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R A Nestos was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Dakota from 1921 until 1925.
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R B Glenn was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of North Carolina from 1905 until 1909.
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R D Laing was a Scottish psychoanalyst. He originated some radical methods of psychiatry.
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Richard Dobbs Spaight Jr. was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of North Carolina from 1835 until 1836.
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Richard Dobbs Spaight Sr. was an American politician. He was born in 1758 and died in 1802. He was a delegate from North Carolina to the Continental Congress from 1782 to 1784, and to the Convention of 1787, and was a signer of the Constitution. He was Governor of North Carolina in 1792, and served in the US Congress as a Democrat from 1798 to 1801.
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R Gregg Cherry was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of North Carolina from 1945 until 1949.
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R L Williams was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Oklahoma from 1915 until 1919.
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R Livingston Beeckman was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Rhode Island from 1915 until 1921.
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A rabbi is the chief religious leader of a synagogue.
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Sir Rabindranath Tagore was an Indian poet. He was born in 1861 and died in 1941.
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Naturalists and ethnographers have traditionally divide mankind into several distinct varieties, or races. Georges Cuvier refers everyone to one of three races; Pritchard enumerates seven, Agassiz eight, Pickering eleven and Blumenbach five, and his is one of the common classifications comprising: the Caucasian, or white race, to which belong the greater part of the European nations and those of Western Asia; the Mongolian, or yellow race, occupying Tartary, China, Japan, and the Far East; the Ethiopian, or Negro race, occupying most of Africa (except the north), Australia, Papua, and other Pacific Islands; the American, or red race, comprising the Indians of North and South America; and the Malayan, or brown race, which occupies the islands of the Indian Archipelago, etc. Later writers often classified the Malay and American races as branches of the Mongolian race. With the advent of multi-cultural societies and inter-breeding through the races the distinctions have become even more blurred, epitomised by the Jamaican national motto 'Out of many, one people' summarising the creation of a distinct race of people (the Jamaicans) through several hundred years of inter-breeding between members of all the classic races.
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The Rachuelians are a north-western Georgian tribe of the Grazinian people.
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Radovan Karadzic is a Serbian politician. He was born in 1945 at Montenegro. The leader of the Bosnian-Serb community's unofficial government of 1992 to 1996, he co-founded the Serbian Democratic Party of Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1990 and in 1992 launched the siege of Sarajevo that started a civil war. A succession of peace initiatives to end the conflict failed because of his ambitious demands for Serbian territory, and he was subsequently implicated in war crimes allegedly committed in Bosnia-Herzegovina. In the autumn of 1995, following a sustained NATO bombardment of Bosnian Serb military positions around Sarajevo, he agreed to enter peace negotiations and in November signed the American-sponsored Dayton peace accord, under the terms of which he was forced to step down as the Bosnian Serb prime minister. The accord divided Bosnia into separate Muslim, Croat, and Serb areas, and although this sought to excluded him from further political leadership he remained a dominant force behind the scenes. In 1995 he was
charged with genocide and crimes against humanity at the Yugoslav War Crimes Tribunal in The Hague, Netherlands - a tribunal he refuses to recognise - and subsequently defied NATO orders to arrest him on sight by continuing to travel openly about the region until he was finally arrested in 2000 and taken to The Hague to stand trial.
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Rafael Sabatini was an Anglo-Italian writer. He was born in 1875 and died in 1950. He wrote Captain Blood, and The Sea Hawk.
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Rainer Maria Rilke was an Austrian poet. He was born in 1875 at Prague and died in 1926.
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The Rajasthani are a people of India.
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Rajendra Prasad was the first president of the republic of India between 1950 and 1962. He was born in 1884 and died in 1963.
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The Rajput are a Hindu people, predominantly soldiers and landowners, widespread over north India. The Rajput states of north west India are now merged in Rajasthan. Rajasthani languages belong to the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family.
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Sir Ralph Abercromby was a Scottish general. He was born in 1734 at Menstrie, Clackmannshire and died in 1801. He entered the army in 1756 as cornet in the 3rd Dragoon Guards and eventually rose to the rank of major-general in 1787. After serving in Europe during the Seven Years War from 1756 to 1763 he was member of parliament for Clackmannshire from 1774 to 1780 before rejoining the army in 1793 leading successful operations against the French in St Lucia and Trinidad between 1795 and 1796. He was fatally wounded while leading the Anglo-Turk forces against the French at Aboukir Bay in 1801.
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Ralph David Abernathy was an American civil rights activist. He was born in 1929 at Linden, Alabama and died in 1990. A Baptist minister, he became friends with Martin Luther King Jr and together with him organised a successful bus in 1955 boycott to protest at segregation. After the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr, Ralph Abernathy led the Poor People's March on Washington DC.
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Ralph Allen was an English celebrated philanthropist. He was born in 1694 and died in 1764. A friend of Pope, Fielding, and the elder Pitt, he lived mostly at Bath, where he made a large income as farmer of a system of posts and as owner of quarries. He was the prototype of Squire Allworthy in Fielding's novel Tom Jones; and after the novelist's death he took charge of his family. Pope, who received many kindnesses at his hands, referred to him in the lines: Let humble Allen, with an awkward shame, Do good by stealth, and blush to find it fame. With Pitt he was on intimate terms, and left him 1000 pounds by will. Hurd, Sherlock, and Warburton were also his friends.
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Ralph Cudworth was an English divine and philosopher. He was born in 1617 and died in 1688. He took his degree and fellowship at Cambridge in 1639; in 1644 was chosen master of Clare Hall; in the following year regius professor of Hebrew; and in 1654 master of Christ's College, Cambridge, where he spent the rest of his life. In 1678 he published his True Intellectual System of the Universe; wherein all the Reason and Philosophy of Atheism is confuted, and its Impossibility demonstrated (folio) - a work of an exceedingly erudite kind, though tediously discursive in argument.
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Ralph Waldo Ellison was an American novelist. He was born in 1914 at Oklahoma City and died in 1994.
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Ralph Waldo Emerson was an American essayist, philosopher and poet. He was born in 1803 at Boston, Massachusetts and died in 1882. Educated at Harvard, for five years he taught in a school, and in 1829 he became a Unitarian minister at Boston, resigning in 1832 because he could not sympathize with the formalities practiced in the church. He went abroad, working as a lecturer visiting England. Returning to America in 1833 he settled at Concord, Massachusetts
He was one of the original editors of the Dial, a transcendental magazine begun in 1840. Two volumes of his essays were published in 1841 and 1844, and his poems in 1846. His miscellaneous addresses had been published in England in 1844, and on visiting Great Britain in 1847 he was welcomed by a large circle of admirers. In 1850 he published Representative Men; in 1856, English Traits; in 1860, The Conduct of Life; in 1869, May Day and Other Poems, and Society and Solitude; in 1871, Parnassus, a collection of poems; in 1876, Letters and Social Aims. Emerson showed certain similarities with Carlyle, of whom he was a friend and correspondent. Their correspondence appeared in 1883. He was one of the most original and influential writers that the United States have produced,
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Ralph Erskine was a Scottish divine. He was born in 1685 and died in 1752. He was ordained to the parish of Dunfermline in 1711, and in 1737 joined his brother - Ebenezer Erskine - who had seceded from the Established Church. His Gospel Sonnets and other religious works were once very popular.
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Ralph F Gates was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Indiana from 1945 until 1949.
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Ralph G Brooks was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Nebraska from 1959 until 1960.
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Ralph Herseth was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of South Dakota from 1959 until 1961.
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Ralph I Ingersoll was an American politician. He was born in 1788 and died in 1872. He was a prominent member of the Connecticut Legislature from 1819 to 1825,a Democratic Representative to Congress from 1825 to 1833, and Minister to Russia from 1846 to 1848.
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Ralph Izard was an American statesman. He was born in 1742 and died in 1804. He was a commissioner to Tuscany from 1776 to 1779, and resided at Paris. He pledged his estate as security for a Governmental debt during the American War of Independence. He represented South Carolina in the Continental Congress from 1781 to 1783. He was a US Senator from 1789 to 1795. He was able and eloquent, but possessed an uncontrollable temper.
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Ralph L Carr was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Colorado from 1939 until 1943.
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Sir Ralph Lane was an English colonial governor. He was born in 1530 and died in 1604. He assumed charge of Sir Walter Raleigh's Virginia colony sent out in 1585. The colony was established on Roanoke Island, but was abandoned in 1585, and Sir Ralph Lane returned to England.
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Ralph Metcalf was an American politician. He was governor of New Hampshire from 1855 until 1857.
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Ralph Nader is an American lawyer and reformer. He was born in 1934. He initiated a campaign on behalf of public safety that gave impetus to the consumer rights movement of the 1960s onwards. His views on defective car design, set out in 'Unsafe at Any Speed' in 1965, led to Federal legislation on safety standards. Nader was also a moving force behind legislation concerning radiation hazards, food packaging, and the use of insecticides.
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Ralph Owen Brewster was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Maine from 1925 until 1929.
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Ralph P Lowe was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Iowa from 1858 until 1860.
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Sir Ralph Sadler was an English diplomatist. He was born in 1507 at Hackney and died in 1587. He worked in Scotland, and his dispatches, which were edited by Sir Walter Scott as the Sadler Papers in 1809, throw much light on Scottish affairs during the reign of Queen Mary and the early years of the reign of James VI.
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Ralph Vaughan Williams was a composer. He was born in 1872 and died in 1958. He composed Fantasiz on a Theme by Thomas Tallis, symphonies, vocal music.
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Ramiro II was king of Leon and Asturias (Spain). He died in 951. He ascended the throne upon the abdication of his elder brother Alfonso IV.
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Randall L Gibson was an American politician. He was born in 1832 and died in 1892. He entered the Confederate army as a private, and rose to various commands at Shiloh, Murfreesboro and Chickamauga. He represented Louisiana in the U S Congress from 1875 to 1883, and in the Senate from 1883 to 1892.
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Randolph B Marcy was an American soldier and explorer. He was born in 1813 and died in 1887. He served in the Mexican War, and was brevetted major-general for services during the American Civil War. From 1869 to 1881 he was inspector-general. He published 'Exploration of the Red River' in 1852.
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Randolph Caldecott was an English artist. He was born in 1846 at Chester and died in 1886. A former bank clerk, he began his artistic career in 1872 at London with sketches for 'London Society' and other periodicals. He became famous as the illustrator of the works of Washington Irving. He produced a series of coloured books for children, beginning in 1878 with 'John Gilpin' and 'The House That Jack Built'.
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Lord Randolph Henry Spencer Churchill was an English politician. He was born in 1849 and died in 1895. The second son of the sixth Duke of Marlborough, having entered parliament in 1874, by 1884 he had risen to the position of a recognized leader of the Conservative party, and in 1885 became Indian secretary in Lord Salisbury's government. On the defeat of Gladstone's Irish Bill in 1886 Randolph Churchill became leader of the House of Commons and Chancellor of the Exchequer, posts which he unexpectedly resigned in December 1886.
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Rannulph Flambard (Ralph Flambard) was a Norman politician. He died in 1128. Of humble origin he was early connected with William the Conqueror's court, and being handsome, clever, and unscrupulous, he gained great influence with the king, and rose to still greater favour with Rufus, whom he encouraged in his tyrannical and rapacious courses. His flagrant extortions earned the hatred of the people, and his character is painted in the blackest characters by the chroniclers. In 1099 he was made Bishop of Dnrham; but on the death of William the Conqueror he was committed to the Tower of London by Henry I. He managed to escape, however, by a rope conveyed to him in a vessel of wine, and instigated Robert, duke of Normandy, to invade England. He was subsequently forgiven by Henry I and restored to Durham, where latterly he lived peaceably, much engaged in architectural works connected with the city and the cathedral, until his death in 1128.
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Ransome J Williams was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of South Carolina from 1945 until 1947.
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Ranulph de Glanvil (Ranulph de Glanville) was an English lawyer and soldier of the 12th century. In the reign of Henry II he held the office of justiciary, and repelled the invasion of William the Lion, king of Scotland, who was taken prisoner as he was besieging the Castle of Ainwick. Richard I is said to have imprisoned Glanvil, and obliged him to purchase his freedom with, 15,000 pounds towards a crusade to the Holy Land. He accompanied his master on this expedition, and died at the siege of Acre in 1190. To Glanvil is attributed a treatise on the laws and customs of England (de Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliae), written about 1181, and first printed in the year 1554, being the earliest treatise on English law.
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Raoul Dufy was a French painter. He was born in 1877 and died in 1953.
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Raphael (Raphaello) was an Italian painter. He was born in 1483 at Urbino and died in 1520. His early training was under Timoteo Viti, but when he was seventeen he went to Perugia, to work in the studio of Perugino, who made a lasting impression upon Raphael. Later, Raphael when to Florence where he made a study of the work in sculpture of Donatello and Michelangelo, and of the paintings of Leonardo, and while in Florence became very friendly with Fra Bartolommeo. In 1508 Raphael was in Rome, and entrusted by Julius II with the decoration of certain rooms in the Vatican. In 1512, Leo X commissioned other frescoes which Raphael finished in 1514.
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Raphael Holinshed was an English chronicler. He lived in the 16th century and wrote The Chronicles Of England, Scotland and Ireland.
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Raphael Semmes was an American Confederate naval commander. He was born in 1809 and died in 1877. He served for many years in the American navy, including during the Mexican War, and in 1861 joined the Southern side. In the period just before the commencement of hostilities, he was very active in procuring supplies for the naval department of the new Confederacy. As commander of the Sumter he captured many American merchantmen until he was blockaded at Tangier. He then sold the Sumter, and in 1863 assumed charge of the Alabama. In this privateer he made sixty-two captures, but the Alabama's career was ended off Cherbourg, on June the 19th, 1864, by the Kearsage. Semmes escaped in a British vessel, made his way to the South, and was appointed rear-admiral. He was arrested in 1865 after the close of the war, but was released.
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John Raphael Smith was an English mezzotint engraver. He was born in 1752 at Derby and died in 1812. Trained for the drapery trade, in 1769 he became an engraver. He was closely associated with George Morland, and engraved hundreds of plates after Reynolds, Gainsborough and others.
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Rat Scabies is the stage name of Chris Millar, drummer with The Damned.
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Ratliff Boon was an American politician. He was a Democratic-Republican governor of Indiana during 1822.
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Raul H Castro was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Arizona from 1975 until 1977.
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The Raute are a traditionally nomadic, hunter-gatherer people of Nepal. Though nomadic and secretive by nature, some have now settled and opened up to other peoples.
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Rawleigh C Stanford was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Arizona from 1937 until 1939.
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Rawlins Lowndes was an American jurist and politician. He was born in 1722 and died in 1800. He was appointed a Judge in South Carolina by the crown, and affirmed the validity of unstamped public papers. He was president of the province from 1778 to 1780. He opposed the adoption of the American Constitution as fatal to liberty.
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Ray Charles (real name Ray Charles Robinson) was an American musician. He was born in 1930 at Atlanta, Georgia and died in 2004. He went blind at the age of five, but despite that became an accomplished pianist and singer.
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Ray H Talbot was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Colorado during 1937.
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Raymond Russell Lindwall was an Australian cricketer. A fast bowler with New South Wales, Queensland and the Australian national side he set a Test record taking 228 wickets for Australia before his retirement in 1959. In the 1948 Test series against England he took 27 wickets, and in the final match took six wickets for just twenty runs.
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Ray Mabus was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Mississippi from 1988 until 1992.
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Raymond D Gary was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Oklahoma from 1955 until 1959.
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Raymond P Shafer was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Pennsylvania from 1967 until 1971.
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In English history, after the Reformation, the recusants were people who refused or neglected to attend divine services on Sundays and holidays in the Established Church, or to worship according to its forms. Heavy penalties were formerly inflicted on such persons, but they pressed far more lightly on the simple recusant or nonconformist than on the Roman Catholic
recusant. In 23 Elizabeth the fine was made for every month 20 pounds; and later in the same reign it was enacted that if recusants did not submit within three months after conviction they might, upon the requisition of four justices of the peace, be compelled to abjure and renounce the realm; and if they did not depart, or if they returned without due license, they were to be treated as felons, and suffer death without the benefit of clergy.
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The Red Sticks were a faction of American Creek Indians. They lived in the area now known as Alabama, and were invaded by European settlers. They oppossed the encroachment of settlers onto their lands and a war ensued with the Americans. The Red Sticks were seriously defeated and forced to cede three quarters of their territory to the Americans in 1813.
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Red-Jacket was an American Indian chief. He was born in 1751 and died in 1830. He was chief of the Wolf tribe of the Senecas, and served with the Six Nations against the Americans during the American War of Independence. In the War of 1812 he assisted the United States. He made an eloquent speech against the treaty of Port Stanwix in 1784.
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From the earliest settlement of the American colonies, particularly the middle colonies, indented servants formed a large part of the population. Many came over from England under bond for their passage to serve a number of years. Many also were kidnapped and placed in enforced slavery for a term of years. They served four, five, or seven years, according to contract. At the end of these terms they were released, awarded fifty acres of land and became free citizens. Hence the term 'Redemptioners'. This system was introduced in Virginia in 1607 with the first colony; in Massachusetts in 1631. It also existed in Maryland, New York, Connecticut and Pennsylvania. The practice was not discontinued in the middle colonies until 1750.
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Redfield Proctor was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Vermont from 1878 until 1880.
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Sir Redvers Henry Buller was an English general. He was born in 1839 at Devonshire and died in 1908. He joined the army in 1858 and served in China in 1860, in the Red River Expedition in 1870, in the Ashanti War in 1874 and the Zulu War of 1878 - 1879 during which he was awarded the Victoria Cross, having been made lieutenant-colonel in 1878. In the Boer War of 1881 he was chief of the staff to Sir Evelyn Wood, and in the war in Egypt next year he won special distinction at Tel-el-Kebir and elsewhere. In the Soudan campaign of 1884-1885 he was chief of the staff to Lord Wolseley, and at the Battle of Abu-Klea he took command when Sir Herbert Stewart was wounded. In 1887-1990 he was quartermaster-general, in 1890-1897 adjutant-general; KOB. in 1885, lieutenant-general in 1891, GCB. in 1894. In 1899 he went to Natal as commander in the war with the Boer republics. His great task was the relief of Ladysmith, in which, however, he was foiled for a time (especially at Colenso and Spion Kop), though he was ultimately successful (after Lord Roberts had arrived to take the chief command in South Africa), and rendered valuable services in clearing the Boers out of Natal and subsequently. He held the Aldershot command (1st Army Corps) in 1901, but was relieved from this post on account of public utterances that were held to be a breach of military discipline and regulations, and retired on half-pay.
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Redwald was king of the East Angles in 599.
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Regent Albany was King of Scotland from 1406 to 1419.
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Regent Murdoch was King of Scotland from 1419 to 1424.
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Reginald Barratt was an English watercolour artist famous for his perfection of draughtmanship. He was born in 1861 and died in 1917.
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Sir Reginald James Bowker was a British statesman. He was born in 1901. He was ambassador to Burma from 1948 to 1950, ambassador to Turkey from 1954 to 1958 and ambassador to Austria from 1958 to 1961.
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Reginald John Campbell was an English clergyman and biographer. He was born in 1867 at London and died in 1956. Pastor of the City Temple from 1903 to 1915 he became an Anglican in 1916 and in 1929 his biography of David Livingstone was published.
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Reginald Heber was an English poet and bishop. He was born in 1783 and died in 1826. In 1800 he entered Brasenose College, Oxford, and in 1803 wrote his celebrated prize poem of Palestine. After travelling on the Continent in 1807 he became rector of Hodnet, and having married Amelia, daughter of the dean of St Asaph, was appointed prebend of the cathedral On the death of Bishop
Middleton, Reginald Heber was consecrated Bishop of Calcutta in 1823; but he had only occupied the position for about two years when he died of apoplexy at Trichinopoli, in 1826. In addition to his hymns, the best known productions are Palestine; an edition of the works of Jeremy Taylor (with biography); Poems and Translations.
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Reginald Scot was an English writer and campaigner against witchcraft. He was born in 1538 and died in 1599. His 1584 book 'Discoverie of Witchcraft' waged war against the popular belief in witchcraft in Britain, and was instrumental in the formation of public opinion.
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The Regulators were a body of insurgents in North Carolina just before the American Revolution. Heavy taxes and fees aroused the resistance of the back-country people against Governor William Tryon in 1766. The rebellion spread, but William Tryon signally defeated the armed bands at Alamance, on the Haw, in 1771. His successor, Martin, compromised with the Regulators.
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The Reindeer Tungus are a division of the Tunguses people, living north of the Amur River.
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Reinhart Dozy was a Dutch orientalist and historian. He was born in 1820 and died in 1883. He was thoroughly versed in most of the Semitic tongues, and spoke and wrote almost all the European languages with facility. Among his works (sometimes in Dutch, sometimes in French) are Histoire des Musulmans d'Espagne de 711-1110; Geographic d'Edrisi; De Israeliten te Mekka; Het Islamisme; Supplements aux Dictionnaires Arabes.
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Reinhold Sadler was an American politician. He was a Silver governor of Nevada from 1896 until 1903.
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Rembrandt Harmensz van Rhyn was a 17th century Dutch painter. He was born in 1606 at Leyden and died in 1669. He studied and practised in his own style, starting in 1624. He was an eager student of human nature and preferred subjects whose faces bore the marks of life's experiences, and so became the painter of old age. In 1656 he was declared bankrupt, and in the ensuing years of stress he produced what are considered his best works.
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Rembrandt Peale was an American artist. He was born in 1778 at Pennsylvania and died in 1860. He attained prominence as a portrait painter. One of his most famous pictures is a likeness of George Washington. He painted the famous Court of Death and The Roman Daughter.
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Remy Belleau was a French poet of the Renaissance, and member of the Pleiad. He was born in 1528 and died in 1577. His chief works were Commentaries on Ronsard's Amours and La Bergerie, a pastoral in prose and verse.
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Renaud Coucy, Chatelain De Coucy, was a French poet. He was born about 1160 and died in 1191. His songs are distinguished by great warmth of passion. He is the hero of a celebrated romance of the 13th century.
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The Rendelli are a tribe of Kenya.
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Rene Jules Gustave Coty was a French lawyer and statesman. He was born in 1882 at Le Havre and died in 1962. He was educated at the University of Caen and began to practice law in his native city in 1902 and subsequently held various local administrative posts. During the Great War he served with distinction in the French army. In 1923 he was elected to his first term in the French Chamber of Deputies, where he became interested in constitutional reform. From 1935 to 1940 he served in the Senate. He was politically inactive during the Second World War until 1944, when General Charles de Gaulle formed a provisional government and Coty was a member of the constituent assemblies elected to draft a new constitution. Following the establishment of the Fourth Republic in 1946, he served in the National Assembly and, after 1948, in the Council of the Republic. Coty was elected president of France in 1953 and served until 1959, when de Gaulle became president of the Fifth Republic. Coty then became a member of the
Constitutional Council.
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Rene de Birague was an Italian-born French cardinal and politician. He was born in 1507 at Milan and died in 1583. He sought an asylum in France from the hostility of Louis Sforza, and became a cardinal and chancellor of France. He was a party in the secret council at which the massacre of St Bartholomew was organized; and he was generally believed to have repeatedly employed poison to rid himself and his patroness, Catharine de Medici, of persons who stood in their way.
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Rene Descartes was a French mathematician and philosopher. He was born in 1596 at La Haye, Touraine and died in 1650. He was educated at the Jesuit College of La Fleche, where he showed great talent. He entered the military profession and served in Holland and in Bavaria. In 1621 he left the army, and after a variety of travels finally settled in Holland, and devoted himself to philosophical inquiries.
Rene Descartes, seeing the errors and inconsistencies in which other philosophers had involved themselves, determined to build up a system anew for himself, divesting himself first of all the beliefs he had acquired by education or otherwise, and resolving to accept as true only what could stand the test of reason. Proceeding in this way he found (Meditationes de Prima Philosophia) that there was one thing that he could not doubt or divest himself of the belief of, and that was the existence of himself as a thinking being, and this ultimate certainty he expressed in the celebrated. phrase 'Cogito, ergo sum' (I think, therefore I am). Here, then, he believed he had found the test of truth. Starting from this point Rene Descartes found the same kind of certainty in such propositions as these: that the thinking being or soul differs from the body (whose existence consists in space and extension) by its simplicity and immateriality and by the freedom that pertains to it; that every perception of the soul is not distinct; that it is so far an imperfect finite being;
that this imperfection of its own leads it to the idea of an absolutely perfect being; and from this last idea he deduces all further knowledge of the truth.
Rene Descartes also contributed greatly to the advancement of mathematics and physics. The higher departments of geometry were greatly extended by him. His system of the universe attracted great attention in his time, though long since exploded. It rested on the hypothesis of celestial vortices, immense currents of ethereal matter, by which he accounted for the motion of the planets (Principia Philosophise, 1644). His works effected a great revolution in the principles and methods of philosophising. In 1647 the French court granted him a pension of 3000 livres, and two years later, on the invitation of Christina of Sweden, he went to Stockholm, where he died on February the 11th, 1650.
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Rene Duguay-Trouin was a French seaman. He was born in 1673 at St Malo and died in 1736. As commander of a privateer he took many prizes from the British between 1690 and 1697. He then entered the royal marine as a captain, and distinguished himself so much in the Spanish war that the king granted him letters of nobility, in which it was stated that he had captured more than 300 merchant ships and twenty ships of war. By the capture of Rio de Janeiro in 1711 he brought the crown, more than 25,000,000 francs. Under Louis XV he rendered important services in the Levant and the Mediterranean.
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Rene Joachim Henri Dutrochet was a French physiologist. He was born in 1776 at Poitou and died in 1847. He served for some time as medical attendant to Joseph Bonaparte during the Spanish campaign 1808-1809; but latterly he returned to France, and retired to the estate of Chateaurenault, where he devoted himself exclusively to physical and physiological studies. His chief works were published in 1837 as a collective form with the title Memoires pour servir a l'Histoire Anatomique et Physiologique des Vegetaux et dea Animaux.
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Rene Just Hauy was a French physicist and mineralogist. He was born in 1742 at Picardy and died in 1822. He studied theology, became an abbe, and was a teacher at the college of Navarre in 1764 and afterwards in that of the Cardinal Le Moine and in 1781 discovered the geometrical law of crystallisation, leading to his being known as 'the father of crystallography'. In 1783 he was elected to the Academy of Sciences and afterwards was curator in the School of Mines and professor at the museum of natural history. On the outbreak of the French Revolution Rene Hauy was imprisoned for refusing to subscribe to the new constitution, but his life was saved by the exertions of Geoffroi de St. Hilaire. In 1793 he was appointed a member of the Commission of Measures and Weights, in 1791 conservator of the Cabinet des Mines, and in 1795 teacher of physics in the Ecole Normale. In 1802 Napoleon made him professor of mineralogy in the Musee d'Histoire Naturelle, and also shortly after in the Faculte des Sciences. Rene Hauy was remarkable for the extreme modesty of his disposition. His principal writings are his Essai sur la Theorie et la Structure des Cristaux (1784), his Traite de Mineralogie (1802), his Traite elementaire de Physique (1803), and his Traite de Cristallographie (second edition, 1822), etc.
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Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laennec was a French physician who invented the stethoscope. He was born in 1781 and died in 1826. He became an army surgeon in 1799 and editor of the Journal de Medicine in 1814. In 1816 he became principle physician to the Hopital Necker where he invented the stethoscope.
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Rene Mayer was a French statesman and economist. He was born in 1895 at Paris and died in 1972. He was minister of finance from 1947 to 1948 and from 1951 to 1952; minister of justice from 1949 to 1951; Prime Minister from January to May 1953; and chairman of the High Authority of European Coal and Steel Community from 1955 to 1957.
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Rene Francois Armand Sully-Prudhomme was a French poet. He was born in 1839 at Paris and died in 1907. Educated at the Lycee Bonaparte in science, he devoted himself entirely to literature from 1865 onwards and in 1881 he was elected to the Academy and in 1901 awarded the Nobel Prize for literature.
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Rene Viviani was a French independent Socialist statesman. He was born in 1862 at Sidi-bel-Abbas, Algeria and died in 1925. After studying at the bar he entered Chambers as a deputy for Paris in 1893, was defeated in 1902 and regained his seat in 1906 and in the same year became minister of labour and public hygiene in the Clemenceau administration. He represented France at the first meeting of the League of Nations at Geneva in 1920.
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Renee The Good was a Duke of Anjou and Count of Provence. He was born in 1409 and died in 1480. A son of Louis II of Naples, he succeeded his brother Louis III as duke in 1434. By the will of Queen Joanna he became heir to the throne of Naples in 1435, but was driven from the city by Alfonso of Aragon in 1442. He assisted Charles VII of France in his war against England. It was his nephew and heir, Charles of Anjou, whom Louis XI forced to bequeath Provence to himself. Renee was a painter and a poet, and his daughter Margaret married the English king Henry VI.
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Renoir was a French impressionist painter.
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The retiarii were a class of ancient Roman gladiator. The retiarii were equipped with a trident and net, the net being used to entangle the opponent and the trident to then despatch them.
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Return Jonathan Meigs, Jr. was an American politician. He was born in 1765 and died in 1825. He represented Ohio in the US Senate as a Democrat from 1809 to 1810. He was Governor of Ohio from 1810 to 1814. He was Postmaster-General from 1814 to 1823 in the Cabinets of Madison and Monroe.
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Reuben Chapman was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Alabama from 1847 until 1849.
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Reuben Eaton Fenton was an American politician. He was born in 1819 at New York and died in 1885. He was a Representative to Congress from New York from 1857 until 1864, when he was elected Governor and served until 1868. He succeeded B. D. Morgan in the US Senate and served from 1869 until 1875, and was chairman of the US Commission at the Paris International Monetary Conference in 1878. He was a prominent Republican leader.
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Reuben Wood was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Ohio from 1850 until 1853.
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Reubin O'D Askew was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Florida from 1971 until 1979.
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Reverdy Johnson was an American lawyer and diplomat. He was born in 1796 and died in 1876. He reached a high rank at the Maryland bar, and was US Senator from 1845 to 1849, and Attorney-General in President Taylor's administration, from 1849 to 1850. He was a member of the Peace Conference, and in 1863 re-entered the Senate as a Republican. He held a prominent position among the leaders, and in 1868 was sent to represent the USA at London. Besides achieving great popularity in England, he negotiated the so-called Johnson-Clarendon Treaty, which, however, failed to be ratified by the US Senate.
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The reverend Rowland Hill was an English preacher, notable for his humour and eccentricities. He was born in 1744 and died in 1833. He was ordained in the Anglican Church, but embracing the views of the Calvinistic Methodists, he soon began to preach in barns and meeting-houses, and when they were too small or too distant, or not to be procured, in streets, fields, and highways. In 1783 he laid the foundation of Surrey Chapel in the Blackfriars Road, London, where he preached with great success every winter for about fifty years, making summer excursions to the provinces, where his preaching attracted immense crowds. He published sermons and other theological works, of which the best known are his Village Dialogues.
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Rhoda Broughton was an English novelist. She was born in 1840 and died after 1905. The daughter of a clergyman, she was much less prolific than some English lady novelists, and her early works attracted much more attention than her later. Among the chief are Cometh up as a Flower (1867); Not Wisely but too Well (1869); Red as a Rose is She (1870); Good-bye, Sweetheart, Good-bye (1872); Nancy (1873); Joan (1876); Belinda (1883); Scylla or Charybdis (1895) ; Dear Faustina (1897); Lavinia (1902). Her earlier novels show a cleverness, vigour, and originality of plot and characterization hardly maintained in her later ones.
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Richard A Snelling was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Vermont from 1977 until 1985.
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Richard Abegg was a German chemist. He was born in 1869 at Danzig and died in 1910 in a ballooning accident. He developed the 'rule of eight' in 1904, concerning the electrical basis of linkages between atoms, which was an important stage in the development of modern valency theory. In addition, he did significant work on osmotic pressure, the freezing points of dilute solutions and the dielectric constant of ice.
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Richard Aldington was an English writer and poet. He was born in 1892 and died in 1962. He was born in Hampshire. He wrote a controversial biography of Lawrence of Arabia.
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Richard Allein was an English Nonconformist divine. He was born in 1611 and died in 1681. The rector for twenty years of Batcombe in Somerset he was deprived of his living at the Restoration, and imprisoned for preaching. He wrote, among other things, Vindicise Pietatis, or a Vindication of Godliness, which was condemned to be burned in the royal kitchen.
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Sir Richard Arkwright was an English inventor. He was born in 1732 at Preston, Lancashire and died in 1792. The youngest of thirteen children, he was a barber by trade, while travelling the country dealing in hair for wigs he became interested in the slow and clumsy processes used for spinning and weaving cotton, and when about thirty-five years of age he gave himself up exclusively to the subject of inventions for spinning cotton. The thread spun by Hargreaves' jenny could not be used except as weft, being destitute of the firmness or hardness required in the longitudinal threads or warp. But Richard Arkwright supplied this deficiency by the invention of the spinning-frame, which spins a vast number of threads of any degree of fineness and hardness, leaving the operator merely to feed the machine with cotton and to join the threads when they happen to break.
His invention introduced the system of spinning by rollers, the carding, or roving as it is technically termed (that is, the soft, loose strip of cotton), passing through one pair of rollers, and being received by a second pair, which are made to revolve with (as the case may be) three, four, or five times the velocity of the first pair. By this contrivance the roving is drawn out into a thread of the desired degree of tenuity and hardness. His inventions being brought into a pretty advanced state, Richard Arkwright removed to Nottingham in 1768 in order to avoid the attacks of the same lawless rabble that had driven Hargreaves out of Lancashire. Here his operations were at first greatly fettered by a want of capital; but two gentlemen of means having entered into partnership with him, the necessary funds were obtained, and Richard Arkwright erected his first mill, which was driven by horses, at Nottingham, and took out a patent for spinning by rollers in 1769. As the mode of working the machinery by horse-power was found too expensive he built a second factory on a much larger scale at Cromford, in Derbyshire, in 1771, the machinery of which was turned by a water-wheel. Having made several additional discoveries and improvements in the processes of carding, roving, and spinning, he took out a fresh patent for the whole in 1775, and thus completed a series of the most ingenious and complicated machinery. Notwithstanding a series of lawsuits in defence of his patent rights, and the destruction of his property by mobs, he amassed a large fortune. He was knighted by George III in 1786.
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Richard Aungerville known as Richard de Bury (from his birthplace Bury St Edmund's), was an English statesman, bibliographer, and correspondent of Petrarch. He was born in 1281 at Bury St Edmund's and died in 1345. He entered the order of Benedictine monks, and became tutor to the Prince of Wales, afterwards Edward III. Promoted to several offices of dignity, he ultimately became Bishop of Durham, and Lord-chancellor of England. During his frequent embassies to the Continent he made the acquaintance of many of the eminent men of the day. He was a diligent collector of books, and formed a library at Oxford. He was the author of Philobiblon, 1473; Epistolae Familiarium, including letters to Petrarch, etc.
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Richard B Hubbard was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Texas from 1876 until 1879.
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Richard B Ogilvie was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Illinois from 1969 until 1973.
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Richard B Russell Jr. was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Georgia from 1931 until 1933.
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Sir Richard Baker was an English historian. He was born in 1568 at Kent and died in 1645. Educated at Oxford, knighted in 1603 by James I, in 1620 he was appointed high sheriff of Oxfordshire, where he had estates. Having given security for a debt incurred by his wife's family, he was thrown into Fleet Prison, where, after continuing some years, he died in 1645. During his imprisonment he wrote some devotional books and his Chronicle of the Kings of England, first published in 1643, and afterwards continued by Edward Phillips, the nephew of Milton, and others - a work of great popularity in its day, though of no permanent value.
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Richard Bancroft was an English bishop. He was born in 1544 at Lancashire and died in 1610. Educated at Cambridge, he entered the church, and rose rapidly during the reign of Elizabeth I until he obtained the see of London in 1597. James I made him Archbishop of Canterbury on the death of Whitgift. He suppressed the Puritans mercilessly, and they in return never ceased to abuse him.
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Richard Harris Barham was an English writer. He was born in 1788 at Canterbury and died in 1845. Educated at St Paul's School and Brasenose College Oxford. In 1813 he took orders and became a minor cannon of St Paul's in 1821 and in 1842 received the living of South Faith's in the City of London. He is best known for his 'Ingoldsby Legends', the firsts series of which contributed to Bentley's Miscellany in 1837, published collectively in 1840.
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Richard Barnfield was an English poet. He was born in 1574 at Norbury, Shropshire and died in 1627. he was educated at Brasenose College, Oxford and produced three small volumes of poetry.
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Richard Bassett was an American politician. He died in 1815. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1787, and a signatory to the American constitution. From 1789 to 1793 he was a Senator from Delaware and Federalist governor of Delaware from 1798 until 1801.
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Richard Baxter was an English nonconforming divine. He was born in 1615 at Rowton, Shropshire and died in 1691. He was ordained in 1638 and became parish minister of Kidderminster in 1640. The imposition of the oath of universal approbation of the doctrine and discipline of the Church of England (the coetera oath) detached him from the Establishment. After the battle of Naseby he accepted the chaplaincy of Colonel Whalley's regiment. He can scarcely be said, however, to have separated as yet in spirit from the Establishment. He upheld the monarchy, condemned the execution of the king and the election of Oliver Cromwell, preached against the Covenant and against separatists and sectaries, but his piety won him the respect of all parties. At the Restoration he became king's chaplain, but declined the bishopric of Hereford, and on the passage of the Act of Uniformity threw in his lot entirely with the nonconformists. In 1685 he was arrested, refused a hearing by Jeffreys, and imprisoned. After his release he lived in retirement. He left about 150 treatises, of which his Saints' Everlasting Rest and Call to the Unconverted have been the most popular.
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Richard Bellingham was colonial Governor of Massachusetts. He was born in 1592 and died in 1672. He went to America in 1634 and in 1635 was appointed deputy-governor, and in 1641 Governor of Massachusetts. He opposed innovations in religion and was particularly opposed to the Quakers.
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Richard Bentley was an English classical scholar and critic. He was born in 1662 near Wakefield, Yorkshire and died in 1742. At the age of fourteen he entered St John's College, Cambridge, where he took the degree of BA in 1680. In 1682 he became a master of Spalding School, and in the following year was appointed tutor to Dr. Stillingfleet's son.
He lived in Dr. Stillingfleet's house during 1683 to 1689, studying deeply, and accompanied his pupil to Oxford. In 1684 he took his MA degree at Cambridge, and in 1689 at Oxford, where two years later he won immediate reputation by the publication of his epistle to Mill on the Greek Chronicle of Malelas.
Dr. Stillingfleet having been raised to the bishopric of Worcester made Richard Bentley his chaplain, and in 1692 a prebendary in his cathedral. The same year he delivered the first series of the Boyle Lectures, his subject being a confutation of atheism. In 1694 he was appointed keeper of the royal library at St James's Palace, and in 1696 came into residence there. Two or three years after began his famous controversy with the Honourable Charles Boyle, afterwards Earl of Orrery, relative to the genuineness of the Greek Epistles of Phalaris, an edition of which was published by Boyle, then a student at Christ Church, Oxford.
In this dispute Richard Bentley was completely victorious, though the greatest wits and critics of the age, including Pope, Jonathan Swift, Garth, Atterbury, Aldrich, Dodwell, and Conyers Middleton came to Boyle's assistance. Richard Bentley's Dissertation on the Epistles of Phalaris appeared in 1699 and was described as 'a monument of controversial genius' and 'a storehouse of exact and penetrating erudition.'
In 1700 he was presented to the mastership of Trinity College, Cambridge, and from this period until 1738 he was at feud with the fellows of that college. A lawsuit, which lasted more than twenty years, was decided against him, but his opponents were unable to carry out the sentence depriving him of his mastership. In 1711 he published an edition of Horace, and in 1713 his remarks on Collins's Discourse on Free-thinking, by Phileleutherus Lipsiensis. He was appointed regius professor of divinity in 1716. In 1726 he published an edition of Terence and Phsedrus.' He meditated an edition of Homer, but left only notes.
In Homeric criticism he has the merit of having detected the loss of the letter 'digamma' from the written texts. His last work was an edition of Milton's Paradise Lost, with conjectural emendations published in 1732.
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Richard Bergmann was an Austrian table tennis player. He was born in 1920 at Vienna and died in 1970. He won four men's singles world championships, the first in 1937 and the last in 1950.
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Sir Richard Blackmore was an English physician and writer in verse and prose. He was born about 1650 and died in 1729. The son of an attorney in the county of Wiltshire he entered the University of Oxford in 1668; became a schoolmaster; then travelled on the Continent, took the degree of MD at Padua, and was admitted Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1687. In 1695 he published his heroic poem Prince Arthur, and two years later was knighted and appointed physician to William III. A ponderously worthy man, though very middling poet, he became the common butt of the day, no amount of ridicule, however, being sufficient to restrain his desire for literary distinction. His Paraphrases on Job published in 1700 was followed by Eliza, an Epic in Ten Books published in 1705 and by the Nature of Man published in 1711.
His poem the Creation published in 1712 received the praise of Addison and Johnson; but his Redemption, in six books published in 1722, and his Alfred, in twelve published in 1723, reverted to the unrelieved monotony of his earlier style. He left several prose works on theology and medicine.
Richard Doddridge Blackmore was an English novelist. He was born in 1825 at Longworth, Berkshire and died in 1900. Educated at Blundell's School, Tiverton and Exeter College, Oxford, he was called to the bar in 1852 but soon afterwards ceased practising and after a few years teaching at school retired to live upon a legacy left to him. He is best known for his 1869 book 'Lorna Doone'.
Other novels by him are: Clara Vaughan (1864); Cradock Nowell, a Tale of the New Forest (1866); The Maid of Sker (1872); Alice Lorraine, a Tale of the South Downs (1875); Cripps the Carrier (1876); Erema (1877); Mary Anerley (1880); Christowell (1882); Tommy Upmore (1884); Springhaven, (1887) ; Perlycross (1894), etc. He also published a translation of Virgil's Georgics (1862 and 1871).
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Richard Parkes Bonington was an English painter. He was born in 1801 and died in 1828. He spent the greater part of his life in France, was solely a water-colourist up until 1824, and then began to paint in oil. In 1826 he first exhibited in England, but never lived long there. His subjects were chiefly landscapes, views in cities, and historical genre pictures; and his position as an artist, notwithstanding his early death, is extraordinarily high. Among his work are views in Venice; Francis I and the Queen of Navarre; Henry III receiving the Spanish Ambassador; and the Fish Market, Boulogne.
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Richard Boyle, the Earl of Cork, was an English statesman. He was born in 1566 and died in 1643. In 1588 he went to Dublin with little or no money, but with good recommendations, and by prudence and ability he managed to acquire considerable estates. As clerk of the Council of Munster he distinguished himself by his talents and activity, and became successively a knight and privy-councillor. Baron Boyle of Youghal, and finally, in 1620, Viscount Dungarvan and Earl of Cork. He was an able and energetic ruler, introducing many useful arts and manufactures amongst the people. Disaffection and rebellion he put down with a strong and vigorous hand.
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Richard Brome was a poet and dramatist. He died in 1652. He wrote The Jovial Crew; The Northern Lass, and many other plays, ten of which were edited and published by Alexander Brome soon after his death. He was originally a servant of Ben Jonson's, on whose style he endeavoured to mould his own.
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Richard Brothers was an English prophet. He was born about 1760 and died in 1824. He served as a lieutenant in the army, which he quit in 1789, refusing from conscientious scruples to take the oath necessary to entitle him to his half-pay. He announced himself in 1793 as the apostle of a new religion, dating his call from 1790. He styled himself the Nephew of the Almighty, and Prince of the Hebrews, appointed to lead them to the land of Canaan. In 1794 he published A Revealed Knowledge of the Prophecies and Times, in two books. He was committed to Newgate for prophesying the death of the king, and subsequently to Bedlam as a dangerous lunatic, but was released in 1806.
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Richard Evelyn Byrd was an American scientist and explorer. He started his career in the navy, but took up flying. In 1926 he flew over the North Pole. He was born in 1888 and died in 1957. William Byrd was an English composer. He was born in 1543 and died in 1623.
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Richard C Dillon was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Mexico from 1927 until 1931.
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Richard C McMullen was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Delaware from 1937 until 1941.
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Richard K Call was an American soldier and politician. He was born in 1791 and died in 1862. In 1814 he was appointed first-lieutenant, in 1823 brigadier-general of the West Florida Militia, and from 1823 until 1825 was a delegate to Congress. From 1835 until 1840 and again from 1841 until 1844 he was Governor of Florida.
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Richard Cameron was a Scottish Covenanter. He was born at Falkland in Fife and died in 1680. Becoming an enthusiastic votary of the pure Presbyterian system, on the 20th of June, 1680, at the head of a small band of followers, he entered Sanquhar, and formally renounced allegiance to the king (Charles II) on account of his misgovernment. The little band kept in arms for a month in the mountainous country between Nithsdale and Ayrshire, but were at length surprised by a much superior force at Aird's Moss, and after a stubborn fight overcome. Cameron was amongst those killed.
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Richard Carlile was an English freethinker. He was born in 1790 at Ashburton in Devon and died in 1843. In 1817 he took to publishing in London and reprinted the suppressed Parodies of William Hone, and wrote other parodies in imitation of it, for which he was imprisoned for eighteen weeks. In 1818 he was fined 1500 with three years' imprisonment for issuing the works of Thomas Paine. In all he spent over nine years in prison for defying English censorship and suppression.
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Richard Caswell was an American politician. He was a governor of North Carolina from 1776 until 1780.
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Richard Cobden was an English politician. He was born in 1804 and died in 1865. Known as the apostle of free trade, after receiving a very meagre education he was taken as an apprentice into a warehouse in London belonging to his uncle, and in this situation he rapidly made up for the defects of his education by his own diligence.
In 1830, being left by the failure of his uncle to his own resources, along with some relatives he started a cotton manufactory in Manchester, which in a few years was very successful. His first political writing was a pamphlet on England, Ireland, and America, which was followed by another on Russia. In both of these he gave clear utterance to the political views to which he continued through his life rigidly to adhere, advocating non-intervention in the disputes of other nations, and maintaining it to be the only proper object of the foreign policy of England to increase and strengthen her connections with foreign countries in the way of trade and peaceful intercourse.
Having joined the Anti-Corn-Law League, formed in 1838, it was chiefly the extraordinary activity of Richard Cobden, together with Bright and other zealous fellow-workers, which won victory for the movement. In 1841 Richard Cobden entered parliament as member for Stockport, and after several years of unwearied efforts at last induced Sir Robert Peel, then prime minister, to bring in a bill for the repeal of the corn laws, a measure which became law in 1846.
Next year he was chosen member for the West Riding of Yorkshire, a constituency which he represented for ten years. His business, once highly prosperous, had suffered while he devoted himself to the agitation, and as a compensation for the loss he had thus sustained a national subscription was made, and a sum of about 70,000 pounds presented to him. Richard Cobden continued his labours as an advocate of parliamentary reform, economy, and retrenchment, and a policy of non-intervention, in all of which he found a firm and ready ally in Bright, both being strong opponents of the Crimean War. In 1859 he was chosen member for Rochdale, and was offered, for the second time, a place in the government, but again preferred to keep his independent position. He refused also a baronetcy and several other dignities. His last great work was the commercial treaty which he was the means of bringing about between Britain and France in 1860. During his later years he lived a good deal in retirement.
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Richard Coke was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Texas from 1874 until 1876.
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Richard Coote, Earl of Bellomont, was an English politician. He was born in 1636 and died in 1701. He was appointed Governor of New York and Massachusetts by William III, arriving in 1698 with a mandate to suppress piracy and illegal trade. He oversaw the capture of his former friend William Kidd (Captain Kidd), now himself a pirate.
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Richard Corbet was an English bishop and poet. He was born in 1582 and died in 1635. He was educated at Westminster school and Christ Church, Oxford, took orders, became university proctor, and was appointed one of the royal chaplains by James I. After being dean of Christ Church he was made bishop of Oxford in 1624, and was translated to Norwich in 1632. He had a life-long reputation as a wit, jester, and convivial spirit, and was on intimate terms with Ben Jonson. His poems are mostly satiric and humorous, but one of the best known, a lament for the fairies, is in a more serious vein.
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Richard Cosway was an English painter. He was born in 1742 at Devonshire and died in 1821. He trained in art in London. Having gained the friendship of the prince of Wales, later King George IV, Cosway won appointment as court painter. He painted members of the royal family, such as Mrs. Maria Fitzherbert, the first wife of the prince of Wales. Cosway's subjects also included aristocrats of both England and France, such as Madame du Barry, mistress of King Louis XV of France. Cosway was one of the first painters to use delicate brushwork in watercolour to bring out the beauties of the ivory on which miniatures were painted. He expressed with great skill the artificial grace and charm that characterized the age in which he lived. He amassed a large fortune and a valuable collection of paintings and curios. His wife, Maria Hadfield , who had been trained in Italy, was also a noted miniaturist.
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Richard Crashaw was an English poet. He was born in 1613 at London and died in 1649. Educated at the Charterhouse and at Cambridge, in 1637 he became a fellow of Peterhouse, and having been admitted to orders was noted as an eloquent and powerful preacher. In 1644 he was ejected from his fellowship by the Parliamentarians, and proceeded to Paris, where he became a convert to the Roman Catholic faith, and was appointed to a canonry at Loretto. Epigrammata Sacra appeared in 1634; Steps to the Temple, Sacred Poems, with other Delights of the Muses, was published in London in 1646; and a posthumous volume appeared at Paria in 1652, under the title Carmen Deo Nostro. Richard Crashaw displays considerable poetic genius in the treatment of religious subjects, and his works are said to have furnished hints to both Milton and Pope.
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Richard Cromwell was Lord Protector of England and the son of Oliver Cromwell. He was born in 1626 and died in 1712. He served with his father in the Parliamentary Army and was an MP from 1654 until 1656. He succeeded to the protectorate in 1658 and resigned in 1659 under pressure from the Army.
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Richard Cumberland was an English dramatist. He was born in 1732 at Cambridge and died in 1811. After studying at Westminster and Cambridge he became private secretary to Lord Halifax, who bestowed on him a few years later a clerkship of reports in the office of trade and plantations. After one or two failures in writing for the stage, his West Indian, brought out by Garrick in 1771, proved eminently successful, and it was followed by the less popular Fashionable Lover, The Choleric Man, The Note of Hand, and The Battle of Hastings. In 1775 he became secretary to the board of trade, and in 1780 was employed on a mission to Lisbon and Madrid, but failing to satisfy the ministry was compelled to retire. His subsequent works include his Anecdotes of Spanish Painters, the Observer, the novels of Arundel, Henry and John de Lancaster, the poem of Calvary, the Exodiad (in conjunction with Sir James Bland Burgess), a poem called Retrospection, and the Memoirs of his own Life. He also edited the London Review.
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Richard D'Oyly Carte was an English theatrical producer. He was born in 1844 and died in 1901. He founded the Richard D'Oyly Carte light opera company in 1881 at London primarily for the presentation of the works of Gilbert and Sullivan.
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Richard D Lamm was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Colorado from 1975 until 1987.
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Richard Dale was an American sailor. He was born in 1756 and died in 1826. He was first lieutenant on the Bon Homme Richard, and served with Paul Jones on the Alliance and the Ariel. He commanded the Mediterranean Squadron during the troubles with Tripoli.
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Richard Henry Dana was an American lawyer and poet. He was born in 1787 at Cambridge, Massachusetts and died in 1879. Educated at Harvard, he was admitted to the Massachusetts bar in 1811, was one of the projectors of the North American Review in 1815, and associate editor until 1821. He wrote poems, of which 'The Buccaneer' is the most noted.
Richard Henry Dana the 2nd was an American writer. He was born in 1815 and died in 1883. He contributed largely to legal publications. He was author of the book 'Two Years Before the Mast', and revised 'Wheaton's International Law', taking it up to 1866.
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Richard Doyle was an English artist. He was born in 1824 and died in 1883. He worked on the staff of Punch magazine from 1843 to 1850 when he resigned on religious grounds. He illustrated many books and had designs appear on the cover of Punch.
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Richard Earlom was an English engraver. He was born in 1743 and died in 1822. His engravings from Reynolds, Hogarth, Van Huysum, etc, and from Claude's Liber Veritatis are exceptionally fine, and are standard works in their department.
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Richard S Ewell was an American soldier. He was born in 1817 and died in 1872. He graduated at the US Military Academy in 1840, and served in the Mexican War from 1846 until 1848. He entered the Confederate army as a brigadier-general, fought at Blackburn's Ford and at Bull Run, and was promoted major-general in the Shenandoah campaign. He served with distinction at Malvern Hill and at Cedar Mountain. In 1863 he commanded Jackson's troops, and fought at Gettysburg, the Wilderness and Spottsylvania Court House. He surrendered to Sheridan in 1865 at Sailor's Creek with his entire force of 6000 men.
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Richard F Celeste was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Ohio from 1983 until 1991.
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Richard F Kneip was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of South Dakota from 1971 until 1978.
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Sir Richard Fanshaw was an English diplomatist, poet, and translator. He was born in 1608 and died in 1666. He studied at Cambridge; was secretary of the English embassy at Madrid; and took the royal side on the outbreak of the English Civil War in 1641. He was made a baronet in 1650, was taken prisoner at Worcester, but permitted to go free on bail. After the restoration he was employed on several diplomatic missions, and in 1664, as ambassador at Madrid, negotiated a peace between England, Spain, and Portugal.
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Richard Farrant was an English composers . Very little is known of his history. He was a gentleman of the chapel royal in 1564, and subsequently organist and choir-master. He is supposed to have died about 1580. His music, which is ecclesiastical, is distinguished by purity, simplicity, tenderness, and elevation. The anthems Call to Remembrance, and Hide not Thou Thy Face, composed by him, were well known and highly esteemed.
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Richard Ford was an English writer on Spanish subjects. He was born in 1796 and died in 1858. Educated at Winchester and at Trinity College, Oxford, where he took his BA degree in 1817, he then studied law and was called to the bar, but never practised. From 1830 to 1834 he lived with his family in Spain, and in many riding-tours acquired an intimate knowledge of the country. Returning to England he took up his residence near Exeter, and contributed several articles to the Quarterly and Edinburgh Reviews and other periodicals, dealing with Spanish art and architecture. In 1845 appeared the original edition of his excellent Handbook for Travellers in Spain, a veritable storehouse of information, rich alike in knowledge and in wit and humour. In subsequent editions this work underwent various changes, and was much reduced in bulk.
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Sir Richard Francis Burton was an English explorer and linguist. He was born in 1821 and died in 1890. He joined the Indian army in 1842, and showed a remarkable facility in acquiring the languages and manners of the natives. In 1853 he went to Arabia, and visited Mecca and Medina disguised as a Muslim pilgrim a sufficiently dangerous journey. After serving in the Crimean War he made a journey to East Africa along with Captain Speke, which led to the discovery of the great lake Tanganyika. He was British consul at Fernando Po, at Santos in Brazil, and from 1872 at Trieste. He visited many countries and published many works, amongst which were Sindh and the Races that inhabit India; Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to El Medinah and Mecca; The Lake Regions of Central Africa; The City of the Saints and across the Rocky Mountains to California; The Nile Basin; The Highlands of Brazil; Ultima Thule, or a Summer in Iceland; The Gold Mines of Midian; The Book of the Sword; translations of Camoens' Lusiads and of the Arabian Nights; etc.
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Richard Austin Freeman was a British novelist. He was born in 1862 and died in 1943. Himself a doctor, he created a medical detective, Dr. Thorndyke who appeared in numerous books: the model for his hero was the authority on poisons and medical jurist A S Taylor.
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Richard Jordan Gatling was an American inventor. He was born in 1818 at North Carolina and died in 1903. Richard Gatling studied and qualified as a doctor, but never practised. He invented the Gatling gun, a hemp-breaking machine and a steam plough.
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Richard Gibson was an English painter. He was born in 1615 and died in 1690. A page of the back stairs of the court of Charles I he was noticeable on account of being a dwarf, reportedly three feet and ten inches tall. He married Anne Shepherd, a dwarf of similar statue, and the king honoured their wedding with his presence.
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Richard Glover was an English poet. He was born in 1712 and died in 1785. Though engaged in mercantile pursuits he devoted much of his attention to literature, and acquired a high reputation as a scholar and a poet. In 1760 he entered parliament, where his abilities gained him considerable influence. He was the author of two epics, Leonidas and the Atheniad; London, or the Progress of Commerce; two tragedies, Boadicea and Medea, etc.
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Richard Gonzales was an American lawn tennis player. He was born in 1928. He turned professional in 1949 after winning the US singles title two years running and became world champion, dominating men's tennis during the 1950's.
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Sir Richard Grenville was an Elizabethan English seaman and politician. He was born in 1541 at Buckland Abbey, Devon and died in 1591 from wounds received in battle. He was member of parliament for Cornwall from 1571 to 1584 and was knighted in 1577. He commanded his cousin Sir Walter Raleigh's expedition to Virginia and, in 1591, was sent to the Azores for the purpose of intercepting homeward-bound Spanish treasure-ships. Suddenly the Spaniards appeared with an overwhelming force of men-of-war, and Thomas Howard seeing that resistance was useless, gave the enemy the slip. Sir Richard Grenville, however, was cut off from his countrymen, either by his own intention or accidentally, and instead of surrendering determined to fight to the last. Eor fifteen hours he kept up a desperate resistance, and when at last the Revenge was reduced to a helpless wreck the sorely wounded hero and the remnants of his gallant crew were overpowered and taken prisoners. Sir Richard died within two or three days on board one of the Spanish vessels, and soon after the Revenge went down in a great storm.
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Richard H Anderson was an American soldier. He was born in 1816 and died in 1879. A graduate of West Point he served in the Mexican War. In 1861 he joined the Confederate army and became a lieutenant-general, commanding a division at Gettysburg.
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Richard H Bryan was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Nevada from 1983 until 1989.
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Richard Hakluyt was an English author and colonist. He was born in 1553 and died in 1616. In 1582 he published 'Divers Voyages Touching the Discovery of America', and as a result of further investigations in France wrote 'A Particular Discourse covering Western Discoveries'. In 1587 he produced the 'History of Four Voyages made by French Captains into Florida', and in 1589 published 'The Principal Navigations, Voyages and Discoveries made by the English Nation'. In 1606 he appealed to the king for a charter for the colonization of Virginia, and was one of the members of the South Virginia Company.
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RICHARD HAKLUYT
Richard Hakluyt was one of the earliest English collectors of voyages and maritime journals. He was born in 1553 and died in 1616. He entered Christ Church College, Oxford, in 1575, and became so eminent for his acquaintance with cosmography, that he was appointed public lecturer on that science. About 1584 he went to Paris as chaplain to the English ambassador, and stayed there five years. After his return home he prepared for the press his collection of The Principal Navigations, Voyages, and Discoveries of the English Nation, made by Sea, or over Land, within the Compass of these 1500 Years. The first volume, in folio, was published in 1589, and the third and last in 1600. Besides narratives of nearly 220 voyages, these volumes comprise patents, letters, instructions, and other documents, not readily to be found elsewhere. On his death he was a prebendary of Westminster and rector of Wetheringset in Suffolk, and was interred in Westminster Abbey.
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Richard Hammond is an English television presenter. He was born in 1969 at Birmingham. Originally a Radio presenter, he is best known as a co-presenter of the BBC television motoring show 'Top Gear' which he been involved with since 2002.
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Richard Henderson was an American jurist. He was born in 1734 and died in 1785. A Judge in the North Carolina Supreme Court in 1769, he organized the 'Transylvania Land Company' in 1775, and established a government over that Western region, but was declared guilty of an infringement of the rights of Virginia by the Legislature of that State.
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Richard Henry Lee was an American politician. He was born in 1732 and died in 1794. A member of a noted Virginia family, he was educated in England. For many years, from 1761 to 1788, he was a leader in the Virginia House of Burgesses and legislature. He earnestly opposed the slave trade, the Stamp Act, and was one of the first among the American insurgent chiefs to suggest the employment of the famous committees of correspondence. As a delegate to the first Continental Congress he was on the committee to draft the address, and in the Second Congress he drew up the American address to the people of Great Britain. On June the 7th, 1776, he moved the resolutions of independence. Meanwhile as the American War of Independence proceeded, Richard Henry Lee was active in strictly Virginian as well as in national matters, and opposed vigorously the paper-money policy in his State. He was president of Congress, and in 1788 he was an Anti-Federalist champion for the rejection of the Federal Constitution. From 1789 to 1792 he was US Senator.
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Richard Hildreth was an American historian and anti-slavery campaigner. He was born in 1807 and died in 1865. In 1832 he became associate editor of the Boston Atlas which attained considerable eminence as a daily Whig journal. In 1837 he published articles opposing the annexation of Texas, and while residing in the South published the anti-slavery novel, Archy Moore, republished as 'The White Slave'. In 1840 he published 'Despotism in America', in 1843 a 'Theory of Politics', and in 1854 'The Legal Basis of Slavery'. He is most prominent as author of a history of the United States in six volumes, which is brought down to the close of Monroe's first term, and is of excellent quality, though of warm Federalist sympathies.
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Richard M Hoe was an American inventor. He was born in 1812 at New Yorkand died in 1886. He invented a rotary press known as 'Hoe's lightning press', which in one minute would print, cut and fold a sheet of paper almost 244 meters long.
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Richard Hooker was an English divine. He was born in 1553 and died in 1600. He went up to Oxford in 1563, and became a Fellow of Christ C'hurch in 1577. In 1579 he was appointed deputy professor of Hebrew; took orders in 1581, and was made preacher at Paul's Cross. About this period he was induced to marry the daughter of a Mrs Churchman, who had charge of the dwelling set apart for the preachers - a marriage which proved unhappy. In 1584 he became rector of Drayton Beauchamp, and in 1585 Master of the Temple. In 1595 he received the living of Bishopsbourne, in Kent, where he ended his days. His Ecclesiastical Polity, published at various dates, and written in defence of the Church of England, is no less remarkable for learning and extent of research than for the richness and purity of its style, which entitles its author to be regarded as one of the classics of the Elizabethan age.
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Richard Hengist Horne was an English poet, dramatist, and miscellaneous writer. He was born in 1803 and died in 1884. He was educated for the army at Sandhurst, entered the Mexican navy, and served during the war between Mexico and Spain. In 1828 he began his literary career, and produced several tragi-comedies of an ironical and satirical kind, and a large quantity of miscellaneous work. In 1843 he made his historic appeal to public judgment by publishing his epic Orion at one farthing. In 1844 A New Spirit of the Age, a critical work in which he was assisted by Miss Barrett (Mrs Browning) and Robert Bell, appeared. In 1852 he took to gold-digging in Australia, still keeping in touch with his literary work. Of his many writings, the best known are Orion, Cosmo de Medici, The Death of Marlowe, and Prometheus.
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Richard Howe (the Earl Howe) was a British sailor. He was born in 1725 and died in 1799. The second son of Emanuel Scrope, the second Viscount Howe, he joined the navy at the age of fourteen, and served under Anson until 1745, when, though only twenty years of age, he obtained the command of the Baltimore sloop of war, in which he took part in the siege of Fort William, during the last Jacobite rebellion. In 1758 he reduced Cherbourg, and in the same year succeeded to the title of Viscount Howe. A British rear-admiral, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the naval forces in North America in 1776. In conjunction with his brother, Sir William Howe, he was commissioned to conciliate the colonies, but found this impossible. He then took possession of Long Island and New York in 1776 and of Philadelphia in 1777.
In 1778 he encountered the French fleet, under Count d'Estaing, off the coast of Rhode Island; both fleets were badly shattered by a storm which prevented a decisive engagement. He resigned his charge to Admiral Byron soon afterward and returned to England. He published 'Narrative of the Transactions of the Fleet' in 1780, vindicating his conduct during his command in America.
In 1782 he was created an earl. In the course of the same year he sailed to the relief of Gibraltar, which he effected in spite of the combined fleets of the enemy. In 1783 he accepted the post of first lord of the admiralty, which, with a partial intermission, he continued to hold until 1793, when, on the breaking out of the war with France, he took the command of the British fleet, and bringing the enemy to an action on June, the 1st, 1794, he obtained over them a decisive victory, for which he received the thanks of parliament and other honours. In 1797 Lord Howe exerted himself with great success to quell the mutiny among the seamen at Portsmouth.
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Richard Howell was an American politician. He was a Federalist governor of New Jersey from 1792 until 1801.
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Richard Howley was an American politician. He was a Whig governor of Georgia during 1780.
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Richard I Coeur de Lion (the Lionheart) was a blood-thirsty French King of Normandy and Anjou who ruled England from 1189 to 1199. Richard I was the elder son of Henry II. He lived for only war and slaughter, and used England to finance his main ambition by going on a crusade in 1190, leaving the ruling of England to others. After his victories over Saladin at the siege of Acre and the battles of Arsuf and Jaffa, concluded by the treaty of Jaffa in 1192, Richard I was returning from the Holy Land when he was captured in Austria later that year. In early 1193, Richard I was transferred to emperor Henry VI's custody. In Richard's absence, king Philip of France failed to obtain Richard's French possessions through invasion or negotiation. In England, Richard's brother John occupied Windsor Castle and prepared an invasion of England by Flemish mercenaries, accompanied by armed uprisings. Richard I's mother, queen Eleanor, took firm action against John by strengthening garrisons and again exacting oaths of allegiance to the king. John's subversive activities were ended by the payment of a crushing ransom of 150,000 marks of silver - more than four times the total GNP for England at the time - to the emperor, for Richard I's release in 1194.
Richard I is remembered favourably in history because his crusades received the blessing of the church, and favourable documentation by the scholastic monks, and his love of war enabled the powerful barons to extract levies from the people, and warmed them to the king whom they exalted. Richard's emblem, three lions, is still on the British Royal coat of arms. Warned by Philip's famous message 'look to yourself, the devil is loosed', John fled to the French court. On his return to England, Richard I was re-crowned at Winchester in 1194. Five years later he died in France during a minor siege against a rebellious baron. By the time of his death, Richard I had recovered all his lands. His success was short-lived. In 1199 his brother John became king and Philip successfully invaded Normandy. By 1203, John had retreated to England, losing his French lands of Normandy and Anjou by 1205.
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Richard I Manning was an American politician. He was a Democratic-Republican governor of South Carolina from 1824 until 1826.
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Richard II was the son of Edward The Black Prince and King of England from 1371 to 1399. Richard II succeeded to the throne at the age of ten, on his father Edward's death. In 1381 the Peasants' Revolt broke out and Richard, aged 14, bravely rode out to meet the rebels at Smithfield, London. Wat Tyler, the principal leader of the peasants, was killed and the uprisings in the rest of the country were crushed over the next few weeks (Richard was later forced by his Council's advice to rescind the pardons he had given). Highly cultured, Richard II was one of the greatest royal patrons of the arts; patron of Chaucer, it was Richard II who ordered the technically innovative transformation of the Norman Westminster Hall to what it is today.
Richard II's authoritarian approach upset vested interests, and his increasing dependence on favourites provoked resentment. In 1388 the 'Merciless Parliament' led by a group of lords hostile to Richard II (headed by the King' s uncle, Gloucester) sentenced many of the King's favourites to death and forced Richard II to renew his coronation oath. The death of his first queen, Anne of Bohemia, in 1394 further isolated Richard II, and his subsequent arbitrary behaviour alienated people further.
Richard II took his revenge in 1397, arresting or banishing many of his opponents; his cousin, Henry of Bolingbroke, was also subsequently banished. On the death of Henry's father, John of Gaunt (a younger son of Edward III), Richard II confiscated the vast properties of his Duchy of Lancaster (which amounted to a state within a state) and divided them among his supporters.
Richard II pursued policies of peace with France and still called himself king of France and refused to give up Calais, but his reign was concurrent with a 28 year truce in the Hundred Years War.
His expeditions to Ireland failed to reconcile the Anglo- Irish lords with the Gaels. In 1399, while Richard II was in Ireland, Henry of Bolingbroke returned to claim his father's inheritance. Supported by some of the leading baronial families (including Richard II's former Archbishop of Canterbury), Henry of Bolingbroke captured and deposed Richard II and Henry of Bolingbroke was crowned King as Henry IV. Risings in support of Richard II led to his murder in Pontefract Castle; Henry V subsequently had his body buried in Westminster Abbey.
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Richard III was the last Yorkist King of England from 1483 to 1485. Before he claimed the crown in 1483 from his nephew Edward V - who was just a child - to prevent his scheming sister-in-law from gaining power, Richard III had a strong power base in the north, and his popularity with the ordinary people and dislike of war was to cause much resentment among the barons who relied upon wars to raise money for themselves. A firm pacifist, Richard III concluded a truce with Scotland and attempted genuine reconciliation by showing consideration to Lancastrians purged from office by Edward IV, and moved Henry VI's body to St George's Chapel at Windsor.
A champion of the people, Richard III changed the law so that court proceedings were conducted in English, rather than Latin. In 1484, Richard's only son, Edward, died. Resentment against Richard III from the Barons grew and eventually, after a failed coup, on the 7th of August 1485, Henry Tudor (a direct descendant through his mother Margaret Beaufort, of John of Gaunt, one of Edward III's younger sons) landed at Milford Haven in Wales to claim the throne for the barons. On the 22nd of August in a two-hour battle at Bosworth, Henry's forces (assisted by Lord Stanley's private army of around 7,000 which was deliberately posted so that he could join the winning side) defeated Richard's larger army and Richard III was killed. Buried without a monument in Leicester, Richard III's bones were scattered during the English Reformation. Richard III was subsequently much aligned, the powerful barons and William Shakespeare spreading propaganda about him, and a portrait of Richard III - the first realistic royal portrait - was altered to show Richard III as a hunchback, which he wasn't.
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Richard Ingle was a British sailor. He was born early in the seventeenth century. He usurped the government of Maryland in 1645, in revenge for the seizure of his ship by the royalist Governor in 1642.
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Richard J Hughes was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of New Jersey from 1962 until 1970.
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Richard J Oglesby was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Illinois from 1885 until 1889.
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Richard M Johnson was an American politician. He was born in 1781 and died in 1850. He served in the Kentucky Legislature in 1804. He represented Kentucky in the US Congress as a Republican from 1807 to 1819. In 1813 he commanded a regiment in the war. In 1813 he fought at Chatham and in the Battle of the Thames, where he is said to have killed Tecumtha. He served in the US Senate from 1819 to 1829, and in the US House of Representatives from 1829 to 1837. He was elected Vice-President of the United States by the Senate in 1837, and served from 1837 to 1841, with Martin Van Buren as President.
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Richard Kirman Sr. was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Nevada from 1935 until 1939.
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Richard Kirwan was an Irish scientist. He was born in 1733 at County Galway and died in 1812. Educated in France he was called to the Irish bar in 1766 but abandoned law for science studying in London from 1768 until 1773. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1780 and in 1782 was awarded the Copley medal for his papers on chemical affinity. In 1787 he returned to Ireland and became president of the Royal Irish Academy in 1799. In 1787 he published his controversial Essay on Phlogiston and the constitution of Acids, identifying Phlogiston with hydrogen.
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Richard L Thornburgh was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Pennsylvania from 1979 until 1987.
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Richard Lemon Lander was an English explorer. He was born in 1804 at Truro and died in 1834. He accompanied Clapperton's Niger expedition in 1825 and on his return wrote accounts of it. In 1830 he and his brother were sent by the government to explore the lower course of the Niger which they surveyed and proved it flowed into the Gulf of Guinea. During a later expedition to Niger he was killed by the natives.
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Richard le Gallienne was an English poet and journalist. He was born in 1866 at Liverpool and died in 1947. In 1898 he settled in the USA.
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Richard Lovelace was an English poet and Cavalier. He was born in 1618 at Bethersden and died in 1658. He was educated at Charterhouse and at Gloucester Hall, Oxford, where he wrote a comedy, 'The Scholar' and a tragedy, 'The Soldier'. He shone at court, but preferred warfare and in 1645 took arms on behalf of the king. In 1646 he was fighting for France against Spain, and was wounded at Dunkirk. On his return to England he was imprisoned at Aldersgate, and occupied his captivity with preparing his poems for the press, which were published by his brother in 1659.
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Richard M Bishop was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Ohio from 1878 until 1880.
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Richard M Jefferies was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of South Carolina from 1942 until 1943.
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Richard Mather was an English clergyman. He was born in 1596 and died in 1669. He went to Massachusetts from England in 1635. He was pastor of the church in Dorchester from 1636 until his death. He drew up the celebrated Cambridge Platform of church discipline, aided in making the New England version of the Psalms, and published an elaborate defence of the New England churches.
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Richard Meade OBE is a British three-day event horseman. He was born in 1938. He was a member of Britain's gold-medal winning team at the 1968 Mexico Olympic Games and won the 1970 Badminton championship riding 'The Poacher', and later in 1970 was a member of the British winning team at the world championships. At the 1972 Munich Olympic Games he won a gold medal in both the individual and team events riding 'Laurieston'.
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Richard Monckton Milton Milnes (Lord Houghton, Baron Houghton) was an English writer and academic. He was born in 1809 at Yorkshire and died in 1885. Educated at Cambridge, he made some reputation as a writer of verse, essays, memoirs, etc, but it was rather his social and conversational powers, and his kindly patronage of literary aspirants, than the merit of his writings which gave him his prominent position in London society. In 1837 he entered parliament as member for Pontefract, at first as a Tory, but afterwards as a supporter of Russell and Palmerston. He was an active member of numerous learned societies and institutions, president of the Royal Society of Literature, trustee of the British Museum, foreign secretary of the Royal Academy, etc.
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Richard Montgomery was a British soldier. He was born in 1736 and died in 1775. He went to America as a British soldier in 1757. He was engaged at Louisbourg in 1758 and at Montreal in 1760. He retired from the British army in 1772. He was a delegate to the Provincial Congress in New York City in 1775. He was appointed brigadier-general in the Continental army. The disability of General Philip Schuyler placed him in command of the expedition to Canada in 1775, and he captured Fort Chambly, St John's and Montreal. He led the assault on Quebec, and was killed at the first discharge of the British artillery.
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Richard Neville (Earl of Warwick) was an English Baron. He was born in 1428 and died in 1471. He was nicknamed the king-maker and distinguished himself at St Albans under the Duke of York in 1455. He continued as a Royalist commander until he was defeated and slain by Edward at Barnet in 1471.
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Sir Richard Nicolls was an English colonial governor. He was born in 1634 and died in 1672. He went to America with a fleet from England in 1664. New Netherlands surrendered to him without resistance, and he remained Governor until his resignation in 1667. He changed the name to New York, published the first code of English law in America, established English municipal government in the city, and managed the affairs of the colony most creditably.
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Richard Milhous Nixon was 37th President of the USA. Richard Nixon was born in 1913 at Yorba Linda, California and died in 1994. A lawyer by training, he became a Republican politician and leading member of the oppressive 'Un-American Activities Committee'. As a politician he persistently discredited his rivals by making false public claims that they were Communists or Communist sympathisers. He became president in 1968, and was re-elected in 1972 though in 1974 he was forced to resign after it became known that he was involved in a break-in at Democratic Party headquarters in the Watergate building, an affair that became known as the 'Watergate Affair'.
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Richard Oastler was a British social reformer. He was born in 1789 and died in 1861. He campaigned against child labour and in 1847 helped to achieve the ten-hour day.
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Richard Oswald was an Englisg diplomat. He was born in 1705 and died in 1784. He was appointed by Great Britain diplomatic agent in 1782 to negotiate the treaty of peace with the United States which was signed at Paris in 1783.
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Richard Penn was an English colonial governor. He was born in 1735 and died in 1811. He went to America from England in 1763. He was Lieutenant-Governor of Pennsylvania from 1771 to 1773. His rule was marked by unprecedented prosperity.
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Richard Peters was an American jurist and politician. He was born in 1744 and died in 1828. He was secretary of the Continental Board of War from 1776 to 1781, represented Pennsylvania in the Continental Congress from 1783 to 1783, and was a US district judge from 1789 to 1828.
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Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York, was an English nobleman. He was born in 1411 and died in 1460. His claim to the throne against Henry VI resulted in the Wars of the Roses in 1455. He was killed in a skirmish at Wakefield. His sons became Edward IV and Richard III.
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Richard Rowlands was a Welshman hanged at Beaumaris for the murder of his father-in-law in 1862. Richard Rowlands protested his innocence to the moment he died, and examination of the case reveals that he was innocent of the crime and convicted upon the word of a single witness.
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Richard Rush was an American statesman. He was born in 1780 at Philadelphia and died in 1859. He was a son of Benjamin Rush. In 1811 he became controller of the United States Treasury, and from 1814 to 1817 was attorney-general in Madison's Cabinet. From 1817 to 1825 he acted as minister to England; in 1825 to 1829 secretary to the Treasury; and minister to France from 1847 to 1851.
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Sir Richard Saltonstall was a British colonist. He was born in 1586 and died in 1658. He went to Massachusetts from England in 1630 as Assistant to Winthrop. He began the settlement of Watertown, but returned to England in 1631. He was a patentee of Connecticut, and sent a vessel to take possession of the territory. He wrote letters of remonstrance to John Cotton and John Wilson in regard to the persecution of persons for their religious convictions.
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Richard Savage was an English poet believed to be the illegitimate son of Lord Rivers and the Countess of Macclesfield. He died in 1743.
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Richard Brinsley Butler Sheridan was a British dramatist and politician. He was born in 1751 at Dublin and died in 1816.
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Richard Skinner was an American politician. He was a Democratic-Republican governor of Vermont from 1820 until 1823.
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Sir Richard Solomon was a South African statesman. He was born in 1850 at Cape Town and died in 1913. Educated at Cape Town and at Cambridge, he was called to the bar of Inner Temple in 1879. Returning to South Africa, he was elected to the Cape Colony house of assembly, and was attorney-general from 1898 until 1900, holding the same post in the Transvaal government from 1902 until 1907. He was acting lieutenant-governor of the Transvaal from 1905 until 1906 and agent-general in London for the Transvaal from 1907 until 1910 when he was appointed high commissioner of the Union of South Africa, a post he held until his death. He was knighted in 1901.
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Richard Somers was an American sailor. He was born in 1778 and died in 1804. He was given command of the Nautilus in Treble's squadron during the Tripolitan War from 1803 to 1804. He commanded a division of gunboats, and was distinguished for gallantry. He attempted to destroy the Tripolitan fleet by exploding a bomb-vessel in their midst, however, the vessel exploded prematurely killing all on board.
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Sir Richard Steele was an Irish author, founder, editor and, with Joseph Addison, chief contributor of 'The Tatler' and also 'The Spectator' and 'The Guardian' (both of which he founded together with Joseph Addison). He was born in 1672 and died in 1729. His periodical, The Tatler, ran from 1709 to 1711 and dealt with social and moral essays and carried occasional articles on literature. He entered parliament in 1713 but was expelled for supporting the Hanoverian cause. He was knighted by George I.
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Richard Stockton was an American jurist. He was born in 1730 and died in 1781. He was called to the bar in 1754 and attained great reputation. He became a member of the New Jersey Executive Council in 1768 and a Judge of the Provincial Supreme Court in 1774. He hoped for a reconciliation between the colonies and England, and wrote 'An Expedient for the Settlement of the American Disputes', in which he proposed a plan of colonial self-government. He was a delegate from New Jersey to the Continental Congress from 1776 to 1777, and signed the American Declaration of Independence. He was appointed to inspect the Northern army, but was captured by Loyalists.
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Richard Henry Stoddard was an American poet and critic. He was born in 1825 at Hingham, Massachusetts and died in 1903. While working at an iron foundry he privately published a volume of his verse which attracted attention and obtained him a post in the Custom House which he held from 1853 until 1870.
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Sir Richard Strachey was an Anglo-Indian administrator. He was born in 1817 at Sutton Court, Somerset and died in 1908. He entered the service of the East India Company in 1834 and in 1846 served with distinction in the campaign against the Sikhs, and afterwards explored in the Himalayas paying special attention to botany and geology. In 1856 he became a secretary in the Indian Public Works Department, being made head in 1862. He was made a GCSI in 1897 and did much to develop railways and irrigation in India.
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Richard Strauss was a German composer. He was born in 1864 and died in 1949.
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Richard Talbot was an Irish soldier and the Earl of Tyrconnel. He was born in 1630 and died in 1691. The son of Sir William Talbot, an Irish politician, he belonged to a family settled in Ireland for over 400 years. After fighting in Ireland he left the country on the defeat of the royalist cause and for the next few years was serving the royal family. In 1660 he returned to England and was attached to James, duke of York, serving with the fleet. When James became king, Richard Talbot, in the full confidence of his master, was made commander-in-chief in Ireland where he had held a command since 1681, and was created earl of Tyrconnel. In 1691 he was created duke of Tyrconnel by James II, but the title was only recognised by the Jacobites. As lord deputy after 1687 he worked to secure Ireland for James, which he did by displacing as many Protestants as he could from both civil and military employment.
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Sir Richard Tangye was an English industrialist. He was born in 1833 at Cornwall and died in 1906. The son of a farmer, he was educated at a school run by the Society of Friends, afterwards becoming a teacher and then a clerk at Birmingham before in 1856 starting his own business. Together with his brother George he developed his business into a large concern making machinery of almost every kind. He was knighted in 1894. Sir Richard Tangye was also noted for his collection of Cromwellian relics.
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Richard Taylor was an American soldier and politician. He was born in 1826 and died in 1879. The son of President Zachary Taylor, he was a member of the Louisiana Legislature from 1856 to 1860. He was a member of the Louisiana Secessionist Convention. He commanded a Louisiana regiment at Bull Run, and a brigade in General Jackson's Virginia campaign. He distinguished himself at Middletown, Winchester, Cross Keys, Port Republic and the Seven Days' battles before Richmond. In 1863 and 1864 he commanded the department west of the Mississippi. He defeated General Banks at Sabine Cross-Roads in 1864. In 1864 he commanded the East Louisiana Department. He wrote 'Destruction and Reconstruction'.
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Richard Grenville Temple (1st Earl Temple) was a British politician. He was born in 1711 and died in 1779. Educated at Eton, he became member of parliament for Buckingham in 1732. In 1752 he inherited the title of Earl of Temple from his mother, Countess Temple. In 1756 he became first lord of the admiralty after Pitt had married his sister. In 1757 he was made lord privy seal, resigning with Pitt in 1761.
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Richard Chenevin Trench was a British divine and philologist. He was born in 1807 at Dublin and died in 1886. Educated at Harrow and at trinity College, Cambridge he was ordained and became curate to Samuel Wilberforce and rector of Itchenstoke before being made professor of divinity at King's College, London in 1846. In 1856 he was made dean of Westminsyer, and in 1864 archbishop of Dublin, resigning in 1884. He was famed as a poet and also as a writer.
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Richard Trevithick was an English engineer and inventor. He was born in 1771 at Illogan, Cornwall and died in 1833. Trained as a mining engineer he made a study of the steam engine and quickly started to make improvements to its design. He invented the high-pressure steam engine in 1796 and in 1800 he invented a double-acting high-pressure engine which came into widespread use in the mining districts of Cornwall and south Wales. In 1801 he brought out a steam road carriage, the first of its kind, and afterwards he built a number of others, including locomotives for running on rails. In 1816 he went to Peru to superintend the installing of his engines in the silver mines, but lost everything he posessed in the war of independence. He returned to England and in 1827 assisted Robert Stephenson before dieing in poverty in 1833.
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Richard Varick was an American politician. He was born in 1753 and died in 1831. He was secretary to General Schuyler in the Northern Department from 1776 to 1780. He was Washington's recording secretary from 1781 to 1783, and was Mayor of New York from 1791 to 1801.
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Richard W Leche was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Louisiana from 1936 until 1939.
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Richard W Riley was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of South Carolina from 1979 until 1987.
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Sir Richard Wallace was an English art collector. He was born in 1818 and died in 1890.
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Richard Everard Webster (Viscount Alverstone) was an English lawyer and politician. He was born in 1842 and died in 1915. Educated at Charterhouse and Trinity College, Cambridge in 1868 he became a barrister and in 1878 a QC. In 1885 he entered the House of Commons as Conservative member for Launceston and was appointed attorney-general. He later represented the Isle of Wight and in 1900 was made Master of the Rolls and transferred to Lord Chief Justice in the same year, a position he held until 1913.
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Richard Whittington (popularly known as Dick Whittington) was an English coal merchant and lord mayor of London. He was born in 1358 and died in 1423. The son of a Gloucestershire knight, in 1380 he was a substantial city mercer, and records exist of him having lent large sums of money to Richard II, Henry IV and Henry V. He was lord mayor in 1397 and again in 1406. His benefactions aided St Bartholomew's Hospital, Greyfriars library and the Guildhall. He rebuilt Newgate, and founded a small hospital and college (which was suppressed in 1548) near his parish church of St Michael de Paternoster. Details of his life were recorded in the book 'The Model Merchant of the Middle Ages' by Samuel Lysons, published in 1860. In the popular legend, Dick whittington was accompanied by a cat. It is very likely that the term cat refers not to a feline animal, but rather to a type of ship used for transporting coal, the coal trade being how Dick Whittington made his fortune.
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Richard Yates was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Illinois from 1901 until 1905.
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Richard Adolf Zsigmondy was an Austrian-born German chemist. He was born in 1865 at Vienna and died in 1929. He studied at Munich, staying in Germany, becoming professor at Gottingen in 1908. Working at the Glass Manufacturing Company in Jena from 1897 to 1900, Zsigmondy became concerned with coloured and turbid glasses and he invented a type of milk glass. This aroused his interest in colloids, because it is colloidal inclusions that give glass its colour or opacity. His belief that the suspended particles in gold sols are kept apart by electric charges was generally accepted, and the sols became model systems for much of his later work on colloids. He devised and built an ultramicroscope in 1903. The microscope's illumination was placed at right angles to the axis. Zsigmondy's arrangement made it possible to observe particles with a diameter of 10- millionth of a millimetre. Using the ultramicroscope Zsigmondy was able to count the number of particles in a given volume and indirectly estimate their sizes. He showed that colour
changes in sols reflect changes in particle size caused by coagulation when salts are added, and that the addition of agents such as gelatin stabilizes the colloid by inhibiting coagulation. He won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1925.
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Richbert was king of the East Angles in 627.
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Sir Henry Rider Haggard was an English novelist. He was born in 1856 at Norfolk and died in 1925. He wrote 'King Solomon's Mines'.
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Ridgley C Powers was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Mississippi from 1871 until 1874.
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Robyn Rihanna Fenty is a Barbadian singer. She was born in 1988 at St Michael, Barbados. She was introduced by a New York record producer who was visiting Barbados on holiday, and he introduced her to the world of professional music.
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Rinaldo was a famous character in mediaeval romance. He was one of four sons of Aymom, cousin to Orlando and a brave knight of the Charlemagne.
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