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Roald Amundsen was a Norwegian explorer. He was born in 1872 and died in 1928. He was the first person to sail through the North-West Passage and in 1911 beat Scott to be the first person to reach the south pole.
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Rob Roy (real name Robert MacGregor) was a Scottish freebooter. He was born in 1671 and died in 1734. He helped the poor at the expense of the rich and played a lone role in the Jacobite uprising of 1715.
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Robert A Cooper was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of South Carolina from 1919 until 1922.
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Robert Sengstacke Abbott was an American newspaper publisher and social reformer. He was born in 1868 at St Simmons Island, Georgia and died in 1940. The son of former slaves, in 1905 he founded and until 1940 edited the 'Chicago Defender' newspaper, through which he campaigned against racial prejudice and the unjust treatment of 'Black' Americans.
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Robert Abel ('The Guvnor') was an English cricketer. He was born in 1857 at Rotherhithe and died in 1936. He played for Surrey, first playing for Surrey in 1881, and for England as an opening batsman until failing eyesight forced him to retire in 1903 (or possibly 1908). During his career he scored 70 separate centuries, scored 132 not-out in a test match at Sydney, and his highest score of 357 not-out for Surrey against Somerset in May 1899. In August 1899 he and his partner, Hayward, scored 448 against Yorkshire at The Oval and in each of the seasons between 1895 and 1902 he compiled over 2000 runs.
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Robert Adam was a Scottish architect and designer. He was born in 1728 and died in 1792. He was highly prolific and successful in both Scotland and England, he supervised the furnishing of his buildings down to the last detail, creating a distinctively elegant and highly influential style of interior decoration. In 1812 the architect Sir John Soane wrote: 'the light and elegant ornaments, the varied compartments in the ceilings of Mr Adam, imitated from Ancient Works in the Baths and Villas of the Romans, were soon applied in designs for chairs, tables, carpets, and in every other species of furniture.' Robert Adam gave work to a number of outstanding craftsmen, and Angelica Kauffmann and her husband Antonio Zucchi were among the artists who painted decorative panels for his interiors (examples by Zucchi are at 20 Portman Square, London, formerly the Courtauld Institute of Art). About 9,000 of Adam's drawings are in the Soane Museum in London.
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Robert Anderson was a Scottish biographical writer. He was born in 1750 and died in 1830. He furnished biographical and critical notices for A Complete Edition of the Poets of Great Britain published between 1792 and 1795, and was for a time editor of the Edinburgh Magazine.
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Robert Anderson was an American soldier. He was born in 1805 at Kentucky and died in 1871. He served in the Black Hawk War, the Florida War and the Mexican War. In November 1860 he took command of the troops and forts in Charleston Harbour, a month later withdrawing all his troops to Fort Sumter, which after a bombardment of thirty-six hours by Confederate forces he was compelled to evacuate in April 1861.
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Sir Robert Anderson was a British civil servant. He was born in 1841 at Dublin and died in 1918. Called to the Irish bar, he advised the Home Office on matters of political crime in Ireland and from 1888 until 1901 was head of the CID.
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Robert Armstrong was an American soldier. He was born in 1790 at Tennessee and died in 1854. He was a captain of artillery under Jackson at the Creek War of 1813 and 1814 and distinguished himself at the battle of New Orleans.
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Robert Arnaud was a French courtier. He was born in 1588 and died in 167. He was a son of Antoine Arnaud and a person of influence at the French court, but latterly retired to Port Royal, where he wrote a translation of Josephus and other works.
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Sir Robert Aytoun was a Scottish poet. He was born in 1570 at Fifeshire and died in 1638. After studying at St Andrews he lived for some time in France, whence, in 1603, he addressed a panegyric in Latin verse to King James on his accession to the crown of England. By the grateful monarch he was appointed one of the gentlemen of the bedchamber, and private secretary to the queen, receiving also the honour of knighthood. At a later period of his life he was secretary to Henrietta Maria, queen of Charles I. His poems are few in number, but are distinguished by elegance of diction. Several of his Latin poems are preserved in the work called Deliciae Poetarum Scotorum.
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Robert B Crosby was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Nebraska from 1953 until 1955.
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Robert B Meyner was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of New Jersey from 1954 until 1962.
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Robert B Smith was an American politician. He was a Democrat Populist governor of Montana from 1897 until 1901.
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Robert Stephenson Smith Baden-Powell was a British general and founder of the scouting movement. He was born in 1857 and died in 1941. He took part in the operations in Zululand in 1888 and in 1895 was sent on special service to Ashanti. In the expedition against King Prempeh, conducted by Sir Francis Scott, he was given command of the native levies, whom he turned into excellent soldiers. During 1896 to 1897 he was chief staff-officer in South Africa, and took part in the campaign against the Matabele. On the outbreak of the Boer War in 1899 he was given command of the small force in Mafeking, and held the position against assaults and a siege from October 1899 until relieved by Mahon and Plumer in May 1900. Promoted to Major-general he served on the staff, organised South Africa's constabulary and from 1900 to 1903 was inspector of the Transvaal police.
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Robert Baillie was a Scottish Presbyterian clergyman. He was born in 1599 at Glasgow and died in 1662. Though educated and ordained as an Episcopalian, he resisted the attempt of Archbishop Laud to introduce his Book of Common Prayer into Scotland, and joined the Presbyterian party. In 1638 he represented the presbytery of Irvine in the General Assembly at Glasgow, which dissolved Episcopacy in Scotland. In 1640 he was selected to go to London, with other commissioners, to prepare charges against Archbishop Laud for his innovations upon the Scottish Church. Of this, and almost all the other proceedings of his public life, he has left a minute account in his letters and journals, which form a most valuable collection for the history of his time. In 1642 he was appointed professor of divinity at Glasgow. He was a member of the Westminster Assembly of Divines, and attended its sittings from 1643 until 1646. After the Restoration, though made principal of his college through court patronage, he did not hesitate to express his dissatisfaction with the re-introduction of Episcopacy.
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ROBERT BAILLIE
Robert Baillie of Jerviswood, in Lanarkshire was a Scottish patriot of the reign of Charles II. He brought himself into notice by opposing the tyrannical measures of Archbishop Sharpe against the Nonconformists, for which he was fined 6000 merks and imprisoned for four months. In 1683 he went to London in furtherance of a scheme of emigration to South Carolina taken up by a number of Scottish gentlemen, as being the only way of escaping the tyranny of the government. He became associated with Monmouth, Sydney, Russell, and the rest of that party, and was charged with complicity in the Rye-house plot. After a long imprisonment, during which vain attempts were made to obtain evidence against him, he was brought before the Court of Justiciary on the 23rd of December 1684, was found guilty, and condemned to be executed that afternoon.
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Robert Bakewell was an English agriculturist. He was born in 1725 at Leicestershire and died in 1795. He is celebrated for his improvements in the breeding of sheep, cattle, and horses. He commenced experiments in breeding sheep about 1755, upon his father's farm at Dishley, and for fifty years devoted himself to the acquisition and diffusion of information upon the subject. He was the originator of the new Leicestershire breed of sheep, which have since been so well known, and also of a breed of cattle that had great repute in their day. Various improvements in farm management were also introduced by him.
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Robert Barclay was the celebrated apologist of the Quakers. He was born in 1648 at Gordonstown, Moray and died in 1690. Educated at Paris, where he became a Roman Catholic, he was recalled home by his father, he followed the example of the latter and became a Quaker. His first treatise in support of his adopted principles, published at Aberdeen in the year 1670, under the title of Truth Cleared of Calumnies, together with his subsequent writings, did much to rectify public sentiment in regard to the Quakers. His chief work, in Latin, An Apology for the True Christian Divinity, as the same is Preached and held forth by the People called, in scorn, Quakers, was soon reprinted at Amsterdam, and quickly translated into German, Dutch, French, and Spanish, and, by the author himself, into English. His fame was now widely diffused; and, in his travels with William Penn and George Fox through England, Holland, and Germany, to spread the opinions of the Quakers, he was received everywhere with the highest respect. The last of his productions, On the Possibility and Necessity of an Inward and Immediate Revelation, was not published in England until 1686; from which time Barclay lived quietly with his family. He was a friend of and had influence with James II.
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Robert Barclay was an English banker. He was born in 1843 and died in 1913. He was responsible for the merger of twenty banks in 1896 forming the 'Barclay and Company Limited' bank which in 1917 changed its name to 'Barclay's Bank Limited'.
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Robert Beverly was an American historian. He was born in 1675 at Virginia and died in 1716.
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Robert Blair was a British poet. He was born in 1699 and died in 1746. He wrote 'The Grave'.
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Robert Blake was a celebrated British admiral. He was born in 1599 at Bridgewater and died in 1657 at the entrance to Plymouth Sound. He was elected member of parliament for Bridgewater in 1640, and after the dissolution of the parliament later he lost his seat and pursued a military career. In 1649 he was sent to command the fleet with Colonels Deane and Popham. His greatest victories occurred during the Dutch War.
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Robert Bowie was an American politician. He was a Democratic-Republican governor of Maryland from 1811 until 1812.
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Robert Brooke was an American politician. He was a Democratic-Republican governor of Virginia from 1794 until 1796.
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Robert Bruce was the greatest of the Scottish Kings. He was born in 1274 and died in 1329. He was King of Scotland from 1306 to 1329.
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Robert Buchanan was an English poet. He was born in 1841 and died in 1901. His earliest volumes of verse, Undertones published in 1863, Idylls and Legends of Inverburn published in 1865 and London Poems published in 1866 gained for him a reputation for truth, simplicity, humour and pathos.
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Robert Bunsen was a German chemist. He was born in 1811 and died in 1899.
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Robert O'Hara Burke was an Australian explorer. He was born in 1820 in Ireland, and died in 1861 in Australia. After serving in the Austrian army he went to Australia, and after seven years service as inspector of police was appointed commander of an expedition to cross the continent of Australia from south to north. He and his associate Wills reached the tidal waters of the Flinders River, but both starved to death on the return journey.
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Robert Burns was a Scottish poet. He was born in 1759 at Alloway and died in 1796. His father was a poor gardener and Robert and his brothers had to work non-stop around the house and the market garden his father kept.
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Robert Burns Lindsay was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Alabama from 1870 until 1872.
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Robert Burton was a British prose writer. He was born in 1577 and died in 1640. He wrote 'The Anatomy of Melancholy'.
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Robert Byron was an English writer. He was born in 1905 at Wiltshire and died in 1941. After attending Merton College, Oxford he collected Victoriana before travelling and writing about Byzantine architecture and travelogues, his 1937 'The Road To Oxianta' winning the Sunday Times Literary award. He died when a ship he was travelling on was torpedoed during the Second World War.
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Robert C Wickliffe was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Louisiana from 1856 until 1860.
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Robert Cadell was a Scottish publisher. He was born in 1788 at Cockenzie and died in 1849. In 1811 he became a partner in the house of Constable and Company, Edinburgh. After the firm went bankrupt in 1825, he was chosen by Scott as the sole publisher of his subsequent novels and in 1827 he began to issue the successful 'Author's Edition' of the Waverley Novels.
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Sir Robert Calder was an English admiral. He was born in 1745 and died in 1818. He took part in the Battle of Cape St Vincent in 1797 as first captain to Sir John Jervis. Previous to the Battle of Trafalgar, when in command off Ferroll, he engaged a very superior force of French and Spanish ships, part of the fleet which had been chased by Nelson from the West Indies back to Europe, and captured two ships of the line. Public opinion, however, was not satisfied that he had done his utmost. Calder was consequently tried, convicted of an error of judgement, and severely reprimanded. He became a full admiral in 1810.
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Robert Carr (Robert Ker) was Earl of Somerset and a Scottish courtier. Belonging to the family of Ker of Ferniehurst, he came to England in the retinue of James I in 1603, and became one of the king's most favoured minions. He was knighted in 1607 and made Viscount Rochester in 1611. he became the king's private secretary in 1612. His influence brought about the arrest of Sir Thomas Overbury in 1613. Having been made earl of Somerset and lord treasurer of Scotland he married the countess of Essex. Made Lord Chamberlain in 1614, in 1615 he quarrelled with the king and was accused of poisoning Sir Thomas Overbury, resulting in his imprisonment in the Tower of London from 1616 until 1622. He died in 1645.
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Robert Carter was an American editor and author. He was born in 1819 and died in 1879. He was one of the founders of the Free-Soil and Republican parties, to whose success he largely contributed by his brilliant writings in the periodicals of his time.
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Robert Clive was the principal founder of the British Empire in India. He is also known as Clive of India. He was born in 1725 at Market Drayton and died in 1774. As a child he formed a protection racket and demanded money from the local shop keepers.
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Robert W Crockett was an Australian cricket umpire. He was born in 1863 and died in 1935. He officiated at 33 Test matches between 1901 and 1925.
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Robert Crompton was an English Association Football player. He was born in 1879. He was captain of Blackburn Rovers and of England from 1902 to 1914, making 41 appearances for England.
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Robert Cushman was an English priest. He was born in 1580 and died in 1625. He was active in preparing for the departure of the Pilgrims and acted as their English agent until 1621, when he went to America and preached the first sermon in America which was ever published.
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Robert D Blue was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Iowa from 1945 until 1949.
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Robert D Carey was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Wyoming from 1919 until 1923.
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Robert D Fulton was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Iowa during 1969.
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Robert D Holmes was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Oregon from 1957 until 1959.
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Robert D Orr was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Indiana from 1981 until 1989.
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Robert D Ray was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Iowa from 1969 until 1983.
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Robert Dale Owen was an American politician. He was born in 1800 at Scotland and died in 1877. He went to the United States from Scotland in 1824 with the communist colony established at New Harmony, Indiana by his father, Robert Owen. He was a member of the Indiana Legislature from 1835 to 1838 and represented Indiana in the US Congress as a Democrat from 1843 to 1847. He was charge d'affaires at Naples from 1853 to 1855 and Minister from 1855 to 1858, and was of some note as a writer.
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Robert Devereux was the Second Earl Of Essex. An Elizabethan soldier and courtier he was born in 1566 at Herefordshire and died in 1601. He was a lover to Elizabeth I.
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Robert Dinwiddie was a Scottish Governor of Virginia from 1752 to 1758. He was born in 1690 and died in 1770. His chief merit was his perception of the military abilities of George Washington, whom he sent upon the mission to the French commander on the Ohio, and then upon the military expedition which opened the French and Indian War. In the conduct of the war, he quarrelled with the Virginian Assembly, and suggested taxation of the colonies.
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Robert Docking was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Kansas from 1967 until 1975.
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Robert Dodsley was an English author and publisher. he was born in 1703 near Mansfield in Nottinghamshire and died in 1764. In 1735 he set up a publishing firm in Pall Mall, London with the help of a loan of money from his friends, including Alexander Pope, and went on to publish most of Dr Johnson's works as well as collections of old plays and poems.
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Robert Dunlap was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Maine from 1834 until 1838.
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Robert Edward Lee was an American general. He was born in 1807 at Stratford, Virginia and died in 1870). The great general of the American Confederacy, he was the son of Henry Lee. He was graduated with high standing at West Point in 1829. In the Mexican War he served as chief engineer on the staff of General Wool, and was distinguished in the advance on the capital, especially at Chapultepec.
From 1852 to 1855 he was commandant at West Point. In 1859 he was sent against John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry, and he had reached the rank of lieutenant-colonel by 1861. When his State seceded, Robert Lee resigned, on April the 20th, from the US army, accepted the command of the State forces, and in May was appointed a general in the Confederate army. For a year he was inconspicuously employed in Virginia and South Carolina.
The wounding of General J E Johnston at Fair Oaks, on May the31st, 1862, called Robert Lee to supreme command. Henceforth his history is that of the Army of Northern Virginia. He commanded in the Seven Days' battles, beat Pope at the second Battle of Bull Run, and immediately began his first invasion of the North. Chance revealed his plans to McClellan. His prestige was not impaired by the drawn battle of Antietam, and the army and its general gained new honours by the victories of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. His second invasion of the North resulted disastrously at the Battle of Gettysburg.
In the next year, 1864, he was pitted against Grant, whom he opposed stubbornly at the Wilderness, Spotsylvania and Cold Harbor. The long siege of Petersburg and Richmond followed. Robert Lee's efforts to ward off the break-up of the Confederacy were unavailing. Compelled to evacuate Richmond on April the2nd, 1865, he sought to effect a junction with Johnston, but was hemmed in by Grant's army and forced to surrender at Appomattox on April the 9th. Soon afterward he became president of Washington College in Lexington, Virginia (now Washington and Lee University), and remained there until his death.
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Robert E McNair was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of South Carolina from 1965 until 1971.
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Robert E Pattison was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Pennsylvania from 1883 until 1887.
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Robert E Quinn was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Rhode Island from 1937 until 1939.
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Robert E Smylie was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Idaho from 1955 until 1967.
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Sir Robert Eden was a British colonial governor. He died in 1786. he was made Governor of Maryland in 1768 and was well liked by the colonists for his moderation. When the American War of Independence broke out the Maryland colonists hoped for reconcilliation with Great Britain, but this was not to be and Sir Robert Eden was obliged to leave the colony in 1776.
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Robert Emmet was an Irish rebel. He was born in 1778 and died in 1803. He joined the United Irishmen with his brother Thomas Emmet, and in 1802 visited Paris to interview Napoleon then planning an invasion of England. Returning to Dublin, Emmet plotted for an armed rising against the British administration. His colleagues failed to cooperate, and after the murder of Lord Kilwarden by his followers, Emmet was tried for high treason and hanged.
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Robert F Bennett was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Kansas from 1975 until 1979.
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Robert F Bradford was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Massachusetts from 1947 until 1949.
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Robert F Kennon was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Louisiana from 1952 until 1956.
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Robert F W Allston was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of South Carolina from 1856 until 1858.
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Robert Fabyan was an English historian and sheriff of London from 1493. In 1498 he defended Newgate against the Cornish rebels. He died in 1513.
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Robert Fergusson was a Scottish poet. He was born in 1750 and died in 1774.
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Robert Fitzroy was a British sailor, hydrographer and meteorologist. As commander of the Beagle he surveyed the coasts of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego between 1828 and 1830 and on a second voyage when he was accompanied by Charles Darwin between 1831 and 1836.
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Robert Fitzsimmons was an English boxer. He was born in 1862 and died in 1918. He was World Heavyweight Champion in 1897 which he won from J. J. Corbett. He lost the title in 1899 to Jim Jeffries.
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Robert Fitzwalter was the leader of the barons against King John of England. He was exiled for his rebellion in 1212 but returned to head the movement which resulted in the signing of the Magna Carta in 1215. He later supported Prince Louis of France in his invasion of England during 1216 and 1217.
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Robert Franz was a German song-composer. He was born in 1815 at Halle and died in 1892. In 1841 he was appointed city organist in Halle and in 1859 master of music to the university and director of the symphony concerts. He wrote around 250 songs and also edited some of the work of Bach and George Frideric Handel before deafness compelled his retirement in 1868.
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Robert Frost was an American poet. He was born in 1875 at San Francisco and died in 1963.
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Robert Fulton was an American inventor and a pioneer of the steamboat.. He was born in 1765 at Little Britain and died in 1815. At first a portrait-painter, he went to England in 1786. After a few years he began to occupy himself with engineering and inventions. The subject of steam navigation already interested him. From 1797 to 1804 he resided in France, where, inventing the torpedo, he attempted to induce Napoleon to adopt it, but in vain. In England from 1804 to 1806 he had similar want of success with the British Ministry, and in 1806 returned to America. At New York, in 1807, he successfully realized his project of a vessel propelled by steam power, his steamboat, the Clermont, successfully steaming from New York to Albany. His invention was of the first importance in developing the interior parts of the United States.
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Robert Goodloe Harper was an American politician. He was born in 1765 at Virginia and died in 1825. He was admitted to the bar in 1786. He represented South Carolina in the US Congress from 1795 to 1801, was promoted major-general for services in the War of 1812, and was elected a US Senator from Maryland in 1816. He published various pamphlets upon diplomatic subjects of the day which won great popularity.
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Robert Ranke Graves was an English poet and novelist. He was born in 1895.
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Robert Gray was an American navigator. He was born in 1755 at Rhode Island and died in 1806. He traded with the Indians on the north-west coast of America, and returned in 1790 via China, being the first person to carry the American flag around the world. He sailed into the Columbia River in 1792, from which arose the American claim to Oregon.
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Robert Greene was an English dramatist and poet. He was born in 1558 and died in 1592.
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Robert C Grier was an American jurist. He was born in 1794 and died in 1870. He was admitted to the bar in 1817, was District Judge of Alleghany from 1838 until 1846, when he became a Justice of the US Supreme Court and served until 1870.
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Robert Haskell was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Maine during 1959.
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Robert Herrick was an English poet. He was born in 1591 and died in 1674.
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Robert Howe was an American politician. He was born in 1732 and died in 1785. He was a member of the North Carolina Assembly from 1772 to 1773. He was a delegate to the Colonial Congress in 1774. He was appointed colonel, and aided in expelling Governor Dunmore from Virginia. He was excepted in Sir William Howe's proclamation of royal clemency. He commanded the North Carolina troops in the defence of Charleston, and fought at Savannah. He commanded at West Point in 1780.
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Robert M T Hunter was an American politician. He was born in 1809 and died in 1887. He served in the Virginia Legislature in 1833. He represented Virginia in the Congress of the United States as a Whig from 1837 to 1843 and from 1845 to 1847, and was Speaker from 1839 to 1841. He was a US Senator from 1847 to 1861, and ardently advocated all pro-slavery legislation. He was a member of the provisional Congress at Richmond in 1861. From 1861 to 1862 he was Secretary of State in the Confederate Government. From 1862 to 1865 he served in the Confederate Senate in opposition to the administration of Mr. Davis. He was one of the peace commissioners to confer with President Abraham Lincoln in 1865. He was treasurer of Virginia from 1877 to 1880.
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Robert I, Duke of Normandy was the father of William The Conqueror and aide to Edward The Confessor. He died in 1035 while returning from a pilgrimage to the Holy Land.
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Robert II was a King of Scotland. He was born in 1316 and died in 1390. A grandson of Robert the Bruce, his mother being the king's daughter, his father was Walter the Steward of Scotland. Robert II was the first of the Steward (later transformed to Stuart) kings of Scotland and England, reigning from 1371 to 1390. Although declared successor to the throne when he was two years old, the birth of a son to the king replaced Robert II, and Robert II succeeded to the throne upon the death of David II in 1371,
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Robert III (real name John) was a King of Scotland. He was born in 1340 and died in 1406. The eldest son of Robert II and his mistress Elizabeth Mure, Robert was declared legitimate and made earl of Carrick. He reigned from 1390 to 1406, taking the name Robert upon his succession to the throne.
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Robert Green Ingersoll was an American lawyer and orator. He was born in 1833 at Dresden, New York and died in 1899. He commanded the Illinois volunteer cavalry regiment during the American Civil War; and was attorney general of Illinois from 1867 to 1869. He became a noted agnostic lecturer, attacking popular Christian beliefs and was the author of 'The Gods, and Other Lectures' published in 1876, 'Some Mistakes of Moses' published in 1879, 'Why I Am an Agnostic' published in 1896, and 'Superstition' published in 1898.
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Robert J Reynolds was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Delaware from 1891 until 1895.
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Robert K Scott was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of South Carolina from 1868 until 1872.
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Robert Kerrey was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Nebraska from 1983 until 1987.
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Robert Koch was a German scientist. He was born in 1843 and died in 1910. He won the Nobel prize for medicine for discovering the bacteria which cause TB, cholera and anthrax.
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Robert Leroy Cochran was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Nebraska from 1935 until 1941.
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Robert List was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Nevada from 1979 until 1983.
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Robert Louis Stevenson was a Scottish author. He was born at Edinburgh in 1850 and died in 1894. He wrote treasure island, kidnapped, Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, and the Master of Ballantrae. He was known to the Samoans as Tusitala.
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Robert Love Taylor was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Tennessee from 1887 until 1891.
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Robert Lowry was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Mississippi from 1882 until 1890.
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Robert Lucas was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Ohio from 1832 until 1836.
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Robert M La Follette Sr was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Wisconsin from 1901 until 1906.
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Robert M McLane was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Maryland from 1884 until 1885.
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Robert M Stewart was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Missouri from 1857 until 1861.
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Robert McClelland was an American politician. He was born in 1807 and died in 1880. He represented Michigan in the US Congress as a Democrat from 1843 to 1849. He was Governor of Michigan from 1852 to 1853. He was Secretary of the Interior in Pierce's Cabinet from 1853 to 1857.
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Robert Miller Patton was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Alabama from 1865 until 1867.
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Robert Andrews Millikan was an American scientist. He was born in 1868 at Morrison and died in 1954. He won the Nobel prize for physics in 1923.
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Robert Mills was an American architect. He was born in 1781 at South Carolina and died in 1855. He was architect of the General Post-Office, Treasury and Patent-Office buildings at Washington, USA. He made the original design of the Washington Monument.
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Robert Moffat was a Scottish missionary. He was born in 1795 at Ormiston and died in 1883. He set sail for South Africa in 1816 as a missionary under the London Missionary Society. In 1818 he left Namaqualand and journeyed into the interior where he founded the station of Kuruman, in Bechuanaland. Here he translated the bible into the native tongue. From 1839 to 1843 he was in England where he published his writings on South Africa. Returning to Kuruman in 1843 he was assisted by David Livingstone, who married one of his daughters. He returned to England in 1870.
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Robert Montgomery was an English poet and preacher. He was born in 1807 at Bath and died in 1855.
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Robert Morison was a Scottish botanist and physician. He was born in 1620 at Aberdeen and died in 1683. His active royalism forced him to flee to France, where he became physician to Gaston, Duc d' Orleans. After the restoration, Charles II made him royal physician, and he was elected professor of botany at Oxford in 1669. He was killed in a coaching accident at Charing Cross, London.
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Robert Morris was an American financer. He was born in 1734 at Liverpool, England and died in 1806. Known as the financier of the American Revolution, having settled in Philadelphia he built up a flourishing business there. He opposed the Stamp Act, and signed the American Declaration of Independence. In Congress he gave valuable services to the Committee of Ways and Means, and in February, 1781, he was elected Superintendent of Finance. Among his acts was the organization of the Bank of North America at the end of 1781. In 1784 he retired, but served in the Pennsylvania Legislature, as delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1787, and US Senator from 1789 until 1795. He had previously declined the office of Secretary of the Treasury. In his later years he was unsuccessful in business, and was at one time imprisoned for debt.
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Robert Muldoon was a New Zealand statesman and Prime Minister. He was born in 1921 at Auckland and died in 1992. He was Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1975 to 1984.
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Robert O Blood was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Hampshire from 1941 until 1945.
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J. Robert Oppenheimer was an American physicist and director of the Los Alamos research project which made the first atomic bomb. He was born in 1904 and died in 1967.
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Robert Owen was an English socialist reformer. He was born in 1771 and died in 1858. He wrote 'A New View Of Society' published in 1813. In 1824 he went to the United States from Scotland and founded an unsuccessful communist society at New Harmony, Indiana.
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Robert P Bass was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Hampshire from 1911 until 1913.
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Robert P Casey was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Pennsylvania from 1987 until 1995.
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Robert P Letcher was an American politician. He was a Whig governor of Kentucky from 1840 until 1844.
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Robert P Robinson was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Delaware from 1925 until 1929.
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Robert P Parrott was an American inventor. He was born in 1804 and died in 1877. He invented the Parrott system of rifled cannon and projectiles. The Parrott guns exhibited great endurance, one at Charleston having been fired 4606 times before bursting, and were of great service in the American Civil War.
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Robert Patterson was an American soldier. He was born in 1743 and died in 1834. He went to Pennsylvania from Ireland in 1768. He served in the Colonial army, was appointed Director of the Mint by President Jefferson in 1805 and served until 1824.
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Robert Edwin Peary was an American explorer. He was born in 1856 at Cresson, and died in 1920. He was educated at Bowdoin College. In 1881 he became a civil engineer in the American Navy and in this capacity he participated in the Nicaragua Canal Survey of 1884 to 1885 and made an exploration into Greenland in 1886. He led further expeditions to Greenland from 1891 to 1892 and from 1893 to 1895. He proved Greenland was an island rather than a continent and that the Greenland ice cap extended no farther north than latitude 82 degrees North; he also contributed to scientific knowledge of Inuit ethnology and of glacial formation. Between 1898 and 1902 Peary engaged in surveys in Greenland. In 1902 and from 1905 to 1906 he made unsuccessful attempts to reach the North Pole, coming within 280 km of his goal on the latter trip. On July the 17th 1908, Peary led another expedition to the Pole, and on April the 7th, 1909, he and a small party consisting of his assistant Matthew Henson and four Inuit reached their target. On
September the 6th, 1909, the day he announced his achievement, Peary learned that the discovery of the Pole had been claimed five days previously by the American explorer and surgeon Frederick Cook, however examination by experts established that the doctor's claim was false and Peary's records were accepted as genuine. In 1911, the year Peary retired, Congress recognised his discovery as unimpeachable, and he was given the rank of rear admiral before his retirement.
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Sir Robert Peel was an English statesman. He was born in 1788 at Bury and died in 1850. He entered the House of Commons in 1809, and in 1811, he became a cabinet member as undersecretary for war and for the colonies. From 1812 to 1818, as chief secretary for Ireland, he suppressed Irish agitation for increased freedom for Roman Catholics. In 1822 he re-entered the cabinet as home secretary. He distinguished himself in this post through a series of penal reforms and, in 1829, by reorganising the London metropolitan police force, thereafter called 'Peelers' and 'bobbies', after him. Although he had successfully opposed a Roman Catholic emancipation bill in 1817, Peel later recognised the explosiveness of the Irish situation. He introduced and carried through the Catholic Emancipation Act of 1829, granting Roman Catholics political equality. He was twice Prime Minister, in 1834 and from 1841 until 1846.
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Robert E Pine was an English artist. He was born in 1730 and died in 1788. He went to Philadelphia from England in 1783. He was prominent as an artist and painted portraits of many of the characters of the American Revolution, including George Washington and Robert Morris.
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Robert Pruyn was an American statesman. He was born in 1815 and died in 1882. He served in the New York Assembly from 1848 to 1850 and in 1854. He was Minister to Japan from 1861 to 1865, and greatly increased American power in the East.
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Robert R Livingston was an American jurist. He was born in 1746 and died in 1813. Educated at King's College (now Columbia College) he became a lawyer, a member of the New York Assembly, and delegate to the Continental Congress. He served on the committee of five which drafted the American Declaration of Independence. He was Secretary for Foreign Affairs in 1781 to 1783, and was a prominent Federalist in the ratifying convention at Poughkeepsie in 1788. Meanwhile from 1777 to 1801 he was Chancellor of the State of New York, and in this position he administered the oath of office to George Washington in 1789. While US Minister to France in 1801 to 1805 he helped to negotiate the Louisiana Purchase. He is remembered also for his connection with many societies in New York City, and his association with Fulton in the beginnings of steamboat navigation.
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Robert Raikes was an English philanthropist. He was born in 1735 at Gloucester and died in 1811. He was proprietor of the Gloucester Journal, and originated the system of Sunday-schools by gathering together a number of street children for secular and religious training.
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Robert Rantoul was an American jurist and politician. He was born in 1805 and died in 1852. He was a member of the Massachusetts Legislature from 1833 to 1837. He made a powerful and famous appeal for the abolition of capital punishment in America. He was counsel for Thomas Sims in his celebrated fugitive slave case. He was US District Attorney for Massachusetts from 1845 to 1849, and served in the US Senate as a Democrat from 1851 to 1852. He was known as an eloquent speaker on moral, political and educational reforms.
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Robert Remak was a German physician. He was born in 1815 at Posen and died in 1865. He conducted microscopical research into embryology and pathology and made discoveries in the use of electricity in medicine.
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Robert Rogers was an American soldier. He was born in 1727 and died in 1800. He commanded Rogers' Rangers during the French War. In 1759 he destroyed the Indian village at St Francis. In 1765 he was appointed Governor of Mackinaw, Michigan by the crown. He was paroled by the American Congress at the outbreak of the American War of Independence. He raised The Queen's Rangers, a corps which was distinguished during the war. In 1777 he went to England, and in 1778 was banished from America.
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Robert S Garnett was an American politician. He was born in 1819 at Virginia and died in 1861. He was a Democratic Representative from Virginia from 1817 until 1827. He voted alone against tlie recognition of the South American Republics. Commanding Confederate forces in West Virginia, he was defeated and killed at Carrick's Ford in 1861.
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Robert S Granger was an American general. He was born in 1816 and died in 1894. He was promoted captain in the Mexican War, had commands in the American Civil War at Lebanon, Lawrenceburg, in Nashville and Middle Tennessee in 1863, and Alabama in 1864.
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Robert S Green was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of New Jersey from 1887 until 1890.
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Robert S Kerr was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Oklahoma from 1943 until 1947.
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Robert S Vessey was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of South Dakota from 1909 until 1913.
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Robert C Sands was an American journalist and writer. He was born in 1799 at New York and died in 1833. He was assistant editor of the New York Review from 1825 to 1827, and of the Commercial Advertiser from 1827 to 1832. He wrote with Bryant and Verplanck The Talisman.
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Robert C Schenk was an American politician and soldier. He was born in 1809 and died in 1890. He represented Ohio in the US Congress as a Whig from 1843 to 1851. He was Minister to Brazil from 1851 to 1853 negotiating important commercial treaties. He commanded a brigade at Bull Run, and served under General Rosecrans in the Shenandoah Valley. He led a division at Cross Keys and was engaged in the second Battle of Bull Run. He again served in the US Congress as a Republican from 1863 to 1871. He served on the Joint High Commission which negotiated the Treaty of Washington, and was Minister to England from 1871 to 1876.
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Robert Schumann was a German composer. He was born in 1810 at Zwickau and died in 1856.
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Captain Robert Falcon Scott was an English explorer. He was born in 1868 near Devonport, Devon and died in 1912. He commanded the National Antarctic Expedition of 1901 to 1904 which explored the Ross Sea and discovered King Edward VII land. Later he was beaten to the South Pole by Roald Amundsen and died on the return journey as a result of poor weather and disease.
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Robert Sedgwick was an Enflish colonist. He was born in 1590 and died in 1656. He went to Massachusetts from England around 1635. In 1652 he became commander of the Massachusetts militia. He engaged in the expedition against Penobscot in 1654 and against the Spanish West Indies in 1655.
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Robert Smillie was a Scottish labour leader. He was born in 1857 at Lanarkshire and died in 1940. His early years were spent working as a coal miner in the Lanarkshire collieries. He showed strong personality and good organising abilities while in the trade union movement, and became president of the Scottish Miners' Federation in 1894. Robert Smillie was prominent in the mining industry disputes which led to the Coal Mines Regulation Act of 1908 and the Coal Mines Act of 1911, and from 1912 he was annually elected president of the Miner's Federation of Great Britain, who made him their permanent president in 1919. In 1919 Robert Smillie attracted wide attention as the chief representative of the Federation on the Sankey Coal Industry Commission at the House of Lords and as the leader of the miners at the strike of 1920. In 1921 ill health forced him to resign from the post of president, and he became president of the Lanarkshire Miners' Union. He served as a Labour member of Parliament from 1923 to 1929.
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Sir Robert Smirke was an English architect. He was born in 1781 at London and died in 1867. He studied at the Royal Academy schools and was articled to Sir John Soane. After travelling in Italy and Greece, he was appointed architect to the board of trade. He was elected ARA in 1808 and to the Royal Academy in 1811 and was treasurer of the Academy from 1820 until 1850. In 1859 he moved from London to Cheltenham where he ended his days. Of the buildings he designed, the best known is the British Museum completed in 1847.
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Robert Smith was an American politician. He was born in 1757 at Maryland and died in 1842. He served as a volunteer at the Battle of Brandywine. He was one of the Presidential electors in 1789, and was the last surviving member. He served in the Maryland Senate in 1793, and was a member of the House of Delegates from 1796 to 1800. He was Secretary of the Navy in Jefferson's Cabinet from 1802 to 1805, and though appointed Attorney-General in 1805, really served as Secretary of the Navy from 1805 to 1809. He was Secretary of State in Madison's Cabinet from 1809 to 1811, when he was succeeded by Monroe.
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Robert Smith Surtees was an English writer. He was born in 1803 at Durham and died in 1864. Educated at Durham grammar school he began in practise as a solicitor in London, before turning to journalism writing for the 'Sporting Magazine'. In 1831 together with Rudolph Ackermann he founded 'The New Sporting Magazine' and started writing fiction.
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Robert Southey was an English poet and writer. He was born in 1774 at Bristol and died in 1843. The son of a linen draper, he was educated at Westminster and Balliol College, Oxford, by the help of relatives. Influenced by the French Revolution, he developed and advanced ideas in politics and religion, and with Samuel Coleridge, whom he met at Oxford in 1794, cherished vain dreams of establishing what they described as a Pantisocracy or communal republic in the New World. Robert Southey's advanced ideas were reflected in his early literature which included the drama 'Wat Tyler' and 'Joan of Arc', an historical epic. A trip to Spain and Portugal from 1795 until 1796 gave him a lasting interest in those countries. By 1803 Robert Southey was earnestly involved in writing and moved to Keswick in the Lake District where he became friends with William Wordsworth. In 1813 he was appointed poet laureate.
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Robert Southwell was an English Jesuit priest and poet. He was born in 1561 at Horsham St Faith, Norwich and died in 1595. Educated at Dousai and Paris, in 1577 he was received into the Society of Jesus at Rome where he became prefect of the English college. He was ordained as a priest in 1584, and returned to England in 1587 to minister his col-religionists in defiance of the Act excluding English-born Roman Catholic priests from the kingdom. He became chaplain to the countess of Arundel, but in 1592 was betrayed and was imprisoned in the Tower of London where he was tortured, including suffering thirteen separate sessions on the rack, before being hanged at Tyburn on February the 21st 1595.
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Robert Spencer (second earl of Sunderland) was an English statesman and courtier. He was born in 1640 at Paris and died in 1702. He was educated abroad and at Oxford before holding several diplomatic appointments and being appointed secretary of state in 1679. In 1697 he became lord chamberlain, resigning shortly afterwards.
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Robert Stephenson was a British engineer. He was born in 1803 at Willington Quay, Newcastle and died in 1859. The son of George Stephenson, he shared his named with his grandfather and helped his father to survey the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1821 before entering Edinburgh University. Poor health compelled him to go abroad and in 1824 he accepted an offer to superintend gold and silver mines in Colombia. Returning to Britain in 1827 he helped his father with the building of the Rocket locomotive to which construction Robert Stephenson suggested a number of improvements. Robert Stephenson constructed the first railway into London, the Birmingham-London line constructed between 1833 and 1838. He was also involved in the construction of bridges, including the Menai bridge and the Victoria bridge over the St Lawrence river in Montreal. In 1847 he was elected member of parliament for Whitby and represented the town until his death. Robert Stephenson was president of the Institution of Civil Engineers from 1856 until 1857.
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Robert Stevenson was a Scottish engineer. He was born in 1772 and died in 1850. Educated at the Andersonian Institute, Glasgow and at Edinburgh University, he learned lighthouse engineering from his stepfather, Thomas Smith and constructed some twenty lighthouses, including the Bell Rock lighthouse and made improvements in the lighting systems. He invented the flashing light for use in lighthouses.
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Robert Field Stockton was an American sailor. He was born in 1795 and died in 1866. The grandson of Richard Stockton, he was in the navy in the War of 1812, and was distinguished in the ensuing Algerine War. He was engaged in the establishment of Liberia and in the capture of slavers and pirates. He was the chief promoter of the Delaware and Raritan Canal. As a captain he commanded a squadron on the California coast in the Mexican War, and co-operated with Fremont in the conquest of that province. He captured Los Angeles, and organized a government. Commodore Robert Stockton left the navy in 1850 and was US Senator from New Jersey from 1851 to 1853. He was a delegate to the Peace Congress of 1861.
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Sir Robert Strange was a Scottish engraver. He was born in 1721 at Kirkwall, Orkney and died in 1792. Trained as a lawyer at Edinburgh, he afterwards studied engraving at London. He was involved in the Jacobite uprising of 1745, afterwards fleeing to Rouen where he studied before going to Paris and returning to Britain in 1750, where he was knighted in 1787.
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Robert Surcouf was a French privateer. He was born in 1773 at St Malo and died in 1827. His principal exploits were in the Indian Ocean. In 1785 he captured the Triton and in 1800 the Kent, causing a major sensation.
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Robert Surtees was an English antiquary. He was born in 1779 at Durham and died in 1834. Educated at Christ Church, Oxford in 1802 he settled on his paternal estate at Mainsforth and devoted himself to the collection of local material regarding the history and antiquities of Durham, which he documented in several volumes.
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Robert T Jones was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Arizona from 1939 until 1941.
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Robert T Stafford was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Vermont from 1959 until 1961.
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Robert Tannahill was a Scottish poet and weaver. He was born in 1774 at Paisley and died in 1810. He was a sad man, and ultimately drowned himself.
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Robert Toombs was an American jurist and politician. He was born in 1810 and died in 1885. He was one of the most influential Secessionists. Educated at Union College he rose to distinction as a lawyer in Georgia. He served in the Creek War, in the legislature, and as a State-Rights Whig in Congress from 1845 to 1853. While in Congress he favoured and took part in the compromise measures of 1850. He was US Senator from Georgia 1853 to 1861. Senator Toombs was one of the most active champions of the slave power, and when the crisis occurred in 1860 he was second to none in energy as a disunionist He aided powerfully in forcing his State to secede. During the American Civil War he was at different times Congressman, Secretary of State, and a brigadier-general. Afterward he practised law, and refused persistently to take the oath of allegiance to the Government. In his last years he devoted himself to a contest with the railway power.
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Sir Robert Richard Torrens was an Irish colonial premier and agrarian reformer. He was born in 1814 at Cork and died in 1884. He went to Australia in 1840 and became a collector of customs and colonial treasurer in 1852. He became premier in 1857 and introduced the Torrens Act, a measure of land reform.
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Robert Treat was an English colonist. He was born in 1622 and died in 1701. He went to Connecticut from England early in the seventeenth century. He was a deputy from 1653 to 1659, and an assistant from 1659 to 1664. He opposed the union of New Haven and Connecticut. He commanded the Connecticut forces in King Philip's War. He was Deputy-Governor of Connecticut from 1676 to 1683, and Governor from 1683 to 1698, except two years under Sir Edmund Andros from 1687 to 1689. He was again Deputy-Governor from 1698 to 1708.
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Robert Treat Paine was an American jurist and politician. He was born in 1731 and died in 1814. He was a member of the Massachusetts Assembly from 1773 to 1774, and of the Provincial Congress from 1774 to 1775. He was a delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1778 and signed the American Declaration of Independence. He was Attorney-General of Massachusetts from 1780 to 1790, and a Judge of the Massachusetts Supreme Court from 1790 to 1804, when he resigned. He was renowned as an able lawyer and an impartial judge.
Robert Treat Paine was an American poet. He was born in 1773 and died in 1811).
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Robert Trimble was an American jurist. He was born in 1777 and died in 1828. He was appointed Chief Justice of Kentucky in 1810. He became US District Attorney in 1813, and was District Judge of Kentucky from 1816 to 1836. He was a Justice of the US Supreme Court from 1826 to 1828.
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Robert W Furnas was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Nebraska from 1873 until 1875.
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Robert W Scott was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of North Carolina from 1969 until 1973.
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Robert W Straub was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Oregon from 1975 until 1979.
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Robert W Waterman was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of California from 1887 until 1891.
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Robert Wace was an Anglo-Normal historical poet of the 12th century. He wrote an account of the Norman Dukes.
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Robert James Walker was an American Cabinet officer. He was born in 1801 and died in 1869. Educated in the University of Pennsylvania, he studied law, and removed to Mississippi. He was Democratic US Senator from that State from 1836 to 1845. He favoured the annexation of Texas, and the same year refused the nomination for Vice-President. In 1845 President Polk called him to the Treasury Department which he conducted until 1849. He is identified with the 'Walker revenue tariff' of 1846. He favoured the warehouse system and the creation of the Interior Department. He was Governor of Kansas from 1857 until 1858, and during the American Civil War was US financial agent in Europe.
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Robert Walpole, Earl of Orford was a Brit, statesman. he was born in 1676 at Houghton, Norfolk and died in 1745. The son of a Whig country gentleman of Houghton, Norfolk he became member of Parliament for Castle Rising in 1701 and sat for King's Lynn from 1702 until 1742. In 1712 the Tories seized a pretext for imprisoning him. In 1713 Townsend married his sister Dorothy and Walpole became first lord of the Treasury and chancellor of Exchequer in 1715 and in 1720 following the South Sea Bubble crisis he became prime minister.
One of the greatest British, statesmen Robert Walpole sought to bring the court and the House of Commons into a working alliance to unite the nation under the new dynasty by keeping as free as possible from foreign alliances, and to make the nation prosperous, and he may be said to have succeeded in these aims. At the same time he was described as a crass and unrefined man and allegations of corruption for his own political benefit were made against him.
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Robert Winthrop was an American politician. He was born in 1809 and died in 1894. A descendant of Governor John Winthrop, he was eduated at Harvard, graduating in 1828. He was a Whig in politics, and was Speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives. From 1841 to 1850 he represented his State in the lower House of Congress, where he acquired a reputation as a debater and orator. He was Speaker of the House in 1847-1849, and was defeated in 1849 for re-election to the chair. In 1850-1851 he was US Senator, but a coalition of Democrats and Free-Soilers defeated him. The same year he failed as the Whig candidate for Governor. Robert Winthrop received a plurality of votes, but as the law then required a majority the choice went to the legislature, where he was beaten. Robert Winthrop was noted as a classic orator, particularly on historical themes. His addresses on anniversary occasions, as at the Yorktown Centennial in 1881, were greatly admired.
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Robert Wright was an American politician. He was a Democratic-Republican governor of Maryland from 1806 until 1809.
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Robert Young Hayne was an American politician. He was born in 1791 and died in 1839. He served during the War of 1812, and was a member of the South Carolina Legislature from 1814 to 1818, in which year he was Speaker. From 1818 to 1832 he was Attorney-General of the State, and in 1823 was sent to the US Senate, where he strenuously opposed the protective system, denying its constitutionality. He asserted that under the Constitution a State had the right to arrest the operation of such Federal enactments as she considered unconstitutional. This led to the famous debate between Webster and Hayne in 1830, respecting State rights and nullification. He was chairman of the State Convention in 1832, which reported the celebrated ordinance of nullification, and was Governor of South Carolina from 1832 to 1834, when that State prepared to enforce the nullification ordinance and make armed resistance against the Federal authority; but the tariff bill of Henry Clay compromised the difficulties.
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Robert Yates was an American juirst. He was born in 1738 at New York and died in 1801. He was the author of numerous essays signed 'The Rough Hewer', which advocated the insurgent cause. He was a member of the New York Provincial Congress from 1775 to 1778. He became one of the Committee of Safety in 1776. He became a Judge of the New York Supreme Co | 
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