He was about 5 feet 10 inches in height, his body 'well compact and strong'; and his head and face, though wanting in refinement, were impressive in their unmistakable strength.
He had appointed his eldest son, Richard Cromwell, his successor; but the republican and religious fanaticism of the army and officers, with Fleetwood at their head, compelled Richard Cromwell to dissolve parliament; and a few days after he voluntarily abdicated the protectorship, on April the 22nd, 1659. His brother Henry, who from 1654 had governed Ireland in tranquillity, followed the example of Richard, and died in privacy in England.
At the Restoration Richard Cromwell went to the Continent until 1680, when he assumed the name of Clark, and passed the remainder of his days in tranquil seclusion at Cheshunt, Hertfordshire. He died in 1712, at the age of eighty-six.
The last of the family was Oliver Cromwell, great-grandson of Henry Cromwell, son of the protector. He was a London solicitor, and clerk to St Thomas' Hospital. He succeeded to the estate of Theobalds, which descended to him through the children of Richard Cromwell, and died at Cheshunt Park in 1821, aged seventy-nine. He wrote the Memoirs of the Protector and his Sons, illustrated by Family Papers, 1820.
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Oliver Delancey was an American soldier. He was born in 1708 and died in 1785. The brother of Governor James Delancey, he commanded the New York troops in Abercrombie's campaign in the French and Indian War, and during the American War of Independence was commander of a brigade Ol Tories. At the close of the war he retired to England.
Oliver Delancey was a British soldier. He was born in 1752 and died in 1822. The son of Oliver Delancey, the American soldier, he was an officer in the British army, served with distinction throughout the American War, and finally became a full general in the British service.
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Oliver Ellsworth was an American lawyer. He was born in 1745 and died in 1807. He was admitted to the Connecticut bar in 1771, and became State's Attorney in 1775. He was a delegate to the Continental Congress from 1778 until 1783, and from 1780 until 1784 was a member of the Governor's Council. He was Judge of the Connecticut Supreme Court from 1784 to 1787, when he became a member of the Federal Convention at Philadelphia, and was of influence in securing the compromise in the Constitution which reconciled the interests of the small States and the large States. He was a US Senator from 1789 until 1796, when he resigned; he was Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court from 1796 until 1800, and Envoy Extraordinary to France in 1799.
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Oliver Evans was an American inventor. He was born in 1755 at Newport, Delaware and died in 1819. He was the inventor of the automatic flour-mill and the high-pressure steam-engine.
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Oliver Goldsmith was an Anglo-Irish journalist, essayist, novelist, dramatist and poet. He was born in 1728 at Pallas, county Longford Ireland and died in 1774. Among his more famous works are 'The Vicar of Wakefield' and ' The Deserted Village'. His father, a clergyman of the Established Church, held the living of Kilkenny West. In 1745 he was entered as a sizar at Trinity College, Dublin. In 1749, shortly after his father's death, he left Dublin with the degree of Bachelor, and was advised by an uncle, who had already borne a large part of the expenses of his education, to prepare for holy orders. Rejected for holy orders he became tutor in a family, but soon lost his situation on account of a dispute with the master of the house over a game at cards.
The same uncle who had given him assistance before now gave him 50 pounds to go to Dublin to study law, but he had scarcely arrived at the city when he lost the whole sum in gambling. In spite of his repeated imprudences he was once more succoured by his uncle, who supplied him with means to go to Edinburgh to study medicine. Here he remained eighteen months, during which he acquired some slight knowledge of chemistry and natural history. At the end of this period he removed to Leyden, again at the expense of his uncle; and afterwards wandered over a large part of France, Germany, Switzerland, and Italy. It was probably at Padua that he took a medical degree, as he remained there six months; but his uncle dying while he was in Italy he wag obliged to travel on foot to England, and reached London in 1756 with a few pence in his pocket. After some years of hard experience as a chemist's assistant, medical practitioner, proof-reader, and school usher, he drifted into literature. He conducted a department in the Monthly Review, wrote essays in the Public Ledger (afterwards published under the title of the Citizen of the World), and a weekly pamphlet, entitled the Bee. In 1761 he was introduced to Dr. Johnson.
In 1764 he appeared as a poet by the publication of his Traveller. In 1766 appeared his Vicar of Wakefield, which at once secured merited applause. In 1768 his comedy of the Good-natured Man was acted at Covent-Gardenwith but indifferent success. His poetical fame was greatly enhanced by the publication of his The Deserted Village in 1770. In 1773 he produced his comedy of She Stoops to Conquer, which was completely successful. He also compiled histories of England, Greece, and Rome; and a History of the Earth and Animated Nature, a pleasing work, but one of no scientific value. His last days were embittered by the pressure of debt, incurred partly by his improvidence and partly by his generosity. The manners of Oliver Goldsmith were eccentric, even to absurdity.
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Oliver H Shoup was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Colorado from 1919 until 1923.
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Oliver Perry Morton was an American politician. He was born in 1823 and died in 1877. He was a leading lawyer in Indiana, a judge, and a founder of the Republican party. As the party candidate for Governor he was defeated, but in 1860 was elected Lieutenant-Governor. As Lane, the Governor, was chosen to the US Senate, Oliver Morton became Governor. His term included the American Civil War period, and his vigor in equipping and forwarding troops and suppressing disaffection made him foremost among the 'War Governors'. Since the Indiana Legislature in 1863-1865 refused its co-operation, he declined to summon it during those years. He was re-elected Governor in 1864. From 1867 to 1877 he was US Senator, and one of the most energetic and extreme of the Republican leaders. He was chairman of the Committee on Privileges and Elections, and a member of the Electoral Commission. He was a prominent candidate before tlie National Convention in 1876.
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Oliver Hazard Perry was an American sailor. He was born in 1785 at Rhode Island and died in 1819. He entered the navy as midshipman in 1799. He was in the Tripolitan War, and afterward devoted his attention to ordnance. In 1813 he was appointed to command on Lake Erie. With great efforts and extraordinary rapidity he built a fleet on the lake and drilled his men. His preparations being completed, he sailed from Put-in Bay in command of a squadron of nine vessels, of which the Lawrence and Niagara were the chief. The British commander, Barclay, had six. Their battle of September the 15th, 1813, in which Oliver Perry showed great ability, resulted in the capture of the entire British squadron, and was immortalized in the laconic dispatch, 'We have met the enemy and they are ours'. Oliver Perry co-operated in the victory of the Thames, was made captain, and served in the defence of Baltimore.
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Oliver Wendell Holmes was an American writer. He was born in 1809 at Cambridge, Massachusetts 1809 and died in 1894. Educated at Harvard University, he began the study of law, but in a short time relinquished it for that of medicine. In 1839 he became professor of anatomy and physiology at Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, but resigned after two years' service in order to devote himself to practice in Boston. In 1847 he was appointed to the chair of anatomy at Harvard, a position which he filled until 1882. He was a voluminous writer both in prose and verse, and shone as a prominent figure in the famous group associated with the Atlantic Monthly. His chief works, besides several volumes of poems, and treatises on medicine, are The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table, The Professor at the Breakfast Table, and The Poet at the Breakfast Table;
Elsie Venner, The Guardian Angel, A Mortal Antipathy, and Memoirs of Motley and Emerson. A visit to Europe in 1886 produced a charming record, A Hundred Days in Europe.
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Oliver Wolcott was an American soldier and politician. He was born in 1726 and died in 1797. He was a member of the Connecticut executive council from 1774 to 1786. He was Commissioner of Indian Affairs for the Northern Department in 1775. He was a delegate from Connecticut to the Continental Congress from 1776 to 1778, and signed the American Declaration of Independence. He was placed in command of fourteen Connecticut regiments which he organized for the defence of New York. He led a brigade under General Gates at Saratoga. He served in Congress from 1780 to 1784. He was Lieutenant-Governor of Connecticut from 1786 to 1796, when he became Governor.
Oliver Wolcott was an American kurist and politician. He was born in 1760 and died in 1833. He was comptroller of public accounts of the United States from 1788 to 1789, auditor of the US Treasury from 1789 to 1791, and Comptroller from 1791 to 1795. He was Secretary of the Treasury in the Cabinets of George Washington and Adams from 1795 to 1801, but opposed Adams' policy, being guided by Hamilton. He was a US Circuit Judge from 1801 to 1803, and Governor of Connecticut from 1817 to 1827.
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Olivier Messiaen was a French composer and organist. He was born in 1908 and died in 1992.
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Oloff S Van Cortlandt was a Dutch colonist. He was born in 1600 and died in 1684. He went to New Netherlands from Holland in 1638 in the service of the West India Company. He was prominent in political affairs, and from 1655 to 1664 was a burgomaster of New Amsterdam.
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The Omaguas are a people of eastern Eru, descendants of the Anahuacas.
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The Omahas are a North American Indian tribe of the Siouan or Dakotan family, though not members of the Dakotan alliance with whom they were formerly often at war. They originally ranged both sides of the Mississippi in the area which is now St Louis. Treaties in 1815 and 1820 ceded lands at Council Bluffs, and other treaties of a similar nature were made in 1825 and 1830. In 1854 they gave up more of their lands. At the end of the 19th century they lived on a reservation in the northeastern part of Nebraska.
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Omar Khayyam was a Persian poet, mathematician and astronomer. He was born in 1050 and died in 1123.
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An ombudsman is a government official who hears and investigates complaints by private citizens against other officials or government agencies.
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The Oneida (Oneidas) were an Iroquois Indian race who lived east of Lake Oneida in north America. From an early period they lived in New York State. They were generally favourable to the English, but in the American war of Independence supported the colonists. For this their villages were ravaged and their property destroyed. By a treaty in 1794, the Government made compensation for their losses. In 1785 and 1788, they ceded lands to the State of New York. Later, some went to Canada, and in 1821, a large number acquired lands on Green Bay.
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The Onkilon were a division of the Inuit family, formerly inhabiting north-east Siberia about East Cape on the Bering Strait. They were wiped out by Chukche invaders around the 16th century.
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An onomatologist is someone who studies and knows about the history of names.
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The Onondagas were a North American tribe of the Iroquois living between Lake Champlain and the St Lawrence River in New York State, and head of the 'five nations'. They were early won over to the English and often served against the French. During the American war of Independence they joined the English. In September, 1788, they ceded all their territory to the State of New York, with the exception of a small tract which continued to hold.
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Onslow Stearns was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Hampshire from 1869 until 1871.
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An oologist is someone who studies or collects birds eggs.
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An Oozi is a man who drives the working elephants in Burma.
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An ophiologist is someone who studies the natural history of snakes.
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Oramel H Simpson was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Louisiana from 1926 until 1928.
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Oran M Roberts was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Texas from 1879 until 1883.
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The Orangemen are member of a Northern Irish society known as the Loyal Orange Institution, the avowed objects of which are to support and defend the Protestant succession to the throne and the Protestant religion in Church and State, as settled by Bill of Rights and Act of Settlement of 1688. Though the society derives its name from William III (William of Orange), it was not definitely established in Ulster until 1795, but system is of earlier date. The society is divided into lodges, which have extended to Great Britain and the colonies. Certain anniversaries, for example July the 1st, that of the battle of the Boyne, and November the 5th, that of William's landing at Torbay are commemorated, and the public celebration of these has done much to keep alive sectarian animosities in Northern Ireland, often leading to riotous encounters.
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The Order of the Bath or Knights of the Bath was an order of England, supposed to have been instituted by Henry IV on the day of his coronation, but allowed to lapse after the reign of Charles II until 1725, when George I revived it as a military order. By the book of statutes then prepared the number of knights was limited to the sovereign and thirty-seven knights companions; but the limits of the order were greatly extended in 1815, and again in 1847, when it was opened to civilians. It now consists of three classes, each subdivided into (1) military members, (2), civil members, and (3), honorary members, consisting of foreign princes and officers. The first-class consists of Knights of the Grand Cross (GLCB); the second of Knights Commanders (KCB); and the third of Companions (CB). The Dean of Westminster is dean of the order. The ribbon of the order is crimson; the badge a gold cross of eight points, with the lion of England between the four principal angles, and having in a circle in the centre the rose, thistle, and shamrock between three imperial crowns; motto: 'Tria juncta in uno' Stars are worn by the two first classes, with the additional motto 'Ich dien'.
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Ordinary was in England the title of a bishop or his deputy acting as an ecclesiastical judge. In the United States, in the colonial period, the colonial governor was ex-officio ordinary, or head of the ecclesiastical courts of the colony, which then had jurisdiction of matrimonial and testamentary causes.
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Origen was a Christian theologian and writer of the early Christian church. He was born in Alexandria in 185 and died in 254.
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The Oriya are the majority ethnic group living in the Indian state of Orissa.
Oriya is Orissa's official language; it belongs to the Eastern group of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family.
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Orlando Gibbons was an English composer. He was born in 1583 at Cambridge and died in 1625 of small-pox. He is associated with the development of music for stringed instruments, although he was an organ player. At the age of twenty-one he was appointed organist of the Chapel Royal, and in 1622 he received the degree of Doctor of Music from the University of Oxford. Three years later he died of small-pox at Canterbury, where he had gone to be present at the marriage of Charles I with Henrietta of France. He was buried in Canterbury Cathedral, where his wife caused a magnificent tomb to be erected to him. He is the author of Madrigals and Anthems (Hosanna to the Son of David! Almighty and Everlasting God! etc).
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Ormsby M Mitchel was an American astronomer. He was born in 1809 and died in 1862. He secured the establishment of the observatory at Cincinnati, 0hio, in 1843. He invented numerous astronomical instruments. He made extensive observations of stars, nebulae and sun-spots. He served in the Army of the Ohio from 1861 to 1862, engaging at Bowling Green, Nashville and Bridgeport. He commanded the Department of the South in 1862, but died of yellow fever.
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Orris S Ferry was an American politician. He was born in 1823 at Connecticut and died in 1875. He was Judge of Probate in 1849, a member of the Connecticut Legislature from 1855 until 1857, and a US Representative from 1859 until 1861. He served during the American Civil War, being promoted to brigadier-general in 1862. He was a US Senator from 1867 to 1875.
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Orval E Faubus was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Arkansas from 1955 until 1967.
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Orville Browning was an American politician. He was born in 1810 and died in 1881. he represented Illinois in the US Senate as a Republican from 1861 until 1863. He advocated the abolition of slavery and was Secretary of the Interior in Johnson's Cabinet from 1866 to 1869.
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Orville L Freeman was an American politician. He was a Democratic-Farmer-Labor governor of Minnesota from 1955 until 1961.
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Orville Wright was an American pioneer of flying. He was born in 1871 and died in 1948. Together with his brother he made the first controlled flight of an aeroplane, though not the first flight of a powered aeroplane, that had been done fifty years earlier by the Englishman John Stringfellow.
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The Osage are a North American Indian tribe of the Siouan language family and of the Plains culture area. They formerly held an extensive territory between the Missouri and Arkansas rivers. In the 17th century they were discovered by French explorers near the Osage River in present-day Missouri; they subsequently allied themselves with the French against other tribes, particularly the Illinois, and with the French against the English. Between 1808 and 1870 the Osage sold most of their land to the USA. In 1870 they entered their present reservation in north-eastern Oklahoma, securing favourable terms in land leases and interest derived from trust funds held for them by the US government. Subsequently, oil was discovered on their lands and, with royalties on the oil wells, they became the wealthiest Indian community in the nation. Their population was about 5500 in the early 19th century; in 1990 Osage descendants numbered 9527.
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Osama Bin Laden is a Saudi Arabian millionaire and international terrorist. He was born in 1957. He was the mastermind behind the September 11th assault on the USA in which 2400 people were killed (original figures quoted in excess of 5000, this was later and quietly revised down) at the World Trade centre and Pentagon when hijacked passenger aircraft were flown into them by suicide bombers. As a student, Bin Laden joined the Muslim Brotherhood, and in 1979 went to Afghanistan to join the American-backed Afghan rebels (mujahedin) fighting the Soviet-backed government. Not receiving recognition for his efforts against the Soviets in Afghanistan by his home country of Saudi Arabia, which instead invited American troops into Saudi Arabia, Bin Laden in the mid 1990s declared a Sunni Muslim holy war against the USA and all Jews, followed up by attacks on the US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. In 2001 Bin Laden was allegedly being supported by the extremist Taleban regime of Afghanistan, where he again allegedly trained his own private army. As a result of these allegations the USA invaded Afghanistan on the pretext of capturing Bin Laden, but by 2008 had still not found him.
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Oscar B Colquitt was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Texas from 1911 until 1915.
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Oscar K Allen was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Louisiana from 1932 until 1936.
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Oscar Rennebohm was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Wisconsin from 1947 until 1951.
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Oscar Slater was a German Jew wrongly convicted of murder. In May 1909 Oscar Slater was convicted at Edinburgh for the murder of a Miss Gilchrist, an elderly lady on December 21st 1908, who was savagely battered to death with a chair. Miss Gilchrist's maid claimed to have seen a man running away from the scene, and later identified Oscar Slater as the man. Oscar Slater went to New York with his girl friend under a false name, and was asked to return to Scotland to stand trial which to the surprise of the police he did. He was tried and convicted. Subsequent investigations by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle revealed that Oscar Slater was innocent and had been framed to protect the true murderer, a wealthy and influential friend of the Edinburgh authorities. It transpired that Oscar Slater had travelled to America under a false name so as to escape his estranged wife. Although Oscar Slater was released from jail, he was never granted the pardon he desired.
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Oscar Fingall O'Flahertie Wills Wilde was a British writer who was persecuted for his homosexuality. He was born in 1854 at Dublin and died in 1900. He wrote 'The Importance Of Being Earnest'.
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Osceola was a chief of the Seminole Indian. He was born in 1804 and died in 1838. He inaugurated the second Seminole War in 1836 by killing General Thompson in revenge for the kidnapping and enslavement of his wife by the whites. He conducted the war for over a year, fighting at the Withlacoochee River, Micanopy and Port Drane. He was treacherously seized while negotiating a treaty under a. flag of truce with General Jesup near St Augustine in 1837, and was imprisoned.
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Oskar Kokoschka was an Austrian painter. He was born in 1886.
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Osman Digna was originally a slave-dealer at Suakin, he graduated to become leader of the Sudan tribesman. He was born in 1836 and died in 1900 after being captured at the Battle of Omdurman and put to death at Wady Halfa.
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Osman Nuri Pasha was a Turkish field-marshal. He was born in 1832 at Tokat and died in 1900. He served in the Crimea, Crete, Yemen and in 1876 in the Serbian war; but is best remembered for his gallant defence of Plevna against the Russians in 1877. He was Turkish minister of war from 1878 to 1885 and grand marshal of the palace until his death.
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Osred was king of Northumberland in 705.
Osred, son of Alred, was king of Northumberland in 789.
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Osric was king of Deira in 634.
Osric, son of Alefrid, was king of Northumberland in 718.
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Ossian B Hart was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Florida from 1873 until 1874.
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Ossip Zadkine was a French Cubist sculptor. He was born in 1890 in Russia and died in 1967. He was active in Paris from 1909. His art represented the human form in dramatic, semi-abstract terms.
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The Ostrogoths were the eastern branch of the Goths who became divided around 370.
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St Oswald was king of Northumberland. He was born in 605 and died in 642. In 635 he defeated and killed Caedwalla, and established his rule over Northumbria. With the help of his wife, daughter of the king of the West Saxons, and of St Aidan, whom he invited to Holy Island, he spread Christianity throughout his kingdom. He died in battle fighting his arch- enemy, Penda, king of Mercia.
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Sir Oswald Ernald Mosley was a British political leader. He was born in 1896 and died in 1980. Mosley was a Member of Parliament successively as a Conservative from 1918 to 1922, Independent from 1922 to 1924, and Labour from 1925 to 1931. He formed a progressive socialist movement, the New Party in 1931 advocating state intervention. Calling for a dictatorial system of government, he formed the National Union of Fascists in 1932. Anti-Semitic and fascist in character, its black-shirted followers staged violent marches and rallies in the East End of London. Mosley was interned during 1940 to 1943. In 1948 he founded the 'Union Movement', whose theme was European unity.
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Oswald Spengler was a German philosopher. He was born in 1880 at Blankenburg and died in 1936.
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Oswald West was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Oregon from 1911 until 1915.
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Osweo was king of Northumberland in 642.
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Oswulf was king of Northumberland in 757. He was slain in a sedition.
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Othneil Looker was an American politician. He was a Democratic-Republican governor of Ohio during 1814.
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Othniel Charles Marsh was an American palaeontologist. He was born in 1831 at Lockport, New York and died in 1899. He became professor of palaeontology at Yale in 1866. he discovered extinct saurians and birds, and raised much discussion on the links between birds and reptiles.
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Otis R Bowen was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Indiana from 1973 until 1981.
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The Ottawas are a tribe of American Algonquin Indians. They aided the French against England. During the American War of Independence they were under British influence. They joined in treaties made in 1785 and 1789, but took up arms with the Miamis soon after, again making peace in 1795. Numerous treaties ceding territory around Lake Michigan to the United States followed. A part went south of the Missouri in 1833, where they lost their identity. A band of Ottawas in Ohio removed to the Osage in 1836. Those remaining became scattered. The emigrants again removed to Indian Territory in 1870. In 1836 the Michigan Ottawas ceded all their lands except reservations.
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Prince Otto Edward Leopold Von Bismarck (known as the 'Iron Chancellor') was a Prussian diplomat and statesman and Duke of Lauenburg. He was born in 1815 at Schonhausen, Brandenburg and died in 1898. He studied law and agriculture at Gottingen, Berlin and Greifswald.
He entered the army and became lieutenant in the Landwehr. After a brief interval devoted to his estates and to the office of inspector of dikes, he became in 1846 a member of the provincial diet of Saxony, and in 1847 of the Prussian diet. In 1851 he was appointed representative of Prussia in the diet of the German Federation at Frankfort, where with brief interruptions he remained until 1859, exhibiting the highest ability in his efforts to checkmate Austria and place Prussia at the head of the German states.
From 1859 until 1862 he was ambassador at St Petersburg, and in the latter year, after an embassy to Paris of five months' duration, was appointed first minister of the Prussian crown.
The Lower House persistently refusing to pass the bill for the reorganization of the army, Bismarck at once dissolved it in October 1862, closing it for four successive sessions until the work of reorganization was complete. When popular feeling had reached its most strained point the Schleswig-Holstein question acted as a diversion, and Bismarck - by the skilful manner in which he added the duchies to Prussian territory, checkmated Austria, and excluded her from the new German confederation, in which Prussia held the first place - became the most popular man in Germany.
As chancellor and president of the Federal Council he secured the neutralization of Luxembourg in place of its cession by Holland to France; and though in 1868 he withdrew for a few months into private life, he resumed office before the close of the year. A struggle between Germany and France appearing to be sooner or later inevitable, Bismarck, having made full preparations, brought matters to a head on the question of the Hohenzollern candidature for the Spanish throne. Having carried the war to a successful issue, he became chancellor and prince of the new German empire. Subsequently, in 1872, he alienated the Roman Catholic party by promoting adverse legal measures and expelling the Jesuits. He then resigned his presidency for a year, though still continuing to advise the emperor. Towards the close of 1873 he returned to power, retaining his position until, in March 1890, he disagreed with the emperor and tendered his resignation. In 1878 he presided at the Berlin Congress, in 1880 at the Berlin Conference, and in 1884 at the Congo Conference. His life was twice attempted - at Berlin in 1866, and at Kissingen in 1874.
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Otto Bohtlingk was a German Sanskrit scholar. He was born in 1815 at St Petersburg and died in 1904. His chief work were a Sanskrit-German dictionary in secen volumes published at St Petersburg bewteen 1853 and 1875, prepared in conjunction with Professor Roth of Tubingen.
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Otto Hahn was a German physical chemist who, in 1938, discovered nuclear fission. He was born in 1879 and died in 1968. He discovered the radioactive substance radiothorium and the element protactinium. In 1944 he was awarded the Nobel prize for chemistry.
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Otto I, or Otto The Great as he was known was Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. He was born in 912 and died in 973. He was the son of Henry The Fowler. In 936 he was elected king of Germany.
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Otto II (Otto The Bloody) was the son of Otto I. He was Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and Germany. He was born in 955 and died in 983.
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Otto III was Emperor of The Holy Roman Empire. He was born in 980 and died in 1002. He sought to revive the greatness of the Roman Empire, but was frustrated by a general revolt in Italy in 1001.
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Otto IV was son of Henry The Lion and Matilda of England. He was born in 1175 and died in 1218. He was Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. He was excommunicated in 1210 for annexing Apulia.
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Otto Kerner was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Illinois from 1961 until 1968.
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Otto Messmer was an American cartoonist. He was born in 1894 and died in 1985. He is best known for his creation 'Felix the cat' which became the first cartoon superstar.
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Otto Von Guericke was a German physicist. He was born in 1602 at Magdeburg and died in 1686. About 1650 he invented the air pump and demonstrated air pressure using a crude barometer at public experiments at the diet at Ratisbon, before the Emperor Ferdinand III. His most important observations, collected by himself, appeared at Amsterdam in 1672.
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Ottone Visconti was the first lord of Milan. He was born in 1208. He headed the Ghibellines and defeated the Della Torres. He was made archbishop in 1263.
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Publius Ovidius Naso Ovid was a Roman poet. He was born in 43BC and died in 17AD. He was born at Sulmo the son of a Roman knight and was educated in Rome with a view to a legal career.
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Owen Glendower was a Welsh patriot. He was born about 1350 and died in 1415. At an early age he was sent to London, and studied for the bar, but relinquished the profession on being appointed an esquire to Richard II whom he supported to the last. He carried on a contest with Lord Grey de Ruthyn respecting an estate, and the latter being charged with the delivery of a summons to Owen from Henry, to attend him on his Scottish expedition, purposely neglected to deliver it. Owen Glendower was outlawed for disaffection, and his enemy seized upon his lands.
Owen Glendower dispossessed Grey of his lands, and, having raised a considerable force, caused himself to be proclaimed Prince of Wales, on September the 20th, 1400. He defeated the king's troops, and retiring to the mountains foiled all subsequent attempts to bring him to action. He afterwards joined the coalition of the Percys, against Henry, and was crowned 'sovereign of Wales.' Owen Glendower arrived with his force too late for the battle of Shrewsbury; and, seeing all was lost, retreated, and continued his marauding warfare. This he kept up with various success, occasionally assisted by Charles VI of France. Finding it impossible to subdue him, Henry V, in 1415, condescended to negotiayte a peace treaty with him; but Owen Glendower died during the negotiation.
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Owen Lovejoy was an American politician. He was born in 1811 and died in 1864. He was very prominent in the anti-slavery cause in Illinois from 1836 to 1856. He represented Illinois in the US Congress as a Republican from 1857 to 1864.
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Owen Wister was an American novelist. He was born in 1860 and died in 1938. He is best known for his book 'The Virginian' published in 1902 and which was made into several films and a television series.
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Ozra A Hadley was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Arkansas from 1871 until 1873.
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Ozzy Osbourne (real name John Michael Osbourne) is an English singer and actor. He was born in 1948 at Birmingham. He was a founder member of the rock group 'Black Sabbath' before leaving the band in 1979 following a break down in his relationship with fellow band member Tony Iommi. During the 1980's attempts were made to link his records with suicides among some of his fans, however he was cleared of all responsibility.
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