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P Hansborough Bell was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Texas from 1849 until 1853.
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Sir Pelham Grenville Wodehouse was an English humorous novelist. He was born in 1881 at Guildford, Surrey and died in 1975. Educated at Dulwich College he worked for the Hong Kong and Shanghai bank for two years before becoming a journalist and writer of short stories. Originally famous for his 1917 'Piccadilly Jim' during the Second World War he was captured by the Germans and agreed to make radio broadcasts for them. Branded a traitor, he settled in the USA after the war. Among the many books he wrote he invented the comic characters 'Jeeves and Wooster'.
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Paavo Johannes Nurmi was a Finnish long distance runner. He was born in 1897 and died in 1993. He was known as the 'Flying Finn', and won nine Olympic gold medals, including five at the 1924 Games. He broke 20 world records in 16 separate events ranging from the 1,500 metres to the 20,000 metres. Through his achievements and his scientific approach to training and racing he transformed competitive running in the 1920s. He set his first world record 1921 in the 10,000 metres, and his last in 1931 when he became the first man to beat nine minutes in the two miles. At the 1920 Olympics in Antwerp he won the 10,000 metres and individual and team cross country titles, but could only finish second in the 5,000 metres; a defeat which prompted him thereafter to run with a stop watch so that he could pace himself better. Whatever the benefits of this innovation, four years later at the Paris Olympics he was unbeatable, winning gold medals in the 1,500 metres, 5,000 metres, individual and team cross country, and the 3,000
metres team event; his victories in the first two races coming within an hour of each other. In 1925, on a celebrated tour of the USA, he won 53 of 55 indoor races. At the 1928 Olympics he won the 10,000 metres and won silver medals in the 5,000 metres and 3,000 metres steeplechase to bring his tally of medals to 12, including 9 golds. In 1932 he was controversially disqualified from competing in the Los Angeles Olympics for an alleged breach of the amateur code.
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Pablo de Cespedes was a Spanish painter, sculptor, architect, poet, and man of letters. He was born in 1538 at Cordova and died in 1608. He entered the university of Alcala de Henares in 1556, and finally went to Rome, where he studied under Zucchero and Michael Angelo, and became renowned both for frescoes and sculptures. In 1577 he obtained a prebend in the cathedral of Cordova, and from that time resided alternately in his native town and in Seville. His best pictures are in Cordova, Seville, Madrid, and several towns of Andalusia. He was the head of the then Andalusian school of painting, and numbered among his pupils some painters of distinction.
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Pablo Picasso was a Spanish artist born in 1881 and died in 1973.
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In ancient Greece, a paedotribe was a teacher of gymnastics and especially wrestling.
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The Paharia are a people of Nepal. Their society is divided into four castes: Brahmin (the highest or priestly), Chetri (the warriors), Vaishya (traders and farmers) and Shudra (the untouchables or lowest). Religiously they are mainly divided into Hindus and Buddhists.
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Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina was an Italian composer. He was born in 1524 at Palestrina and died in 1594. He took his name from the town where he was born and studied in Rome around 1540 before returning to Palestrina where he became canon and organist from 1544 until 1551 when he was made master of music at the Vatican. In 1555 he lost his post at the Vatican but took a post at St John Lateran. In 1571 he returned to the Vatican and remained there until his death. He was famous for his polyphonic music, and composed Masses and some madrigals.
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The Palikur are a South American Indian people living in north Brazil and numbering about 1 million. Formerly a warlike people, they occupied a vast area between the Amazon and Orinoco rivers.
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Pam Tillis is an American country singer. She was born in 1957 at Plant City, Florida. She was the Country Music Association Female Vocalist of the Year 1994.
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Pancho Francisco Villa (real name Doroteo Arango) was a Mexican revolutionary. he was born in 1878 and died in 1923. At sixteen he killed a man for molesting his sister, changed his name to Francisco Villa fled to the mountains and lived as a bandit, cattle-rustler and sometimes labourer. In 1910, while working as a labourer he was persuaded to join the Madero revolution against President Porfirio Diaz. Following the revolution's success, Villa stayed in the irregular army, being court-martialled for insubordination in 1912, imprisoned and subsequently escaping and fleeing to the USA, only to return to Mexico in 1913 following the assassination of Francisco Madero, joining Venustiano Carranza against Huerta, his cavalry achieving fame. Villa returned to being a bandit following Carranza's victory, wanting power for himself, and in 1920 when Carranza was overthrown made peace with the new government and accepted a large ranch in return for giving up politics. He was assassinated in Parral, Chihuahua in 1923.
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Panfilo de Narvaez was a Spanish soldier. He was born in 1470 and died in 1538. He was active in conquering the West Indies for Spain. In 1520 he was sent by Velasquez, Governor-General of Cuba, to conquer Mexico, but was defeated by Cortes at Cempoala. He was made Governor of Florida by Spain in 1528, and led an expedition of 400 men into the interior of Florida. They suffered severe hardships and were shipwrecked at the mouth of the Mississippi.
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Paolo Veronese (Paolo Cagliari) was an Italian painter. He was born in 1528 at Verona and died in 1588. He painted processional, ceremonial and festival pictures. His greatest work was the decoration of the church of San Sebastiano.
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The Papuan are natives to or inhabitants of Papua New Guinea; a speaker of any of various Papuan languages, used mainly on the island of New Guinea, although some 500 are used in New Britain, the Solomon Islands, and the islands of the south-west Pacific. The Papuan languages belong to the Indo-Pacific family.
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Paris was a Trojan prince whose abduction of Helen of Sparta caused the Trojan war.
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Paris Bordone was an Italian painter of the Venetian school. He was born in 1500 at Treviso and died in 1570 at Venice. He was a pupil of Titian and was invited to France by Francis I whose portrait he painted, as also those of the Duke of Guise, the Cardinal of Lorraine, and others. His works are not rare in the public and private collections of Europe, his most famous picture being the Old Gondolier Presenting a Ring to the Doge, at Venice.
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Paris C Dunning was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Indiana from 1848 until 1849.
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Park Trammell was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Florida from 1913 until 1917.
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Pascale Petit is a French born poet. She was born in 1953 at Paris and studied sculptor at the Royal College of Art.
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Pasqua was a Greek slave brought to England in 1652 by Daniel Edwards. Pasqua taught the method of roasting coffee and introduced the drink of coffee to the British isles. He opened the Grecian Coffee-house in Devereux Court, London, the first coffee house to open in London.
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Pasquale Villari was an Italian historian and statesman. He was born in 1827 and died in 1917. He was appointed professor of history at Florence in 1866 and was minister of public instruction from 1891 to 1892.
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The Passamaquoddiy are an Algonquin tribe of North American Indians who formerly occupied the seaboard about the New Brunswick and Maine frontiers.
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The term pastoral refers to a people who are farm sheep, goats or cows. Simply, shepherds.
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Pat M Neff was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Texas from 1921 until 1925.
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The Patamonas are a South American Indian tribe still found in Guyana.
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The Pathan are a people of north west Pakistan and Afghanistan, numbering about 14 million in 1984. The majority are Sunni Muslims. The Pathans speak Pashto, a member of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family. The Pathans comprise distinct groups, some living as nomads with herds of goats and camels, while others are farmers.
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Sir Leslie Patrick Abercrombie was an English architect and town planner. He was born in 1879 and died in 1957. Professor of town planning at Liverpool from 1915 to 1945 he was then professor of town planning at University College London from 1935 to 1946. He was a consultant and was responsible for the replanning of many British towns and cities including Bath, Doncaster, Dublin, Edinburgh, Hull, Plymouth and Sheffield and was involved in the creation of post-war new towns.
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Patrick Adamson was a Scottish divine and Latin poet. He was born in 1543 and died in 1592. He was educated at St Andrews, lived some years in France, was minister of Paisley, and latterly Archbishop of St. Andrews, in which position he made himself very obnoxious to the Presbyterian party. Deprived of the revenues of the see he died in indigence. He turned portions of the Bible into Latin verse.
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Patrick R Cleburne was an American soldier. He was born in 1828 and died in 1864. A descendant of William Claiborne he went to the USA and joined the Confederates in the American Civil War. He was in command of a corps at Franklin when he was killed.
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Patrick Fairbairn was a Scottish theologian. He was born in 1805 and died in 1874. He became a minister of the Established Church, but joined the Free Church at the disruption in 1843. In 1853 he was appointed professor of divinity in the Free Church College, Aberdeen, and in 1856 principal of the Free Church College, Glasgow. Among his works are: Typology of Scripture; Jonah, his Life, Character, and Mission; Ezekiel; Prophecy; Hermeneutical Manual; Pastoral Epistles of St Paul. He edited and wrote extensively for the Imperial Bible Dictionary.
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Patrick Geddes was a Scottish town planner. He was born in 1854 and died in 1932. He established the importance of surveys, research work, and properly planned 'diagnoses before treatment'. His major work is City Development 1904. His protege was Lewis Mumford.
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Patrick Gordon was a Scottish mercenary. He was born in 1635 at Auchleuchries and died in 1699. He took service with Charles X of Sweden and fought against the Poles. During ten years he changed sides seven times, and after fighting for the Poles against the Russians, he finally accepted employment under the Tsar. He ingratiated himself with his new master, and was sent on a mission to England to Charles II in 1665. He returned to Russia in time to defeat the Turks. During the absence of Peter the Great from Russia in 1697, Patrick Gordon suppressed the revolt of the Strelitzes. He kept a diary for the last forty years of his life, part of which has been published.
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Patrick Hamilton was a Scottish reformer. He was born in 1504 at Glasgow and died in 1527 being burned at the stake. He was the second son of Sir Patrick Hamilton of Kincavel and Stanehouse, and of Catharine, daughter of the Duke of Albany, second son of James II. He was educated partly at St Andrews and partly at Paris, where he took his degree in 1520. While still a boy he had been appointed Abbot of Fearn, in Rosshire, but never went into residence, settling instead at St Andrews in 1523. Here he began to announce his convictions in the principles of the Reformation, and was summoned in 1526 by Archbishop Beaton to stand his trial for heresy. He fled to Germany, where his education as a reformer was completed by an intimate acquaintance with Luther and Melanchthon. After six months' absence he returned to Scotland, and began to preach the gospel openly at Linlithgow, but was allured by Beaton to St Andrews under pretence of a friendly conference, but was arrested, tried, convicted of heresey and executed.
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Patrick Henry was an American politician. He was born in 1736 at Hanover County, Virginia and died in 1799. He failed in farming and trading, and started his career as a lawyer, with somewhat slender equipment, in 1760. He attracted attention by a noted speech in 1763, and in 1765 he entered the House of Burgesses and uttered his famous arraignment of the Stamp Act. He was a leader in organizing the committees of correspondence, and was a delegate to the first Continental Congress. In 1775 occurred his 'liberty or death' speech, and he was active in the beginning of hostilities as a colonel and commander of Virginia troops. He took the lead in organizing the Virginia State Government, and was its first Governor, being elected in 1776, 1777 and 1778, and in 1784 and 1785. His jealousy of State, privileges and devotion to democracy led him to oppose the Federal Constitution of 1787. He was the Anti-Federalist leader in the State, and was prominent in the ratifying convention of 1788. For a short time, 1794-1795, he was US Senator, was finally a Federalist, and was for many years a member of the Virginia Legislature. Patrick Henry was noted for eloquence, but did not in constructive statesmanship compare with some of the other great Virginians.
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Patrick J Lucey was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Wisconsin from 1971 until 1977.
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Patrick Jennings is a British footballer. He was born in 1945 at Newry. He played for Northern Ireland 119 times and became Britain's most capped player before retiring in 1986.
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Thomas Patrick John Anson Lichfield (Lord Lichfield) was an English soldier and photographer. He was born in 1939 and died in 2005. After serving in the Grenadier Guards from 1959 until 1962 he left to become a professional photographer, later becoming famous for his royal portraits.
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Patrick Nasmyth was a Scottish landscape painter. He was born in 1787 at Edinburgh and died in 1831. He exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1811, and earned for himself the name of the English Hobbema.
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Patrick Noble was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of South Carolina from 1838 until 1840.
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In 1629 the Dutch West India Company, in order to effect a permanent agricultural colonization of New Netherland, granted a charter of Privileges and Exemptions to any members of the company who would within four years plant a colony of fifty anywhere in New Netherland, except on Manhattan Island. These wealthy grantees were called Patroons, and were privileged to rule their colonies in absolute feudal style, the colonists being bound to them for a certain number of years. This system was soon found to be disadvantageous, since it tended to debar the less wealthy class of individual colonists. In 1640 the charter was modified and extended to any good citizen of the Netherlands. In later years there were frequent quarrels between the Patroons and the provincial government.
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Patty Loveless is an American country singer. She was born in 1957 at Pikeville, Kentucky.
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The Patwin are a North American Indian people living in the Sacramento valley in California.
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Paul A Dever was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Massachusetts from 1949 until 1953.
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Paul Abraham was a Hungarian composer. He was born in 1892 at Apatin and died in 1960. He studied at Budapest from 1910 to 1916 and in 1927 was appointed conductor with the Budapest Hauptstadtischen Operettentheater, where his first operetta, 'Der Gatte des Fraeuleins' , was performed in 1928. Moving to Berlin, he later left when his music was banned by the Nazis and he travelled first to Vienna and then Paris and the USA before returning to Germany after the war.
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Paul Adlington is a British water skier. In 1969 he set a British record of 3765 points in the tricks event at the northern European championships held at Princes Club.
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Paul B Johnson was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Mississippi from 1964 until 1968.
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Paul Francois Jean Nicholas, Comte De Barras was a member of the French national convention and of the executive directory. He was born in 1755 at Provence and died in 1829. After serving in the army in India and Africa, he joined the revolutionary party and was a deputy in the tiers-etat. He took part in the attack upon the Bastille and upon the Tuileries, and voted for the death of Louis XVI. In the subsequent events he displeased Robespierre, and on this account joined the members of the committee, who foresaw danger awaiting them, and being intrusted with the chief command of the forces of his party he made himself master of Robespierre, On February the 4th, 1795, he was elected president of the convention, and on October the 5th, when the troops of the sections which favoured the royal cause approached, Barras for a second time received the chief command of the forces of the convention. On this occasion he employed General Bonaparte, for whom he procured the chief command of the army of the interior, and afterwards the command of the army in Italy. From the events of the 18th Fructidor (September 4th, 1797) he governed absolutely until the 13th of June, 1799, when Sieyes entered the directory, and in alliance with Bonaparte procured his downfall in the revolution of the 18th Brumaire (November the 9th, 1799). He afterwards resided at Brussels, Marseilles, Rome, and Montpellier under surveillance. His Memoirs in four volumes were published in French and in English in 1895-96.
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Paul Jacques Aime Baudry was a French painter. He was born in 1828 and died in 1886. He took the grand prix de Rome in 1850, and exhibited many important works, of which the better known are his Charlotte Corday and La Perle et la Vague. The decoration of the foyer of the New Opera House at Paris was entrusted to him - an enormous work, occupying a total surface of 500 square metres, but admirably accomplished by him in eight years.
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Paul Emile Botta was a French traveller and archaeologist. He was born about 1800 and died in 1870. In 1833 he was appointed French consul at Alexandria. He undertook a journey to Arabia in 1837, described in his Relation d'un Voyage dans l'Yemen. He discovered the ruins of ancient Nineveh in 1843 while acting as consular agent for the French government at Mosul. As the result of his investigations he published two important works-one on the cuneiform writing of the Assyrians (Memoire de l'Venture Cuneiforme Assyrienne), and the other upon the monuments of Nineveh (Monuments de Ninive 1846-1850) the latter of which is a work of great splendour, and makes an era in Assyrian antiquities.
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Paul Brigham was an American politician. He was a governor of Vermont during 1797.
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Paul Broca was a French surgeon and anthropologist. He was born in 1824 and died in 1880. He discovered the motor speech centre of the brain and also did pioneering work in brain surgery.
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Paul Cezanne was a French painter. He was born in 1839 at Aix-en-Provence. He studied with Pablo Picasso.
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Paul Ansel Chadbourne was an American politician. He was born in 1823 at Massachusetts and died in 1883. He was president of Williams College, of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, and of Wisconsin University and was for two years State Senator and a Presidential elector in 1880.
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Paul Delaroche (real name Hippolyte Delaroche) was a French painter. He was born in 1797 and died in 1856. He studied landscape-painting for a short time, but applied himself afterwards to historical painting, and rapidly rose to eminence. His subjects are principally taken from French and English history. Among others may be mentioned: St. Vincent de Paul preaching before Louis XIII on behalf of Deserted Children; Joan of Arc interrogated in Prison by Cardinal Beaufort; the Death of Queen Elizabeth, a work greatly admired by French and generally reprobated by English critics; A scene of the St. Bartholomew Massacre; The Children of Edward IV. in the Tower; Cardinal Richelieu conducting Cinq Mars and De Thou up the Rhone to Execution; Charles I mocked by his guards; Cromwell contemplating the Dead Body of Charles I;
the Execution of Lady Jane Grey; the Death of the Duke of Guise; and the Hemicycle, an immense work painted in oil on the wall of the Ecole des Beaux Arts, Paris. It represents an assemblage of the great painters, sculptors, and architects from the' days of Giotto to those of Lesueur, and has been admirably engraved by Dupont. His merits consist in correct drawing, appropriate expression, harmonious colour, and great distinctness and perspicuity in treatment, rendering the story of his pictures at once intelligible. He held a middle place be-tween the classical and the romantic schools, and was regarded as the leader of the so-called 'eclectic school.'
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Paul Dillingham was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Vermont from 1865 until 1867.
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Paul Gustav Dore was a French artist. He was born in 1833 at Strasbourg and died in 1883. He studied at Paris, contributing, when only sixteen years of age, comic sketches to the Journal pour Rire. He distinguished himself greatly as an illustrator of books. His illustrations of Rabelais, of Perrault's Tales, Sue's Wandering Jew, Dante's Divina Commedia, and Cervantes' Don Quixote, displayed great fertility of invention, and the fine fantasy of his landscapes and the dramatic effectiveness of his groups acquired for him a European reputation. His illustrations of the Bible, of Ariosto's Orlando Furioso, and Milton's Paradise Lost are also of high excellence. As a painter he has grandeur of conception and a bold expressive style. Amongst his chief works are Christ leaving the Prsetorium, Paolo and Francesca di Rimini, The Plight into Egypt, Mont Blanc, etc. In later years Dore also won fame as a sculptor.
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Paul Du Chaillu was a French anthropologist. He was born in 1835 at Paris and died in 1903. He spent his youth in the French settlement at the Gabon, on the west coast of Africa, where his father was a merchant. In 1852 he went to the United States, of which he afterwards became a naturalized citizen. In 1855 he began his first journey through Western Africa, and spent until 1859 alone among the different tribes, travelling on foot upwards of 8000 miles. He collected several gorillas, never before hunted, and rarely, if ever, before seen by any European. The result of this journey was published in 1861.
A second expedition was made in 1863, an account of which, under the title A Journey to Ashango Land, appeared in 1867. Tho Land of the Midnight Sun, an account of a tour in Northern Europe (1881), had considerable success. He published a number of books intended for youth, and based on his travels. One of his works is the Viking Age (1889), on the ancestors of the English-speaking peoples.
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Paul Dubois was a French sculptor. He was born in 1829 and died after 1905. He first studied law, but in 1856-58 gave himself up to sculpture under Toussaint at Paris, and then went to Italy, where the sculptors of the early Renaissance, Donatello, Luca Delia Robbia, etc, had a decided influence upon him. Among his works are a St. John, a Narcissus, a Madonna and Child, Eve Awakening to Life, a figure of Song for the opera-honse at Paris, and numerous busts; but his greatest work is the monument of General Lamoriciere in the Cathedral of Nantes, with figures of Military Courage, Charity, Faith, and Meditation, which rank among the best products of French plastic art. He is also distinguished as a painter of portraits.
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Paul Dukas was a French composer. He was born in 1865 at Paris and died in 1935. His most popular work is the Sorcerer's Apprentice which was used by Walt Disney in his film Fantasia.
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Paul Ehrlich was a German bacteriologist. He was born in 1854 and died in 1915. He shared the Nobel prize for medicine in 1908 and discovered salvarsan, a compound which destroys syphilis germs.
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Paul Fannin was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Arizona from 1959 until 1965.
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Paul Johann Anselm Feuerbach was a German criminal jurist. He was born in 1775 at Jena and died in 1833. Having published his first work, entitled Anti-Hobbes, in 1798, he began in 1799 to deliver lectures on law at Jena as Privatdocent. In 1801 he became an ordinary professor of jurisprudence at Jena, but the following year accepted a chair at Kiel. In 1804 he obtained an appointment in the University of Laudshut, where he was employed to draw up the plan of a criminal code for Bavaria, which received the royal assent in 1813. In 1814 he was appointed second president of the appeal court at Bamberg, and in 1817 first president of the appeal court for the circle of Rezat at Anspach. Among his most interesting and important works are Remarkable Criminal Trials, and Themis, or Contributions to the art of Law-making.
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Paul Gauguin was a French painter. He was born in 1848 at Paris and died in 1903.
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Paul gerhardt was a German hymn-writer. He was born in 1607 and died in 1676. He studied theology, became pastor of Mittenwalde in 1651, and afterwards at Berlin. A strict Lutheran, he opposed energetically all attempts to unite the Lutheran and Reformed Churches, and was removed from his church in 1666 in consequence of his refusal to subscribe to the edict of 16th September 1664, prohibiting mutual insults or offensive language between the churches. In 1668 he was made archdeacon in Lubben. His book of hymns appeared at Berlin in 1667 (Geistliche Andachten). Many particular hymns have found English translators.
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Paul Hamilton was an American politician. He was born in 1762 and died in 1816. He was active in the American War of Independence, was Controller of South Carolina from 1799 to 1804, Governor from 1804 to 1806, and Secretary of the Navy in Madison's Cabinet from 1809 to 1813.
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Paul Johann Kudwig Heyse was a German novelist and dramatist. He was born in 1830 at Berlin and died in 1914. He settled at Munich in 1854 and wrote many plays, and short stories for newspapers and magazines; but his fame rests on his great novels, Die Kinder der Welt (The Children of the World), 1872; and Im Paradiese (The Paradise Club), 1875. He was generally recognized as among the most powerful and artistic works of modern German fiction, and in 1910 won the Nobel prize for literature.
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Paul Hindemith was a German composer. He was born in 1895.
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Baron Paul Heinrich Dietrich von Holbach was a German philosopher. He was born in 1723 at Heidelsheim, in the Palatinate and died in 1789. He was educated in Paris, where he passed the greater part of his life and became the patron and associate of the encyc1opaedists, and contributed many papers on natural history, politics, and philosophy to the Encyclopedia. The principal work attributed to him, which appeared under the name of Mirabaud, is the Systeme de la Nature. He afterwards published Systeme Social, or Principes Naturels de la Morale et de la Politique: Bons Sens, or Idees Natnrelles opposees aux Idees Surnaturelles - a sort of atheist's catechism; Elements de la Morale Universelle; etc, etc. According to Holbach matter is the only form of existence, and everything is the effect of a blind necessity.
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Paul Janet was a French philosopher. He was born in 1823 at Paris and died in 1899. He became professor of philosophy at Strasbourg University in 1848 and in 1864 at the Sorbonne in Paris. He was the chief exponent of the idealistic school in France during the second half of the 19th century, and wrote a number of books.
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Paul Klee was a Swiss painter. He was born in 1879 near Berne and died in 1940.
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Paul L Patterson was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Oregon from 1952 until 1956.
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Paul Laxalt was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Nevada from 1967 until 1971.
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Paul Charles Morphy was an American chess player. He was born in 1837 at New Orleans, Louisiana and died in 1884. The son of a keen chess player, by the age of twelve Paul Morphy had played and beaten the best players in New Orleans, and in 1857 he won first prize at the American chess congress. A student of law at Jesuit college, Alabama, he graduated before he was old enough to practise at 21, and instead continued to play chess, winning the US championship and, travelling to Europe, beating the best chess players of Europe, thereby becoming the first unofficial world chess champion, before returning to the USA in 1864. In 1860 J Lowenthal edited a book entitled 'Morphy's Games Of Chess' which is regarded as a classic title in the chess world.
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Paul Nash was an English artist. He was born in 1899 at London and died in 1946.
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Paul O Hebert was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Louisiana from 1853 until 1856.
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Paul Julius Reuter was a German newsman. He was born in 1816 at Kassel and died in 1899. In 1849 he established at Aix-la-Chapelle an office from which he supplied newspapers to all parts of the world. In 1851 he became a naturalized Englishman and established at the London Royal Exchange the Reuter's news agency, which wasn't successful until adopted by the Times in 1858. In 1865 Reuters was converted into a limited liability company.
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Paul Revere was an American soldier and patriot. He was born in 1735 at Boston and died in 1818.
He was originally a copper plate engraver, living in Boston, Massachusetts and produced many caricatures illustrative of the pre-Revolutionary topics. He was one of the prime movers of the Boston tea party. On the night of April the 18th and 19th, 1775, he rode from Boston to Concord to warn of the intended expedition of the British. This is the subject of Longfellow's poem, 'Paul Revere's Ride'. In 1775 he printed the provincial paper money of Massachusetts, and erected a mill for the manufacture of gunpowder. He engaged in the unsuccessful Penobscot expedition in 1779.
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Paul Sandby was an English engraver. He was born in 1725 at Nottingham and died in 1809. With his brother Thomas, he found employment in the military drawing department at the Tower of London in 1741. He was subsequently draughtsman to the survey of the Scottish Highlands after the rebellion of 1745. He settled at Windsor, and made experiments with pigments, earning for him the title of the father of the water-colour school. He was distinguished as an etcher, though he struggled for recognition as a caricaturist. He was an original member of the Royal Academy.
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Paul Simon is an American musician and actor. He was born in 1941 at Newark, New Jersey. He released a number of songs in partnership with his school friend, Art Garfunkel, first under the name 'Tom and Jerry' and later as 'Simon and Garfunkle'. After the break-up of the partnership he continued recording music under his own name.
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Paul V McNutt was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Indiana from 1933 until 1937.
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Paul Verlaine was a French poet. He was born in 1844 at Metz and died in 1896. He formed the Symbolists school of poetry.
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Sir Paul Vinogradoff was a Russian jurist. He was born in 1854 and died in 1925. He settled in England and became corpus professor of jurisprudence at Oxford in 1903. He lectured at Harvard in 1907 and Calcutta from 1913 to 1914. He was literary director of the Selden Society and director of publications of the British Academy. He was knighted in 1917.
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Paul Von Hindenburg was a German soldier and the second president of the German Reich. He was born in 1847 and died in 1934.
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Paulina Rubio Dosamantes is a Mexican musician, actress and television host. She was born in 1971 at Mexico City. She started her music career as a memebr of the pop band Timbiriche before leaving to pursue a solo career in 1991.
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Paulovitch Constantine was a Grand-prince of Russia. He was born in 1779 and died in1831. The second son of Paul I, he distinguished himself in 1799 under Suwarroff, and at Austerlitz in 1805; and in 1812, 1813, and 1814 attended his brother, the Emperor Alexander, in all his campaigns. He was afterwards employed in superintending the affairs of the new Kingdom of Poland, and was successively made military governor and generalissimo of the Polish troops. On the decease of his brother in 1825 he was proclaimed emperor at St Petersburg, in his absence, but as he adhered to a precious renunciation of claim to the throne, his younger brother Nicholas became Alexander's successor. He is renowned in Polish history as one of the most barbarous oppressors of the Polish people.
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Pavel Josef Savarik was a Slovak philologist. He was born in 1795 at Kobeliarov, Hungary and died in 1861 at Prague. He was a leading figure of the Czech national revival and a pioneer of Slavonic philology and archaeology. He was director of the Serbian Orthodox grammar school at Novi Sad before settling in Prague in 1833. In 1841 he turned down an invitation to occupy the chair of Slavonic philology at Berlin, preferring to remain a private scholar in his own country, researching and writing about the history and languages of the Slav people.
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Pavel Sudoplatov was a Soviet spymaster. He was born in 1907 at Meltiopol in the Ukraine. As a Soviet intelligence officer responsible for 'special tasks', Pavel Sudoplatov was responsible for the assassination of Leon Trotsky and during the Second World War was in charge of guerrilla warfare and disinformation in Germany and in German-occupied territories. Following the Second World War, Pavel Sudoplatov ran networks of 'illegals' whose job was, in the event of a NATO attack on the Soviet Union, to engage in sabotage of NATO military establishments. Pavel Sudoplatov also was in charge of networks of spies providing the Soviet Union with information on atomic weapons - which, despite his claims, were not 'convinced' to provide information but rather many of the spies he controlled were happy to provide information to the USSR in support for the Soviet Communist philosophy.
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The Pawnee Indians were an American indian tribe. For a long time they were inhabitants of Nebraska on the Platte and were always friendly to the White Americans. By a treaty in 1833 they sold lands south of the Nebraska. They were afterward attacked by the Sioux and their lands devastated. In 1857 they sold more of their lands, but the American Government did not protect them from further ravages by the Sioux.
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Payne Ratner was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Kansas from 1939 until 1943.
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Peada was king of Mercia in 655. He was killed to make way for his brother Wulfhere.
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Pedanius Dioscorides was a Greek physician. He was born in the first century at Cilicia and was the author of a celebrated work on materia medica, in five books, particularly valuable in regard to botany.
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A pedlar is a person who travels around carrying small goods for sale. The term is especially applied to a person who calls from door to door offering goods for sale which they carry in a pack.
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Pedro Antonion de Alarcon was a Spanish poet and novelist and politician. He was born in 1833 and died in 1891. He is best known as the author of 'The Three Cornered Hat'.
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Pedro Alvarez Cabral was a Portuguese explorer. He was born about 1460 and died about 1526. In 1500 he received command of a fleet bound for the East Indies, and sailed from Lisbon, but having taken a course too far to the west he was carried by the South American current to the coast of Brazil, of which he took possession in name of Portugal. Continuing his voyage, but losing half his fleet, and among others the famous navigator Bartholomew Diaz, he visited Mozambique, and at last reached India, where he made important commercial treaties with native princes, and then returned to Europe.
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Pedro Calderon de la Barca was a Spanish poet and dramatist. He was born in 1600 and died in 1681. He was reputed to have been a dramatist at the age of thirteen, but he became publicly known as a dramatist at the age of twenty.
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Pedro de Alvarado was a Spanish conquistador. He was born in 1475 and died in 1541. After accompanying Cortes in the conquest of Mexico from 1519 to 1521 he led an expedition to Guatemala in 1523, lasting until 1527 and later became governor of Guatemala from 1530 until 1541.
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Pedro Lopez De Alaya was a Spanish historian and poet. He was born in about 1340 and died in 1407. He was chancellor of Castile in the second half of the fourteenth century, and the author of a history of Castile during 1350-96. He took an active part in the struggle between Henry II and Pedro the Cruel, and was taken prisoner by the English in 1367. During his English captivity he wrote part of his chief poetical work, a Book in Rhyme concerning Court Life.
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Pedro de Covilham was a Portuguese explorer. He was born in 1460 and died in 1530. He was sent by John II of Portugal in 1487 to search for the legendary empire of Prester John. He travelled to India and journeyed down the east African coast to Sofala and reached Abyssinia where he was treated honourably, but never allowed to leave.
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Pedro de Valdivia was a Spanish soldier. He was born in 1498 near La Serena, Estremadura and died in 1554. He served in Italy, and about 1534 went to the New World, being of great assistance to Pizarro in Peru. He was then sent to conquer Chile, where in 1541 he founded Santiago, and for six years fought against the natives. After fighting again in Peru, he returned to Chile, and during a revolt was killed by the Indians.
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Pedro I was emperor of Brazil. He was born in 1798 at Lisbon and died in 1834. He was the second son of King John VI of Portugal. To escape a French invasion of Portugal, Pedro and his parents fled to Brazil in 1807. In 1821, when his father returned home, Pedro became prince regent of Brazil. The following year he proclaimed Brazilian independence and was crowned emperor of Brazil. Proclaimed king of Portugal in 1826, he abdicated that same year in favour of his daughter Maria II. Pedro's arbitrary rule and his involvement in the internal affairs of Portugal caused his popularity to wane in Brazil. He abdicated as emperor of Brazil in 1831 and returned to Portugal, where he supported Maria against his brother Miguel, her rival for the throne.
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Pedro II was emperor of Brazil. He was born in 1825 and died in 1891. The son of Pedro I, he succeeded to the throne at the age of five, on his father' s abdication, and was subject to a regency until he reached his majority in 1840. In 1843 he married Teresa Christina, the daughter of King Frances I of the Two Sicilies.
The early years of his reign were marked by revolts in various parts of the country. Pedro II had a lifelong interest in science and was a patron of the arts. He opposed slavery, which he gradually phased out of Brazilian life - outlawing the slave trade in 1850, initiating a process of emancipation in 1871, and finally abolishing slavery altogether in 1888. He opened the Amazon to the commerce of all nations in 1867. He visited the United States in 1876 and aided President Grant in opening the Centennial Exhibition.
Under his rule Brazil fought a costly but successful war with Paraguay, gaining some territory as a result. Although impartial toward Brazil's rival political groups, Pedro II's use of the wide powers given to him by the imperial constitution caused resentment, which, along with dissatisfaction among slave owners, led to his overthrow and the establishment of a republic in 1889.
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Pedro Menendez de Aviles was a Spanish soldier. He died in 1574. In 1565 he founded St. Augustine in Florida, and destroyed the French Huguenot settlement at Port Royal.
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Pelayo was a king of Spain. He died in 737. He founded the Christian kingdom of Asturias in northern Spain.
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Pele (real name Edson Arantes do Nascimento) is an Association Football player. He was born in 1940. The most famous Brazilian football player, he is regarded as perhaps the greatest soccer player the world has ever known. In 1969 he scored his 1000th goal in senior football while playing for Santos against Vasco de Gama at the Maracana stadium in Rio de Janeiro.
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Peleg Sprague was an American politician. He was born in 1793 and died in 1880. He represented Maine in the US Congress as a National Republican from 1825 to 1829, and in the US Senate from 1829 to 1835. He was US Judge for the Massachusetts district from 1841 to 1865.
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Peleg Wadsworth was an american soldier and politician. He was born in 1748 and died in 1829. He fought at Long Island in 1776, and was second in command of the Penobscot expedition in 1779. He represented Maine in the US Congress from 1793 to 1807.
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Pellegrino Luigi Odorado Rossi was an Italian political economist. He was born in 1787 at Carrara and died in 1848. He was appointed professor of political economy at the College de France at Paris in 1832, and subsequently professor of constitutional law at the Paris faculty of law. In 1845 he became ambassador of France at Rome, where he was assassinated.
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Penda was king of Mercia in 626. He was said to be fierce and cruel. He died in battle.
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Pendleton Murrah was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Texas from 1863 until 1865.
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The Pends d'Oreilles (Kalispels) were a tribe of American Selish Indians, inhabiting Montana, Idaho, Washington and British America. They were always been friendly to the white settlers
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The Pennacook or Pawtucket are an Algonquin tribe of North American Indians originally of the Merrimac River in New Hampshire and adjacent parts of Maine and Massachusetts. They were defeated by Waldron in 1676 and mostly withdrew to French Canada.
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The Pequot were an Algonquin tribe of North American Indians occupying eastern Connecticut where they lived by hunting, fishing, gathering and raising maize. They entered into a treaty with the colonists at Boston in 1634, but soon became hostile. Expeditions were sent against them and they in turn attacked Wethersfield and killed many settlers. In 1637, an expedition under Mason surprised the Indians at a fort near the present Groton, Connecticut. A desperate struggle followed in which the Indians were overcome with great loss. The remnant was nearly annihilated in a subsequent battle at Fairfield swamp. Many were sent as slaves to the West Indies. A few survived and obtained two land grants from the British. One surviving group operates a successful casino today at Ledyard.
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Percival Bromfield was an English table tennis champion. He was born in 1886 and died in 1947. He perfected the backhand flick and won the English championship in 1904 and again in 1924.
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Percival J Farwig was an English lyricist. He was born in about 1870 at Penge, Surrey and died after 1925. He spent much of his life in the Croydon area of Surrey.
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Percival P Baxter was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Maine from 1921 until 1925.
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Percival W Clement was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Vermont from 1919 until 1921.
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Percy Hetherington Fitzgerald was an Irish novelist, miscellaneous writer and sculptor. He was born 1834 at Ireland and died after 1906. Educated at Stonyhurst College, Lancashire, and at Trinity College, Dublin, he was called to the Irish Bar in 1855, and was afterwards appointed a Crown Prosecutor on the north-eastern Circuit. Besides novels, he wrote many biographical and other works, of which the most important are: Charles Lamb, his Friends, his Haunts, and his Books (1865); Life of David Garrick (1868); The Kembles (1871); an edition of Boswell's Johnson (1874); The Royal Dukes and Princesses of the Family of George III (1882); A New History of the English Stage (1882); Life and Times of William IV (1884); Henry Irving: Twenty Years at the Lyceum (1893); and Fifty Years of Catholic Life and Social Progress (1901).
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Percy Pilcher, an Englishman, may be said to have invented the hang glider. During the late 19th century he invented a man launched glider.
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Percy Moreton Scott was a British admiral. He was born in 1853. He served in the Ashanti War of 1873 to 1874, the Congo Expedition of 1875, in South African from 1899 to 1900 and in the China War in 1900. He invented night signalling apparatus, adopted by the navy, and of the gun carriages which enabled 6-inch and 4.7 inch naval guns to be used on land in the defence of Ladysmith during the Boer War of 1899 to 1902.
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Percy Bysshe Shelley was an English poet. He was born in 1792 at Warnham and died in 1822 when he drowned following the capsizing of a sailing-boat. He entered Oxford in 1810, but not before he had written a volume of poetry and several romances of the gothic type. In 1811 he had published his work ' Necessity of Atheism'.
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Peregrine White was was the first white child born in New England. He was born in 1620 and died in 1704. The son of one of the Pilgrims, he became a citizen of Marshfield, Massachusetts, and filled several minor civil and military offices.
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Pericles was an Athenian ruler and orator. He was born in 490BC and died in 429BC.
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Persifer F Smith was an American soldier. He was born in 1798 and died in 1858. He served with distinction throughout the Mexican War, commanding a brigade at Monterey, Churubusco, Contreras, Chapultepec and the City of Mexico. He was commissioner of armistice with Mexico in 1847.
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Person C Cheney was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Hampshire from 1875 until 1877.
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Peter Artedi was a Swedish naturalist. He was born in 1705 and drowned in 1735 at Amsterdam. He studied at Upsala, turned his attention to medicine and natural history, and was a friend of Linnaeus.
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Peter B Porter was an American politician. He was born in 1773 and died in 1844. He represented New York in the US Congress as a Democrat from 1809 to 1813. He served on the Canadian frontier and was Secretary of War in John Quincy Adams' Cabinet from 1828 to 1829.
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Peter Bagration was a Russian soldier. He was born in 1765 and died in 1812 after being mortally wounded at the battle of Borodino. He was descended from a noble Georgian family and entered the Russian army in 1782, and henceforth was constantly engaged in active service, distinguishing himself in many actions and gradually rising in military rank. He fought in Poland, in Italy, and against the Turks, was engaged in the battles of Austerlitz, Eyiau, and Friedland.
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Peter Boyd-Smith is an English maritime historian and the world's leading expert on the Titanic. He was born in 1947. Peter Boyd-Smith operates an ocean liner and aviation memorabilia shop called 'Cobwebs' at Northam in Southampton and also lectures and advises navies and shipping companies worldwide on maritime history, particularly with regard to the Titanic but also in respect of historical accuracy regarding individual ships.
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Peter Camper was a Dutch physician and anatomist. He was born in 1722 at Leyden and died in 1789. He was professor of medicine, etc, successively at Franeker, Amsterdam, and Groningen. His contributions to anatomy and physiology were valuable. He was also skilful in drawing and painting, and rendered important services to art in his work on the relations of anatomy and art. One of his doctrines is that of the facial angle.
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Peter Cooper was an American inventor, manufacturer and philanthropist. He was born in 1791 at New York City and died in 1883. He started life with few advantages, being almost self-educated; but by his energy, perseverance, sagacity and integrity, accumulated a large fortune. He carried on the manufacture of glue and isinglass for over fifty years, and was also connected with the iron-manufacture, the railways (he designed and built the first American locomotive), and the telegraphs of the United States. He greatly promoted the progress of industrial improvement in the United States, and in 1854 to 1859 erected the 'Cooper Union for the advancement of Science and Art', where the working classes received free instruction. He was a careful thinker on questions of government and finance. In 1876 he was the Presidential candidate of the National Independent party.
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Peter D Vroom was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of New Jersey from 1829 until 1832.
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Peter V Daniel was an American politician. He was born in 1784 and died in 1860. He was a member of the Virginia Privy Council from 1812 until 1835. He was a Justice of the US Supreme Court from 1841 until 1860.
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Peter John De Smet was a Belgian Jesuit. He was born in 1801 and died in 1872. He was a professor in the University of St Louis from 1828 until 1838. From 1838 he was a missionary among the Pottawatomies; from 1840 on, a missionary of remarkable zeal and success among the Flatheads and other tribes of the Northwest. In the first fifteen years of his mission he estimated that he had traveled 120,000 miles. His influence over the Indian tribes was immense.
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Peter De Wint was an English landscape painter. He was born in 1784 and died in 1849. He studied in the schools of the Royal Academy, where he occasionally exhibited; but most of his pictures were shown in the exhibitions of the Water-colour Society. English scenery was his favourite subject. He occasionally painted in oil with marked success, but is best known for his water-colours.
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Peter Early was an American politician. He was a Jeffersonian-Republican governor of Georgia from 1813 until 1815.
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Peter Elmsley was an English scholar. He was born in 1773 and died in 1825. Educated at Oxford, he was one of the original contributors to the Edinburgh review, and wrote occasionally, at a subsequent period, in the Quarterly. He finally settled at Oxford, on obtaining the headship of St Alban Hall and the Camden professorship of ancient history in 1823. He published editions of the OEdipus Tyrannus (1811), Heraclidae (1815), Medea (1818), Bacchae (1821), and OEdipus Coloneus (1823).
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Peter F Causey was an American politician. He was an American governor of Delaware from 1855 until 1859.
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Peter Faneuil was an American merchant. He was born in 1700 at New York and died in 1743. A rich merchant of Boston he gave the Faneuil Hall to the city of Boston in 1742.
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Peter H Burnett was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of California from 1849 until 1851.
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Peter Andreas Heiberg was a Danish satirist and dramatist. He was born in 1758 and died in 1841. His satiric attacks were so severe and general that he had to leave his native country, and spent great part of his life in Paris. He aimed at giving Denmark a truly national comic drama, a task which was attempted with more success by his son, Johan Heiberg.
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Peter Heylin was an English theologian. He was born in 1600 and died in 1662. He published his Microcosmos, or Description of the Globe, in 1625. In 1629 he became chaplain to Charles I, and obtained several benefices, from which he was ejected during the Civil War. At the Restoration he was made sub-dean of Westminster. He wrote a Life of Laud, a Defence of the Church of .England, and several theological works.
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Peter Nikolaievich Lebedev was a Russian physicist. He was born in 1866 and died in 1912. He demonstrated that light exerts minute pressure upon a physical body.
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Sir Peter Lely was a Dutch born painter. He was born in 1618 and died in 1680. He came to England in 1641 as a portrait painter.
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Peter Minuit (Peter Minnewit) was a German colonial governor. He was born in 1580 at Wesel and died in 1641. He was made Governor of New Netherlands by the Dutch West India Company in 1625. He purchased Manhattan Island from the Indians, built Fort Amsterdam, and held office until 1631. Under the auspices of the Swedish West India Company, he planted a Swedish settlement on the Delaware, and built Fort Christiana in 1638.
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Peter Norbeck was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of South Dakota from 1917 until 1921.
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Sir Peter Parker was a British sailor. He was born in 1721 and died in 1811. He left England in 1775 as post-captain in HMS Bristol to co-operate with Sir Henry Clinton in an attack on Charleston, South Carolina. He made a gallant but unsuccessful assault on Fort Moultrie in 1776. He aided Lord Howe in the capture of New York, and commanded the squadron that took possession of Rhode Island. In 1782 he took De Grasse prisoner.
Sir Peter Parker was a British sailor. He was born in 1786 and died in 1814. He was sent in command of HMS Menelaus to patrol Chesapeake Bay and blockade Baltimore harbour in 1814. He wantonly destroyed and plundered public and private property, and completely destroyed all domestic commerce during the month of his blockade. His conduct was exceedingly exasperating to the Americans. He was killed during one of his skirmishing frolics.
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Peter Rachman was a Polish-born British property racketeer, villain and pimp. He was born in 1919 and died in 1962. Coming to England in 1956 he first acted as a property agent locating property for prostitutes to rent in London and then later speculated in rented one-bedroom slum properties, evicting tenants by intimidation, renting properties to prostitutes and running prostitutes himself. The term rachmanism meaning exploitation or intimidation of a slum tenant by an unscrupulous landlord derives from his name.
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Sir Peter Paul Rubens was a Flemish painter. He was born in 1577 and died in 1640.
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Peter Schuyler was an American soldier and diplomat. He was born in 1657 and died in 1724. He enjoyed great influence with the Five Nations and negotiated many treaties. He commanded an expedition against the French on Lake Champlain in 1691. He was second in command in the expedition against Montreal in 1709. He went to England with five Indian chiefs in 1710 to solicit vigorous measures against the French. He was acting Governor of New York from 1719 to 1720.
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Peter Andreievitch Shuvalov was a Russian statesman. He was born in 1827 at St Petersburg and died in 1889. As governor of the Baltic provinces in 1864 he distinguished himself by repressing nihilism and other forms of revolutionary agitation and was appointed head of the political police, becoming the confidential agent of Tsar Alexander II. He was afterwards ambassador to Britain; and in 1877 to 1878, after the Russo-Turkish War, he conducted the negotiations with Lord Salisbury which led up to the Berlin Congress.
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Peter Stuyvesant was a Dutch soldier and an administrator of Dutch North America. He was born in 1592 at Amsterdam and died in 1672. He was appointed governor of the Dutch possessions in North America in 1646 and was instrumental in furthering the prosperity of New Amsterdam (later called New York) which he had to surrender to the British in 1664, Peter Stuyvesant being the last Dutch governor of New York. In 1655 he attacked the Swedish colony of Delaware, and annexed it to the Dutch possessions.
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Peter T Washburn was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Vermont from 1869 until 1870.
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Peter Guthrie Tait was a Scottish mathematician and physicist. He was born in 1831 at Dalkeith and died in 1901. Educated at Edinburgh University and at Porterhouse, Cambridge, he was appointed professor of mathematics at Queen's College, Belfast in 1854 and professor of natural philosophy at Edinburgh in 1860, a post he held until almost his death.
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Peter I Tchaikovsky was a Russian composer. He was born in 1840 and died in 1893. He composed Nutcracker, Swan Lake, The Sleeping Beauty.
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Peter The Great was a Czar of Russia. He was born in 1672 and died in 1725. The son of Czar Alexis, Peter was recognised as Czar in 1682. A revolt of the military in favour of his elder brother Ivan resulted in both brothers ruling jointly, under the Princess Sophia, Peter's elder sister. In 1689 Peter took government into his own hands and in 1695 Russia went to war against Turkey, in 1696 the year Ivan died Peter The Great conquering Azov. after travelling through Europe, Peter The Great recognised the value of western civilisation and attempted to build Russia as a western country rather than an eastern, building St Petersburg as the capital of Russia as a mark of his determination. In 1698 the military arose against him in revolt, but were defeated and in 1711 Peter The Great destroyed the political power of the Russian nobles and brought the church under his control.
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Peter Thellusson was a French-born British merchant. He was born in 1737 at Paris and died in 1797. The son of the envoy of Geneva, he settled in London in 1762 and became a British citizen. He amassed a fortune through trading with the continent and West Indies. Upon his death he left instructions in his will that the bulk of his estate should be left to accumulate during the lives of his three sons and the fortune amassed to go to the eldest male descendent of his sons. Government soon became aware of the disadvantage to them of the loss of tax revenue from the accumulation and in 1800 the Accumulations Act was passed to prevent subsequent instances.
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Peter Turney was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Tennessee from 1893 until 1897.
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Peter von Bohlen was a German orientalist. He was born in 1796 and died in 1840. Having devoted himself to the oriental languages, he obtained an appointment at Konigsberg in 1825 as extraordinary, and in 1830 as ordinary professor of oriental literature. The most important of his writings is a Das alte Indien (Ancient India).
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Peter Von Cornelius was a German painter. He was born in 1783 at Dusseldorf and died in 1867. He painted the important frescoes of the Ludwigskirche. He is renowned for reviving the art of mural decoration. He early exhibited a taste for art, and studied the great masters, especially Raphael. In 1811 he went to Rome, where, in conjunction with Overbeck, Veit, and other associates, he may be said to have founded a new school of German art, and revived fresco-painting in imitation of Michael Angelo and Raphael. He left Rome in 1819 for Dusseldorf, where he had been appointed director of the academy, but he soon settled in Munich to give his whole attention to the painting of the Glyptothek and the Ludwigskirche there. In these two great works he was assisted by his Munich pupils. In 1833 he made another visit to Rome, and in 1839 he visited Paris. In 1841 he was invited to Berlin by Frederick William IV, who intrusted him with the painting of the royal mausoleum or Campo Santo.
The most celebrated cartoon in this series is the Four Riders of the Apocalypse. The series consists of twelve paintings, which have been engraved. Peter von Cornelius, a true representative of modern German thought, introduced into art a metaphysical and subjective element which is easily liable to be abused; and in his work grandeur of conception and elevation of tone have to make up for the want of the finest natural effects.
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Francesco di Petracco (Petrarch) was an Italian poet, scholar and humanist. He was born in 1304 at Arezzo, Tuscany and died in 1343.
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Petter Dass was a Norwegian poet, of Scottish extraction. He was born in 1647 and died in 1708. He is known as the 'father of Norwegian poetry', and his principal poem, The Trumpet of Northland, is one of the most favourite national poems,
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Peyton Randolph was an American politician. He was born in 1721 and died in 1775. He was appointed king's attorney in Virginia in 1748, and held office until 1766. He was elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1748, and was chairman of a committee to revise the colonial laws. He drew up the remonstrance against the Stamp Act in 1765, but opposed Patrick Henry's resolutions. He was elected president of the first Continental Congress in 1774, but soon afterward resigned on account of ill health. He presided over the Virginia conventions of 1774 and 1775. He was again a member of the Continental Congress in 1775.
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Pharaoh was the title of the ruler of Ancient Egypt.
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The Pharisee were a Jewish sect from 1BC to 1AD which were characterised by their strict observance of the traditional and written laws.
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Pharrell Williams is an American musician. He was born in 1973 at Virginia Beach, Virginia. He is lead singer of the hip hop group N E R D and also a partner in the music production duo the Neptunes.
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Pheidias was a Greek sculptor. He was born in 500BC and died in 433BC.
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Phil M Donnelly was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Missouri from 1945 until 1949.
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Phil May was an English caricaturist. He was born in 1864 at Leeds and died in 1903. He produced illustrations for a number of periodicals in England and Australia.
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Philemon Dickerson was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of New Jersey from 1836 until 1837.
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Philemon Holland was an English physician, teacher, and translator. He was born in 1551 at Chelmsford and died in 1636. He became master of the free grammar school of Coventry, and also practised as a physician. His translations include Livy, Pliny, Plutarch's Morals, Suetonius, Xenophon, etc, and he published an edition, with additions, of Camden's Britannia.
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Philibert de Gramont, count of Gramont, was a French nobleman. He was born in 1621 and died in 1707. He served under the Prince of Conde and Turenue, went to England two years after the Restoration, and was highly distinguished by Charles II. After a long course of gallantry he married, under compulsion, Miss Elizabeth Hamilton, and died in 1707.
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Philip Allen was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Rhode Island from 1851 until 1853.
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Philip Amidas (also known as Philip Amadas) was an English navigator. He was born in 1550 and died in 1618. He commanded one of the ships in Sir Walter Raleigh's voyage of exploration to the coast of North Carolina.
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Philip Arteveld was a Flemish prince. He was a son of Jacob Van Arteveld and at the head of the forces of Ghent gained a great victory over the Count of Flanders, Louis II, and for a time assumed the state of a sovereign prince. His reign proved short-lived. The Count of Flanders returned with a large F'rench force, fully disciplined and skilfully commanded. Arteveld was rash enough to meet them in the open field at Roosebeke, between Courtray and Ghent, in 1382, and fell with 25,000 Flemings.
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Philip James Bailey was an English poet. He was born in 1816 near Nottingham and died in 1902. He was called to the bar in 1840 after he published 'Festus', his best work, in 1839. Later he published 'The Mystic', 1855; 'The Age', 1858; and 'The Universal Hymn', 1867.
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Sir Philip Bowes Vere Broke was a British admiral. He was born in 1776 and died in 1841. He distinguished himself, particularly in 1813, as commander of the Shannon, in the memorable action which that vessel, in answer to a regular challenge, fought with the United States vessel Chesapeake off the American coast, and in which the latter was captured.
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Philipa Karl Buttmann was a German philologist. He was born in 1764 and died in 1829. He spent most of his life at Berlin, where he taught in the Joachimsthal University. His best-known works are his Greek Grammar and Lexilogus for Homer and Hesiod.
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Philip Hermogenes Calderon was an Anglo-French painter of Spanish parentage. He was born in 1833 at Poitiers and died in 1898. He was artistically educated chiefly in Paris. From 1853 he was a regular contributor to the Royal Academy of which he became an associate in 1864, and an academician in 1867.
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Philip Doddridge was an English Dissenting divine. He was born in 1702 at London and died in 1751. He was an earnest pastor, and the author of many hymns, devotional treatises, etc. The Rise and Progress of Religion in the Soul and The Family Expositor are amongst the best known works.
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Philip F La Follette was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Wisconsin from 1931 until 1933.
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Philip Francis was an Irish poet and dramatist. He was born in 1700 at Dublin 1700 and died in 1773. Educated at Dublin, he took orders, and kept an academy at Esher, Surrey, where Gibbon was one of his pupils. He was later chaplain to Chelsea Hospital. He is best remembered for his translations of the classical authors such as Horace.
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Sir Philip Francis was an Irish political writers. He was born in 1740 and died in 1818. In 1773 he went to the East Indies, where he became a member of the council of Bengal, and the constant opponent of Warren Hastings. In 1781 Sir Philip Francis returned to England, and shortly after was chosen member of parliament for the borough of Yarmouth in the Isle of Wight. He took a prominent part in the impeachment of Hastings. He published several political pamphlets.
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Philip Francis Thomas was an American politician. He was born in 1810 and died in 1890. He was a Democratic governor of Maryland from 1848 until 1851 and Comptroller of the State Treasury from 1851 until 1853. He was Secretary of the Treasury in Buchanan's Cabinet from December 1860 until January 1861. he was refused a seat in the Senate in 1868, on the grounds that he had given aid and comfort to the rebellion. From 1875 until 1877 he was a US Congressman
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Philip H Hoff was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Vermont from 1963 until 1969.
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Philip Gilbert Hamerton was an English art critic. He was born in 1834 at Laneside, in Lancashire and died in 1894. He studied landscape-painting, but deviated into literature, publishing a work on Heraldry in 1851, and in 1855 The Isles of Loch Awe and other poems. In 1859 Philip Hamerton married a French lady, and thereafter resided chiefly at Autun. He made himself well known to the English public as a writer on art. Amongst his works are Thoughts about Art (1862), Etching and Etchers (1866), Contemporary French Painters (1867), Wenderholme (a novel, 1869), The Intellectual Life (1873), Round my House (1876), Marmorne (a novel, 1878), Modern Frenchmen (1878), Landscape (1885), French and English (1889), etc.
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Philip Henrty Gosse was a British naturalist. He was born in 1810 at Worcester 1810 and died in 1888. From 1827 to 1885 he was resident in Newfoundland, and afterwards travelled through Canada and the United States, making all the time large collections of insects, etc. In 1844 he visited Jamaica. Among his many works are: The Canadian Naturalist, The Birds of Jamaica, A Naturalist's Sojourn in Jamaica, The Aquarium, Marine Zoology, Life, Actinologia Britannica, Romance of Natural History, etc, besides many contributions to the learned societies.
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Philip I (Philip the Amorous) was a king of France. He was born in 1052 and died in 1108. He began to reign in 1060. After William The Conqueror became king of England, the two kings quarrelled over Maine. In 1094 he was excommunicated for having married the wife of the Count of Anjou, while his first wife was still alive. During his reign he annexed Vexin and Valois, purchased Bourges and gave Vermandois to his brother Hugh.
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Philip II known as Philip Augustus, was a king of France. He was born in 1165 and died in 1223. He gained the throne in 1180 and followed a policy of consolidation, checking the great nobles and adding territory to his kingdom. In 1185 after a war with the Count of Flanders, Philip II secured Vermandois, and in order to weaken the power of Henry II of England, he intrigued with his rebellious sons. During the reign of Richard I of England Philip II continued his intrigues with a view to weakening English power in France so that he might secure Normandy.
In 1204 he conquered Normandy, followed by Anjou, Toraine and Poitou, exploiting the weakness and unpopularity of England's king John. By the time of his death Philip II had built France into one of the great states of Europe and firmly established the power of the crown in France.
Philip II was a king of Spain. He was born in 1527 at Valladolid and died in 1598. In 1554 he married Mary Tudor and tried in vain to urge her to a policy of religious moderation.
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Philip IV was a king of France. He was born in 1268 and died in 1314. He ascended the throne in 1285 and like Philip II was resourceful and unscrupulous. Early in his reign he endeavoured to out England from Gascony and Aquitaine, but was foiled by Edward I. Later when Edward I formed a league, including the king of Ragon, the duke of Brittany, and the counts of Flanders, Holland, Hainault, Savoy and Bar, Philip IV's reply was to form an allegiance with Scotland.
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Philip Kearny was an American soldier. He was born in 1815 and died in 1862. He entered the army in 1837 and was sent by the US Government in 1839 and 1840 to report upon the cavalry tactics of the French. During the Mexican War he was brevetted major for gallantry at Contreras and Churubusco. In 1861 he was assigned command of a brigade in the Army of the Potomac. He engaged at Williamsburg and served with the Army of Virginia. In 1862 he was assigned command of a division and fought at Bull Run. He was killed in the Battle of Chantilly.
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Philip Arthur Larkin was a British poet. He was born in 1922 at Coventry and died in 1985. Educated at Oxford on a scholarship, he published his first book of poetry privately in 1945 and in 1946 had his first novel, 'Jill' published. From 1961 to 1971 he was Jazz critic for the Daily Telegraph newspaper.
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Philip Livingstone was an American statesman. He was born in 1716 and died in 1778. He was a member of the New York Assembly from 1758 to 1769. He was a delegate to the Stamp-Act Congress of 1765, and a member of the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1778. He was one of the committee to prepare an address to the people of Great Britain, and a signer of the American Declaration of Independence.
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Philip Bourke Marston was an English poet. He was born in 1850 at London and died in 1887. He was blind, and his poetry reflects a sadness yet sympathy with the moods of nature.
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Philip Massinger was a British dramatist. He was born in 1583 and died in 1640. In 1606 he went to London and wrote plays. He wrote 'A New Way to Pay Old Debts'.
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Philip John Schuyler was an American general. He was born in 1733 at Albany, New York and died in 1804. He fought in the French and Indian War, and was afterward a member of the New York Assembly. He was a delegate to the first Continental Congress in 1774, and was included in the first list of major-generals in the next year. Schuyler's familiarity with Northern New York fitted him for his assignment to the command in that region. There was soon unfortunately a divided authority in that department, as intrigues gave a command there also to General Gates. Schuyler was, in 1777, reinstated, and put in charge of the defence against Burgoyne's invasion. Before he could reap the results of his efforts he was superseded by Gates. General Schuyler resigned from the army in 1779, but continued to be a trusted adviser of George Washington and Indian commissioner. He was frequently State Senator, and was a Federalist US Senator in 1789-1791 and 1797-1798. He was a strong advocate of the canal system in the State.
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Philip Henry Sheridan was an American general. He was born in 1831 at Albany, New York of Irish parents and died in 1888. Educated at West Point he graduated in 1853. In the first stages of the American Civil War he was quartermaster, but in 1862 he received a cavalry command. At the battle of Perryville he led a division, and on the bloody field of Murfreesboro he especially distinguished himself.
Appointed major-general of volunteers, he fought at Chickamauga, and at Missionary Ridge he shared with Hooker and others the honours of the day. The great period of his career was now approaching. In 1864 Grant gave him the charge of the cavalry corps in the Army of the Potomac; he was present at the Wilderness, fought the battle of Todd's Tavern, conducted an extended raid in May and June, and was in August placed in charge of the Army of the Shenandoah. He defeated Early at Winchester and Fisher's Hill, and was absent at Winchester, when, on October the 19th, 1864, the enemy made a sudden attack on his army at Cedar Creek.
His ride from Winchester, twenty miles away, to the battle-field, his reforming the army and turning defeat into a brilliant victory, is the theme of story and poetry. He was made a major-general in the regular army. In the operations of 1865 he took the leading part, won the Battle of Five Forks, on April the 1st, and helped materially in the denouement at Appomattox. In 1869 he was promoted to be lieutenant-general and in 1888 general. In 1883 he succeeded General Sherman as commander-in-chief of the army.
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Sir Philip Sidney was an English poet, soldier and courtier. He was born in 1554 and died in 1586.
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Philip Henry Stanhope (5th Earl Stanhope) was a British historian. He was born in 1805 and died in 1875. Educated at Christ Church, Oxford he entered parliament in 1830. Until his succession to the title in 1855 he was styled Viscount Mahon. An unwavering opponent of the Reform Bill of 1832 in 1842 he was instrumental in amending the law of copyright. Among his historical works is the 'Life of William Pitt' published in 1862.
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Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl Of Chesterfield, was an English statesman and author. He was born in 1694 at London and died in 1773. He and studied at Cambridge. On the accession of George I he became gentleman of the bedchamber to the Prince of Wales, and was returned by the borough of St. Germains, in Cornwall, to parliament. He succeeded his father in the title in 1726, sat in the House of Lords, and acquired some distinction as a speaker. In 1728 he was ambassador to Holland, in 1744 Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, a position which he occupied with great credit, and in 1746 secretary of state; but in 1748 retired from public affairs. He obtained some reputation as an author by essays and a series of letters to his son. His letters to his godson with a memoir by the Earl of Carnarvon were published in 1889. These writings combine wit and good sense with great knowledge of society.
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Philip the Good was a duke of Burgundy. He was born in 1396 and died in 1467. Upon the murder of his father, John the Fearless, in 1419, Philip the Good vowed revenge on the dauphin and approached the English. His efforts assisted Henry V, and the north of France was easily subdued. On the death of Henry V Philip the Good continued to support the Duke of Bedford. Philip the Good's alliance with the English lasted until 1435.
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Count Philip van Horn (Philip van Hoorne) was a Flemish soldier and statesman. He was born in 1518 and died in 1568. He was the son of Joseph de Montmorency-Nivelle, and of Anne of Egmont, and stepson of John, count van Horn, who constituted him and his brother his heirs on the condition of assuming his name. Philip gradually rose to be governor of Gueldres and Zutphen, admiral of the fleet, and councillor of state. He fought at St Quentin in 1557, and at Gravelines in 1558, and in 1559 accompanied Philip to Spain. On his return he joined the Prince of Orange and Egmont in resistance to Philip. On the arrival of Alva at Brussels he was arrested, in September 1567, on a charge of high treason, and he and Egmont were beheaded in June 1568.
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Philip Van Marnix was a Dutch writer. He was born in 1538 at Brussels and died in 1598. He studied theology at Geneva, and on his return to his native land actively forwarded the reformation, and was a sworn foe of the Spanish government and the Inquisition. When the Duke of Alva was made governor of the Netherlands in 1567, Marnix fled to Germany. He represented William of Orange in missions to England and France, and took a prominent part in the formation of the union of Utrecht. He was mayor of Antwerp during the thirteen months' siege of 1584 to 1585.
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Philip VI was a king of France. He was born in 1293 and died in 1350. He ascended the throne in 1328 and was the founder of the Valois dynasty.
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Philip Emanuel Von Fellenberg was a Swiss educationalist. He was born in 1771 and died in 1844. Having devoted himself to the social and intellectual improvement of the peasantry, he purchased the estate of Hofwyl, and established successively an institution for instructing the children of the poorer classes, a seminary for children in the higher grades of life, and a normal school. The pupils were all trained to work in the fields or at the bench, and the product of their labour was sufficient to cover the expenses of their education. Fellenberg's scheme was ultimately so successful as to attract the attention even of foreign governments.
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Philip W McKinney was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Virginia from 1890 until 1894.
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Philip W Noel was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Rhode Island from 1973 until 1977.
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Philipp August Bockh was a German classical antiquary. He was born in 1785 at Carlsruhe and died in 1867. He was educated at Carlsruhe and Halle, and obtained in 1811 the chair of ancient literature in the University of Berlin, where he remained for the rest of his life. He opened a new era in philology and archaeology by setting forth the principle that their study ought to be an historical method intended to reproduce the whole social and political life of any given people during a given period. Among his chief works are an edition of Pindar (1811-22); The Public Economy of the Athenians, 1817, translated into English and French; Investigations into the Weights, Coins, and Measures of Antiquity, 1838; and Documents concerning the Maritime Affairs of Attica, 1840. The great Corpus Inscriptionum Grascarum was begun by him with the intention of giving in it every Greek inscription known in print or manuscript.
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Philipp Jakob Spener was the founder of the German Pietists. He was born in 1635 at Alsace and died in 1705. Educated at Strasbourg, Basel, Tubingen and Geneva he was appointed a public preacher at Strasbourg in 1663, and in 1666 at Frankfort where he founded the Pietist sect, which aimed at fostering spiritual religion in place of the dry dogmatism of Lutheran preaching. In 1686 he became court preacher at Dresden, but retired to Berlin in 1691 when his devotional meetings were formally condemned.
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Philippe Bauche was a French geographer. He was born in 1700 at Paris and died in 1773. He produced the 'Atlas Physique' in 1754.
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Philippe Joseph Benjamin Buchez was a French physician and writer. He was born in 1796 and died in 1865. He wrote Introduction a la Science de l'Histoire (1833) and Essai d'un Traite Complet de Philosophie (1839). Between 1833 and 1838 he published, in concert with Roux-Lavergne, a Histoire Parlementaire de la Revolution Francaise (40 volumes) After the French Revolution of 1848 he was elected to the constituent National Assembly, and was for a brief period its wholly incompetent president. Retiring from public life he confined himself to literature, his chief subsequent work being the Histoire de la Formation de la Nationality Francaise, published in 1859.
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Philippe de Commines was a French writer and statesman. He was born in 1445 at Commines and died in 1509. He became confidential adviser of Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, but in 1472 he passed into the service of Louis XI, who loaded him with. marks of favour. After the death of Charles the Bold Louis XI took possession of the duchy of Burgundy, sent Philippe de Commines there, and soon after appointed him ambassador to Florence. He was afterwards sent by Louis XI to Savoy, for the purpose of seizing the young Duke Philibert, and of placing him entirely under the guardianship of the king, his uncle. In 1483 Louis XI died, and next year Philippe de Commines attended Charles VIII in his invasion of Italy, and served him in a diplomatic capacity. Soon after that date he began to write his Memoirs, valuable as contributions to the history of his times. The first edition was published at Paris between 1523 and 1528. He relates in them the events which occurred during his life, and in most of which he had an active share, in lively natural language, and displays everywhere a correct judgment, acute observation, and a profound knowledge of men and things.
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Philippe Vaudreuil, Marquis de Vaudreuil was a French soldier. He was born in 1640 and died in 1725. He went to Canada from France in 1687 as commander of the forces. He defended Quebec against the English in 1690 and in 1710. He became Governor of Montreal in 1702 and of Canada in 1703.
Pierre Vaudreuil, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal was a Canadian politician. He was born in 1698 and died in 1765. He was made Governor of Three Rivers in 1733 and of Louisiana in 1742. He was appointed Governor of Canada in 1755. He was estranged from Montcalm, the commander of the Canadian troops, but did all in his power to avert the capture of Quebec. He capitulated for the surrender of Quebec in terms distasteful to the authorities, but an investigation exonerated him.
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Phillippus Aureolus Paracelsus was a Swiss alchemist and physician. He was born in 1493 and died in 1541. He was the first to note occupational diseases.
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Phillips Lee Goldsborough was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Maryland from 1912 until 1916.
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Phillis Wheatley was an African-born American poet. She was born in 1753 and died in 1784. She was taken from Africa to America in 1761, and purchased in the slave market by John Wheatley.
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Philo Remington was an American inventor. He was born in 1816 at Lichfield, New York, and died in 1889. He invented the typewriter and also the Remington breech-loading rifle.
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A philologist is some one who studies philology or is an authority on philology, that is some one who is an expert on the structure, historical development and relationship of a language or languages. Dictionaries are written by philologists.
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Phineas Taylor Barnum was an American showman who launched the enterprise known as 'the greatest show on earth' . He was born in 1810 at Bethel, Connecticut and died in 1891. His career as a showman started in 1835 but met with little success until in 1844 he exploited Charles Stratton - General Tom Thumb. Barnum supplemented this success with in 1847 by engaging Jenny Lind to sing for 150 nights. In 1871 he began the formation of the 'Greatest Show on Earth', a monster combination of circus, menagerie and exhibition of human freaks. With this show, in conjunction with his partners, Bailey and Hutchinson, Barnum amassed a large fortune. The entire concern was later purchased by the Ringling brothers in 1907.
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Phineas Fletcher was an English poet. He was born in 1582 at Cranbrook, Kent and died in 1650.
He entered Cambridge in 1600, and was rector of Hilgay, Norfolk. Among his works are The Locustes, or Appollyonists, a satire against the Jesuits; Sicelides, a dramatic piece; The Purple Island; and Piscatory Eclogues.
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Phineas Lyman was an American soldier. He was born in 1716 at Connecticut and died in 1774. In 1755 was commander-in-chief of the Connecticut forces at Crown Point, and erected Fort Edward. He succeeded Sir William Johnson in command at Lake George in 1755. He commanded the Connecticut troops at Ticonderoga and Crown Point in 1759, and at Oswego and Montreal. He commanded in the Havana expedition in 1762.
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Pier Luigi Nervi was an Italian engineer and architect. He was born in 1891 and died in 1979. He is noted for his pioneering use of reinforced concrete as a decorative material. He co-designed the UNESCO building in Paris.
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Pierce Butler was a British soldier and American statesman. He was born in 1744 and died in 1822. After arriving in America as a soldier, he became a delegate from South Carolina to the Old Congress in 1787, and was a member of the convention that framed the Federal Constitution, and signed the Constitution. He represented South Carolina in the US Senate from 1789 until 1796 and again from 1802 until 1804.
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Pierce Egan was a British journalist. He was born in 1772 and died in 1849. He spent his life reporting races, prize-fights, cock-fights, cricket matches, trials and executions. He achieved great popularity as the author of a series of sketches describing London amusements in Regency times and entitled 'Life in London: or the Day and Night Scenes of Jerry Hawthorn Esq., and his elegant friend, Corinthian Tom, accompanied by Bob Logic, the Oxonian in their Rambles and Sprees through the Metropolis' which was issued in monthly parts from 1821 and illustrated by IR and G Cruikshank.
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Pierce M Butler was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of South Carolina from 1836 until 1838.
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Piero was an Italian painter. He was born in 1420 and died in 1492. He painted frescoes in Florence and at Loreto.
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Pierre Abelard was a French philosopher. He was born in 1079, at Le Pallet and died in 1142. He founded scholastic theology.
As a young man Pierre Abelard made extraordinary progress with his studies, and, ultimately eclipsing his teachers, he opened a school of scholastic philosophy near Paris, which attracted crowds of students from the neighbouring city. His success in the fiery debates which were then the fashion in the schools made him many enemies, among whom was Guillaume de Champeaux, his former teacher, chief of the cathedral school of Notre-Dame, and the most advanced of the Realists. Abelard succeeded his adversary in this school in 1113, and under him were trained many men who afterwards rose to eminence, among them being the future Pope Celestin II., Peter Lombard, and Arnold of Brescia.
While he was at the height of his popularity, and in his fortieth year, he became infatuated with a passion for Heloise - then only eighteen years of age - niece of Fulbert, a canon of Paris. Obtaining a home in Fulbert's house under the pretext of teaching Heloise philosophy, their intercourse at length became apparent, and Abelard, who had retired to Brittany, was followed by Heloise, who there gave birth to a son. A private marriage took place, and Heloise returned to her uncle's house, but refusing to make public her marriage (as likely to spoil Abelard's career), she was subjected to severe treatment at the hands of her uncle. To save her from this Abelard carried her off and placed her in a convent at Argenteuil, a proceeding which so incensed Fulbert that he hired ruffians who broke into Abelard's chamber and subjected him to a shameful mutilation.
Abelard, filled with grief and shame, became a monk in the abbey of St Denis, and Heloise took the veil. When time had somewhat moderated his grief he resumed his lectures; but trouble after trouble overtook him. His theological writings were condemned by the Council of Soissons, and he retired to an oratory called the Paraclete, subsequently becoming head of the abbey of St. Gildas-de-Rhuys in Brittany.
For a short time he again lectured at Paris in 1136, but his doctrines again brought persecution on him, and St Bernard had him condemned by the council of Sens and afterwards by the pope. Abelard did not long survive this, dying at St. Marcel, near Chalon-sur-Saone in 1142. Heloise, who had become abbess of the Paraclete, had him buried there, where she herself was afterwards laid by his side. Their ashes were removed to Paris in 1800, and in 1817 they were finally deposited beneath a mausoleum in the cemetery of Pere la Chaise.
Abelard is credited with the invention of a new philosophical system, midway between Realism and Nominalism. A complete edition of his works was published by Cousin in two volumes at Paris, 1849-59, and the letters of Abelard and Heloise have been often published in the original and in translations.
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Pierre Francios Charles Augereau, Duke of Castiglione, was Marshal of France. He was born in 1757 at Paris and died in 1816. The son of a mason, he adopted the life of a soldier, and by 1796 had reached the rank of general of division in the army of Italy. At Casale, Lodi, Castiglione, and Arcole, he highly distinguished himself. In 1797 he was at Paris, and was the instrument of the coup d'etat of the 18th of Fructidor (4th of September). In 1799 he was chosen a member of the Council of Five Hundred. He then obtained the command of the army in Holland, and fought until the end of the campaign. In 1803 he was appointed to lead the army collected at Bayonne against Portugal. In 1804 he was named marshal of the empire, and grand officer of the Legion of Honour. He subsequently took part in the battles of Jena and Eyiau, held a command in Spain, and in July, 1813, led the army in Bavaria against Saxony, taking part in the battle of Leipzig. On Napoleon's abdication he submitted to Louis XVIII., who named him a peer.
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Pierre Bayle was a French philosopher and critic. He was born in 1647 at Carlat, Languedoc and died in 1706. He studied at Toulouse, and was employed for some time as a private tutor at Geneva and Rouen. He went to Paris in 1674, and soon after was appointed professor of philosophy at Sedan. Six years after he removed to Rotterdam, where he filled a similar chair.
The appearance of a comet, in 1680, which occasioned an almost universal alarm, induced him to publish, in 1682, his Pensees Diverses sur la Comete, a work full of learning, in which he discussed various subjects of metaphysics, morals, theology, history, and politics. It was followed by his Critique Generale de l'Histoire du Calvinisme de Maimbourg. This work excited the jealousy of his colleague, the theologian Jurieu, and involved Bayle in many disputes. In 1684 he undertook a periodical work, Nouvelles de la Republique des Lettres, containing notices of new books in theology, philosophy, history, and general literature. This publication, which lasted for three years, added much to his reputation as a philosophical critic.
In 1693 Jurieu succeeded in inducing the magistrates of Rotterdam to remove Bayle from his office. He now devoted all his attention to the composition of his Dictionnaire Historique et Critique, which he first published in 1696, in two volumess. This work, much enlarged, has passed through many editions. It is a vast storehouse of facts, discussions, and opinions, and though it was publicly censured by the Rotterdam consistory for its frequent impurities, its pervading scepticism, and tacit atheism, it long remained a favourite book both with literary men and with men of the world. The articles in his dictionary, in themselves, are generally of little value, and serve only as a pretext for the notes, in which the author displays, at the same time, his learning and the power of his logic. The best editions are that of 1740, in four volumes, and that in sixteen volumes published in 1820-1824 at Paris.
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Pierre Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais was a French playwright and arms dealer. He was born in 1732 at Paris and died in 1799. Best remembered for his plays 'The Barber of Seville' and 'The Marriage of Figaro'. He was the son of a watchmaker named Caron, whose trade he practised for a time. He early gave striking proofs of his mechanical and also of his musical talents; he attained proficiency as a player on the guitar and harp, and was appointed harp-master to the daughters of Louis XV. By a rich marriage (after which he added ' de Beaumarchais' to his name) he laid the foundation of the immense wealth which he afterwards accumulated by his speculations, and which was also increased by a second marriage.
He is less well known for supplying arms and lending funds to the American colonists in support of their revolution against the British government during the American War of Independence - though following independence the American government never repaid the monies they owed to Pierre de Beaumarchais. During the French Revolution, he again sold arms to the French aristocracy, was discovered and ironically fled to Holland and England.
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Pierre Jean Beckx was a Belgian general of the order of Jesuits. He was born in 1795 near Louvain, Belgium and died in 1887. The success of the Jesuits, especially in non-Catholic countries, was greatly due to his tact and energy.
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Pierre Laurent Buirette de Belloy was a French dramatist. He was born in 1727 and died in 1775. His principal plays were Zelmire, a tragedy; Le Siege de Calais, which was immensely popular ; Gaston et Bayard, which admitted him into the French Academy; and Pierre le Cruel. He was one of the first to introduce native heroes upon the stage.
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Pierre Belon was a French naturalist. He was born in 1517 and murdered by robbers in 1564. He was educated as a physician, and travelled in Germany, Greece, Asia Minor, Egypt, etc. His chief work were a Natural History of Birds, published in 1555.
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Pierre Joseph Bernard was a French poet, to whom Voltaire gave the name Gentil-Bernard. He was born in 1710 and died in 1775. He was for some time the pet poet of the salons and of Madame de Pompadour's 'petits soupers', reading there translations from Ovid's Art of Love and his own essays in erotic poetry. He was the librettist of Rameau's Castor and Pollux.
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Pierre Bonnard was a French painter famous for painting nudes. He was born in 1867 at Fontenay-aux-roses and died in 1947.
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Pierre Bouguer was a French mathematician and astronomer. He was born in 1698 and died in 1758. He was strongly involved in an expedition to South America to measure the length of a degree of the meridian.
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Pierre Marie Auguste Boussonet was a French naturalist. He was born in 1761 and died in 1807. He lived for some time in England, and was a friend of Sir Joseph Banks. He published Ichthyologia, and Memoirs towards the History of the Respiration of Fishes. He was professor of botany at Montpellier, and a member of the Academy of Sciences.
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Pierre Antoine Noel Matthieu Bruno (Count Daru) was a French statesman and author. He was born in 1767 at Montpellier and died in 1829. He favoured the revolution, but was imprisoned during the reign of terror, when he translated the odes and epistles of Horace into French verse. Napoleon discovered his abilities and rewarded him by various official appointments of trust. In the campaigns against Austria and Prussia between 1806 and 1809 he served with ability as a diplomatist and financier. He became chief minister of state in 1811, and was called to the chamber of peers in 1818. He latterly devoted himself exclusively to letters. His chief works are his History of the Venetian Republic, Life of Sully, History of Bretagne, etc.
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Pierre Jean Georges Cabanis was a French physician, philosopher, and litterateur. He was born in 1757 and died in 1808. He became acquainted with Madame Helvetius, and through her with Paul Holbach, Benjamin Franklin, and Jefferson, and became the friend of Condillac, Turgot, and Thomas. He professed the principles of the revolution, and was intimately connected with Mirabeau. His Rapports du Physique et du Moral de l'Homme is his most important work. It displays considerable power of analysis, and advocates the most extreme materialistic doctrines. He afterwards changed his opinions and adopted theistic views.
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Pierre Corneille was a French dramatist. He was born in 1606 at Rouen and died in 1684. He was a master of the classical tragedy and classic comedy. He began his dramatic career with comedy, and a series of vigorous dramas, Melite (1629), Olitandre, La Veuve, La Snivante, etc, announced the advent of a dramatist of a high order. In 1635 he entered the field of tragedy with Medea;
but it was not until the appearance of his next work, the famous Cid, that Pierre Corneille's claim was recognized to a place amongst the great tragic poets. The Cid was an imitation of a Spanish drama, and though gravely defective in the improbabilities of the plot and other respects, achieved an immense success for a certain sublimity of sentiment and loftiness of ideal, which are the native characteristics of Pierre Corneille's poetry. After the Cid appeared in rapid succession Horace (1639); Cinna (1639), his masterpiece, according to Voltaire; and Polyeucte (1640), works which show Corneille's genius at its best. Many of his later pieces exhibit a marked decline.
Besides his dramas he wrote some elegies, sonnets, epistles, etc; as well as three prose essays on dramatic poetry. As a dramatist his merits are loftiness of sentiment and conception, admirably expressed in a bold and heroic style of versification and language. But in this constant straining after a heroic ideal he was apt to fall into a declamatory and inflated style.
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Pierre D'Aubusson was grandmaster of the knights of St John of Jerusalem. He was born in 1423 and died in 1503. He came from a noble French family, served in early life against the Turks, then entered the order of St John, obtained a commandery, was made grand-prior, and in 1476 succeeded the Grand-master Orsini. In 1480 the island of Rhodes, the headquarters of the order, was invaded by a Turkish army of 100,000 men. The town was besieged for two months and then assaulted, but the Turks were obliged to retire with great loss.
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Pierre Jean David was a French sculptor. He was born in 1789 at Angers in 1789 (hence he is commonly called David d'Angers) and died in 1856. He went to Paris when he was very young, and became the pupil of Jacques Louis David, and in 1809 a prize obtained from the Academy enabled him to pursue his studies at Rome, where he formed a friendship with Canova. On his return to Paris he laid the foundation of his fame by a colossal statue of the great Conde in marble.
He visited Germany twice, in 1828 and 1834, and executed busts of Goethe for Weimar, of Schelling for Munich, of Tieck for Dresden, of Rauch and Humboldt for Berlin. In 1831 he began the magnificent sculptures of the Pantheon, his most important work, which he finished in 1837. He executed a great number of medallions, busts, and statues of celebrated persons of all countries, among whom we may mention Walter Scott, Canning, George Washington, Lafayette, Guttenberg, Cuvier, Victor Hugo, Beranger, Paganini, and Madame de Stael.
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Pierre de Boscobel de Chastelard was a French admirer of Mary Queen of Scots. He was born in 1540 at Dauphine and died in 1563. He was of good family, handsome, with a turn for verse-making, and possessed of all the accomplishments of a gallant of the age. He fell madly in love with Mary Stuart at the court of Francis II, followed her to Scotland, and, being graciously received, had the infatuation to invade twice the royal bedchamber while Mary was being undressed by her maids. He was tried publicly at St Andrews and hanged in 1563, the queen resisting all appeals for pardon. She is said to have encouraged his passion more than was consistent with prudence.
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Pierre de Bourdeilles (Seigneur de Brantome) was a French writer. He was born in about 1540 at Perigord and died in 1614. He was of an old and noble family, and early entered the profession of arms. After a brilliant life in courts and camps he withdrew to his estate in Perigord, and spent his time in writing memoirs, which give an admirable picture of an age, with particulars which a chaster and more fastidious pen could hardly have set down. His memoirs consist of Vies des Hommes illustres et des grands Capitaines Francais; Vies des grands Capitaines Etrangers; Vies des Dames illustres; Vies des Dames galantes.
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Pierre Louis Charles Achille de Failly was a French soldier. He was born in 1810 and died in 1892. He distinguished himself in the Crimean War, and commanded a division against the Austrians in 1859. He was the means of introducing the Chassepot rifle into the French army, and commanded the troops which dispersed Garibaldi's irregulars at Montana. At the outbreak of the Franco-German War Failly received the command of the Fifth Corps, but was very unfortunate or unskilful in his warlike operations.
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Pierre de Fermat was a French mathematician. He was born in 1601 at Toulouse and died in 1665. His most important work was on the theory of numbers.
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Pierre de Guast De Monts was a Calvinist French aristocrat. In 1603 he was given by Henry IV, the vice-royalty of Acadia, from latitude 40 to latitude 60, and the monopoly of its fur-trade. In 1604 he settled a colony in Acadia, near the present borders of Maine and New Brunswick, which he removed in 1605 to Port Royal, now Annapolis, Nova Scotia. In 1607 the colony was abandoned.
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Pierre de Ronsard was a French poet. He was born in 1524 and died in 1585.
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Pierre Charles Jean Baptiste Sylvestre De Villeneuve was a French admiral. He was born in 1763 and died in 1806. He was commander of the combined French and Spanish fleets in 1803 and was defeated by Nelson at the Battle of Trafalgar where after he was a prisoner in England until his release in 1806 when he returned to France and committed suicide.
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Pierre Derbigny was an American politician. He was a Jeffersonian Republican governor of Louisiana from 1828 until 1829.
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Pierre Joseph Desault was a French surgeon. He was born in 1744 and died in 1795. After some experience in the military hospital at Befort he went to Paris in 1764, studied under Petit, and two years afterwards became a lecturer on his own account. His reputation soon increased, and he became principal surgeon in the hospital De la Oharite, and in 17S8 was put at the head of the great Hotel Dieu in Paris. Here he founded a surgical school, in which many of the most eminent surgeons of Europe were educated.
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Pierre Armand Dufrenoy was a French geologist and mineralogist. He was born in 1792 and died in 3857. He became latterly director of the school of mines, and published a great variety of papers on geology and mineralogy. In 1841 he published a great geological map of France with three volumes of text, and this was followed by his Traite de Mineralogie. He introduced a new classification of minerals, based on crystallography.
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Pierre Etienne Louis Dumont was a Swiss writer. He was born in 1759 at Geneva and died in 1829. He was ordained a minister of the Protestant church in 1781. He attached himself to the democratic party in Geneva, and when the opposite party gained the upper-hand he went to St. Petersburg, in 1782, where he was appointed pastor of the French Reformed Church. Soon after he accepted an offer to act as tutor to the sons of Lord Shelburne, afterwards Marquis of Lansdowne, which brought him to London, where he became intimate with Jeremy Bentham and Sir Samuel Romilly.
Visiting Paris during the first years of the revolution he gained the friendship of Mirabeau, whom he assisted in the composition of speeches and reports, and of whom he wrote some interesting Recollections. On his return to London he formed that connection with Jeremy Bentham which fixed his career as a writer; recasting, popularizing, and editing Jeremy Bentham's works in a form suitable for the reading public. He returned to Geneva in 1814 and became a senator.
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Pierre Dupont was a French poet. He was born in 1821 at Lyons and died in 1870. He was educated by his godfather, a priest, and began to write and compose songs at an early age. After issuing a volume of poems in 1844 he went to Paris and obtained a place in the office of the secretary of the Institute. Some of his songs, such as Song of Bread and Song of the Workers, had a Socialistic ring which proved obnoxious to the government which came into power in December, 1852. He was arrested, imprisoned, and condemned to be banished for seven years; but his release was soon procured. He became the poet of the working classes and his poem Chant des Ouvriers was adopted as the Marseillaise of the German and French socialists.
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Pierre Samuel Dupont de Nemours was a French political economist. He was born in 1739 at Paris and died in 1817. At a young age he gained a reputation for his writings on commerce and political economy, and was employed by Turgot and Vergennes in the public service. During the ministry of Calonne he became councillor of state, and in 1787 was secretary to the Assembly of the Notables. He was twice president of the National Assembly. During the revolution he opposed the extreme republicans, and escaped the guillotine narrowly at the downfall of Robespierre. From 1798 to 1802 he was in America, and on his return to France he refused all public office. He finally returned to America in 1815. Among his writings are Philosophie de l'Univers, Vie de Turgot, and a translation of Ariosto.
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Pierre Jean Garrat was a French singer. He was born in 1764 at Ustaritz and died in 1823. He was chosen to give singing lessons to Marie Antoinette. After the outbreak of the revolution he moved to Hamburg and in 1796 was appointed professor of singing at the conservatory of music at Paris.
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Pierre Gassendi (properly Pierre Gassend) was a French philosopher and mathematician. He was born in 1592 and died in 1655. At nineteen he was appointed to the chair of philosophy at Aix. His Exercitationes Paradoxicae adversus Aristotelem (1621), while they gave great offence to the Aristotelians, obtained him a canonry in the cathedral of Digne; but a second book of Exercitationes excited so much enmity that he ceased all direct attacks on Aristotle, contenting himself with the exaltation of Epicurus. He strenuously maintained the atomic theory, in opposition to the views of the Cartesians, and, in particular, asserted the doctrine of a vacuum. He was appointed lecturer on mathematics in the College-Royal at Paris in 1645, but was compelled to return to Digne from 1647 to 1653, in which interval he published his De Vita, Moribus et Doctrina Epicuri (1647), and Syntagma Philosophise Epicuri (1649). In 1653 he went again to Paris, where he published biographies of Tycho Brahe, Copernicus, Peurbach, and Regiomontanus (John Muller).
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Pierre Gavinies was a noted French violin player. He was born in 1722 at Bordeaux and died in 1800. He founded the French school of violinists.
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Pierre Narcisse Guerin was a French painter. He was born in 1774 at Paris and died in 1833. He studied under Regnault and achieved great success with classical subjects; his chief pictures being Death of Cato of Utica, Return of Marcus Sextus, Phaedra and Hippolytus, Andromache, Clytemnestra.
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Pierre Daniel Huet was a French critic and classical scholar. He was born in 1630 at Caen, Normandy and died in 1721. Educated at the Jesuits' college at Caen, he afterwards went to Paris; accompanied Bochart to the court of Queen Christina of Sweden; was appointed in 1670 sub-preceptor under Bossuet to the dauphin, and superintended the celebrated Dolphin series (ad usum Delphini) of the Latin classics. After the completion of his tutorship, having taken holy orders, he was made Abbot of Aulnai, and subsequently nominated Bishop of Soissons, which see he exchanged for that of Avranches, but latterly retired to an establishment of the Jesuits at Paris, where he died in 1721. Amongst his writings are Carmina Latina et Graeca; De Interpretatione, a treatise on translation; Sur l'Origine des Romans; Censura Philosophiae Cartesianae; Histoire du Commerce et de la Navigation des Anciens.
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Pierre Jean de Beranger was a French lyric poet. He was born in 1780 at Paris and died in 1857.
The young Beranger, after witnessing from the roof of his school the destruction of the Bastille, was placed under the charge of an aunt who kept a tavern at Peronne. At the age of fourteen he was apprenticed to a printer in Peronne, but was ultimately summoned to Paris to assist his father in his financing and plotting. After many hardships he withdrew in disgust from the atmosphere of chicanery and intrigue in which he found himself involved, betook himself to a garret, did what literary hack-work he could, and made many ambitious attempts in poetry and drama.
Reduced to extremity, he applied in 1804 to Lucien Bonaparte for assistance, and succeeded in obtaining from him, first, a pension of 1000 francs, and five years later a university clerkship. Although as yet unprinted, many of his song's had become extremely popular, and in 1815 the first collection of them was published, with a second collection published in 1821. This second collection of songs were disapproved of by the Bourbon government, and he was imprisoned for three months and fined 500 francs. A third collection of songs was published in 1825 and a fourth in 1828 which again led to his imprisonment and a fine of 10,000 francs. In 1833 his fifth and final collection of songs were published.
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Pierre Simon Laplace was a French mathematician and astronomer. He was born in 1749 at Beaumont-en Auge. He argued that the whole physical universe could be explained by the law of cause and effect so that, given enough information, both the past and the future of the universe could be determined in every detail.
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Pierre Laromiguiere was a French philosopher. He was born in 1756 at Livignac and died in 1837. He became famous for his thesis on the rights of property in connection with taxation, which he claimed to be arbitrary and therefore illegal. This thesis caused him to be censured by the French Parliament.
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Pierre Laval was a French statesman and newspaper owner. He was born in 1883 at Chateldon, and died in 1945. He was twice Prime Minister during the 1930s - 1931 to 1932 and again from 1935 to 1936 following the assassination of Barthough in 1934. A Nazi sympathiser, in the run-up to the Second World War he worked for a Franco-German collaboration though his newspaper. When France was occupied by the Nazis, Laval was instrumental in establishing the Vichy government., being deputy at its formation and later Prime Minister from 1942 to 1944. On August 27th 1941, Laval survived an assassination attempt at the hands of Paul Colette, a French Communist, who during an enrolment ceremony of French volunteers to fight the Russians, fired five shots, seriously wounding Laval and less seriously wounding two other French Fascist Party officials. At the end of the war he fled to Germany and Spain, but was brought back to France, charged with treason and executed.
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Pierre le Moyne d'Iberville was a French sailor. He was born in 1661 and died in 1706. He was engaged in the Canadian expedition against the English forts on the Hudson, fought at Fort Mousipi and Fort Quitchilchouen, and in 1688 captured two English vessels. In 1690 he was one of the leaders against Schenectady. In 1694 he took Fort Nelson, and, in command of a frigate, captured three English ships, including the Newport. He destroyed Fort Pemaquid, and reduced nearly all Newfoundland. In command of the Pelican, in 1697, he destroyed several British ships, and captured Fort Bourbon. In 1698 he ascended the Mississippi and built Fort Biloxi, the first port on the river. In 1701 he transferred the colony to Mobile. In 1706 he captured Nevis Island.
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Pierre S du Pont IV was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Delaware from 1977 until 1985.
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Pierre Soule was a French dissident. He was born in 1802 and died in 1870. He was driven from France on account of his extreme liberal ideas and his attacks on the ministry of Charles X. He went to the United States in 1826. After studying law at New Orleans, he represented Louisiana in the US Senate as a Democrat in 1847 and from 1849 until 1853. He was Minister to Spain from 1853 to 1855, and was one of the ministers who framed the celebrated Ostend Manifesto in 1854. He was an able and eloquent defender of the Southern cause while in public-life.
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Pierre Van Cortlandt was an American politician. He was born in 1731 and died in 1814. He was a member of the New York Assembly from 1768 to 1775. He was a member of the first Provincial Congress, and was lieutenant-Governor of New York from 1777 to 1795.
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Pierre Vernier was a French scientist. He was born in 1580 and died in 1637. He invented the vernier.
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Pierr-Jacquet Droz was a Swiss mechanician. He was born in 1721 at Chaux-de-Fonds and died in 1790. Among his many contrivances were a compensation pendulum, a writing automaton, and an astronomical clock.
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Piet Arnoldus Cronje was a Boer general. He was born in 1840 and died in 1911. He led the Transvaal insurrection of 1880 and besieged Potchefstroom in 1881 during the first Boer War. He was captured at Magersfontein in 1899 and sent as a prisoner to St Helena.
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Pieter Aertsen was a Dutch painter. He was born in 1508 at Amsterdam and died in 1575. He was active in his native Amsterdam and in Antwerp. A pioneer of still life and genre painting, he is best known for scenes that at first glance look like pure examples of these types, but which in fact have a religious scene incorporated in them. Aertsen was the head of a long dynasty of painters, of whom the most talented was his nephew and pupil Joachim Bueckelaer.
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Pieter De Hooch was a Dutch painter. He was born in 1629 and died in 1680. He mainly painted pictures of bright domestic interiors.
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Pieter Zeeman was a Dutch physicist. He was born in 1865 and died in 1943. He discovered the splitting of the spectral lines of a substance when placed in a magnetic field (known as the Zeeman effect) in 1886 and shared the 1902 Nobel Prize with the Dutch physicist Hendrik Lorentz.
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Pietro Abano was a celebrated Italian physician, philosopher, and astrologer. He was born in 1250 at Abano and died in 1316. He studied at Padua, went to Constantinople to learn Greek, visited Paris and studied mathematics and medicine, and travelled in England and Scotland. He became professor of medicine at Padua, and wrote on this subject and on philosophy.
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Pietro Aretino was an Italian poet. He was born in 1492 at Arezzo and died in 1557. He was the natural son of a nobleman called Luigi Bacci. He early displayed a talent for satirical poetry, and when still a young man was banished from Arezzo on account of a sonnet against indulgences. He went to Perugia, and thence to Rome in 1517, where he secured the papal patronage, but subsequently lost it through writing licentious sonnets. Through the influence of the Medici family he found an opportunity to insinuate himself into the favour of Francis I. In 1527 he went to Venice, where he acquired powerful friends, among them the Bishop of Vicenza. By his devotional writings he regained the favour of the Roman court. He called himself 'the scourge of princes', but he was also their abject flatterer, and that solely to obtain money. The obscenity of some of his writings was such that his name has become proverbial for licentiousness. Among them are five comedies and a tragedy.
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Pietro Bembo was an Italian scholar. He was born in 1470 at Venice and died in 1547. At Venice he became one of a famous society of scholars which had been established in the house of the printer Aldus Manutius. In 1512 he became secretary to Leo X, after whose death he retired to Padua. He was next appointed historiographer to the Republic of Venice, and librarian of the library of St Mark. Pope Paul III conferred on him, in 1539, the hat of a cardinal, and soon after the bishoprics of Gubbio and Bergamo. The most important of his works are: History of Venice from 1487 to 1513, written both in Latin and Italian; Le Prose, dialogues in which the rules of the Italian language are laid down; Gli Asolani, dialogues on the nature of love; and Le Rime, a collection of sonnets and canzonets.
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Pietro Colletta was an Italian historian, statesman and general. He was born in 1775 at Naples and died in 1831. He took part in the rising against King Ferdinand of Naples in 1799. In 1815 he had to capitulate to the Austrians at Casalanza; but his services were considered indispensable, and he continued to hold offices under the Bourbons. After quelling the revolution in Sicily in 1820 he was for a short time war minister in 1821, but was eventually imprisoned, and banished to Brunn, in Moravia, whence, on being reprieved in 1823 he retired to Florence, where he remained until his death.
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Pietro Farnese was an Italian soldier. He died in 1363. He was a general of the Florentines in the war against Pisa.
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Pietro Giannone was an Italian author and martyr. He was born in 1676 and died in 1748. He studied law in Naples, and after winning a high place as an advocate retired to give himself up to the execution of his great work, the Civil History of the Kingdom of Naples (published in 1723). The severity with which Pietro Giannone treated the church, and the attacks which he made on the temporal power of the popes, drew upon him the persecutions of the court of Rome, and of the clergy in general. The offensive publication was burned, and the author excommunicated. Pietro Giannone therefore left Naples in 1723, and took refuge in Vienna, where, for a time, he was protected by the influence of powerful friends, but had ultimately to leave and betake himself to Venice in 1734. Expelled from Venice by the suspicious republic, he finally took refuge in Geneva. Here he wrote his Triregno, a bitter attack on the papal pretensions. In 1736, having been enticed by a government emissary to enter the Sardinian States, he was seized and imprisoned in the citadel of Turin, where he died in 1748.
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Pietro Guglielmi was an Italian composer. He was born in 1727 at Massa di Carrara and died in 1804. He was a prolific writer of operas, both comic and serious and also of chamber music and masses. In 1793 he was appointed musical director to the Vatican.
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Pietro Mascagni was an Italian composer. He was born in 1863 and died in 1945. He composed Cavalleria Rusticana.
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Pietro Torrigiano (Pietro Torregiano) WAS A Florentine sculptor. He was born in 1470 and died in 1522. He studied at Florence, where, after an affray with Michelangelo, his fellow student, he was obliged to leave the city. He went to Rome,where he was employed by Pope Alexender VI and served as a soldier under Caesar Borgia. He found his way to England about 1508, and executed the tomb of Henry VII in Westminster Abbey, and other works.
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Pietro da Corto'na (properly Pietro Berrettini) was an Italian painter and architect. He was born in 1596 at Cortona and died in 1669. Pope Urban VIII employed him to decorate a chapel in the church of St Bibiena, and also to execute the frescoes of the grand salon of the Barberini Palace. Many churches of Rome were decorated by him and at Florence he adorned the Pitti Palace for the Grand-duke Ferdinand II. His easel pictures, although of less value than his larger works, are held in great estimation. As an architect he did some important work in church restoration.
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The Pilgrim Fathers were the first settlers in Massachusetts. In 1608, a party of Puritans, chiefly from the north of England, weary of the constant religious persecutions, left England and settled at Amsterdam, whence they later moved to Leyden. But they could not conform to the customs of Holland. Accordingly in 1617, Robert Cushman and John Carver were sent to England to treat with the Virginia Company for a grant of settlement in its territory in America. This was readily obtained.
Early in 1620, the Pilgrims embarked from Delfthaven in the ship Speedwell, a vessel chartered in Holland. Arriving at Southampton, they found the Mayflower, which Cushman had brought from London, awaiting them. On August the 5th, 1620, the Mayflower and the Speedwell left Southampton for the New World.
Twice the Speedwell put back for repairs, and the second time she was left, the Mayflower sailing alone from Plymouth with 102 passengers, on September the 6th. Their destination was to a point near the Hudson River, but the wind drove them to the north. Skirting along Cape Cod, on November the 11th the Mayflower dropped anchor off what is now Provincetown. Later the Pilgrims landed on Plymouth Rock, and thus the colony of Plymouth was begun. The leaders of the Pilgrims were Bradford, Brewster, Cushman, Miles Standish, and Carver. The name comes from a passage in the journal of William Bradford.
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Pinckney B S Pinchback was a Black American politician. He was born in 1837. He was a member of the Louisiana Senate in 1868. He was Republican governor of Louisiana from 1872 until 1873 during the impeachment of Governor Warmoth. He was elected to the US Senate in 1873 but was disallowed his seat.
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A pinder is someone who impounds cattle, or takes care of impounded cattle.
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The Pintupi are an aboriginal people of the desert regions of central Australia.
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Piotr Arkadievitch Stolypin was a Russian statesman. He was born in 1862 at Baden Baden and died in 1911 after being shot at a gala performance at Kiev. Educated at the university of St Petersburg he was appointed administrator of the crown estates of Kovno in 1888 and governor of Grodno in 1902, and became governor of Saratov in 1903. In 1906 he was minister of the interior and in July 1906 succeeded Goremykin as prime minister. He was assassinated in 1911.
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Plato was an ancient Greek philosopher. He was born in 427bc and died in 347bc.
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Titus Marcius Plautus was a Roman comic poet. He was born in 254BC and died in 184BC.
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Plutarco Elias Calles was a Mexican politician. He was born in 1877 at Guaymas, Sonora and died in 1945. He took part in the 1910 revolution against Porfirio Diaz and in 1917 became Governor of Sonora until 1919. Secretary of the Interior from 1920 to 1924 he became President of Mexico in 1924 until in 1928 he retired to become a landowner. In 1929 he founded the National Revolutionary Party, through he which he controlled subsequent Mexican presidents until he was exiled to the USA in 1936, being allowed to return in 1941.
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Pocahontas was a North American Indian princess, the daughter of chief Powhatan, overking of the Indian tribes of Virginia. She was born in 1595 and died in 1617. She was kidnapped in 1612 by white settlers under the leadership of Sir Samuel Argall and held hostage for the good behaviour of the Indian tribes and to secure a ransom for English hostages. Later she was converted to Christianity, baptised Rebecca and in 1613 married to John Rolfe, a leading Virginian settler who took her to England in 1616. She was presented at the Court of King James as Lady Rebecca. She was graciously received, and was an object of much interest. She died shortly afterwards. From her descended many of the illustrious families of Virginia.
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Polidoro Caldara called also Caravaggio was an Italian painter. He was born in 1495 at Caravaggio, in the Milanese and died in 1543. In his youth he carried bricks for the masons in the Vatican, and envying the artists at work there devoted himself to painting. He was employed by Raphael on the friezes of the Vatican. Christ on the way to Calvary is his chief work. In 1543. he was murdered by his domestic.
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Poly Styrene is the stage name of British punk rock musician Marion Elliot.
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The Poncas were a tribe of Dakota Indians. They suffered greatly from attacks by the Sioux, who drove them beyond the Missouri. In 1858 they sold lands to the US Government and went on a reservation near the Yanktons. In 1865 they were assigned a reservation on the Missouri.
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The Pondo are a Bantu people of south-east Africa. The Pondo are renowned for the peculiar hairstyles worn by the women.
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Pontiac was an American Shawanese Indian chief. He was born about 1720 and died in 1769. He was one of the Indian chiefs most dangerous to the English. He was a leader of the Ojibwas, Ottawas and Pottawatomies. He acquired great influence, and is said to have contributed to Braddock's defeat. Though he consented to the surrender of Detroit to the British at the end of the French and Indian War, he forthwith organized a wide-spread conspiracy in 1762. Assembling a large force near Detroit, he fired the warriors in a remarkable oration, but the plot was disclosed, and Pontiac's siege from May to October, 1763, was fruitless. He fought during the siege the battle of the Bloody Bridge. Although Detroit was saved, many other English posts, Sandusky, Mackinaw, Presque Isle, etc, fell before Pontiac's allies. The great chief signed a treaty in 1766, and three years later was assassinated.
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The pope is the leader of the Roman Catholic church.
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Porfirio Diaz was a Mexican general and politician. He was born in 1830 and died in 1915. He was elected president in 1876.
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The Potiguara are a group of South American Indians living in north west Brazil, and numbering about 1 million. Their language belongs to the Tupi- Guarani family. Their religion is cantered around a shaman, who mediates between the people and the spirit world.
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The Pottawatomies were a tribe of Algonquin Indians, that orifinally occupied what is now lower Michigan and upper Illinois and Indiana. Joining Pontiac, they surprised Fort St Joseph in 1763. During the American War of Independence they were hostile to the Americans, but joined in the treaty of 1795. The tribe was then composed of settled bands and the wandering Prairie band. In the War of 1812 they aided England, but by treaties in 1815 and subsequently, ceded nearly all their territory. A large tract was assigned to them on the Missouri. In 1867, 1400 became citizens, but the Prairie band continued under the Indian Department.
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Powell Clayton was an American politician. He was born in 1833 at Pennsylvania. In 1861 he entered the Union army and became brigadier-general in 1864. After the war in 1868 he became Governor of Arkansas until 1871, and represented Arkansas in the US Senate from 1871 to 1877. He became Minister to Mexico in May, 1897.
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Powhatan was an American Indian chief. He was born about 1550 and died about 1618. He was the chief of thirty tribes of Indians, numbering about 8000, occupying territory between the James and York rivers in Virginia. He was visited by Captain John Smith in 1609, who made negotiations for provisions. A gilded crown was brought from England and Powhatan was declared 'emperor of the Indies'. He wisely never trusted the whites and was in constant collision with them. In retaliation for an attempt of Captain John Smith to kidnap him, he planned the destruction of the Jamestown settlement, but was prevented, the colonists being warned by his daughter, Pocahontas.
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The Powhatan Indians were a confederation of thirty American Indian tribes south of the Potomac, in existence at the time of the settlement of Jamestown. It was conjectured that the entire federation numbered eight thousand people.
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Praise-God Barebone or Praise-God Barbone was a leather seller in Fleet Street, London. He obtained a kind of lead in the convention which Cromwell substituted for the Long Parliament, and which was thence nicknamed the Barebone Parliament. After its dissolution he disappears until 1660, when he presented a petition to Parliament against the restoration of the monarchy. In 1661 he was committed to the Tower for some time, but his subsequent history is unknown.
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Praxiteles was a 4th century BC Greek sculptor. He carved Hermes carrying Dionysus.
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Prentice Cooper was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Tennessee from 1939 until 1945.
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A prestidigitator is someone who practises sleight of hand. A conjuror or a juggler.
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Preston Brooks was an American soldier and politician. He was born in 1819. He served during the Mexican War and represented South Carolina in the US Congress as a States-Rights Democrat from 1853 until 1859. In 1856 he savagely assaulted Senator Summer with a cane in the Senate Chamber for certain expressions in a speech 'on the crime against Kansas'. A resolution was proposed for his expulsion from the House, but was defeated.
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Preston H Leslie was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Kentucky from 1871 until 1875.
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Preston King was an American politician. He was born in 1806 and died in 1865. He was a New York Assemblyman from 1834 to 1837. He was a Democratic US Congressman from 1843 to 1847 and from 1849 to 1853. He was a Republican US Senator from 1857 to 1863.
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Preston Lea was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Delaware from 1905 until 1909.
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Preston Smith was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Texas from 1969 until 1973.
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Price Daniel was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Texas from 1957 until 1963.
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Prince Albert, real name Albert-Francis-Augustus-Charles-Emmanuel, was Prince of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, and Prince Consort of England. He was born in 1819 at the Rosenau, a castle near Coburg and died in 1861. He was the second son of Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg. In 1837 he entered the University of Bonn, where he devoted himself to the studies of political and natural science, history, philosophy, etc, as well as to those of music and painting. On leaving the university he made a tour through the chief cities of Italy with Baron Stockmar. On the 10th of February, 1840, he married his cousin, Queen Victoria of England. An allowance of 30,000 pounds a year was settled upon the prince, who was naturalized by act of Parliament, received the title of Royal Highness by patent, was made a field-marshal, a Knight of the Garter, of the Bath, etc. Other honours were subsequently bestowed upon him, the chief of which was the title of Prince Consort in 1857. His foreign birth at first caused him to be regarded with some suspicion, but his unfailing tact and genuine ability were not long in gaining their due recognition. He always carefully abstained from party politics, but his knowledge of the politics of his adopted country, both domestic and foreign, was profound and accurate, and must often have been of service to the queen and her advisers.
Albert always took a deep and active interest in the welfare of the people in general. His services to the cause of science and art were very important; he presided over the commission appointed in 1841 to consider the best means of rebuilding the houses of parliament, and the great exhibition of 1851 owed much of its success to his activity, knowledge, and judgment. The amendment of the Articles of War in 1844 which ultimately put an end to duelling was due to his suggestion. Cambridge University conferred upon him the degree of L.L.D, and in 1847 he was elected chancellor. He presided and delivered the inaugural address at the meeting of the British Association at Aberdeen in 1859. Albert died of typhoid fever on December 14, 1861, after a short illness. A collection of his speeches and addresses was published in 1862. A biography of the prince by Sir Theodore Martin was published in five volumes at London between 1875 and 1880.
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Prince Alfred Ernest Albert Duke of Edinburgh, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha was the second son of Queen Victoria. He was born in 1844 at Windsor Castle and died in 1900. At the age of fourteen he joined the navy as naval cadet, and served on various foreign stations. In 1862 be declined the offer of the throne of Greece. On his majority he received 15,000 pounds a year from parliament, and was created Duke of Edinburgh, Earl of Kent, and Earl of Ulster. In 1867 he was appointed to the command of the frigate Galatea, in which he visited Australia, Japan, China, India, etc. In 1873 he received an additional annuity of 10,000 pounds, and next year he married the Grand-duchess Marie, only daughter of the Emperor of Russia. In 1882 he was made a vice-admiral, and subsequently held important commands. In 1893 he succeeded his uncle as ruler of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, and resigned his annuity of 15,000 pounds. He had one son (who predeceased him) and four daughters.
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Prince Eugene of Savoy (Francois Eugene) was a French-born Austrian Imperial general. He was born in 1663 at Paris and died in 1736. He was the fifth son of Eugene Maurice, duke of Savoy-Carignan, and Olympia Mancini, a niece of Cardinal Mazarin. Offended with Louis XIV he deserted his native France and entered the Austrian service in 1683, serving his first campaign as a volunteer against the Turks. Here he distinguished himself so much that he received a regiment of dragoons. Later, at the sieges of Belgrade and Mayence, he increased his reputation, and on the outbreak of war between France and Austria he received the command of the imperial forces sent to Piedmont to act in conjunction with the troops of the Duke of Savoy. At the end of the war he was sent as commander-in-chief to Hungary, where he defeated the Turks at the battle of Zenta on September the 11th, 1697.
The Spanish war of succession brought Eugene again into the field. In Northern Italy he outmanoeuvered Catinat and Villeroi, defeating the latter at Cremona in 1702. In 1703 he commanded the imperial army in Germany, and in co-operation with Marlborough frustrated the plans of France and her allies. In the battle of Hochstadt or Blenheim, Eugene and Marlborough defeated the French and Bavarians under Marshal Tallard, on August the 13th, 1704. Next year Eugene, returning to Italy, forced the French to raise the siege of Turin, and in one month drove them out of Italy. During the following years he fought on the Rhine, took Lille, and, in conjunction with Marlborough, defeated the French at Oudenarde in 1708, and Malplaquet in 1709, where he himself was dangerously wounded.
After the recall of Marlborough, which Eugene opposed in person at London, without success, and the defection of England from the alliance against France, his farther progress was in a great measure checked. In the war with Turkey, in 1716, Eugene defeated two superior armies at Peterwaradin and Temesvar, and, in 1717, took Belgrade, after having gained a decisive victory over a third army that came to its relief. During fifteen years of peace which followed, Eugene served Austria as faithfully in the cabinet as he had done in the field.
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Prince Iwao Oyama was a Japanese Samurai soldier-statesman. He was born in 1842 and died in 1916. He was attache with the German army during the Franco- German war.
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Prince of Wales is the title of the heir apparent of the British throne. It was first conferred by Edward I on his son, who afterwards was Edward II, at the time of his conquest of the Principality of Wales. Edward III was never
Prince of Wales, but the title has been conferred on all the male heirs- apparent to the English (and afterwards British) throne from Edward the Black Prince, son of Edward III. The heir-apparent is made Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester by special creation and investiture, or by proclamation, but as the king's eldest son he is by inheritance Duke of Cornwall.
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Princess Adelaide (Amelia Adelaide Louisa Theresa Caroline) was the wife of William IV. She was born in 1792 and died in 1849. In 1818 she married William, duke of Clarence who became king William IV of Great Britain and Ireland in 1830.
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Princess Elizabeth was the eldest daughter of James I of England. She was born in 1596 and died in 1662. It was she that the Gunpowder Plot conspirators planned to set upon the throne. In 1613 she married Frederick V who was later to be King of Bohemia.
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In television, a production runner is a general assistant whose tasks include making tea and coffee for the other employees, delivering messages, cleaning, and generally assisting the experienced members of the production team.
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Proletarii was the name given to those Roman citizens who, in the classification of their means by Servius Tullius, stood in the sixth or lowest class.
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A prophet is some one who claims to reveal or interpret god's will.
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Prosper Jolyot de Crebillon was a French writer of tragedy. He was born in 1674 at Dijon and died in 1762. His first play, La Mort des Enfants de Brutus, was rejected by the actors; but his next productions, Idomenee (1705) and Atree (1707), were successful. These were followed by Rhadamiste (1711), Xerxes (1714), and Semiramis (1717). At the age of seventy-six he wrote the Triumvirate, or the Death of Cicero, which was brought upon the stage in his eighty-first year.
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Prospero Fontana was an Italian painter. He was born in 1512 at Bologna and died in 1597. He excelled in design and composition, and adorned several churches in Rome and Bologna with historical frescoes. Among his pupils were his daughter Lavinia (born in 1552, died 1614), who excelled in portraits, and the brothers Caracci.
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A Protestant is a member of the Reformed Church. The term was originally applied to those people who adhered to Luther at the Reformation. These Lutherans, in 1529, protested against the decree of Charles V of Germany, and appealed from the Diet of Spires to a general council.
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A Provost is the chief magistrate in a Royal burgh in Scotland. His position is like that of an English Mayor.
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Ptolemy XIV was the brother of Cleopatra, and joint ruler of Egypt.
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Publius Atius Varus was a Roman soldier. He joined Pompey in the Civil War against Caesar, and enjoyed some success against Caesar's lieutenant Curio in Africa in 49 BC. He was killed at the battle of Munda in 45 BC.
Publius Quintilius Varus was a Roman general. Appointed to the chief command in Germany, his vexatious administration roused the Germans to revolt in 9 AD. Under the able leadership of Arminius the Romans were caught in the swamps of the Teutoburger Wald, three legions were annihilated, and Varus committed suicide.
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Pueblo Indian is a generic name for a member of any of the farming groups of American Indians living in the south west USA and north Mexico, living in communal villages of flat-topped adobe or stone structures arranged in terraces. Surviving groups include the Hopi and the Zuni.
A decision of the Supreme Court in 1857 declared Pueblo Indians living in the Usa, primarily in New Mexico, to be citizens of the United States.
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The Puritans were a group of religious people who wanted what they perceived to be extreme purity in church services. They observed a strict code of behaviour with few amusements.
The name Puritans was first used in England to designate those Protestant members of the Church of England who, while not desiring to separate from or to destroy the existing establishment, desired to see it infused with a spirit of greater earnestness and purged of many still-remaining Catholic ceremonies.
The settlers of Massachusetts Bay came from this set, which is not to be confounded with the Separatists or Independents, from whom the Pilgrim Fathers came. The Separatists were the extreme wing of the Puritan party, we may say, so extreme that they preferred to abandon the Established Church, and would gladly have seen it abolished. As the contest in England went on, and deepened into civil war, the Puritans mostly became either Presbyterians or Independents. Similarly in America circumstances made of the settlers at the Bay a body of Independents whose ecclesiastical polity did not differ from that of the Plymouth Pilgrims.
The Puritan spirit was one of severe moral earnestness, united with a Calvinistic theology. Their opposition to amusements grew more and more severe, and the persecuting spirit prevailed among them. Toward the end of the century, Puritanism in Massachusetts began to relax. In New Haven it was more rigid than in Massachusetts; in Connecticut somewhat less so. Rhode Island was partly Puritan in sentiment, but never under control of the Puritans. In the other colonies there were some Puritan settlements, as at Newark in New Jersey, at Providence (Annapolis) in Maryland, and at Dorchester in South Carolina.
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The term pygmies describes various indigenous races of people found in Africa who are characterised by their very short stature. Most of the pygmy tribes are forest dwellers living in the area of central Africa around the Central African Republic, Cameroon, Congo and Gabon.
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Pythagoras was a Greek philosopher. He was born on the island of Samos in 582 BC and died in 500 BC.
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