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Thomas a Kempis was a German Augustinian monk and writer. He was born in 1379 and died in 1471. He wrote many works about monastic life and also an instruction manual on how to live a religious life, entitled 'The Imitation of Christ', first published anonymously in 1418 and completed in 1424.
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Thomas A Hendricks was an American politician. He was born in 1819 and died in 1885. He was admitted to the bar in 1843. He was elected to the Indiana House of Representatives in 1848, and became a State Senator in 1849. In 1850 he was chosen a member of the convention to revise the State Constitution, and represented Indiana in the Congress of the United States from 1851 to 1855. He was appointed by President Pierce Commissioner of the General Land Office, serving from 1855 to 1859, and from 1863 to 1869 was a US Senator. He was Governor of Indiana from 1872 to 1877, and in 1876 was the Democratic candidate for Vice-President of the United States on the ticket with Samuel Tilden. He was the unanimous choice of the Democratic party for Vice-President in 1884, and was elected on the ticket with Grover Cleveland for President, but died during his first year of office.
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Thomas A Osborn was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Kansas from 1873 until 1877.
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Thomas Adams is a British gangster. He was born in 1957. Thomas Adams is a senior member of London's Adams family, and is believed to have amassed a fortune of about £50 million through drugs and extortion. He is also known to have ordered the killings of at least thirty informers and competitors.
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Thomas Aird was a Scottish poet and miscellaneous writer. He was born in 1802 and died in 1876. A friend of Professor Wilson, De Quincey, and Carlyle, he was for a long time editor of a newspaper in Dumfries. He wrote the Devil's Dream on Mount Aksbeck, The Old Bachelor, and other works.
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Thomas Bailey Aldrich was an American writer and poet. He was born in 1836 at Portsmouth, New Hampshire and died in 1907. He entered business in New York in 1854 and in 1857 became a journalist. He was editor of the Atlantic Monthly from 1881 until 1890.
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Thomas Allen was an English mathematician, philosopher, antiquarian, and astrologer. He was born in 1542 and died in 1632. He studied at Oxford, and lived the greater part of his life in learned retirement, corresponding with many of the famous men of his time. In his own day he was generally reputed a dealer in the black art of witchcraft.
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Thomas Andrews was an Irish chemist. He was born in 1813 at Belfast and died in 1885. He studied chemistry at Glasgow under Thomas Thomson, and for a short time in Paris; then medicine at Belfast, Dublin, and Edinburgh, taking the degree of MD at the last place. After practising and teaching chemistry for ten years in Belfast, he was appointed vice-president of the Northern College there, which in 1849 was converted into Queen's College at which point he became president, and was professor of chemistry in Queens College from 1845 to 1879. He published important researches into the heat evolved and absorbed in chemical combinations, and in connection with the liquefaction of gases.
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Thomas Augustine Arne was an English composer. He was born in 1710 at London and died in 1778. His first opera, Rosamond, was performed in 1733 at Lincoln's-Inn Fields, and was received with great applause. Then followed Fielding's comic opera, Tom Thumb, or the Tragedy of Tragedies. His style in the Comus (1738) is still more original and cultivated. To him we owe the national air Rule Britannia, originally given in a popular piece called the Masque of Alfred. After having composed two oratorios and several operas he received the title of Doctor of Music at Oxford. He composed, also, music for several of the songs in Shakespeare's dramas, and various pieces of instrumental music.
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Thomas Arnold was an English teacher. He was born in 1795 at Cowes, Isle of Wight and died in 1842. He entered Oxford in his sixteenth year, and in 1815 he was elected fellow of Oriel College, and both in that year and 1817 he obtained the chancellor's prize for Latin and English essays. After taking deacon's orders he settled at Laleham, near Staines, where he employed himself in preparing young men for the universities. In 1828 he was appointed headmaster of Rugby School, and devoted himself to his new duties with the greatest ardour. While giving due prominence to the classics, he deprived them of their exclusiveness by introducing various other branches into his course, and he was particularly careful that the education which he furnished should be in the highest sense moral and Christian. His success was remarkable. Not only did Rugby School become crowded beyond any former precedent, but the superiority of Dr. Arnold's system became so generally recognized that it may be justly said to have done much for the general improvement of the public schools of England. In 1841 he was appointed professor of modern history at Oxford, and delivered his introductory course of lectures with great success. His chief works are his edition of Thucydides, his Roman History, unhappily left unfinished, and his Sermons.
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Thomas Arundel was an English politician. He was born in 1352 and died in 1413. He was the third son of Richard Fitz-Alan, Earl of Arundel. He was chancellor of England and Archbishop of Canterbury. He concerted with Bolingbroke to deliver the nation from the oppression of Richard II, and was a bitter persecutor of the Lollards and followers of Wickliffe.
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Thomas Astle was an English antiquary. He was born in 1735 and died in 1803. He was a trustee of the British Museum and keeper of the public records in the Tower. His chief work, The Origin and Progress of Writing, appeared in 1784, and the portion dealing with mediaeval handwriting is still of value. He formed a famous collection of manuscripts., the most valuable portion of which is now in the British Museum.
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Thomas B Jeter was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of South Carolina during 1880.
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Thomas B Robertson was an American politician. He was a Jeffersonian Republican governor of Louisiana from 1820 until 1824.
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Thomas B Stanley was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Virginia from 1954 until 1958.
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Thomas Babington (Lord Macaulay) was a British historian and politician. He was born in 1800 at Bothley, Leicestershire and died in 1859. He entered parliament in 1830. He became Secretary for War in 1839.
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Thomas Baker was an English antiquary. He was born in 1656 and died in 1740. Educated at Cambridge, as a non-juror he lost his living at Long-Newton in 1690, and was compelled to resign his fellowship on the accession of George I, but continued to reside at St John's College until his death in 1740. His Reflections on Learning (1709-10) went through seven editions. He left in manuscript form forty-two folio volumes of an 'Athene Cantabrigienses', from which a "History of St. John's College" was edited by Professor Mayor in 1869.
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Thomas Banks was an English sculptor. He was born in 1735 and died in 1805. He studied sculpture in the Royal Academy, and in Italy, where he executed several excellent pieces, particularly a bass-relief representing Caractacus brought prisoner to Rome, and a Cupid catching a Butterfly, the latter work being afterwards purchased by the Empress Catharine. On leaving Italy he spent two unsatisfactory years in Russia, and then returned to England, where he was soon after made an academician. Among his other works was a colossal statue of Achilles Mourning the Loss of Briseis in the hall of the British Institution, and the monument of Sir Eyre Coote in Westminster Abbey.
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Dr Thomas John Barnardo ('The Foster-Father of Nobody's Children') was a British philanthropist. He was born in 1845 at Dublin and died in 1905. After training as a doctor in London, Edinburgh, and Paris, he took up religious work in the slums of London, devoting himself to the care and attention of destitute children and in 1866 founded the national homes for children 'Barnardo's'. It was a rule of the founder that no destitute child should be refused admission, many of the children being sent to Canada and other British colonies around the world.
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Thomas Haynes Bayly was an English poet, novelist, dramatist, and miscellaneous writer. He was born in 1797 and died in 1839. Educated at Oxford, and intended for the church. He wrote thirty-six pieces for the stage, most of which were successful; several novels: Aylmers, Kindness in Women, etc; and numerous songs. As a song writer he was most prolific and most popular: The Soldier's Tear, We met - 'twas in a Crowd, and a few others, were well known for years later.
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Thomas Spencer Baynes was an English philosopher and writer. He was born in 1823 at Wellington, Somerset, and died in1887. He studied under Sir William Hamilton at Edinburgh, and acted as his class assistant from 1851 to 1855. From 1857 to 1863 he was resident in London, where he acted as examiner in logic and mental philosophy in the University of London, and as assistant editor on the Daily News, In 1864 he was appointed to the chair of logic, rhetoric, and metaphysics in St Andrews University, a post he held until his death. In 1873, when he became editor of the ninth edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, his wide acquaintance with men of letters and learning assisted him greatly in the selection of suitable contributors. He translated the Port Royal Logic, and was a frequent contributor to the principal reviews and literary journals.
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Thomas Becket (Thomas A Becket) was an English archbishop of Canterbury. He was born in 1117 or 1139 at London and died in 1170 when he was assassinated in Canterbury Cathedral, on the 29th of December. He was educated at Oxford and Paris, and was sent, by the favour of Theobald, Archbishop of Canterbury, to study civil law at Bologna in Italy, and on his return made Archdeacon of Canterbury and Provost of Beverley.
In 1158 Henry II appointed him high-chancellor and preceptor to his son, Prince Henry - the first instance after the Conquest of a high office being tilled by a native Englishman. At this period he was a complete courtier, conforming in every respect to the humour of the king. He was, in fact, the king's prime companion, held splendid levees, and courted popular applause. On the death of Theobald in 1162, he was consecrated archbishop, when he affected an extraordinary austerity of character, and appeared as a zealous champion of the church against the aggressions of the king, whose policy was to have the clergy in subordination to the civil power.
Thomas Becket was forced to assent to the Constitutions of Clarendon, but a series of bitter conflicts with the king followed, ending in Becket's flight to France, when he appealed to the pope, by whom he was supported. After much negotiation a sort of reconciliation took place in 1170, and Becket returned to England, resumed his office, and renewed his defiance of the royal authority. A rash hint from the king induced four barons, Keginald Fitz-Urse, William de Tracy, Hugh de Morville, and Richard Breto, to go to Canterbury and murder the archbishop while at vespers in the cathedral. He was canonized in. 1172, and the splendid shrine erected at Canterbury for his remains was, for three centuries, a favourite place of pilgrimage.
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Thomas Beddoes was an English physician and author. He was born in 1760 and died in 1808. He was educated at Oxford, London, and Edinburgh. After taking his doctor's degree and visiting Paris, he was appointed professor of chemistry at Oxford. There he published some excellent chemical treatises, and Observations on the Calculus, Sea-scurvy, Consumption, Catarrh, and Fever.
His expressed sympathy with the French revolutionists led to his retirement from his professorship in 1792, soon after which he published his Observations on the Nature of Demonstrative Evidence, and the exceedingly popular History of Isaac Jenkins. In 1794 he married a sister of Maria Edgeworth; and in 1798, with the pecuniary aid of Wedgwood, opened a pneumatic institution for curing phthisical and other diseases by inhalation of gases. It speedily became an ordinary hospital, but was noteworthy as connected with the discovery of the properties of nitrous oxide, and as having been superintended by the young Humphry Davy. Beddoes' essays on Consumption (1779) and on Fever (1807), and his Hygeia (3 volumes 1807) had a high contemporary repute.
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Thomas Bell was an English zoologist. He was born in 1792 at Poole, Dorset, and died in 1880. He became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1815, and soon secured a large practice as a dentist. In 1832 he was appointed professor of zoology in King's College, London. His best-known separate works are his histories of British Quadrupeds, British Reptiles, and British Stalk-eyed Crustacea, published in Van Voorst's series. In 1877 he published an excellent edition of White's Natural History of Selborne.
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Thomas Bennett was an American politician. He was a Democratic-Republican governor of South Carolina from 1820 until 1822.
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Thomas Berry was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of South Dakota from 1933 until 1937.
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Thomas Bewick was an English wood-engraver. He was born in 1753 at Northumberland and died in 1828. He was apprenticed to Beilby, an engraver in Newcastle and produced the wood cuts for Hutton's Mensuration. Afterwards he went to London and won the Society of Arts' prize for wood-engraving in 1775. Returning in a short time to Newcastle he entered into partnership with Beilby, and became known as a skilled wood-engraver and designer by his illustrations to Gay's Fables, Aesop's Fables, etc. He quite established his fame by the issue in 1790 of his History of Quadrupeds (text compiled by Beilby), the illustrations of which were superior to anything hitherto produced in the art of wood-engraving. In 1797 appeared the first, and in 1804 the second volume of his British Birds, generally regarded as the finest of his works (text partly by Bewick). Enlarged and improved editions of both books soon followed. Among his other works may be cited the engravings for Goldsmith's Traveller and Deserted Village, Parnell's Hermit, and Somer vine's Chase.
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Thomas Bibb was an American politician. He was a Democratic-Republican governor of Alabama from 1820 until 1821.
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Thomas Binney was an English clergyman. He was born in 1798 at Newcastle-on-Tyne and died in 1874. He was a popular independent preacher, theologian, and controversialist of his time and was pastor of Weigh House Chapel, London, for forty years. He was a voluminous writer on polemical subjects, his most successful venture as an author being 'Is it Possible to make the Best of Both Worlds?' a work for young men.
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Thomas Birch was an English historian and biographer. He was born in 1705 at London died in 1766 following a fall from his horse. He took orders in the church in 1730, and obtained in 1732 a living in Essex. In 1734 he engaged with others in writing the General Historical and Critical Dictionary, founded on that of Bayle, and completed, in ten volumes in 1741. He subsequently obtained various preferments in the church. Among his numerous works are Life of the Right Honourable Robert Boyle, 1744; Life of Archbishop Tillotson, 1752; Memoirs of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth, 1754; History of the Royal Society, 1757; etc. He was a friend and correspondent of Dr. Johnson.
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Thomas Blacklock was a Scottish poet. He was born in 1721 at Annan and died in 1791. At the age of six months he lost his sight due to small pox and as he grew up, his father, who was a bricklayer, and other friends, read to him the English classics. At the age of nineteen he lost his father, and was supported by Dr. Stephenson, a physician in Edinburgh, who sent him to school and to the university.
In 1746 he brought out a volume of poems, and soon gained a wide circle of friends, amongst whom were David Hume and Joseph Spence, who wrote an account of his life, prefixed to the third edition of his poems in 1756. After passing through the usual theological course he was licensed in 1759; he married in 1762; and was soon after appointed minister of Kirkcudbright. Being opposed by his parishioners, he resigned his living, and retired to Edinburgh, where he received students of the university as boarders, and assisted them in their studies.
In 1766 he was created DD. A letter written by him to a friend of Burns in 1786 is said by the poet to have induced him to give up his intended emigration and go to Edinburgh. Blacklock wrote, besides his poems, several prose works.
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Thomas Blood (Colonel Blood) was an Irish soldier. He was born in about 1618 and died in 1680. He was a disbanded officer of Oliver Cromwell, and lost some estates in Ireland at the Restoration. His whole life was one of plotting and adventure, though it is probable that he acted a double part, keeping the government informed of so much as might secure his own safety. His most daring exploit was an attempt to steal the crown jewels on the 9th of May, 1671 from the Tower of London. He was seized with the crown in his possession, but was not only pardoned by Charles, but obtained forfeited Irish estates of 500 pounds annual value.
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Sir Thomas Bodley was the founder of the Bodleian Library at Oxford. He was born in 1544 at Exeter and died in 1612. He was educated partly at Geneva, whither his parents, who were Protestants, had retired in the reign of Queen Mary. On the accession of Elizabeth I they returned home, and he completed his studies at Magdalen College, Oxford. He travelled much on the Continent, and was employed in various embassies to Denmark, Germany, France, and Holland. In 1597 he returned home, and dedicated the remainder of his life to the re-establishment and augmentation of the public library at Oxford. He expended a very large sum in collecting rare and valuable books, besides leaving an estate for the support of the library. He was knighted at the accession of James I.
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Thomas Boston was a Scottish divine. He was born in 1677 at Dunse and died 1732. He was educated at Edinburgh University. received license to preach in 1697, and in 1707 was appointed to the parish of Ettrick in Selkirkshire, where he remained all his life. Besides engaging hotly in the ecclesiastical controversies of his time, Thomas Boston published a volume of sermons, several theological treatises, and his two well-known works, The Crook in the Lot and Human Nature in its Fourfold State.
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Thomas Edward Bowdich was an African explorer. He was born in 1790 and died in 1824 of disease in the Gambia. In 1816 he led an embassy to the King of Ashantee, and afterwards, in 1819, published an account of his mission . Having undertaken a second African expedition, he arrived in the river Gambia, where he died of disease in 1824.
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Thomas Bowdler was an English author. He was born in 1754 and died in 1825. In 1818 he published an edition of Shakespeare's works in which he had removed all the phrases which he considered to be coarse or indecent, and titled his work The Family Shakespeare. His crude form of censorship gave rise to the term bowdlerise, meaning to alter.
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Thomas Bradwardine was an English prelate. He was born about 1290 and died 1349. He was known as 'Doctor Profundus,' and was Archbishop of Canterbury, He was distinguished for his varied learning, and more particularly for his treatise De Causa Dei contra Pelagium, an extensive work against the Pelagian heresy, for centuries a standard authority. He was chaplain and confessor to Edward III, whom he accompanied to France, being present at Cressy and the capture of Calais. Being appointed archbishop he hastened to England, but died of the black death on reaching London.
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Thomas Bragg was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of North Carolina from 1855 until 1859.
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Thomas Brassey was an English railway contractor. He was born in 1805 at Buerton, Cheshire and died in 1870. Trained as a land surveyor, in 1834 he obtained a contract for a railway viaduct and afterwards moved to London and became known as a railway contractor. His constructions were on an enormous scale and were built across Europe, America, India and Australia. He built the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada and the Great Bridge over the St Lawrence at Montreal.
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Thomas Macdouglas Brisbane was a Scottish soldier and astronomer. He was born in 1773 and died in 1860. After serving in Flanders and the West Indies he commanded a brigade under the Duke of Wellington during the Peninsular War, and took part in the battles of Vittoria, Orthes, and Toulouse. In 1821 he was appointed governor of New South Wales, where his administration tended greatly to promote the prosperity of the colony. At the same time he devoted himself to astronomy, and from his observatory at Paramatta catalogued 7385 stars, until then scarcely known. On his return to Scotland he continued his astronomical pursuits.
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Thomas Brown was an English poet and miscellaneous writer. He was born in 1663 at Shifnal and died in 1704. He was described by Addison as 'of facetious memory'. He was the author of numerous dialogues, letters, poems, etc, witty, coarse, and indelicate, first collected in 1707.
Thomas Edward Brown was a Manx poet. He was born in 1830 and died in 1897. Educated at King William's College, Isle of Man, and Christ Church, Oxford, he was a fellow of Oriel from 1854 until 1858, vice-principal of King William's College from 1858 until 1861, and second master at Clifton College, Bristol, from 1863 until 1892. His chief poems are of a narrative class, but he had also a decided lyric gift. His best known volume is entitled Fo'c's'le Yarns, others being The Doctor and Other Poems, The Manx Witch and Other Poems, and Old John and Other Poems. A collective edition of his poems appeared in 1900, and his letters have also been published, with a memoir.
Thomas Brown was an American politician. He was a Whig governor of Florida from 1849 until 1853.
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Sir Thomas Browne was a British physician prose writer. He was born in 1605 at Cheapside, London and died in 1682. Educated at Winchester and Broadgates Hall (Pembroke College), Oxford. He studied medicine at Oxford, Montpellier, Paduna and Leiden before settling as a physician at Norwich where he spent the rest of his life.
In 1642 was published his Heligio Medici (a Physician's Religion), which excited the attention of the learned, not only in England but throughout Europe, gave rise to doubts of the author's orthodoxy, and was translated into various languages. In 1646 his literary reputation was still further heightened by the appearance of his Pseudodoxia Epidemica, or Treatise on Vulgar Errors, a work of extraordinary learning, and accounted the most solid and useful of his literary labours. In 1658 his Hydriotaphia, or Treatise on Urn-Burial, appeared con jointly with his Garden of Cyrus, a work treating of horticulture from Adam's time to that of Cyrus. These works ranked him very high as an antiquary; and he maintained a wide correspondence with the learned both at home and abroad. In 1665 he was constituted an honorary member of the College of Physicians, and in 1671 Charles II, visiting Norwich, conferred on him the honour of knighthood.
Of a most amiable private character, he was happy in the affection of his large family and numerous friends; and passed through a remarkably tranquil and prosperous literary and professional life. Though he wrote exposing vulgar errors he was himself a believer in alchemy, astrology, and witchcraft.
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Thomas Robert Bugeaud, Duke D'Isly was a marshal of France. He was born in 1784 and died in 1849. He entered the army in 1804 as a simple grenadier, but rose to be colonel before the fall of Napoleon. After the revolution of 1830 he obtained a seat in the Chamber of Deputies. He was afterwards sent to Algeria, where he gained many advantages over the Arabs. On the revolution of 1848 he adhered to Louis Philippe to the last. Under the presidency of Louis Napoleon he was appointed commander-in-chief of the army of the Alps.
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Thomas Burke was an American politician. He was a governor of North Carolina from 1781 until 1782.
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Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton was an English philanthropist and abolitionist. He was born in 1786 and died in 1845. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin, in 1811 he joined the firm of the celebrated brewers, Truman Hanbury, & Company, and took an active share in the business. The Spitalfields distress in 1816 was the occasion of his turning his attention to philanthropic efforts, and along with his sister-in-law, the celebrated Elizabeth Fry, he made inquiries which directed public attention to the system of prison discipline. In 1818 he was elected member of parliament for Weymouth, and was long the able coadjutor of William Wilberforce in his efforts for the abolition of slavery. He was created a baronet in 1840.
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Thomas C Fletcher was an American politician. He was a Radical Republican governor of Missouri from 1865 until 1869.
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Thomas Campbell was a Scottish poet. He was born in 1777 at Glasgow and died in 1844. Educated at the university of Glasgow, after leaving the university he resided for a short time in Edinburgh; and all at once attained the zenith of his fame by publishing, in 1799, his Pleasures of Hope. It produced an extraordinary sensation, and soon became a familiar book at almost every hearth throughout the kingdom.
In 1803, after spending some time in Germany, Campbell published an edition of the Pleasures of Hope with the addition of some of the finest lyrics in the English language, including Hohenlinden, Ye Mariners of England, and the Exile of Erin. In 1803 he went to London, and in 1806 obtained a pension of 200 pounds through the influence of Mr. Fox. After this he appears for a time to have given his attention less to poetry than prose, and wrote various compilations, articles for Brewster's Edinburgh Encyclopaedia, etc.
In 1809 he again made his appearance as a poet, and published Gertrude of Wyoming, Lord Ullin's Daughter, and the Battle of the Baltic. After publishing Specimens of English Poets accompanied by critical essays, he became editor in 1820 of the New Monthly Magazine. He took an active part in the foundation of London University, and in 1827 was elected rector of Glasgow University. After this though he continued to occupy himself with literature, he published his Letters from the South, a Life of Mrs. Siddons, and a Life of Petrarch, his productions were much inferior to his earlier efforts.
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Thomas Carew was a British poet. He was born in 1595 and died in 1639. Educated at Oxford, he cultivated polite literature in the midst of a life of affluence and gaiety, and was the subject of much eulogy by Ben Jonson, Davenant, and other writers of the period. His works are masques, lyrics, and sonnets, and were first printed in 1640. Thomas Carew is coupled with Waller as one of the improvers of English versification.
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Thomas Carlin was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Illinois from 1838 until 1842.
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Thomas Carlyle was a British essayist, historian, and philosopher. He was born in 1795 at Ecclefechan and died in 1881 at Chelsea. He was the eldest son of James Carlyle, a mason, afterwards a farmer, and was intended for the church, with which object he was carefully educated at the parish school and afterwards at the burgh school of Annan. In his fifteenth year (in 1810) he was sent to the University of Edinburgh, where he developed a strong taste for mathematics. Having renounced the idea of becoming a minister, after finishing his curriculum in 1814 he became a teacher for about four years, first at Annan, afterwards
at Kirkcaldy.
In 1818 he removed to Edinburgh, where he supported himself by literary work, devoted much time to the study of German, and went through a varied and extensive course of reading in history, poetry, romance, and other fields. His first literary productions were short biographies and other articles for the Edinburgh Encyclopaedia. His career as an author may be said to have begun with the issue in monthly portions of his Life of Schiller in the London Magazine, in 1823, this work being enlarged and published separately in 1825. In 1824 he published a translation of Legendre's Geometry, with an essay on proportion by himself prefixed. The same year appeared his translation of Goethe's Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship. He was next engaged in translating specimens of the German romance writers, published in four volumes in 1827. In 1826 he married Miss Jane Bailie Welsh, daughter of a doctor at Haddington, and a lineal descendant of John Knox.
After his marriage he resided for a time in Edinburgh, and then withdrew to Craigenputtock, a farm in Dumfriesshire belonging to his wife, about fifteen miles from the town of Dumfries. Here he wrote a number of critical and biographical articles for various periodicals; and here was written Sartor Resartus, the most original of his works. The writing of Sartor Resartus seems to have been finished in 1831, but the publishers were shy of it, and it was not given to the public until 1833-34, through the medium of Fraser's Magazine.
The publication of Sartor soon made Thomas Carlyle famous, and on his removal to London early in 1834 he became a prominent member of a brilliant literary circle embracing John Stuart Mill, Leigh Hunt, John Sterling, Julius Charles and Augustus William Hare, P D Maurice, etc. He fixed his abode at Cheyne Row, Chelsea, where his life henceforth was mainly spent.
His next work of importance was on the French Revolution, published in 1837. About this time, and on one or two subsequent years, he delivered several series of lectures, the most important of these, On Heroes and Hero-worship, being published in 1840. Chartism, published in 1839, and Past and Present, in 1843, were small works bearing more or less on the affairs of the time. In 1845 appeared his Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches, with Elucidations, a work of great research, and brilliantly successful in vindicating the character of the great Protector. In 1850 came out his Latter-day Pamphlets. This work was very repulsive to many from the exaggeration of its language, and its advocacy of harsh and coercive measures. He next wrote a life of his friend John Sterling, published in 1851, and regarded as a finished and artistic performance.
The largest and most laborious work of his life, The History of Friedrich II of Prussia, called Frederick the Great, next appeared, the first two volumes in 1858, the second two in 1862, and the last two in 1865, and after this time little came from his pen. In 1866, having been elected Lord Rector of Edinburgh University, he delivered an installation address to the students On the Choice of Books. While still in Scotland the sad news reached him that his wife had died suddenly in London. This was a severe blow to Thomas Carlyle. Mrs. Carlyle, besides being a woman of exceptional intellect, was a most devoted and affectionate wife. From this time his productions were mostly articles or letters on topics of the day, including Shooting Niagara; and After? in which he gave vent to his serious misgivings as to the result of the Reform Bill of 1867. An unimportant historical sketch, The Early Kings of Norway, appeared in 1874, but was written long before.
Towards the end of his life he was offered a government pension and a baronetcy, but declined both. He left the estate of Craigenputtock to the University of Edinburgh, settling that the income from it should form ten bursaries to be annually competed for - five for proficiency in mathematics and five for classics (including English). He had appointed James Anthony Froude his literary executor, who, in conformity with his trust, published Reminiscences of Thomas Carlyle, in 1881; Thomas Carlyle: the First Forty Years of his Life, in 1882; Letters of Jane Welsh Carlyle in 1883; and Thomas Carlyle: Life in London published in 1884; The character of Thomas Carlyle presented in these volumes gave an unexpected shock to the public, and a bitter controversy has raged regarding Froude's conduct in the matter. Meantime the reputation of Carlyle has suffered somewhat.
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Thomas Carney was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Kansas from 1863 until 1865.
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Thomas Carrick was an English miniature painter. He was born in 1802 at Upperley, near Carlisle and died in 1875. He was a self taught artist who started life as a chemist, but neglected chemistry for painting.
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Thomas Carte was an English historian. He was born in 1686 and died in 1754. He studied in Oxford and Cambridge before entering the Church. Having incurred the suspicion of having been concerned in plots against the government he fled to France and remained abroad for some years, returning in 1728. In 1736 he published Life of James, Duke of Ormonde, and in 1747-52 three volumes of his voluminous History of England, a fourth being published in 1755. His work is distinguished by careful and elaborate research, and has supplied Hume and other historians with much material.
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Thomas Cartwright was one of the eminent Puritan divines of the 16th century. He was born in 1535 at Hertfordshire in 1535 and died in 1603. He suffered imprisonment and exile more than once for his nonconformist opinions. He was a learned man, and at one time professor of divinity at Cambridge.
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Thomas Cavendish (Thomas Candish) was an English explorer. He was born about 1555 and died in 1592. Having collected three small vessels for the purpose of making a predatory voyage to the Spanish colonies, he sailed from Plymouth in 1586, took and destroyed many vessels, ravaged the coasts of Chili, Peru, and New Spain and retuend by the Cape of Good Hope, having circumnavigated the globe in two years and forty-nine days, a record at the time. In 1591 he set sail on another similar expedition, but was killed before his return.
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Thomas Chalmers was a Scottish divine. He was born in 1780 at Anstruther Easter, Fife and died in 1847. At the age of twelve he was sent from the parish school to the University of St Andrews, and after studying there seven years, was licensed as a preacher in July, 1799. During the two following years he studied mathematics and chemistry in Edinburgh, and then became assistant to the professor of mathematics at St Andrews. In 1803 he was presented to the parish of Kilmany, in Fife, where he made a high reputation as a preacher. In 1804 he was defeated in an application for the chair of natural philosophy at St Andrews, and again in 1805 for the same chair in Edinburgh University. In 1808 he published an Inquiry into the Extent and Stability of National Resources. In 1813 his article on Christianity appeared in the Edinburgh Encyclopaedia, and shortly afterwards his review of Georges Cuvier's Theory of the Earth, in the Christian Instructor.
His fame as a preacher had by this time extended itself throughout Scotland, and in 1815 he was inducted to the Tron Church of Glasgow. His astronomical discourses delivered there in the following winter produced a sensation not only in the city but throughout the country, 20,000 copies selling in the first year of their publication. It was while pastor of this church that he developed his scheme for the reorganization of the parochial system with a view to more efficient work among the destitute and outcast classes, his influence leading to a considerable extension of the means of popular instruction, both religious and secular.
In 1819 he was transferred from the Tron to St John's, a church built and endowed expressly for him by the Town Council of Glasgow, but his health having been tried by overwork he accepted, in 1823, the chair of moral philosophy at St Andrews. In 1827 he was elected to the divinity chair in the University of Edinburgh, an appointment which he continued to hold until the Disruption from the Scottish church in 1843. In 1832 he published his Political Economy, and shortly afterwards his Bridgewater Treatise On the Adaptation of External Nature to the Moral and Intellectual Constitution of Man. During this period he was occupied with the subject of church extension on the voluntary principle, but it was in the great non-intrusion movement in the Scottish church that his name became most prominent.
Throughout the whole contest to the Disruption in 1843, he acted as the leader of the party that then separated from the Establishment, and may be regarded as the founder of the Free Church of Scotland, of the first assembly of which he was moderator. Having vacated his professorial chair in the Edinburgh University, he was appointed principal and primarius professor of divinity in the new college of the Free Church. In addition to his duties in these posts, he continued in Edinburgh his zealous labours for the elevation of the 'home-heathen', giving a practical exemplification of his schemes by the establishment of a successful mission in West Port.
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Thomas Chatterton was an English poet. He was born in 1752 at Bristol and died in 1770. Of poor parents, ne was educated at a charity school. He exhibited great precocity, became extremely devoted to reading, and was especially fond of old writings and documents. At the age of fourteen he was apprenticed to an attorney. In 1768, when the new bridge at Bristol was completed, he inserted a paper in the Bristol Journal entitled A Description of the Friars' First Passing over the Old Bridge, which he pretended he had found along with other old manuscripts in an old chest in St Mary Redcliffe Church, Bristol. He also showed his friends several poems of similarly spurious antiquity which he attributed to one Rowley.
In 1769 he ventured to write to Horace Walpole, then engaged upon his Anecdotes of Painters, giving him an account of a number of old Bristol painters which was clever enough to deceive Horace Walpole for a time. Dismissed from the attorney's office, he left with his manuscripts for London, where a favourable reception from the booksellers gave him high hopes. For them he wrote numerous pamphlets, satires, letters, etc, but got no substantial return, and his situation became daily more desperate. At last, after having been several days without food, he poisoned himself, on the 25th of August 1770. The most remarkable of his poems are those published under the name of Rowley, spurious antiques, such as The Tragedy of AElla, The Battle of Hastings, The Bristow Tragedy, etc.
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Thomas Chipman McRae was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Arkansas from 1921 until 1925.
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Thomas Chippendale was one of England's most famous furniture makers. He was born in 1718 in Yorkshire and died in 1779. His London based cabinet making business flourished from about 1750 until his death in 1779. In 1752 he published the book 'The gentleman and Cabinet Maker's Director' which contained designs for furniture.
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Thomas Chittenden was an American politician. He was a governor of Vermont from 1778 until 1789.
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Thomas Chubb was an English writer. He was born in 1679 and died in 1746. Although engaged as a glover and chandler he gave his chief attention to philosophical and theological study, and was celebrated in the Arian controversy for his argumentative keenness. In this connection he published in 1715 The Supremacy of the Father Asserted, besides various other moral and theological tracts.
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Thomas Clarkson was an English anti-slavery advocate. He was born in 1760 at Wisbeach, Cambridgeshire and died in 1846. He was originally intended for the church, and studied at St John's College, Cambridge, where he gained the vice-chancellor's prize for a Latin essay on the theme, 'Anne liceat invitos in servitutem dare ?' (Is it lawful to make slaves of men against their will?), published in 1786. His researches for this dissertation roused in him a passionate antagonism to the slave-trade, and he allied himself with the Quakers and with William Wilberforce.
While the latter advocated the cause in parliament, Thomas Clarkson conducted the agitation throughout England, even crossing to France to obtain the co-operation of the National Convention. His labours went far to secure the prohibition of the slave-trade in 1807, in 1823 assisting in the founding the Anti-Slavery Society for the suppression of slavery in the West Indies, and the emancipation act of 1833. His literary works comprise: A Portraiture of Quakerism (1806); History of the Abolition of the Slave Trade (1808); Memoirs of William Penn (1813); Researches, Antediluvian, Patriarchal, and Historical (1836); besides numerous pamphlets, etc.
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Thomas Cochrane was a British admiral and the Tenth Earl of Dundonald. He was born in 1775 at Annsfield and died in 1860. At the age of eighteen he embarked with his uncle, then Captain, and afterwards Sir Alexander Cochrane, in the Hind, of twenty-eight guns, and soon distinguished himself by his daring and gallantry. In 1800 he was appointed to the Speedy, a sloop-of-war of fourteen guns, In charge of the 'Speedy', he captured off the coast of Spain, among others, the Spanish ship 'El Gamo' in May 1801. Soon afterwards he was himself captured by a French ship of the line. In 1805, while in command of the Pallas frigate, he took some rich prizes, and for the next four years in the Imperieuse performed remarkable exploits in cutting out vessels, storming batteries, destroying signals, etc. In the Basque Roads in 1809 with a division of fire-vessels he pushed within the enemy's lines, effecting immense destruction.
On his return to England he entered parliament, and by his attacks on the abuses of the naval administration made himself obnoxious to the authorities. He gave further offence by charging Lord Gambier, his superior officer, with neglect of duty (which was true); by denouncing the abuses of the prize-court, and the treatment of the prisoners of war. His enemies succeeded in 1814 in convicting him on a charge - since proved to be false - of originating a rumour, for speculative purposes, that Napoleon had abdicated. He was expelled from parliament, deprived of all his honours, imprisoned for a year, and fined 1000 pounds. The electors of Westminster immediately paid his fine and re-elected him, but he had to remain in prison until the expiration of his sentence.
In 1818 he took service in the Chilian navy, his exploits greatly aiding the national independence of that country, as well as soon after of Brazil. In 1832 he was restored to his rank in the British navy. In 1831, by the death of his father, he had succeeded to the name and title of Earl of Dundonald; in 1841 he became vice-admiral of the blue; in 1848 he was appointed commander-in-chief on the North America and West India station; and in 1851 and 1854 respectively he became vice-admiral of the white, and rear-admiral of the United Kingdom. He did much to promote the adoption of steam and the screw propeller in war-ships. He wrote an autobiography, which, though left incomplete, is a most interesting work.
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Thomas Cole was an English-born American painter. He was born in 1801 and died in 1848. Among- his most popular landscape works are the 'Voyage of Life', 'The Course of Empire', 'The White Mountains', and the 'Dream of Arcadia'.
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Thomas Collins was an American politician. He was a governor of Delaware from 1786 until 1789.
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Thomas Conway was a French soldier. He was born in 1733 and died in 1800. He went to the USA in 1777 and was made a brigadier-general. He was present at the Battle of Brandywine and at the Battle of Germantown. He was the leader of the 'Conway Cabal' conspiracy against George Washington, and was subsequently wounded in a duel fought with general John Cadwalader. Soon after he returned to France and was made Governor of Pondicherry.
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Thomas Cook was the founder of the great tourist agency of Thomas Cook & Son. He was born in 1808 and died in 1892. He began operations with short tourist trips from Leicester, where he lived, gradually increasing the length and number of his excursions; then moved to London in 1865, his only son, John Mason Cook, being now his partner, and the business extended with great rapidity. In 1872 he started on a tour round the world, to pave the way for tourist business, and in 1878 resigned the management to his son, John Mason Cook, under whose direction the operations of the firm may be said to have extended to the whole world. The latter was consulted by the British Government in connection with the Gordon relief expedition in 1884, and was entrusted with the conveyance of 18,000 British and Egyptian troops and an immense quantity of stores, etc, from Assiout to Wady Haifa. He died in 1899, leaving several sous to carry on the business, which grew to include banking and shipping departments. Under the auspices of the firm a trip round the world became an easy matter as early as 1900.
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Thomas Cooper was an English scientist. He was born in 1759 and died in 1840. An English democrat, he emigrated to the USA in 1795. He was one of those tried under the Sedition Act, was president of the College of South Carolina, and was one of the founders of political economy in America.
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Thomas Cooper was a British Chartist poet and miscellaneous writer. He was born in 1805 and died in 1892. While a shoemaker's apprentice he studied assiduously, became a schoolmaster and Methodist preacher, subsequently took up sceptical opinions, but latterly lectured in favour of Christianity. His prominence as a Chartist earned him imprisonment, and his chief work, a poem in the Spenserian stanza, called the Purgatory of Suicides, was written in Stafford Jail. He also wrote novels, an autobiography, etc.
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Thomas Sidney Cooper was an English landscape and cattle painter. He was born in 1803 at Canterbury and died in 1902. He studied at the Royal Academy school and on the Continent; first exhibited at the Academy in 1833, became A.R.A. in 1845, and R.A. in 1867. He produced a long series of works; in 1882 presented a gallery of art to his native town, Canterbury, and in 1890 published his autobiography.
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Thomas Coram was a Dorset seaman. He was born in 1668 and died in 1751. He established the Foundling Hospital, which was chartered in 1739 and intended as a refuge for the numerous unwanted children of London. He spent all his money on charities, and towards the end of his life was reduced to poverty, when an annuity was raised for him by public subscription.
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Thomas Corneille was a French dramatist. He was born in 1625 at Rouen and died in 1709. The brother of Pierre Corneille, they had married two sisters, and lived in the same house in the utmost harmony. Thomas Corneille began with comedies, which were imitations of the Spanish school, and were received with even greater applause than those of his brother. The first was Les Engagements du Ilasard (1647). His best tragedy is Ariane (1672). He is a dramatist of very secondary rank, laborious and cultivated, but wanting in original power.
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Thomas Corwin was an American politician. He was bon in 1794and died in 1865. He was a member of the Ohio Legislature from 1822 until 1829, and of the US House of Representatives in 1831, where he represented the Whig party until 1840, when he was elected Governor of Ohio. He was elected to the US Senate in 1844 and served until 1850 and to Congress in 1858 and 1860. He was appointed Minister to Mexico by President Abraham Lincoln, serving from 1861 until 1864.
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Thomas Coryat was an eccentric English traveller. He was born in 1577 and died in 1617. His wanderings, a great part on foot, were through Europe, Asia Minor, Iran, India, etc. His travels were published under such curious titles as Coryat's Crudities, Coryat's Crambe or Colwort twice sodden, etc. He acted as a sort of butt or foil to the wits with whom he associated in London.
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Thomas Coutts was a British banker. He was born in 1735 at Edinburgh and died in 1822. The son of an Edinburgh provost, at an early age he went to London where, together with his brother James he founded the London banking house of Coutss and Co. in the Strand, London, becoming the sole partner on his brother's death in 1778. He acted as banker to George III.
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Sir Thomas Craig was a Scottish writer on jurisprudence. He was probably born in 1538 and died in 1608. He was educated at the University of St Andrews, and afterwards repaired to France, where he studied civil and canon law. He returned about 1561, and was placed at the head of the criminal judicature of the country as justice depute. He is now chiefly remembered by his Treatise on Feudal Law.
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Thomas Cranmer was archbishop of Canterbury under Henry VIII. He was born in 1489 at Aslacton, Nottinghamshire and died in 1556 when he was burnt at the stake for refusing to revert his religion under Mary. He was famous for the part he played in the English reformation during the reign of Henry VIII. He entered as a student of Jesus College, Cambridge, in 1503, took the degree of MA, obtained a fellowship, and in 1523 was chosen reader of theological lectures in his college, and examiner of candidates for degrees in divinity.
An opinion which he gave on the question of Henry VIII's proposed divorce from Catharine brought him under the favourable notice of the king. Thomas Cranmer was sent for to court, made a king's chaplain, and commanded to write a treatise on the subject of the divorce. In 1530 he was sent abroad with others to collect the opinions of the divines and canonists of France, Italy, and Germany, on the validity of the king's marriage. At Rome he presented his treatise to the pope, but his mission was fruitless.
In January, 1533, he was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury. Soon after he set the Papal authority at defiance by pronouncing sentence of divorce between Henry VIII and Catharine, and confirming the king's marriage with Anne Boleyn. The pope threatened excommunication, and an act of parliament was immediately passed for abolishing the pope's supremacy, and declaring the king chief head of the Church of England. The archbishop zealously promoted the cause of the Reformation; and through his means the Bible was translated and read in churches, and monastic institutions were vigorously suppressed.
In 1536 he pandered to Henry VIII's passions by promoting tlie divorce of Anne Boleyn. This and other services secured him in the king's favour, who appointed him by will one of the council of regency to Edward VI. By his instrumentality the liturgy was drawn up and established by act of parliament, and articles of religion were compiled, the validity of which was enforced by royal authority, and for which infallibility was claimed.
The exclusion of the Princess Mary from the crown, by the will of her brother, was a measure in which Thomas Cranmer joined the partisans of Lady Jane Grey, apparently in opposition to his own judgment. With others who had been most active in Lady Jane Grey's favour he was sent to the Tower on the accession of Mary. He was tried on charges of blasphemy, perjury, incontinence, and heresy, and was sentenced to be degraded and deprived of office. After this flattering promises were made, which induced him to sign a recantation of his alleged errors, and become, in fact, a Catholic convert. But when he was brought into St Mary's Church, Oxford, to read his recantation in public, instead of confessing the justness of his sentence, and submitting to it in silence or imploring mercy, he calmly acknowledged that the fear of death had made him belie his conscience; and declared that nothing could afford him consolation but the prospect of extenuating his guilt by encountering, as a Protestant penitent, with firmness and resignation, the fiery torments which awaited him. He was immediately hurried to the stake, where he behaved with the resolution of a martyr.
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Thomas Crawford was an American sculptor. He was born in 1814 and died in 1857. He worked chiefly in Rome and is best known for his historical and allegorical works.
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Thomas Creech was an English translator. He was born in 1659 at Blandford in Dorset and died in 1700. He was educated at Sherborne free school, and at Oxford, where he took the degree of MA in 1683. He translated into English verse Lucretius, Horace, Theocritus, etc.
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Thomas Creswick was an English landscape painter. He was born in 1811 at Sheffield and died in 1869. In 1828 he went to London and exhibited at the British Institution and at the Royal Academy. he was elected ARA in 1842 and RA in 1851. He was also a member of the Etching Club and etched plates for Gray's Elegy among others.
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Thomas Crofton Croker was an Irish collector of folklore. He was born in 1798 at Cork in 1798 and died in 1854. While in a merchant's office in Cork he commenced the collection of the songs and legends current among the peasantry of the south of Ireland. In 1819 an appointment in the admiralty was obtained for him, and he retired with a pension in 1850. His best-known work is his Fairy Legends and Traditions of the South of Ireland, published in 1825.
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Thomas Cromwell was Earl of Essex and an English administrator. He was born in 1485 and died in 1540. The son of a blacksmith at Putney, in Surreym in his youth he was employed as clerk to the English factory at Antwerp; in 1510 went to Rome; and on his return to England became confidential servant of Cardinal Wolsey, about 1525. On his master's disgrace in 1529 Thomas Cromwell defended him with great spirit in the House of Commons, of which he was then a member; and effectually opposed the articles of treason brought against Wolsey. After the cardinal's death he was taken into the king's service, was knighted and made privy-councillor, and in 1534 became principal secretary of state and master of the rolls. In 1535 he was appointed visitor-general of all the monasteries in England, in order to suppress them, his services being rewarded by the post of lord-keeper of the privy seal, and the title of Baron Cromwell of Okeham.
On the abolition of the pope's supremacy he was created king's vicar-general, and used all his influence to promote the Reformation. He was made chief-justice itinerant of the forests beyond Trent, knight of the Garter, and finally, in 1539, lord high chancellor, and the following year Earl of Essex. He at length fell into disgrace with the king for the part he took in promoting his marriage with Anne of Cleves; and others of his political schemes failing, he was arrested on a charge of treason, and beheaded on Tower Hill on July the 28th, 1540.
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Lord Thomas Culpeper was a Governor of Virginia. In 1673 he received an exclusive grant from Charles II for thirty-one years of the territory of Virginia and in 1675 was proclaimed Governor for life, arriving in America in 1680. He forfeited his commission in 1683 by returning to England without royal permission and by political corruption. Lord Fairfax, patron of Washington, was his heir.
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Thomas Cushing was an American politician. He was born in 1725 and died in 1788. From 1766 until 1774 he was Speaker of the Massachusetts Assembly, was elected to the first and second Continental Congresses, and was a member of the convention that ratified the Federal Constitution in 1788. From 1783 until 1788 he was Lieutenant-Governor of Massachusetts.
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Thomas D'Urfey was an English poet and wit. He was born in 1653 at Exeter and died in 1723. The grandson of a French Protestant refugee, he abandoned law for literature, and wrote a large number of comedies of a licentious character. Thomas D'Urfey's name is now principally remembered in connection with his Pills to Purge Melancholy, a collection of songs and ballads, partly his own, and many of them coarse or licentious. His society was generally courted by the witty and he enjoyed the favour of four successive monarchs.
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Thomas da Vio, Cardinal Cajetan was an Italian divine. He was born in 1469 at Gaeta and died in 1534. When only fifteen years of age he became a Dominican monk, and in 1508 general of his order. In 1517 he was made a cardinal by Leo X, who, in the following year, sent him as his legate into Germany, the principal object of his mission being to endeavour to bring Luther back to the old faith. He was author of a Commentary on the Bible; a Commentary on the Summa of Thomas Aquinas; a Treatise on the Authority of the Pope, etc.
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Sir Thomas Dale was an English politician. He was sent as Governor to Virginia, and establislied there a military government. He was succeeded by Sir Thomas Gates from 1611 to 1614, when he resumed the government, and held it till 1616. Sir Thomas Dale died in 1620.
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Thomas Dalyell (Thomas Dalzell) was a Scottish soldier. He was born about 1599 and died in 1685. He was taken prisoner fighting on the royalist side at Worcester, and afterwards escaped to Russia, where he was made a general. Returning to England at the Restoration, he was made commander-in-chief of the forces in Scotland, and made himself notorious for his ferocity against the Covenanters.
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Thomas Day was an English author. He was born in 1748 at London and died in 1789 after falling from a horse . His father, who was a collector of the customs, died whilst he was an infant, leaving him a considerable fortune. He was educated at the Charter House and at Oxford. In 1765 he was called to the bar. He renounced most of the indulgences of a man of fortune, that he might provide for the poor; and he also expressed a great contempt for forms and artificial restraint of all kinds. He wrote, in prose and verse, on various subjects, but the History of Sandford and Merton is the only work by which he is remembered
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Thomas de Brown was a Scottish metaphysician. He was born in 1778 at Kirkmabreck, Kirkcudbright and died in 1820. He was educated at the High School, and subsequently at the University of Edinburgh, where he obtained the professorship of moral philosophy. He distinguished himself, at a very early age, by an acute review of the medical and physiological theories of Dr. Darwin, in a work entitled Observations on Darwin's Zoonornia. He published some indifferent poems which were collected in 1820. But he chiefly deserves notice on account of his metaphysical speculations, his chief work being Lectures on the Philosophy of the Human Mind, 1822. His system reduces the intellectual faculties to three great classes - perception, simple suggestion, and relative suggestion; employing the term suggestion as nearly synonymous with association. He held original views in regard to the part played by touch and the muscular sense in relation to belief in an external world. His development of the theory of cause and effect was first suggested by Hume.
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Thomas De Quincey was an English writer. He was born in 1785 at Greenhay near Manchester and died in 1859. In 1793 his father, a merchant of Manchester, died, leaving the family a fortune of 30,000 pounds. After attending some time the Bath and Manchester grammar-schools, where he showed precocious ability, especially in classical studies, he importuned his guardian to send him to Oxford University, and on being refused he ran away from school in 1802 and wandered around Wales, ultimately arriving in London in an absolutely destitute condition, and later describing the events in 'Confessions of an English Opium-Eater' published in 1822.
At length, in 1803, he matriculated at Oxford, and it was in the second year of his course here that he began to take opium in order to alleviate severe neuralgic pains. On leaving college he settled at Grasmere, Westmoreland, in the vicinity of Wordsworth and Southey, and devoted himself to literary work. Here or in London he remained until 1828, reading voraciously, and writing for the London Magazine, Knight's Quarterly Magazine, and latterly Blackwood's Magazine. From 1828 to 1840 he lived in Edinburgh, then removed with his family to Lasswade, which continued to be his headquarters. His writings, nearly all contributions to magazines, are distinguished by power of expression, subtle thought, and an encyclopaedic abundance of curious information. He was eccentric in his habits, incapable of managing money matters, but amiable and polite.
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Thomas de Torquemada was a Dominican monk and founder of the Spanish Inquisition. He was born in 1420 and died in 1498.
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Thomas de Witt Talmage was an American preacher. He was born in 1832 at New Jersey and died in 1902. Educated at New York and at a theological college of the Dutch Church in New Jersey, in 1856 he became minister of a Reformed Church in Belleville, New Jersey. In 1859 he moved to Syracuse and in 1869 he moved to Brooklyn. From 1895 until 1899 he was a minister at Washington. Thomas de Witt Talmage edited Frank Leslie's Sunday Magazine and The Christian Herald, and also wrote a number of books as well as earning a reputation as a popular preacher for his vogue sermons delivered with oratorical skill.
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Thomas Dekker (Thomas Decker, Thomas Deckar) was an English dramatist and writer. He was born in 1570 and died in 1641. He wrote plays which provide a view of contemporary life in London. Among these are: Old Fortunatus, Shoemaker's Holiday, Satiromastix, The Honest Whore, etc. He also collaborated with Massinger, Ford, Middleton, Jonson, and others. A quarrel with Ben Jonson occasioned that poet's Poetaster, and the Satiromastix of Dekker.
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Thomas Frognal Dibdin was an English bibliographer. He was born in 1776 and died in 1847. He was the son of the elder brother of Charles Dibdin the celebrated naval song-writer. After studying law and practising as a provincial counsel he took orders and became a popular preacher in London. Here his bibliographical tastes developed themselves, and the Roxburghe Club being established in 1812, he became its first vice-president. Among his numerous writings may be noted Bibliomania; Bibliographical Decameron; Typographical Antiquities of Great Britain.
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Thomas Dick was a Scottish author of popular scientific works. He was born in 1774 at Dundee and died in 1857. He was for many years a teacher at Perth, but latterly resided at Broughty-Ferry, where he devoted himself to astronomical science, especially in its relations to religion. Some years before his death a small pension was granted to him by the government. Amongst his works are The Christian Philosopher published in 1823 and Celestial Scenery published in 1838.
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Thomas W Dorr was an American lawyer and politician. He was bown in 1805 at Providence and died in 1854. Educated at Harvard, he graduated in 1823, studied in New York and was admitted to the bar. He was a member of the Rhode Island Assembly from 1833 to 1837, when he agitated governmental reform.
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Thomas Dover was an English physician. He was born in 1660 and died in 1742. He patented a preparation of opium mixed with ipecacuanha (Dover's Powder) as a pain-killing medicine.
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Thomas Drummond was a Scottish soldier and politician. He was born in 1797 at Edinburgh and died in 1840. He was educated at Edinburgh and at Woolwich, and entered the army as an engineer. In 1819 he became assistant to Colonel Colby in the trigonometrical survey of Great Britain and Ireland. He invented a heliostat, and a lime-ball light (the Drummond Light) which he first used about 1825 during the survey of Ireland. He subsequently entered political life, and became in 1835 under-secretary for Ireland, a country which he practically ruled with the utmost success for five years.
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Thomas Dudley was an English colonial governor, He was born in 1576 and died in 1652. he went to Massachusetts in 1630 as Deputy-Governor. He was Governor from 1634 to 1635, from 1640 to 1641, from 1645 to 1646, and from 1650 to 1651. During most other years from 1630 to 1652, he was Deputy-Governor. He was at times an opponent of Winthrop.
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Thomas Duncan was a Scottish painter. He was born in 1807 and died in 1845. He studied under Sir W Allan, and was elected an associate of the Royal Academy in 1843. His principal works were illustrative of Scottish history and character. Among the best known of them are: The Abdication of Mary Queen of Scots; Anne Page and Slender; Prince Charles Edward and the Highlanders entering Edinburgh after Prestonpans; Charles Edward asleep in a Cave after Culloden; The Martyrdom of John Brown of Priest-hill; etc. His portraits are very highly esteemed.
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Thomas E Bramlette was an American politician. He was a Union governor of Kentucky from 1863 until 1867.
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Thomas E Campbell was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Arizona during 1917.
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Thomas E Dewey was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New York from 1943 until 1954.
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Thomas Alva Edison was an American businessman. He was born in 1847 and died in 1931. He was poorly educated, became a news-boy on the Grand Trunk Railway, and afterwards having obtained some type, issued a small-sheet newspaper of his own on the train. He then set himself to learn telegraph work, and in a short time became an expert operator. While at Indianopolis, he invented an automatic telegraph repeater. He later operated a firm of fifteen scientists who invented the carbon filament electric lamp and the phonograph, although he took full credit for their work.
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Thomas Edward was a Scottish naturalist. He was born in 1814 at Gosport in Hampshire and died in 1886. The son of poor parents, he was apprenticed to a shoemaker and in his spare time studied the life of beetles and other insects and discovered twenty new species of British sessile-eyed crustaceans. An interesting biography of Edward (Life of a Scottish Naturalist), written by Smiles, appeared in 1876, and a pension of of 50 pounds a year was shortly afterwards conferred on him by Queen Victoria.
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Thomas Ellwood was an early writer among the Quakers. He was born in 1639 and died in 1713. About 1660 he was induced to join the Society of Friends, and soon after published An Alarm to the Priests. He was imprisoned on account of his religion, but subsequently became reader to Milton, and is said to have suggested to him the idea of writing the Paradise Regained. In 1705 and 1709 he published the two parts of his Sacred History. His works include a poetical life of King David, the Davideis.
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Sir Thomas Elyot was an English diplomatist and scholar. He was born in 1490 at Wiltshire and died in 1546. Knighted by Henry VIII he was sent on several embassies. He wrote 'The Governor', the first book written in plain English on the subject of education, and also a Latin-English dictionary published in 1538.
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Thomas Erby Kilby was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Alabama from 1919 until 1923.
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Thomas Erskine (Lord Erskine) was a Scottish lawyer. He was born in 1750 and died in 1823. The youngest son of the tenth earl of Buchan, he was educated partly at the High School of Edinburgh, and partly at the University of St Andrews. After serving four years in the navy and seven in the army he commenced the study of law, and in 1778 both took his degree at Cambridge and was called to the bar. His success was immediate. In May, 1783, he received a silk gown, and the same year was elected member of parliament for Portsmouth, a seat he held until 1806, when he was raised to the peerage.
The rights of juries he firmly maintained on all occasions, but particularly in the celebrated trial of the Dean of St Asaph for libel. In 1789 he defended Mr. Stockdale, a bookseller, for publishing what was charged as a libellous pamphlet in favour of Warren Hastings. In 1792, being employed to defend Thomas Paine, when prosecuted for the second part of his Rights of Man, he declared that, waiving all personal convictions, he deemed it right, as an English advocate, to obey the call: by the maintenance of which principle he lost his office of attorney-general to the Prince of Wales. In the trials of Hardy, Tooke, and others for high treason in 1794, which lasted for several weeks, the ability displayed by Erskine was acknowledged by all parties.
He was a warm partisan of Fox, and a strenuous opposer of the war with France. In 1802 the Prince of Wales not only restored him to his office of attorney-general, but made him keeper of his seals for the Duchy of Cornwall. On the death of Pitt, in 1806, Thomas Erskine was created a peer, and raised to the dignity of lord-chancellor. During his short tenure of office the bill for the abolition of slavery was passed. After he retired with the usual pension he took little part in politics.
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Thomas Ewing was an American statesman. He was born in 1789 at Ohio and died in 1871. He was admitted to the bar in 1816. From 1831 until 1837 he represented Ohio in the US Senate, where he supported Clay's tariff system, advocated the recharter of the US Bank, and also the Force Bill, and opposed the removal of the deposits from the US Bank. In 1841 he was appointed Secretary of the Treasury in Harrison's Cabinet, and was the first Secretary of the Interior, serving in Taylor's Cabinet from 1849 until 1850. From 1850 to 1851 he was in the US Senate, succeeding Thomas Corwin.
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Thomas Faed was a Scottish painter. He was born in 1826 at Kirkcudbrightshire and died in 1900. The younger brother of John Faed, he studied in Edinburgh, where at an early age he became known as a clever painter of rustic subjects. In 1852 he settled in London, where he won a high reputation. The subjects he has painted are for the most part domestic or pathetic, and in these he has contrived and told his own story, and that with a success that emulates Wilkie. Among his principal works are: Sir Walter Scott and his Friends (1849), The Mitherless Bairn (1855), The First Break in the Family (1857), Sunday in the Backwoods (1859),'His Only Pair (1860), From Dawn to Sunset (1861), The Last o' the Clan (1865). A number of Thomas Faed's works have been engraved in large size, and were very popular.
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Thomas Fairfax was an English soldier. He was born in 1611 or 1612 at Denton, Yorkshire and died in 1671. The son of Ferdinando Fairfax, after serving in the Netherlands with some reputation he returned to England, and as a Parliamentary general he assisted his father in his Civil War campaigns in the north and in 1642 he was appointed general of the horse, and two years later held a chief command in the army sent to co-operate with tho Scots. He was prominent at the Battle of Naseby in 1645. He resigned shortly after the execution of Charles I and in 1659 went to The Hague to invite Charles II to return.
Thomas Fairfax, sixth Baron Fairfax, was an English landowner, friend and patron of George Washington. He was born in 1691 and died in 1782. He left England to an inherited estate of over five million acres in Virginia, America, where he lived from 1745 until 1782.
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Lord Thomas Fitzgerald (known as 'silken Thomas') was an Irish noble. He was born about 1518 and died in 1536. He was vice-deputy for his father, the ninth earl of Kildare, on whose arrest by Henry VIII. Lord Thomas Fitzgerald raised a formidable revolt in Ireland, which was ultimately put down by Skettington, and Lord Thomas Fitzgerald and his five uncles were hanged at Tyburn.
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Thomas Ford was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Illinois from 1842 until 1846.
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Thomas Forrest was an English navigator and cartographer. He was born in 1729 and died in 1802. He entered service with the East India Company around 1749 and headed an exploring party in New Guinea.
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Thomas Fowler was an English philosophical writer. He was born in 1832 and died in 1904. He studied at Merton College, Oxford, and graduated with first-class honours in both classics and mathematics in 1854, soon after becoming fellow and tutor of Lincoln College. He was Professor of Logic in the University from 1873 to 1889. In 1881 he was elected president of Corpus Christi College, and held the post until his death in 1904. He was also Vice-chancellor of the University from 1899 to 1901. His published works include two volumes on Logic, Deductive (1867), and Inductive (1870), reproductions, in the main, for Oxford use, of J. S. Mill's logical system; editions of Bacon's Novum Organum, with introduction and notes, and Locke's Conduct of the Understanding; Progressive Morality, an Essay in Ethics; Principles of Morals; and monographs on Locke, Bacon, Shaftesbury, and Hutcheson.
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Thomas Fuller was an English historian and divine of the Church of England. He was born in 1608 at Aldwinkle, in Northamptonshire and died 1661. He was sent to Queen's College, Cambridge, where he graduated BA in 1625 and MA in 1628. Afterwards he moved to Sidney Sussex College in the same university and being chosen minister of St Beliefs parish, Cambridge, he became very popular as a pulpit orator. In 1631 he obtained a fellowship at Sidney Sussex, and was collated to a prebend in the cathedral of Salisbury. He was next chosen rector of Broad Windsor, Dorset, and lecturer at the Savoy, London.
In 1643 he went to Oxford and joined the king; left in a few months for the army, in which he became chaplain to Sir Ralph Hopton, and employed his leisure in making collections relative to English history and antiquities. At the close of the war he took refuge in Exeter, and was appointed chaplain to the infant Princess Henrietta Maria. Shortly before the restoration he was reinstated in his prebendal stall, and soon after that was made one of the king's chaplains.
Several of his writings are English classics, remarkable for quaintness of style, wit, sagacity, and learning. Among the more important are: History of the Holy War; The Holy and Profane State; Pisgah Sight of Palestine; Church History of Britain; and the Worthies of England, a production valuable alike for the solid information it affords relative to the provincial history of the country, and for the profusion of biographical anecdote and acute observation on men and manners.
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Thomas G McLeod was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of South Carolina from 1923 until 1927.
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Thomas G Pratt was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Maryland from 1845 until 1848.
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Thomas G Turner was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Rhode Island from 1859 until 1860.
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Thomas Gage was an English colonial governor. He was born in 1721 and died in 1787. He went to America in 1754 in command of a regiment accompanying Braddock's expedition. He was appointed Governor of Montreal in 1760, and from 1763 to 1772 was commander-in-chief in America. In 1774 he was appointed Governor of Massachusetts, and attempted to subdue the antagonism of the colonists to English rule. In 1775 he sent troops to destroy stores collected at Concord, and this led to the Battle of Lexington. The colonists refused to recognize Gage as Governor, and soon after the Battle of Bunker Hill he resigned his commission.
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Thomas Gainsborough was an English painter. He was born in 1727 at Sudbury and died in 1788. He was trained under the engraver Gravelot and the painter Hayman, but met with small success until his marriage with Miss Burr, a lady of beauty and fortune, in 1746. After residing for some time in Ipswich and Bath, he went to London in 1774, where he passed the rest of his life. He was one of the original thirty-six academicians. He rivalled Sir Joshua Reynolds as a portrait-painter, and showed no less originality in landscape. His are very highly esteemed.
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Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet was the first American teacher of the deaf. He was born in 1787 at Philadelphia and died in 1851. In 1815 he was sent to Europe to learn how to teach the deaf, which he did at Paris. He returned to America in 1816 with Laurence Clerc and in April 1817 they opened a school at Hartford, which in a few years developed into the American Asylum for the Deaf.
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Thomas Milnee Gibson was an English politician. He was born in 1807 and died in 1884. He was educated at Cambridge and returned in 1837 as Conservative member of Parliament for Ipswich; afterwards he converted to Liberalism; became an orator of the Anti-Corn-Law Movement; was returned as MP for Manchester in 1841; was vice-president of the Board of Trade under Lord John Russell; lost his seat at Manchester as a result of opposing the Crimean War and represented Ashton-Under Lyme from 1857 until 1866. He helped to repeal the duty on paper and the newspaper duty.
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Thomas Girtin was an English watercolour artist. He was born in 1775 and died in 1802.
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Thomas Goode Jones was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Alabama from 1890 until 1894.
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Thomas Graham was a Scottish chemist. He was born in 1805 at Glasgow and died in 1869. Educated at Glasgow and Edinburgh, in 1827 he commenced teaching private mathematical classes in Glasgow, and in 1829 succeeded to the lectureship of chemistry in the Mechanics' Institution. 1830 he was appointed professor of chemistry in the Andersonian University. In 1831 he established the law that gases tend to diffuse inversely as the square root of their specific gravities. He afterwards made a series of investigations into the constitution of ar-seniates, phosphates, and phosphoretted hydrogen, and into the function of water in different salts.
In 1837 he was appointed professor of chemistry at University College, London, , and soon after settling in the metropolis he was appointed assayer to the mint, holding the post at University College until 1855 when he became master of the Mint. Thomas Graham was the first president of the Chemical Society, founded in 1841.
In 1846 he assisted in founding the Cavendish Society, over which be presided. He read the Bakerian lecture in 1849 and in 1854, the subject of both being the diffusion of liquids, which he further treated before the Eoyal Society in 1861. He distinguished the crystalloids and colloids in liquid solutions, and gave to their separation the name of dialysis, In a subsequent paper, Philosophical Transactions, 1866, he applied these discoveries to gases, under the name of atmolysis. The passage of gases through heated metal plates and the occlusion of gases were also ably investigated by him.
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Thomas Gray was an English poet. He was born in 1716 at London and died in 1771. Educated at Eton with Horace Walpole, and at Cambridge, in 1738 he entered himself at the Inner Temple, but accompanied Horace Walpole in his tour of Europe until they quarrelled in Italy. He returned to England in 1741, and on the death of his father took up residence at Cambridge. In 1747 his Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College appeared, and in 1751 his Elegy written in a Country Churchyard, which went through four editions in two months. In 1757 he declined the laureateship, and the same year published his odes, On the Progress of Poesy, and The Bard. In 1759 he removed to London, where he resided for three years, and in 1768 the Duke of Grafton presented him with the professorship of modern history at Cambridge. His chief poems other than those mentioned were the Ode for Music and the fragmentary Essay on the Alliance of Education and Government. As a writer of Latin verse he is surpassed by few, and his letters are admirable specimens of the epistolary style.
Thomas Gray was an English railway promoter. He was born in 1787 at Leeds and died in 1848. He promoted the idea of widespread railway communications and urged the British and other European governments towards building national railway systems, under government control, rather than canal communications, publishing his ideas in 'Observations on a General Iron Railway' in 1820, which was revised and republished four times until 1825.
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Thomas Hill Green was an English philosophical writer. He was born in 1838 and died in 1882. He was a fellow of Balliol College in 1862, and the first lay tutor on that foundation in 1867. In 1877 he was appointed Whyte's professor of moral philosophy; but his work was abruptly closed by his death in 1882. Apart from his Prolegomena to Ethics, published posthumously in 1883, the bulk of his work was in the form of articles contributed to the North British and Contemporary Reviews. He was one of the strongest opponents of the English empirical school.
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Thomas Guthrie was a Scottish divine. He was born in 1803 at Brechin, Forfarshire and died in 1873. He was educated at the University of Edinburgh, and was licensed as a preacher in connection with the Church of Scotland in 1825. He did not at once exert himself to procure a church, but assisted his father in the business of his banking office, and also spent the winter of 1826-1827 in Paris studying medicine. In 1830 he was presented to the parish of Arbirlot, and he accepted a call to Greyfriars, Edinburgh, in 1837, where he soon became very popular with all classes.
In 1843 the Disruption took place, and Thomas Guthrie took an active part along with Chalmers and Candlish in organizing the Free Church. He himself became minister of Free St. John's, Edinburgh. The work with which his name is chiefly identified out of Scotland, was the introduction into Edinburgh of the ragged school system, then recently originated in London and Aberdeen. Into this work he threw himself with characteristic energy, employing in it both his personal labours and his pen.
His Plea for Ragged Schools (1847) remains one of the most celebrated of his productions. In 1849 he received the degree of D.D. from the University of Edinburgh. In 1864 Dr. Guthrie was compelled in consequence of heart disease to resign the pastorship of St. John's. The remaining years of his life were spent in active promotion of philanthropic objects. He became editor of the Sunday Magazine in 1864, but never assumed full editorial responsibility. His chief works are, The Gospel in Ezekiel, (1855), A Plea for Drunkards (1856), Christ and the Inheritance of the Saints (1858), etc.
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Thomas Guy was an English businessman, statesman and renowned miser. He was born in 1643 at London and died in 1724. The son of a lighterman in Southward, he was brought up a bookseller. He dealt largely in the importation of Bibles from Holland, and afterwards contracted with Oxford for those printed at that university. From 1694 to 1707 he represented Tamworth in Parliament. By a successful speculation in the shares of the South Sea Company he realised a fortune. With his fortune he founded an almshouse at Tamworth in 1678, the Tamworth townhall in 1701. He founded Guy' s Hospital in London in 1721, and paid for the erection of wards at St Thomas' Hospital.
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Thomas H Kean was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Jersey from 1982 until 1990.
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Thomas H Moodie was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of New Dakota during 1935.
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Thomas Chandler Haliburton, was an Anglo-American humorous writer. He was born in 1796 at Windsor, Nova Scotia and died in 1865. He practised as a barrister in Halifax, wrote a Historical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia, in 1829, and contributed a series of humorous letters to a Halifax newspaper under the pseudonym of 'Sam Slick.' These were published in book form and were augmented by others, forming The Clockmaker, or Sayings and Doings of Samuel Slick. In 1842 he became judge of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, but subsequently gave up his professional duties and came to reside in England. Here he published the Attache, or, Sam Slick in England. His hero again appears in Sam Slick's Traits of American Humour (1852). Another work of his of some importance is Rule and Misrule of the English in America (1851). In 1859 Judge Haliburton was elected member of parliament for Launceston.
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Thomas Hardy was an English author. He was born in 1840 at Dorchester and died in 1928. He wrote 'The Mayor of Casterbridge' and 'Far From The Madding Crowd' among other novels.
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Thomas Harriot was an English mathematician. He was born in 1560 at Oxford and died in 1621.
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Thomas Hearne was an English antiquary. He was born in 1678 and died in 1735. Thomas Hearne studied at Oxford, and in 1701 was appointed assistant-keeper of the Bodleian Library, and he held the post of second librarian from 1712 to 1715, but had to resign as his Jacobite principles precluded him from taking the oaths to the government. Among his works may be mentioned Ductor Historicus, Reliquiae Bodleianae, History and Antiquities of Glastonbury, editions of Leland, of Spelman's Life of Alfred, Fordun's Scotichronicon, etc.
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Thomas Henderson was a Scottish astronomer. He was born in 1798 at Dundee and died in 1844. In 1832 he was appointed royal astronomer at the Cape of Good Hope, but resigned in 1833. His observations at the Cape gave the first authentic evidence of stellar parallax.
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Thomas Heyward Jr was an American politician. He was born in 1746 and died in 1809. A member of the first South Carolina Committee of Safety, he was a delegate to Congress from 1775 to 1778, and signed the Declaration of Independence. In 1780, he commanded a battalion in the siege of Charleston.
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Thomas Heywood was a British dramatist. He lived during the 17th century. He was born in Lincolnshire, and educated at Cambridge. He composed wholly or in part 220 different plays. Of these only about twenty-four remain, of which the one most admired is A Woman Killed with Kindness, published in Dodsley's Collection. He was also the author of Great Britain's Troy, An Apology for Actors, and a number of other works.
*Thomas Hill
Thomas Hill was an American educationalist and explorer. He was born in 1818 and died in 1891. He was president of Harvard from 1862 to 1868, and accompanied Agassiz on the exploring expedition to South America. He published numerous mathematical works.
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Thomas Hill Watts was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Alabama from 1863 until 1865.
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Thomas C Hindman was an American soldier. He was born in 1818 and died in 1868. He was a lieutenant in the Mexican War. He represented Mississippi in Congress as a Democrat from 1858 to 1861. He was a brigadier-general in the Western Confederate army, and became major-general before being assassinated for having exacted too severe discipline.
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Thomas Hobbes was a British philosopher. He was born in 1588 at Malmesbury and died in 1679. He was educated at Oxford, and afterwards travelled on the Continent as a tutor in the Earl of Devonshire's family, becoming acquainted with Gassendi, Descartes, Galileo, etc. He was also intimate with Lord Bacon (some of whose works he translated into Latin), Lord Herbert of Cherbury, and Ben Jonson.
From 1637 to 1641 he resided much at Chatsworth, but becoming alarmed at the probability of political commotions, he went to Paris. He stayed abroad some years, and during that time published most of his works. He also taught mathematics to the Prince of Wales (later Charles II), then in Paris, who after the restoration gave him a pension of 100 pounds. He spent his latter days with the Devonshire family.
The most remarkable of his works is his Leviathan, or the Matter, Form, and Power of a Commonwealth (published in 1651). Other works are De Give (1642), De Corpore Politico (1650), De Libertate, Necessitate et Casu (1654), and Behemoth, a history of the civil war, published after his death. He also published a metrical version of the Iliad and Odyssey.
In the history of the development of free thought in Europe Thomas Hobbes holds an important place, and he was one of the first great English writers on government. He conceived the state of nature to be one in which all are at war with each other, and government as the result of a compact, suggested by selfishness, for the sake of peace and protection. Absolute rule was the best form of government, but this is qualified by the assertion that obedience to a ruler is only due so long as he can afford protection to the subject. The philosophy of Thomas Hobbes, so depreciated among his contemporaries, has been more or less adopted by Locke, Hartley, Hume, and Priestley, and his ideas on government formed the foundation of the utilitarianism of the Benthamites.
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Thomas Holliday Hicks was an American politician. He was a Know-Nothing governor of Maryland from 1858 until 1862.
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Thomas Holloway was an English pharmacist. He was born in 1800 and died in 1883. A proprietor of the popular pills, ointment, etc, he founded a sanatorium or asylum for the 'insane', and hospitals for incurables and convalescents, at Egham, Surrey, in 1873; and also at the same place the Royal Holloway College, designed to supply the best and most suitable education for women of the middle classes. The college, which was opened queen Victoria in 1886, contained a collection of pictures of the value of 100,000 pounds. The total cost of the two institutions was about a million pounds sterling.
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Thomas Hood was an English poet and humorist. He was born in 1799 at London and died in 1845. During a residence at Dundee, and while only fifteen or sixteen years old, he contributed articles to a local paper and magazine. In 1821 he became sub-editor of the London Magazine, and in 1826 appeared his Whims and Oddities, which was followed by National Tales and a volume of serious poetry. From 1829 to 1837 he conducted his Comic Annual. At the same time his pen was employed on other subjects, and he published The Epping Hunt, a comic poem, ridiculing Cockney sportsmen; Eugene Aram's Dream, inserted in the Gem, of which he was for a short time editor; and Tylney Hall, a novel. In 1837, on the termination of the Comic Annual, he commenced a monthly periodical entitled Hood's Own, which consisted chiefly of selections from the former work.
His health now began to fail, and with a view to its recovery he paid a visit to the Continent. While there in 1839 he published his Up the Rhine, which, based on the lines of Humphrey Clinker, was very popular. Shortly after hia return he undertook the editorship of the New Monthly Magazine, and continued it until 1843. His principal contributions to it he published separately, under the title of Whimsicalities. His last periodical, entitled Hood's Magazine, was commenced in 1844; but his health shortly afterwards completely broke down, and his death occurred in the following year. It was during his last illness that he contributed to Punch The Song of a Shirt, The Bridge of Sighs, and The Lay of a Labourer. Thomas Hood is unrivalled as a punster, and he possesses a singular power of combining the humorous with the pathetic. He had the satisfaction of knowing that the pension of 100 pounds conferred upon him on his last illness by Sir Robert Peel was to be transferred to his wife.
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Thomas Hooker was an English pioneer. He was born in 1586 at Makfield and died in 1647. In 1626 he became a minister at Chelmsford. He fled to Holland in 1630 on a charge of non-conformity and sailed for New England in 1633. Chosen pastor of Newtowne, Massachusetts, he led some people to Connecticut where he founded Hartford in June 1636.
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Thomas Hope was an English writer and art patron. He was born in 1770 and died in 1831. He inherited great wealth, and devoted much of his time while young to extensive travels in various parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. His principal works are: Household Furniture and Internal Decorations; The Costume of the Ancients; Anastasius, or Memoirs of a Modern Greek, a novel displaying remarkable descriptive powers and a minute accuracy in the accounts of eastern life; and An Historical Essay on Architecture.
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Sir Thomas Hopsonn was an English vice-admiral. He was born in 1642 at Bonchurch and died in 1717. He was at the Battle of Sole Bay in 1672 and commanded the York in Viscount Torrington's fleet, and took part in the Battle of Beachy Head in 1690. In 1692 he commanded the St Michael at the Battle of Barfleur. At the Battle of Vigo Bay, in 1702, he led the attack in the Torbay and broke the boom.
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Thomas Howard (second Earl of Surrey) was an English lord admiral. He was born in 1473 and died in 1554. He was created Earl of Surrey in 1513 after taking part in the Battle of Flodden. He was later Duke of Norfolk and in 1546 was condemned to death, but the death of Henry VIII saved him.
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Thomas Hughes was an English barrister, author, and philanthropist. He was born in 1823 at Uffington, Berkshire and died in 1896. He was educated at Rugby under Dr. Arnold, and afterwards at Oxford. In 1848 he was called to the bar, and in 1869 became a queen's counsel. He is widely known by his novel, Tom Brown's School-days, a picture of school life at Rugby, published in 1856. It was followed by Tom Brown at Oxford (1861), A Layman's Faith (1868), Alfred the Great (1869), The Manliness of Christ, and other writings. He was one who devoted much time to the social elevation of the working class, encouraging in particular the cooperative system. From 1865 to 1868 he was member of Parliament for Lambeth and from 1868 to 1874 member of Parliament for Frome. Towards the end of his life he was a county-court judge
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Thomas Hutchinson was an American colonial governor. He was born in 1711 and died in 1780. He was a member of the General Court of Massachusetts from 1737 to 1739, 1740, and 1741 to 1749. He was Speaker from 1746 to 1748. He restored a healthy condition of trade by redeeming the depreciated paper currency. In 1754 he was one of the commissioners at the Albany Convention, and aided in drafting a plan of colonial union. He was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Massachusetts in 1756. In 1760 he was appointed Chief Justice. In 1765 his house was sacked by a mob infuriated by the notion that he was a party to the obnoxious stamp acts, and his valuable library of historical pamphlets and documents was destroyed. In 1770 he was appointed Governor of the province. The report was circulated that he was largely responsible for the oppressive acts of the ministry, and this was intensified by Dr. Franklin's publication of some of Hutchinson's letters to England which had fallen into his hands. In 1774 he sailed to England, where he spent the remainder of his life. He was a conscientious and high-minded Tory. He wrote a valuable history of .Massachusetts.
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Thomas Henry Huxley was an English naturalist. He was born in 1825 at Ealing and died in 1895. He graduated MB at the University of London in 1845, and entered the royal navy as assistant-surgeon in 1846. He sailed with HMS Rattlesnake on a surveying expedition to Australasia, during which he sent a number of valuable papers to the Royal Society. After being professor of natural history in the School of Mines, Eullerian professor of physiology to the Royal Institution, Hunterian professor in the Royal College of Surgeons, president of the British Association meeting held at Liverpool in 1870, lord-rector of Aberdeen University in 1872, secretary of the Royal Society, substitute professor of natural history for Professor Wyville Thompson at Edinburgh in 1875 and 1876, a member of various royal commissions on fisheries, vivisection, universities, etc, and inspector of salmon fisheries, he resigned this and almost all his other offices in 1885 on account of ill health.
Amongst his works are The Oceanic Hydrozoa (1857), On the Theory of the Vertebrate Skull, Man's Place in Nature (1863), On our Knowledge of the Causes of the Phenomena of Organic Nature, a series of lectures to working-men delivered in 1862, Elements of Comparative Anatomy (1864), Elementary Physiology (1866), Introduction to the Classification of Animals (1869),
Lay Sermons, Addresses, and Reviews (1870), Critiques and Addresses (1873), American Addresses (1877), Physiography (1877), Anatomy of Invertebrate Animals (1877), The Crayfish (1879), Science and Culture (1882), etc.
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Thomas J Churchill was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Arkansas from 1881 until 1883.
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Thomas J Herbert was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Ohio from 1947 until 1949.
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Thomas J Mabry was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of New Mexico from 1947 until 1951.
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Thomas J Terral was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Arkansas from 1925 until 1927.
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Thomas Jonathan Jackson was an American Confederate general. He was born in 1824 at Virginia and died in 1863. He was nicknamed 'stonewall'. He graduated at West Point in 1846, in time to see service in the Mexican War. He taught in the Virginia Military Institute, and was, like so many other West Pointers, lifted by the Rebellion from obscurity. Having sided with the Confederacy he was intrusted with a brigade, whose firm stand at the first battle of Bull Run led to its commander's epithet, 'Stonewall Jackson'. His military fame was well grounded by the extraordinary rapidity of his movements in the Shenandoah campaign of 1862, where he outgeneraled the Federals Fremont, Banks and others, gained the battles of Front Royal, on May the 23rd, Winchester, on May the 25th, Cross Keys, on June the 8th, and Port Republic, on June the 9th. Hastily joining Lee before Richmond, he decided the victory at Gaines' Mills, on June the 27th. On August the 9th he defeated the Federals at Cedar Creek. His bold march ended in the victory over Pope at the second battle of Bull Run. In the invasion he seized Harper's Ferry on September the 15th, and commanded the left wing at Antietam. At Fredericksburg he led the right wing of Lee's army, and at Chancellorsville on May the 2nd, 1863, his flanking movement around Hooker's right resulted in success. But Thomas Jackson was by mistake shot by his own men in this battle and died a few days later.
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Thomas Jefferson was the third president of the USA. He was born in 1743 at Shadwell, Virginia and died in 1826. He was graduated at William and Mary College, studied law, and entered upon its practice and the care of his estate.
In 1769 he entered the House of Burgesses, and became active in the Revolutionary agitation; but his activity then and later was as a writer rather than as a speaker. He drafted the instructions to the Virginia delegates to the first Continental Congress, and was in consequence proscribed in Great Britain. As a delegate to the second Continental Congress he is of course chiefly remembered for his draft of the American Declaration of Independence. Soon after signing that document he left Congress to re-enter the Virginia Legislature, where he laboured strenuously for democratic reforms in the laws respecting the church and the descent of landed property.
While Governor of Virginia, 1779-1781, he was called upon to resist the British invasion of the State. He was again in the Legislature, and for a short time in Congress. In 1784 he went to France as Plenipotentiary, and there wrote his 'Notes on Virginia', and observed the outbreak of the French Revolution. At the end of 1789 Jefferson returned to America, and entered upon his duties as Secretary of State in George Washington's first Cabinet.
In the ensuing years he became the central figure in the Democratic-Republican party which was forming in opposition to the Federalists. Hamilton, ablest of the Federalist leaders, was also in the Cabinet, and between the two divergence of views developed into continual disputes. Jefferson finally resigned in 1794. The great party of which he was the head gave him, in 1796, almost as many electoral votes as were given to Adams. He became accordingly Vice-President. At this epoch he prepared a 'Manual of Parliamentary Practice', was president of the Philosophical Society, and drafted the Kentucky Resolutions of 1798.
In the election of 1800-1801 Jefferson's party defeated Adams and the Federalists, but the defective provisions of the Constitution gave to Jefferson and Burr seventy-three electoral votes each, and there was no election; the House of Representatives accordingly took up the matter, and a bitter struggle ended in the choice of Jefferson for first place. In his Cabinet Madison was Secretary of State, Gallatin of the Treasury, Dearborn of War, Robert Smith of the Navy, and Lincoln Attorney-General.
His administration was marked by the abolition of some usages of an aristocratic nature, by the Tripolitan War, the Louisiana Purchase, the Lewis and Clark expedition, the Chesapeake incident, and the Embargo. President Jefferson was re-elected in 1804, and retired from office in 1809, but continued to be regarded as the adviser of the party. He was interested in later life in plans for education in Virginia, and superintended the planting of the University of Virginia. He died at Monticello in his native State. His political theories had great influence upon the public life of America.
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Thomas S Jesup was an American soldier. He was born in 1788 at Virginia and died in 1860. He was brevetted colonel for services at Chippewa and Niagara in 1814. He was promoted major in 1818. He commanded the army in Florida in 1836.
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Thomas Johnson was an American politician. He was a governor of Maryland from 1777 until 1779.
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Thomas Starr King was an American clergyman. He was born in 1824 and died in 1863. A famous Unitarian clergyman, he won distinction as a lecturer in the East and in California. At the outbreak of the American Civil War he was an earnest advocate of the Union cause.
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Thomas King Carroll was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Maryland from 1830 until 1831.
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Thomas Kirker was an American politician. He was a Democratic-Republican governor of Ohio from 1807 until 1808.
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Thomas Kyd was a British dramatist. He was born in 1558 and died in 1594. He wrote 'The Spanish Tragedy'.
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Thomas L Bailey was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Mississippi from 1944 until 1946.
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Thomas L Judge was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Montana from 1973 until 1981.
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Thomas L Young was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Ohio from 1877 until 1878.
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Sir Thomas Lawrence was an English portrait painter. He was born in 1769 at Bristol and died in 1830. At the age of five he acquired fame for his crayon portraits and before he was twelve was drawing portraits of the rich and famous. At the age of seventeen he started using oil colours and entered the Royal Academy schools in 1787 and was appointed his Majesty's painter in 1792. In 1815 he was knighted by the prince regent and in 1820 unanimously elected president of the Royal Academy.
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Thomas Lawton was an English Association Football player. He was born in 1919. He played for Burnley, Everton, Chelsea, Notts County, Brentford, Arsenal and England. He first played for England in 1938, continuing to play for England as the primary striker until 1948.
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Thomas Leiber (Erastus) was a German-Swiss student of medicine and theology. He was born in 1524 at Baden and died in 1583. He was successively professor of medicine at Heidelberg, and of ethics at Basel. He maintained in his writings the complete subordination of the ecclesiastical to the secular power; and that the church had no right to exclude any one from church ordinances, or to inflict excommunication, advocating the teaching of Ulrich Zwingli as opposed to Calvin, in 1560.
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Thomas Linley was an English composer. He was born in 1732 at Wells in Somerset and died in 1795. In 1776 he purchased an interest in the Drury Lane Theatre, and became musical director there.
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Thomas Lodge was a British poet. He was born in 1558 and died in 1625.
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Thomas Lovell Beddoes was an English poet. He was born in 1803 and died in 1849. The son of Thomas Beddoes, he published the Bride's Tragedy while a student at Oxford, studied medicine, and lived long abroad. His work was largely fragmentary, but his posthumous Death's Jest-book, or the Fool's Tragedy published in 1850, received the high praise of such judges as Landor and Browning. His Poems, with memoir, appeared in 1851.
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Thomas M Campbell was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Texas from 1907 until 1911.
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Thomas M Holt was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of North Carolina from 1891 until 1893.
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Sir Thomas Malory was an English writer. He lived around 1450. He wrote Le Morte d'Arthur about King Arthur.
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Thomas Robert Malthus was an English economist. He was born in 1766 near Guildford and died in 1834. He wrote 'Essay on the Principle of Population as it Affects the Future Improvements of Society' in which he reviewed the question of man in relation to food, worrying that population was growing too fast for the available food supplies. He was an influencer of Charles Darwin, who was impressed by his question of how the world comes to be peopled with a multiplicity of ever-changing forms of life.
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Thomas Mann was a German novelist. He was born in 1875 at Lubeck and died in 1955. He won the Nobel prize for literature in 1929.
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Thomas Mann Randolph was an American politician. He was a Democratic- Republican governor of Virginia from 1819 until 1822.
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Thomas Garrigue Masaryk was the founder and first president of Czechoslovakia. He was born in 1850 at Moravia and died in 1937.
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Thomas McKean was an American politician. He was born in 1734 and died in 1817. He was a Governor and was prominent in the Stamp-Act Congress of 1765 as a delegate from Delaware, and aided in drafting the memorial to the lords and commons. He was a member of the Continental Congress from Delaware from 1774 to 1783, and its president in 1781. He aided in drafting the American Articles of Confederation, and was prominent in securing the American Declaration of Independence, of which he was one of the signers. He was Chief Justice of Pennsylvania from 1777 to 1799, and Governor from 1799 to 1808.
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Thomas Metcalfe was an American politician. He was a National Republican governor of Kentucky from 1828 until 1832.
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Thomas Middleton was an English dramatist. He was born in 1570 at London and died in 1627. A member of Gray's Inn, he wrote some satirical tracts before around 1600 turning his attention to the stage and composing fifteen plays independently and a further seven plays in collaboration with Dekker, Rowley and others. In 1620 he became city chronologer. He is know for his realistic, course comedies and romantic plays.
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Thomas Mifflin was an American politician. He was born in 1744 and died in 1800. He had served in the Pennsylvania legislature before he entered the first Continental Congress. In the American War of Independence he was at first aide-de-camp to George Washington, and then quartermaster-general. He covered the retreat of the army in the evacuation of Brooklyn in 1776, and soon afterward was appointed major-general and a member of the Board of War. With Conway and Gates he was associated in the intrigues against George Washington, and in 1778 he was retired from the office of quartermaster-general. He was president of Congress in 1783, member of the Federal Convention of 1787, and a signer of the Constitution. He was Governor of Pennsylvania from 1790 to 1799.
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Sir Thomas More was an English statesman and politician. He was born in 1478 at London and died in 1535.
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Thomas Morley was an English composer of madrigals. He was born in 1557 and died in 1603.
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Thomas Morton was an American colonist. He was born in 1575 and died in 1646. He emigrated to Plymouth, America from England in 1622. He made a settlement at Mount Wollaston or 'Merry Mount', (now Braintree) where he made himself obnoxious to the Puritans by his revels. He was twice seized and transported to England, where he published 'The New England Canaan' in 1632. For this satire he was imprisoned on his return to America in 1643.
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Thomas Nelson was an American politician. He was born in 1738 and died in 1789. He was a member of the Virginia Conventions of 1774, 1775 and 1776. He represented Virginia in the Continental Congress from 1776 to 1777 and in 1779. He signed the American Declaration of Independence. He was Governor of Virginia in 1781. He expended his vast estate for the colonial cause.
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Thomas Nelson Jr. was an American politician. He was a governor of Virginia during 1781.
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Thomas Newcomen was an English inventor. He was born in 1663 at Dartmouth and died in 1729. He invented the atmospheric steam-engine.
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Sir Thomas North was an English translator. He was born in 1535 and died in 1601. His translation of Plutarch's Lives in 1579 formed the source of Shakespeare's Roman plays.
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Thomas O Moore was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Louisiana from 1860 until 1864.
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Thomas Otway was an English dramatist. He was born in 1652 at Trotton in Sussex and died in 1685. He is renowned for his work 'Venice Preserved'.
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Thomas P Salmon was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Vermont from 1973 until 1977.
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Thomas Nelson Page was an American author and diplomatist. He was born in 1853 and died in 1922. He excelled in depicting Southern American life during the Civil War period.
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Thomas Paine (Tom Paine) was an English writer on politics and religion. He was born in 1737 in Norfolk and died in 1809. He passed his early years there as an exciseman, political writer, and ardent republican. He went to America in 1774 and edited the 'Pennsylvania Magazine'. In 1776 he published a pamphlet, 'Common Sense', advocating independence, which was widely circulated and created a profound impression. At intervals through the American War of Independence he published the 'Crisis', and was secretary to the Congressional Committee on Foreign Affairs. His services in the American Revolution were of undoubted value to the Americans. Subsequently he was clerk to the Pennsylvania Legislature. He was in France at the opening of the French Revolution, and in England where in 1791 he published his 'Rights of Man', and was outlawed in consequence. Escaping to France he was elected to the Convention, was imprisoned by the Jacobins, and wrote his 'Age of Reason'. He returned to the United States, and died in New York.
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Thomas Love Peacock was an English novelist and poet. He was born in 1785 at Weymouth and died in 1866. A friend of the English poet Percy Shelley, he was Shelley's literary executor. The publication of ' Headlong Hall' in 1816 established Peacock's literary reputation. 'Nightmare Abbey' published in 1818, a humorous satire of the romantic movement in England, is his best- known work. Peacock was an employee of the British East India Company from 1819 to 1856, during which time he published two historical romances, 'Maid Marian' published in 1822 and 'The Misfortunes of Elfin' published in 1829, and the satiric 'Crotchet Castle' published in 1831. Almost 30 years later he published his last novel, 'Gryll Grange' in 1860. In most of Peacock's works the characters, many of them caricatures of famous writers of the time, reveal themselves through incidental dialogue at social gatherings.
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Thomas Pinckney was an American politician. He was born in 1750 and died in 1838. The brother of Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, he was an aide to General Lincoln and Count d'Estaing during the American Revolution. He fought at Stono and was taken prisoner at Camden. He was Governor of South Carolina from 1787 to 1789, and Minister to Great Britain from 1793 to 1796. He negotiated the treaty with Spain securing free navigation of the Mississippi. In 1796 he was a Federalist candidate with Adams. He was a US Congressman from 1797 to 1801.
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Thomas Pownall was an English politician and colonial governor. He was born in 1720 and died in 1805. He went to America from England in 1753. He immediately sympathized with the colonists political tendencies. He was Governor of Massachusetts from 1756 to 1760. While a member of the British Parliament from 1767 to 1781 ardently opposed oppressive measures toward the colonies.
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Thomas R Marshall was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Indiana from 1909 until 1913.
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Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles was a British administrator. He was born in 1781 and died in 1826. While employed by the East India Company he was governor of Sumatra and was responsible for the acquisition and founding of Singapore in 1819. he was also other founder and first president of the Zoological society.
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Thomas Reid was a Scottish philosopher. He was born in 1710 at Strachan and died in 1796. After being librarian at Marischal College, Aberdeen, in 1737 he became parish minister of New Machar. In 1751 he was elected a regent of King's College in Aberdeen and after twelve years was transferred to the chair of moral philosophy in Glasgow as successor to Adam Smith. He was the foremost exponent of the Scottish philosophy, or the philosophy of common sense.
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Thomas Reynolds was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Missouri from 1840 until 1844.
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Thomas J Rodman was an American engineer. He was born in 1815 and died in 1871. He invented the Rodman guns, which are cast about a hollow core through which a stream of cold water runs. He was an inspector of ordnance during the American Civil War.
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Sir Thomas Roe was an English explorer and statesman. He was born in 1581 at Low Leyton near Wanstead, Essex and died in 1644. Educated at Magdalen College, Oxford, and possibly in France he received an appointment at court during the last year of Elizabeth I's reign. He was knighted in 1605 and in 1610 was fitted out by prince Henry for a voyage of discovery to South America. In 1614 he became member of parliament for Tamworth and in 1615 was sent as an ambassador to the court of the Mogul, where he obtained privileges for the British merchants which established the British presence in India. Returning to England in 1619, in 1621 he was elected member of parliament for Cirencester and was sent to Constantinople as ambassador, returning to England in 1628. Between 1638 and 1642 he was on the Continent, involved in negotiations over the Thirty Years' War.
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Thomas Rowlandson was an English caricaturist. He was born in 1756 and died in 1827.
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Thomas S Drew was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Arkansas from 1844 until 1849.
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Thomas Sanchez was a Spanish Jesuit. He was born in 1550 at Cordova and died in 1610. He became the head of the school of the order at Granada, and wrote a cynical book on marriage, 'De Sacramento Matrimonii' published in 1592.
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Thomas Savery was an English engineer. He was born in 1650 at Shilston in Devon and died in 1715. He invented the steam-engine, in 1698 patenting the first viable steam-engine which he designed for pumping water out of mines.
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Thomas Seay was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Alabama from 1886 until 1890.
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Thomas Secker was archbishop of Canterbury. He was born in 1693 at Sibthorpe, Nottinghamshire and died in 1768. He was the son of a dissenter but was induced to enter the church by a friend and became Bishop of Bristol in 1734, of Oxford in 1737, dean of St Paul's Cathedral, London in 1759 and archbishop of Canterbury in 1758.
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Thomas Shepard was an English non-conformist. He was born in 1605 and died in 1649. He was charged with non-conformity in England and went to America in 1635. He was pastor of the church at Cambridge, Massachusetts, from 1635 to 1649. He was influential in the establishment of Harvard College at that place. He was one of the most influential men in New England and a writer on theological subjects.
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Thomas Sheraton was the last of the great English cabinet-makers of the 18th century. He was born in 1751 and died in 1806. Sheraton continued the pursuit of lightness combined with strength which had been started by Hepplewhite. The influence of the Louis XVI period is seen in his general avoidance of curves. Sheraton also used carving very sparingly and was more partial to inlay.
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Thomas W Sherman was an American soldier. He was born in 1813 and died in 1879. He was brevetted major for Services at Buena Vista during the Mexican War. He commanded the land forces of the Port Royal Expedition in 1861. In 1862 he commanded a division in the Army of the Tennessee, engaging at Corinth. He was active in the engagements about New Orleans and led the left wing at Port Hudson in 1863.
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Thomas Sim Lee was an American politician. He was a Federalist governor of Maryland from 1792 until 1794.
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Sir Thomas Octave Sopwith was a British airmen and inventor. He was born in 1888 at London and died in 1989. Educated at Cottesmore and Seafield Engineering College he developed an interest in aviation and aircraft design. In 1910 he won the Baron de Forest prize for a flight from England to the Continent, and in 1911 he founded the Sopwith Aviation and Engineering Company Ltd at Kingston on Thames, to design and build aeroplanes and seaplanes. In 1918 he was made a CBE. In 1925 he became chairman of the Society of British Aircraft Constructors, a post he held until 1927 and chairman, later President, of the Hawker Siddeley Group in 1935 and 1963. He was knighted in 1953. Among his famous aircraft that served in the British armed forces during the Great War were the Sopwith Pup and Sopwith Camel.
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Thomas Southerne was an English dramatist. He was born in 1659 at Oxmantown, County Dublin and died in 1746. Educated at Trinity College, Oxford he entered the Middle Temple at London in 1678. He wrote both comedies and tragedies, the most notable being 'The Fatal Marriage' written in 1694 and 'Oroonoko' written in 1696 which was a vehement attack upon the slave trade.
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Thomas Sprat was an English poet, wit and bishop. He was born in 1635 at Beaminster and died in 1713. He was first known as a smart versifier and wit. At the restoration he developed into an ardent royalist, was ordained in 1661 and in 1669 appointed canon, in 1683 dean of Westminster and in 1684 bishop of Rochester. He assisted at the coronation of William and Mary. He wrote 'History of the Royal Society of London' published in 1667.
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Thomas Sterry Hunt was an American scientist. He was born in 1826 and died in 1892. He made valuable original contributions to the advancement of chemical and geological science. He invented the ink with which the early American banknotes (greenbacks) were printed.
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Thomas Stevenson was a Scottish engineer. He was born in 1818 at Edinburgh and died in 1887. The son of Robert Stevenson, he was educated at the high school, Edinburgh where he revealed a talent for mathematics and was soon contributing articles to scientific journals. He joined his father as a lighthouse engineer, and together with his brother was responsible for the erection of several lighthouses. After studying lighthouse lanterns he invented the azimuthal condensing system.
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Thomas Stockton was an American politician. He was a Whig governor of Delaware from 1845 until 1846.
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Thomas Stone was an American politician. He was born in 1743 and died in 1787. He was a delegate from Maryland to the Continental Congress from 1775 to 1779, and signed the Declaration of Independence. Prom 1779 to 1783 he was a prominent member of the Maryland Senate. He again served in the Continental Congress from 1784 to 1785. He was a member of the committee to draft a plan of confederation.
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Thomas Stothard was an English artist. He was born in 1755 at London and died in 1834. He studied at the RA schools, and painted subject pictures in oils, particularly for Boydell's Shakespeare Gallery, but his real talent lay in illustrative design, and illustrated many classic novels at the time. He became ARA in 1791, RA in 1794 and librarian in 1812.
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Thomas Stott was an Irish poet. He was born in 1755 at Hillsborough, County Down and died in 1829. He entered the linen bleaching business at Dromore, County Down and made a lot of money, while also writing poetry published in 'The Northern Star', 'Belfast Newsletter' and other local papers in Ireland and in England including 'The London Morning Post', usually under the pseudonym of 'Hafiz'.
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Thomas Sully was an American painter. He was born in 1783 at England and died in 1872. He went to America from England in 1792. He is famous for his paintings, 'Washington Crossing the Delaware', 'Thomas Jefferson', 'Fanny Kemble', 'Queen Victoria', 'Lafayette' and 'The Capture of Major Andre'.
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Thomas Sumter was an American insurgent. He was born in 1734 and died in 1832. He conducted insurgency at the beginning of the American Revolution. He defeated a force of British and Tories, made an unsuccessful attack on Rocky Mount and routed the British at Hanging Rock. He severed the communications of Charles Cornwallis and captured his supply train. He was severely defeated by Colonel Tarleton at Fishing Creek. He defeated Major Wemyss at Broad River, and repelled Colonel Tarleton at Blackstock Hill. He represented South Carolina in the US Congress as a Democrat from 1789 to 1793 and from 1797 to 1801, and in the Senate from 1801 to 1809. He was Minister to Brazil from 1809 to 1811.
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Sir Thomas Sutherland was a British shipowner. He was born in 1834 at Aberdeen and died in 1922. Educated at the university of Aberdeen he entered the Peninsular and Oriental Steamship Company, representing the company in China for some years. He helped to found the Hong Kong docks and the Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank and became a member of the legislative council of the colony. He was chairman of the P & O line from 1880 until 1914 and member of parliament for Greenock from 1884 until 1900. He was created a KCMG in 1891 and GCMG in 1897.
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Thomas Swann was an American railway tycoon and politician. He was born in 1805 and died in 1883. He was president of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad from 1847 to 1853, Governor of Maryland from 1865 to 1869, and a Democratic US Congressman from 1869 to 1879.
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Thomas Sweeney was an irish-American soldier. He was born in 1820 and died in 1892. He went to the United States from Ireland in 1832. He served with distinction during the Mexican War. He served at Wilson's Creek and Fort Donelson, and led a brigade at Shiloh. He commanded a division in the Atlanta campaign, and fought at Snake Creek Gap, Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain and Atlanta. He engaged in the Fenian invasion of Canada in 1866.
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Thomas Sydenham was an English physician. He was born in 1624 at Wynford Eagle, Dorset and died in 1689. Educated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, his education was disrupted by the English Civil War, during which he served with the Parliamentarians. In 1647 he entered Wadham College, and studied medicine there and in France, entering practice in London around 1663, in 1676 publishing his acclaimed 'Observations Medicae'.
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Thomas T Crittenden was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Missouri from 1881 until 1885.
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Thomas Talbot was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Massachusetts from 1874 until 1875.
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Thomas Tallis was an English composer. He was born in 1515 and died in 1585. He was the organist at Waltham Abbey until its dissolution in 1540, and was later a gentleman of the Chapel Royal and organist there with his pupil W Byrd. In 1575 they published their 34 motets, sixteen of which were written by Tallis. Thomas Tallis wrote a large amount of church music.
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Thomas Tanner was an English antiquary. He was born in 1674 at Market Lavington in Wiltshire and died in 1735.
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Thomas Telford was a Scottish engineer. He was born in 1757 at Eskdale, Dumfriesshire and died in 1834. A stonemason by trade, he settled in London in 1783 and in 1787 became surveyor of public works for Shropshire before in 1793 being appointed engineer in charge of the proposed Ellesmere Canal. In 1801 he was appointed by the government to report on improvements of roads and means of communication in Scotland, and as a result received the commission to construct the Caledonian Canal. Thomas Telford was responsible for the construction of over 900 miles of roads in Scotland, and over 100 bridges, as well as improvements to harbours at Wick, Aberdeen, Peterhead, Banff and Leith.
In England Thomas Telford was superintended with the construction of many roads including the Carlisle-Glasgow and Shrewsbury-Holyhead roads, and the Menai suspension bridge. In 1818 he helped to found the Institute of Civil Engineers and became its first president.
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Thomas Tenison was an English prelate. He was born in 1636 at Cottenham and died in 1715. Educated at Norwich and at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge he was ordained in the Church of England in 1659 and worked at Cambridge, Norwich and at St Martins-in-the-Fields, London. He was made bishop of Lincoln and in 1695 archbishop of Canterbury.
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Sir Thomas Boulden Thompson was a British sailor. He was born in 1766 and died in 1828. He went to see in 1778 with his uncle, Edward Thompson the poet, and saw much service before he was given command of a vessel in Horatio Nelson's squadron in 1797. He took part in the Battle of the Nile and was knighted for his services. He was wounded at the Battle of Copenhagen in 1801 and was made a baronet in 1806. He was member of parliament for Rochester from 1807 until 1818.
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Thomas Thorild (Thomas Thoren) was a Swedish poet. He was born in 1759 at Kongelf and died in 1808. He was the first poet to break away from the artificiality of the French school of poetry, and his first poem 'The Passions' published in 1772 started a literary controversy. In 1792 he was banished for four years for expressing opinions considered dangerous to the regent.
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Thomas Tickell was an English poet. He was born in 1686 near Carlisle and died in 1740. Educated at Queen's College, Oxford he became a fellow of the college and gained several political appointments through the influence of his friend Addison. Thomas Tickell's translation of the first book of Homer's Iliad appeared about the same time as Pope's, and was described by Addison as being the best, Addison thereby offending Pope who responded by making Addison the subject of a satire.
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Thomas Traherne was an English poet. He was born in 1636 at Hereford and died in 1674. The son of a shoemaker he was educated at Brasenose College, Oxford, and in 1657 became rector of Credenhill near Hereford, and afterwards chaplain to Sir Orlando Bridgeman, lord keeper of the seals. Two manuscripts by Thomas Traherne were discovered on a bookstall in 1896 and were subsequently edited and published in 1903 and 1908.
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Thomas Tredgold was an English architect and engineer. He was born in 1788 at Brandon and died in 1829. In 1813 he joined William Atkinson, architect to the ordnance in London, and in 1823 went into private practice as a civil engineer. He wrote 'Elementary Principles of Carpentry' in 1820, 'Strength of Cast Iron' in 1821 and 'The Steam Engine' in 1827.
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Sir Thomas Troubridge was a British read-admiral. He was born in 1758 and died in 1807. Commissioned in the navy in 1773, he served in the East Indies. In command of the Culloden he fought at the Battle of St Vincent in 1797, and for his services in the Meditterranean was made a baronet in 1799. Lord of the Admiralty from 180 until 1804, the following year he commanded the Blenheim and sailed for the east Indies. On a voyage from Madras to the Cape, the Blenheim was wrecked off the coast of Madagascar and he was drowned.
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Thomas Truxtun was an American sailor. He was born in 1755 and died in 1822. He was made lieutenant of the privateer Congress in 1776. In 1777 he commanded the Independence and captured three large ships. In 1781 he commanded the St James, with which he disabled a superior British vessel. In 1798 he was placed in command of the Constellation, and commanded a squadron to protect American commerce in the West Indies. In 1799 he captured the French frigate L'Insurgente after a severe engagement, and in 1800 he gained a victory over the French frigate La Vengeance.
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Thomas Tusser was an English musician, farmer and poet. He was born about 1524 at Rivenhall, Essex and died in 1580. He became a chorister at Wallingford and later at St Paul's Cathedral, London, completing his education at Eaton, King's College and Trinity Hall, Cambridge. For ten years he was a musician to Lord Paget, leaving him to farm at Cattiwade, Suffolk. Although not very successful as a farmer he wrote 'Hundreth Good Pointes of Husbandrie' published in 1577.
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Sir Thomas Urquhart or Thomas Urchard was a Scottish author and translator. He was born in 1611 and died in 1660. The eldest son of Thomas Urquhart of Cromarty, he was educated at King's College, Aberdeen. As an opponent of the Covenant, he took part in the abortive movement in the north in 1639, and then took refuge at the English court, where he was knighted in 1641. In 1649 he joined the Royalists, and was taken prisoner and confined in the Tower of London, but was released through the clemency of Oliver Cromwell in 1652. In that year appeared The Jewel, a panegyric of the Scottish nation, and his other works include Logopandecteision, 1653, an outline of a universal language marked by great ingenuity.
Thomas Urquhart's reputation rests on his translation of Rabelais, one of the masterpieces of its kind. As one critic said, 'In point of style Urquhart was Rabelais incarnate, and in his employment of the verbal resources, whether of science or pseudo-science and slang, he almost surpassed Rabelais himself'. Little is known of Thomas Urquhart's later years. A tradition says that he died of an uncontrollable fit of laughter when he heard of the Restoration of Charles II.
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Thomas W Bartley was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Ohio during 1844.
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Thomas W Bickett was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of North Carolina from 1917 until 1921.
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Thomas W Hardwick was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Georgia from 1921 until 1923.
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Thomas W Veazey was an American politician. He was a Whig governor of Maryland from 1836 until 1839.
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Thomas Walker Gilmer was an American politician. He died in 1844. He was a Whig governor of Virginia from 1840 until 1841. He was a US Democratic Congressman from 1841 to 1844. He was Secretary of the Navy in Tyler's Cabinet in 1844, and was killed in the 'Princeton disaster'.
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Thomas Watkins Ligon was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Maryland from 1854 until 1858.
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Thomas Wentworth (Earl of Strafford) was an English statesman. He was born in 1593 at London and died in 1641. Educated at St John's College, Cambridge he sat in successive parliaments under James I and was a powerful leader of the parliamentary opposition to Charles I and to Buckingham. In 1628 he was active in promoting the Petition of the Right, and shortly after it was passed Thomas Wentworth switched allegiances to the king and was created Viscount Wentworth and made president of the Council of the North until in 1633 he was made a governor of Ireland. By the intrigues of the queen and a clique of courtiers, Thomas Wentworth's plans were constantly subverted and in 1639 he was made an earl, and thought he had the trust of the king. However in 1640 the Long Parliament ordered Thomas Wentworth's arrest and impeachment for high treason. The trial began in 1641 and when it was clear that there was no chance of securing a verdict against Thomas Wentworth, the Commons passed a bill of attainder condemning Thomas Wentworth to death. The bill required the king's signature, and despite giving his word to Thomas Wentworth the king signed the execution order and Thomas Wentworth was executed by beheading on Tower Hill.
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Thomas Weston was an English financer. He was born in 1575 and died in 1624. He formed a joint stock company for fitting out the expedition of the Pilgrims to America in 1620, but soon afterward withdrew from it as unprofitable. He organized a company of his own and sent an advance party in 1622 which founded a settlement at Wessagussett under a grant by the king to Sir Ferdinando Gorges. The settlers, however, soon returned to England.
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Thomas Wharton was an American politician. He was born in 1735 and died in 1778. He was a zealous opponent of the oppressive measures of England toward the colonies. He was chosen as a member of the Philadelphia Committee of Correspondence in 1774. He became one of the Committee of Safety in 1775, and in 1776 became president of the Council of Safety, in which the executive authority temporarily resided. He was president of Pennsylvania from 1777 to 1778.
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Thomas Wharton, Jr. was an American politician. He was a governor of Pennsylvania from 1777 until 1778.
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Thomas Willing was an American businessman. He was born in 1731 and died in 1821. He was head of the firm of Willing and Morris from 1754 to 1793, which was an agent of Congress during the American War of Independence. He represented Pennsylvania in the Continental Congress from 1775 to 1776 and was the first president of the US Bank in 1791.
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Cardinal Thomas Wolsey was an English churchman and statesman. He was born in 1473 and died in 1530. The son of a butcher he was educated at Oxford and rapidly progressed in the church, becoming archbishop of York in 1514 and a cardinal in 1515. As Lord Chancellor to Henry VIII, Wolsey controlled both the church and the state. He formed various alliances in Europe with an aim to becoming pope, but effectively brought about a decline in English power. His failure to obtain an annulment of Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine of Aragon led to his downfall and in 1530 he was arrested for high treason, and died on his way to London.
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Thomas Worthington was an American politician. He was a Democratic- Republican governor of Ohio from 1814 until 1818.
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Sir Thomas Wyatt was a British poet. He was born in 1503 and died in 1542. He wrote 'Certayne Psalmes'.
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Thomas Young was a British physician and physicist. He was born in 1773 and died in 1829. He identified astigmatism, demonstrated the interference of light, and suggested a wave theory of light in opposition to Newton's theory. As a result of his work on elasticity, the ratio of stress to strain is known as Young's modulus. Also an Egyptologist, he helped decipher the Rosetta Stone.
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Thorfinn was a Viking explorer. He died after 1016. He went to Greenland from Norway in 1006. According to the Sagas, in 1007 he sailed for Vinland with three ships and 160 persons, sighted Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, sailed along the New England coast and landed upon some island, where they spent the winter. The next three years were spent in a bay which some have identified with Mount Hope Bay, where they traded with the Esquimaux. They returned in 1011.
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Thorvald Ericsson was a Viking explorer. He died in 1004. He is thought to have gone to America, possibly Rhode Island, from Iceland with thirty men in 1002, in 1003 to have explored the southern coast of New England and in 1004 the northern coast.
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Thothmes I was a king of Egypt of the XVIIIth dynasty. He reigned for about twenty-five years from about 1539 BC until 1514 BC. The first great Egyptian military commander, he invaded Nubia using river craft, fought a naval battle in mid-stream, and extended the Theban power to the 4th cataract. He conducted campaigns in Syria which resulted in obtaining large quantities of riches. He devoted himself to the embellishment of the Amen temple at Karnak.
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Thothmes II was a king of Egypt of the XVIIIth dynasty. He reigned for about thirteen years from about 1514 BC until 1501 BC with his half-sister Hatshepsut as consort and co-regent. He is thought to have been about 30 years old when he died.
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Thothmes III was a king of Egypt of the XVIIIth dynasty. He appeared to have reigned as co-regent from the death of Thothmes II in 1501 with his aunt and step-mother, Hatshepsut. He married Hatshepsut's younger daughter and after the death of his aunt reigned alone for about thirty-two years. He undertook seventeen foreign campaigns and established his power from Armenia to the Sudan.
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Thothmes IV was a king of Egypt of the XVIIIth dynasty. He reigned for about nine years from about 1447 BC until 1438 BC. He undertook military campaigns against Nubia and Phoenicia and maintained friendly relations with Babylon and Mitanni, marrying the Mitannian woman Mutemua, the first foreign alliance made by an Egyptian monarch. He arranged the removal of the sand drift which buried the great Sphinx at Gizeh
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Thrall is an old English term for a slave, a person in bondage.
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Throstle-piecer was the name given to girls aged between thirteen and sixteen who were formerly employed in cotton mills whose duty was to attend to the throstle frames, and to piece up the yarn as it was made in the frame, before it is wound upon bonnins fixed on the spindles to receive it.
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Thucydides was a Greek historian. He was born in 460BC at Athens and died in 399BC. He wrote a history of the Peloponnesian War, a war during which he was in command of an Athenian fleet detailed to protect the coast of Thrace where he owned some gold mines. His failure to prevent Amphipolis from falling to the Spartans, which was blamed on his concern for his own property, led to him being exiled for twenty years..
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The Thugs (also known as phansigars) were originally a fraternity of Islamic murderous robbers in India who strangled their victims before robbing and burying them. Later, a Hindu sect evolved within the fraternity which strangled their victims as sacrifices to Kali. The systematic suppression of the Thuggee was begun in 1830 and by 1848 Thuggee as an organised system was eliminated.
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The Thuringian were an ancient tribe of central Germany. They were conquered by the Franks in the 6th century.
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Thurlow Weed was an american journalist and politician. He was born in 1797 and died in 1882. He was early employed in a printing establishment and as a country journalist. He became connected with the Rochester Telegraph and with the Anti-Masonic Enquirer. In 1825 he was in the New York Legislature, but afterward avoided office. Already influential in State and national politics, Thurlow Weed, in 1830, founded the Albany Evening Journal which he conducted until 1856 as a Whig, and later as a Republican organ. His influence was felt in nearly every nomination of the Whigs and Republicans from 1836 to 1876. For years he was a political partner of Seward, whom he favoured for President in 1860. During the American Civil War he was in Europe acting as an agent in behalf of the Union cause.
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Tib was an Elizabethan English name for a working-class woman. The term was also used for a girlfriend or sweetheart, and in a derogatory sense for a promiscuous woamn or prostitute.
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Tiberius was a Roman emperor. He was born in 42 BC and died in 37 AD. The son of Tiberius Claudius Nero and Livia Drusilla. In 38 BC his mother having divorced her husband married Augustus, and in 2 BC following the deaths of the heirs Augustus adopted his stepson as his heir. In AD 13 Tiberius was invested with the tribunitian and proconsular powers, the possession of which in effect gave his authority, and upon the death of Augustus in AD 14 Tiberius succeeded as Roman emperor, a position he held until his death.
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The Tibu or Tibbu (rock-people) are an indigenous people of Libya traditionally found in the Tibesti highlands. They comprise a northern or Teda branch, and are slender, bronzed, crisp-haired of medium stature.
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The Ticunas (also known as the Tacunas or Jamanas) are a South American people living on the Putumayo and Maranon rivers. They are noted for their tall slender figure and round regular features set off by artistic tattoo designs. A peaceful nation, they prepare poisons on behalf of other tribes.
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The Tigro are a people of north Ethiopia. The Tigro language is spoken by about 2.5 million people; it belongs to the south east Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family. Tigrinya is a closely related language spoken slightly to the south.
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Tilghman M Tucker was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Mississippi from 1842 until 1844.
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Tim M Babcock was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Montana from 1962 until 1969.
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The Timne or Timni are an aboriginal people of Sierra Leone. They are traditionally farmers, renowned for their rice growing, and traditionally live in villages ruled by a chieftain, and in districts ruled by kings.
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Timoleon was a Greek soldier and the liberator of Sicily. He was born about 411 at Corinth and died about 337 BC. Of a noble family, he was party to the murder of his brother when his brother endeavoured to make himself tyrant of the city. In 344 in response to an appeal from Syracuse in Sicily, originally a colony from Corinth, Timoleon led a small force to assist the Syracusans against the tyrant Dionysius, the younger, and against the Carthaginians. The latter were defeated outside Hadranum, and Dionysius offered to give up his Syracusian stronghold. Timoleon gained possession of the whole of the city, and re-established democratic government.
Timoleon then turned his attention to other Sicilian cities oppressed by tyrants, but in the meantime the Carthaginians had collected an immense force and had landed it at Lilybaeum in 339. Timoleon signally defeated it, however, on the Crimissus, and was then free to proceed with the liberation of Sicily from tyrants. A peace was concluded with the Carthaginians in 338, by which the boundary of the Carthaginian dominion was fixed at the river Halycus. His work accomplished, Timoleon divested himself of all authority and became a private citizen of Syracuse.
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Timothy Dwight was an American divine, poet and teacher. He was born in 1752 at Connecticut and died in 1817. His father was Colonel Timothy Dwight, and his mother was a daughter of Jonathan Edwards. He served as chaplain in the revolutionary army. From 1795 until 1817 he was president of Yale College and did much to broaden and advance higher education in the USA.
His Theology (published in 1818) was for long a standard both in Britain and in America.
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Timothy O Howe was an American jurist and politician. He was born in 1816 and died in 1883. He was a member of the Maine Legislature in 1845. From 1850 to 1855 he was a Judge of the Circuit and Supreme Courts of Wisconsin. He represented Wisconsin in the US Senate as a Republican from 1861 to 1879, and served on the Committees of Finance, Commerce, Pensions and Claims. He advocated the right of the National Government to establish territorial governments in the seceded States. He was a delegate to the International Monetary Conference in 1881. He was appointed Postmaster-General in Arthur's Cabinet in 1881 and served until his death.
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Timothy Pickering was an American politician. He was born in 1745 and died in 1829. Educated at Harvard graduate he became a militia officer in Massachusetts, and entered actively into the civil and military life of the American Revolution. He was made adjutant-general of the army in 1776, and member of the board of war, and in 1780 he became quartermaster-general, materially aiding George Washington's final movements. He held this position until 1785, and then settled in Pennsylvania. In 1791 he negotiated a treaty with the Six Nations, and the same year he was called to the office of Postmaster-General. In 1795 he exchanged this post for that of Secretary of War, and a few months later he took charge of the State Department, which he held until 1800. Becoming again identified with Massachusetts Timothy Pickering represented that State in the US Senate 1805 to 1811 and the House from 1813 to 1817. He was a radical Federalist and a member of the Essex Junto. As. a vigorous opponent of the Embargo he was at one time extremely unpopular.
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Timothy Pitkin was an American politician and historian. He was born in 1766 and died in 1847. He was Speaker of the Connecticut Legislature for five consecutive sessions. He represented Connecticut in the US Congress as a Federalist from 1805 to 1819. He was regarded as an authority on US political history. He wrote Statistical View of the Commerce of the United States of America and A Political and Civil History of the United States from 1763 to 1797.
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Timothy Ruggles was an American jurist, soldier and politician. He was born in 1711 and died in 1795. He served in the Massachusetts General Court for twenty-three years between 1739 and 1770. He commanded a regiment at Crown Point in 1755, was second in command at Lake George, and led a brigade in General Amherst's Canadian expedition. When a delegate to the Stamp Act Congress in New York in 1765, and its president, he refused to sign the addresses and petitions. He espoused the British cause during the American Revolution.
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Tina Turner (real name Annie Mae Bullock) is an American singer and actress. She was born in 1938 at Nutbush, Tennessee. Best known for her singing, she also appeared as the 'Acid Queen' in the 1974 film Tommy before going on to appear in the final Mad Max film, the 1984 Mad Max: Beyond The Thunderdome.
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The Tinguian are a race of people of Indonesian origin found in north-west Luzon of the Philippine Islands. They are a tall, fair, mainly hill tribe (some are tree-dwellers) traditionally associated with cultivating rice on irrigated walled terraces.
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Jacopo Robusti (Tintoretto) was an Italian painter. He was born in 1518 at Venice and died in 1594. He studied under Titian and was influenced by Michelangelo and Jacopo Palma. His first important work was the Miracle of St Mark, painted in 1548, for the Scuola di San Marco.
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Tippoo Sahib was a sultan of Mysore. He was born in 1749 and died in 1799. The son of Haider Ali, whom he succeeded in 1782, he fought during the first Mysore War, concluding the treaty of Mangalore, in 1784. Two years later he declared war on the Marathas, and in 1789 attacked Travancore, a state allied with the British. This occasioned the second Mysore War, which ended in Tippoo's defeat in 1791. Founding a secret confederacy of all discontented native rulers, and strengthened by the promise of French help, Tippoo planned vast schemes for the expulsion of the British and his own exaltation. However, the plot was discovered and Wellesley made a rapid advance on Seringapatam, during the capture of which Tippoo was killed.
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Tippoo Tib was a name by which the African slave-trader Hamed ben Mohammed was known. Of mixed Arab and African parentage, he traded in Equatorial Africa, especially the Upper Congo. Aiding Cameron in 1874 and Stanley in 1886, and taking part in the Emin relief expedition of 1887, he was given the governorship of the Stanley Falls district of Upper Congo.
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Tissaphernes was a Persian satrap. He died in 395 BC. In 414 BC he was made satrap of Lower Asia. During the latter part of the Peloponnesian War he played with the Spartans by holding out promises of help, his real policy being to let both the Athenians and the Spartans wear themselves out. After the battle of Cunaxa in 401 BC, where he was one of the four generals of Artaxerxes, he treacherously murdered the leaders of the 10,000 Greeks. From 400-395, as governor of the coast of Asia Minor, he carried on war with the Spartans, but his failure caused Artaxerxes to give orders for his execution.
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In America a tithingman was a sort of Sunday constable, who preserved order in meeting and discharged various police functions of a similar nature. The office was peculiarly a New England institution, though rare instances of tithiugmen were to be found in Maryland and elsewhere. In towns where there were Indian inhabitants, it was the duty of the tithingman to preserve order among them.
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Titian (real name Tiziano Vecellio) was an Italian painter. He was born in 1477 at Pieve and died in 1576 of plague. Of an old family in the district of Cadore, he learned painting in Venice, probably, at first, with Zuccato, a worker in mosaic. He then studied under Gentile Bellini, eventually attaching himself to Giorgione, from whom he received his sense of glorious colouring, and of romance.
By the time Giorgione had died, at the age of thirty-two, Titian had become a great name in Venice. One of his earliest allegorical compositions, Sacred and Profane Love, exemplifies his skill as a colourist, and strength in composition. In 1513 he applied to the Council in Venice to be made their official painter, and three years later he obtained his request. From that time onwards he was the supreme head of the Venetian school.
The greater part of his life was spent in Venice, but he was heard of at Ferrara, Mantua, Bologna, Augsburg, and Milan, his work being in great demand, various members of the imperial court sending for him to carry out their commissions. In 1545 he was in Rome, carrying out commissions for Pope Paul III, and made the acquaintance of Michelangelo.
In Augsburg he produced the portrait of Charles V, now at the Prado, one of the noblest works of the 16th century, and he also painted several portraits of Philip II of Spain.
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The Titicacan are a native tribe of Indians of Peru.
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Titilus was king of the East Angles in 578.
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Tito Carbone was professor of pathology and anatomy at the University of Modena. He was born in 1863 and died in 1904. He achieved note for isolating and identifying the microbe of Mediterranean fever - Melitensis. In doing so he managed to infect himself and died of the fever.
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Titus Calpurnius was a Latin pastoral poet. He was born in Sicily about the end of the 3d century. Eleven eclogues composed by him are extant.
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Titus Quinticus Flamininus was a Roman general. He was born about 230 BC and died about 174 BC. He was quaestor in 199, consul in 198, terminated the Macedonian war by the defeat of Philip at Cynoscephalse 197, and proclaimed at the Isthmian games in 196 the independence of Greece.
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Titus Oates was an English conspirator. He was born in 1649 at Oakham and died in 1705. He was the principal informer in the so-called Popish plot in England. Taking advantage of the public's hostility toward Roman Catholics, in 1678 Oates gave the authorities details of a fictitious plot by Catholics to murder the Protestant monarch Charles II and to replace him with his Catholic brother, James, duke of York. As a result of the testimony of Oates and his followers, about 35 people lost their lives from 1678 and 1681. Oates himself for a time received a large pension and lived in Whitehall Palace. Charles died in 1685 and was succeeded by the duke of York as King James II. Oates was then brought to trial, found guilty of perjury, and sentenced to life imprisonment. After James was deposed by the Glorious Revolution in 1688, Oates was freed by the new king, William III.
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Sir Titus Salt was an English manufacturer. He was born in 1803 at Morley and died in 1876. He began in business as a wool stapler in Bradford, and in 1836 found a way to manufacture alpaca, and thus introduced a new industry to England. he founded round his mills the model village of Saltaire, which proved one of the best attempts to ameliorate the conditions of the workers. He was created a baronet in 1869.
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The Tiwi are an aboriginal people inhabiting the Melville and Bathurst Islands in northern Australia.
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The Tlingit are a North American Indian people of the north west coast, living in south Alaska and north British Columbia. They used to carve wooden poles representing their family crests, showing such animals as the raven, whale, octopus, beaver, bear, wolf, and the mythical 'thunderbird'. Their language is related to the Athabaskan languages.
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The Toala are an aboriginal tribe in south-west Celebes (Sulawesi), Indonesia. A medium-headed, wavy-haired, thick-lipped people, short, dark, and slender; they represent a primitive Caucasoid type allied to the Vedda and Sakai, with Melanesian elements. Traditionally they inhabited rock-shelters and were unprogressive hunters, using stone knives and arrow-heads, and bone lance-heads and whistles.
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The Toba (Pitilaga) are an aboriginal people around the Pilcomayo River in Argentina. Of Guaycuru stock, they are tall and muscular, hostile to outsiders, superb horsemen, and use spears for fishing. They wear paint and feather-ornament rather than clothing.
They survive by hunting and fishing and have a reputation as a fierce, war-like race. In 1882 they massacred Crevaux and his followers who were attempting to open up the Pilcomayo route between Bolivia and Paraguay.
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Tobias Lear was an American civil servant. He was born in 1763 and died in 1816. He became private secretary to George Washington in 1785, and for several years superintended his domestic affairs. He was a commissioner to conclude peace with Tripoli in 1805.
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Tobias George Smollett was a Scottish novelist. He was born in 1721 at Dalquhurne and died in 1771. Educated at Dumbarton and Glasgow University, he trained as a doctor, serving an apprenticeship with a Glasgow surgeon, and in 1739 travelled to London where he accepted a post as surgeon's mate in the navy, subsequently taking part in the Cartagena expedition of 1740 - 1741. Leaving the navy, he worked as a doctor in London, but a lack of income meant he took to writing, his first novel 'Roderick Random' published in 1748 proving an instant success and through its realistic and convincing image of the navy - based upon his own experiences therein - caused indignation which led to a drastic reform in the service. Another successful novel he wrote was 'Peregrine Pickle' published in 1751, which again was noted for its often course humour.
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The Tocharian are an ancient people in Central Asia. Originally Tarim basin town-dwellers, whose culture and speech were absorbed by the Altaian nomad Yueh-chi, their combined migration to the upper Oxus region of Tocharistan, and afterwards to Bactria, resulted in the Indo-Scyth Kushan kingdom. Lecoq and Stein brought from the Turfan documents in a dialect comprising an Aryan vocabulary of western type, allied to Hittite, with Turkic constructions. Provisionally called Tocharian, it is now designated Kuchean, being the ancient speech of the north Tarim region.
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Tod Sloan (real name John Todhunter Sloan) was an American jockey. He first visited England towards the end of the racing season of 1897 and attracted a great deal of attention for the peculiar seat he adopted, perched in a crouched fashion on the horse's withers. At Newmarket on September 20th 1898, he rode five consecutive winners, and again on April 18th 1899 he won on four successive mounts.
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The Todas are a Dravidian pastoral tribe of the Nilgri uplands of southern India. They are noted for their fine physique. They speak a rude dialect of the Kanarese Dravidian language, and traditionally migrated from the Kanara coast district in the 12th century. The Todas are unusual in traditionally practising polyandry (the sharing of one wife between several husbands).
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The Toltecs were a prehistoric people of Central America to whom the Aztecs and the Mayas ascribed all their arts and ancient monuments.
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Tom C Rye was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Tennessee from 1915 until 1919.
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Tom Hood was an English miscellaneous writer. He was born in 1835 and died in 1874. The son of Thomas Hood, he studied at Oxford, and during his residence there he wrote Pen and Pencil Pictures. In 1861 appeared his Daughters of King Daker, and other Poems. In 1865 he became editor of Fun, which became very popular under his management. His talents, although similar to those of his father, were less brilliant.
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Tom Jones (real name Sir Thomas John Woodward) is a Welsh singer. He was born in 1940 at Pontypridd to a traditional coal-mining family, and had his first popular music hit in 1965 with 'It's Not Unusual' followed by 'Delilah'. In 1999 he was an OBE and in 2006 he was knighted.
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Tom McCall was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Oregon from 1967 until 1975.
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Tom Sharpe is an English writer. He was born in 1928.
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Tom Spring was an English boxer. He was born in 1795 and died in 1851. He was English champion in 1824, and had a reputation as an honest and straightforward fighter.
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Tom Taylor was an English dramatist. He was born in 1817 at Sunderland and died in 1880. Educated at Glasgow University and at Trinity College, Cambridge of which he was made a fellow in 1840, in 1844 he left Cambridge and went to London where he was professor of English literature at London University until 1846 when he was called to the bar. In 1850 he gave up law to become a civil servant, becoming secretary of the sanitary department and in his spare time devoting himself to literature. In 1874 he was appointed editor of Punch magazine. He is best known for his plays and burlesque productions, the first of which was produced in 1844.
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Tomas de Torquemada was a Spanish inquisitor. He was born in 1420 at Valladolid and died in 1498. He enetered the order of St Dominic and became confessor to Isabella, afterwards queen of Spain, and later to her husband Ferdinand. For 22 years he was prior of the monastery at Segovia. In 1478 he obtained the establishment of the Spanish Inquisition and in 1483 was made inquisitor-general. Despite the severity of the regulations he laid down he held his position until 1494, during which time he reportedly had some 10,000 persons put to death by burning.
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Tomaso Albinoni was an Italian composer and violinist. He was born in 1671 at Venice and died in 1750. He lived in Venice, where he produced most of his nearly 50 operas. His instrumental works, frequently played by modern chamber musicians, were admired by Johann Sebastian Bach and include trio sonatas, concertos for one and for two oboes, and the 1710 concerto for solo violin.
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The term tomboy was originally applied to a harlot. Later, by the Victorian era, the term was applied to a boyish, romping girl.
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Tommaso Campanella was an Italian philosopher. He was born in 1568 at Stilo and died in 1639. He entered the Dominican order and became the leader of a political conspiracy to expel the Spaniards from Naples, for which he was imprisoned for twenty-seven years. On his release in 1626 by Urban VIII religious persecution drove him to France where he was protected by Cardinal Richelieu, and where he devoted the rest of his life to philosophy. He endeavoured to ground philosophy on experiment and the observation of nature.
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Toney Anaya was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of New Mexico from 1983 until 1987.
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The Tonikas are an aboriginal north American tribe. They originally settled in Mississippi, whence they migrated in the 19th century to Louisiana.
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Tony Jacklin is an English golfer. He was born in 1944. He became Open Champion in 1969 and won the US Open championship in1970.
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Tony Tompsett was a journalist, AIDs dissident and pioneer in the provision of information around ' HIV/aids'. He was born in 1959 and died in 1998. He worked as a volunteer at Continuum magazine from 1993 until just before his death in 1998 from Kaposi's sarcoma, toxoplasmosis and possible pneumonia.
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Torbern Bergman was a Swedish physicist and chemist. He was born in 1735 and died in 1784. He succeeded in the preparation of artificial mineral waters, discovered the sulphuretted hydrogen gas of mineral springs and published a classification of minerals on the basis of their chemical character and crystalline forms.
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Torquato Tasso was an Italian poet. He was born in 1544 at Sorrento and died in 1595. He forsook the study of law for literature, and wrote 'Rinaldo', a narrative poem in 1562. In 1565 he became a courtier at Ferrara. Diffidence to his work and overwork caused him some neurosis and after wandering from place to place he was incarcerated as a lunatic by Duke Alfonso in 1579 until 1586.
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Originally, a Tory was an Irish outlaw and robber (from the Irish word meaning to pursue for the sake of plunder). The term was applied to the Royalist party at the time of the Popish Plot but had acquired a political significance as early as 1654 when it was applied by the principal of Glasgow University to the forces maintaining the cause of Charles II, as the political counterpart of Whig. Today the term is applied to the Conservatives in Britain with ironic accuracy to the original Irish meaning, many poorer Britains would say.
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Totila (Baduila) was a king of the Ostrogoths. He was born around 520 and died in 552. In 541 he became king and immediately entered into a war with the East Roman Empire with the aim of recovering Italy. He gained a number of successes, including the taking of Naples, and in 546 after a long siege he captured Rome only to lose it to Belisarius, and retake it from the Romans in 549 after which he conquered Sicily, sardinia and Corsica. Back in Italy he was defeated by Narses at the Battle of Tagina in July 552, and was killed as he tried to escape the field.
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The Totonac are an American Indian tribe, mostly found in Vera Cruz and Puebla, Mexico. Originally an independent people, they were reduced to an Aztec tributary state.
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Toussaint L'Ouverture (real name Francois Dominique Tousaint) was a Haitian Negro leader. He was born in 1746 a slave on a plantation in Haiti and died in 1803. In 1791 having aided his master and his family to escape, he took part in the Negro insurrection, and in 1794 joined the French republicans. Appointed commander-in-chief of the island by the French Convention in 1797, he drove out the French royalists, the British and the Spaniards, and brought the island of Haiti to a state of peace and prosperity. About 1800 he began to work for Haitian independence, and opposed Napoleon when he tried to re-establish slavery. He was captured by the French in 1802 and sent to France, where he was imprisoned at the Fort of Joux where he died.
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A toxophilite is someone who loves archery. The Royal Toxophilite Society was founded in 1781 and had grounds in Regent's Park, London, until being given notice to quit the site in December 1921.
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Trajan (Marcus Ulpius Trajanus) was a Roman emperor. He was born in 53 at Italica, Spain and died in 117. He was a soldier, and fought many campaigns in Dacia, Armenia, Mesopotamia and Ctesiphon and while in command of the forces on the Rhine was selected as colleague and successor by Emperor Nerva.
On Nerva's death in 98, Trajan became emperor of the Roman Empire. Trajan proved himself one of the greatest of all Roman emperors, equally skilled in military matters as administration and was highly praised by all except members of the Christian sect whom he persecuted.
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The Trappist are a branch of the Cistercian reform of the Benedictine Order. They originated at the Cistercian Abbey of La Trappe in Normandy, frowm whence they took their name. In 1662 Armand Jean le Bouthillier de Rance, a man of high rank who had been a court chaplain and was the owner of the abbey estates, became converted, retired to the abbey, and in 1664 was elected abbot. He found the community lax and disorganised, and introduced a system of unexampled austerity, the rules imposing strict enclosure, perpetual silence, and rigorous fasting. The Trappist monks undertake no outside work, but employ themselves entirely with the choir offices and manual labour.
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Sir Travers Twiss was a British jurist. He was born in 1809 and died in 1897. Educated at University College, Oxford, of which he became a fellow, bursar, dean and tutor in succession he made a special study of the law and entered Lincoln's Inn in 1835 and was called to the bar in 1840. In 1842 he was appointed to the Drummond chair of political economy at Oxford, and in 1852 to the chair of international law at King's College, London. In 1855 he became regius professor of civil law at Oxford, a post he held until 1870. In 1867 he became advocate general and was knighted, but in 1872 he resigned his political career and devoted himself to international law.
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Trebelli was the stage name of Zelia Gilbert, a French opera singer. She was born in 1839 at Paris of German parents and died in 1892. She made her debut at Madrid in 1859 under the name Trebelli.
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Tribonianus was a Roman jurist. He, with sixteen coadjutors, by direction of the Emperor Justinian, compiled the digest of Roman civil law entitled the Pandects in 530.
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The Trinobantes were an ancient British tribe which inhabited the modern counties of Essex and Suffolk. Their capital was Camalodunum (Colchester). They submitted to Caesar in 55 BC, but in 61 AD joined the revolt of the Iceni under Boadicea and were subdued by Suetonius Paulinus, after which nothing is known of them.
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Troglodyte is a Greek term for a cave dweller, designating certain peoples in the ancient world. The troglodytes of south Egypt and Ethiopia were a pastoral people.
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Troubadour is a name given to a class of mediaeval poets, chiefly from the Languedon and Provence regions. They flourished from about 1090 until about 1290, and composed lyrical poetry in the langue d'oc, thereby being distinct from the trouveres who used the langue d'oil.
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The Trouveres were the court poets of north and central France in the Middle Ages. Their invariable theme was the trials undergone by a lover at the hands of his lady, who is already married to another.
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Truman Capote is an American novelist. He was born in 1924 at New Orleans.
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Truman Seymour was an American soldier. He was born in 1824 and died in 1891. He served in the Mexican War. He aided in the defence of Fort Sumter in 1861. He commanded the left wing at Mechanicsville in 1862, led a division at Malvern Hill, and was brevetted colonel for services at South Mountain and Antietam. He fought at Morris Island and Fort Wagner, and captured Jacksonville. He led a brigade at the Wilderness and Petersburg.
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Trusten Polk was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Missouri during 1857.
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Tseng Ki-Tseh was a Chinese statesman. He was born in 1837 at Hunan and died in 1890. Educated in diplomacy by his father, he was appointed the first ambassador to Great Britain in 1878, in 1880 moving to Russia, and in 1881 became an influential member of the Chinese cabinet and vice-president of the board of war. He again visited Great Britain in 1885 to discuss the opium trade.
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Tseng Kuo-Fan was a Chinese soldier. He was born in 1811 at Hunan and died in 1872. He was literary examiner in 1843 and later took part in the repression of the Taiping rebellion, building a flotilla of junks in 1850 with which he cleared the Yang-tse-kiang and captured Chang-sha, Wu-chang and Hanyang. He drove the rebels from Kiangsu province, and being made viceroy of the Kiang province in 1860, he eventually captured Nanking in 1864. Failing to suppress the Nienfei rebellion he was superseded by his lieutenant Li Hung chang.
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The Tsimshians (Chimmesyans) are a North American Indian tribe whose original territory was on the pacific coast opposite the Queen Charlotte archipelago.
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The Tswana are the majority ethnic group living in Botswana. The Tswana are divided into four subgroups: the Bakwena, the Bamangwato, the Bangwaketse, and the Batawana. Traditionally they are rural- dwelling farmers, though many now leave their homes to work as migrant labourers in South African industries. The Tswana language belongs to the Bantu branch of the Niger- Congo family.
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The Tu are a people of eastern Qinghai Province, China.
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The Tuareg are a nomadic Berber people of the west and central Sahara.
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Tudor was the surname of an English dynasty founded by a Welsh nobleman who in 1423 had married Catherine, widow of Henry V. He was the father of Edmund, Earl of Richmond, and Jasper, Earl of Pembroke. Supporting the house of Lancaster he was captured at Mortimer's Cross and beheaded in 1461. Edmund married Margaret, heiress of John Beaufort, and their son, Henry VII, who reigned from 1485 to 1509, founded his claims to the throne on his descent from John of Gaunt. The other Tudor sovereigns were Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary and Elizabeth I.
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The Tukano are an indigenous South American Indian people of the Vaupos region on the Colombian- Brazilian border, numbering approximately 2,000. An estimated 12,000 speak languages related to
Tukano. The other main
Tukanoan groups are Bara, Barasana, Cubeo, Desana, and Makuna.
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Tullio Serafin was an Italian conductor. He was born in 1878 and died in 1968. He studied in Milan and became a violinist in the orchestra at La Scala. In 1900 he made his debut as a conductor at Ferrara. In 1909 he was conducting at La Scala, later becoming a regular guest at Covent Garden, and from 1924 to 1934 he conducted at the New York Met, where he presented the first American performance of Turandot. He worked devotedly in the revival of bel canto, and was a major formative influence on Maria Callas, who said later: 'He taught me exactly the depth of music.
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The Tunguses are a Mongolo-Tata people of east Siberia. With the exception of the Manchus division, they live in small groups and are primarily fishers, hunters, trappers and shepherds.
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Tunka Putra Abdul Rahman was a Malaysian politician. He was born in 1903 at Alor Star and died in 1990. After studying law at Cambridge, England he returned to Malaysia and in 1945 formed the United Malays' National Organisation. Elected to government he became Prime Minister on Malaysian independence in 1957 and negotiated the formation of the Federation of Malaysia. Following riots in 1970 at Kuala Lumpur he retired from active politics.
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Tupac Amaru (real name Jose Gabriel Condorcanqui) was a Peruvian revolutionary. He was born in 1742 at Tinta and died in 1781. A ruler of a district under the Spanish, in 1780 he placed himself at the head of an extensive revolt against Spanish rule, was arrested the following year and together with members of his family was tortured to death.
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The Tupi-Guarani are a large division of the South American aborigines with two main branches, the Guarani and the Tupi of north-eastern Brazil.
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The Turkana are an east African people living between Lake Turkana in north-west Kenya and the Nile. They are frequently very tall, though averaging 5 feet 7 inches in height, stalwart with broad noses. They were traditionally semi-nomadic herdsmen and spoke a Niloto-Hamitic language. British troops were engaged in punitive operations against them between February and May 1915.
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The Tuscarora are a North American Indian tribe, originally one of the Six Nations of Iroquois, they migrated toward North Carolina. In 1711 they attacked the European colonists, but were defeated at the battle of the Neuse on January the 28th, 1712. Hostilities were later resumed, but they were overthrown in 1713 and 800 taken prisoners. The tribe then fled to New York, except a small part, who had remained friendly. These subsequently removed. The Tuscaroras early favoured the English, but joined with the colonists during the American War of Independence.
In 1900 there were just 743 surviving Tuscarora Indians, all living in either New York or Ontario.
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Tutankhamen (Tutenkhamon) was an Egyptian Pharaoh around 1400BC. He reigned for around 6 years and died at the age of 18. His tomb was excavated in 1922 by Howard Carter and found to be intact and containing a large store of domestic furniture and objets d'art.
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The Tutsi (Batusi, Tussi, Watusi or Watutsi) are a tribe of Rwanda and Burundi. They are traditionally farmers, but also skilled warriors, invading the lands belonging to the Hutu during the 14th and 15th centuries and subduing the resident Hutus. Revenge occurred in 1994 when the Hutus massacred most of the Tutus in Rwanda.
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The Tuvinians are a pastoral Turkic-speaking people inhabiting Tuva in Outer Mongolia.
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The Twa are an ethnic group comprising 1% of the populations of Burundi and Rwanda. The
Twa are the aboriginal inhabitants of the region. They are a pygmoid people, and live as nomadic hunter- gatherers in the forests.
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Tycho Brahe was a Danish astronomer. He was born in 1546 and died in 1601. He studied law at Copenhagen and Leipzig, but from 1565 gave himself up to astronomy, and in 1580 built an observatory on the island of Hveen in the Sound, providing it with the best instruments then procurable. Here he excogitated the planetary system associated with his name, the earth, by his theory, being regarded as the centre of the heavenly bodies. After the death of his patron, Frederick II of Denmark, he left his native country in 1597 and went to Germany. Here he was patronized by the Emperor Rudolph, who gave him a yearly allowance and a residence at Prague, where he died. His astronomical works were all written in Latin. He is chiefly remarkable for his services to practical astronomy, his observations being superior in accuracy to those of his predecessors. He designed and constructed instruments that he used to accurately plot the positions of the planets, sun, moon, and stars.
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Tze-His was Dowager empress of China. She was born in 1835 at Beijing and died in 1908. She entered the seraglio of the emperor Hien-fung at the age of fifteen, and by her beauty and wit soon rose to be second to the empress Tze-an. On the death of Hien-fung in 1861, her son, Tung-Chih came to the throne, but during his reign and that of his successor, Kwang-su, Tze-His wielded the imperial power. Assisted by Li Hung-chang she ruled wisely and successfully until the war with Japan in 1894-1895, after which she sought to introduce western reforms and succeeded in suppressing the opium trade.
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