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William F Lynch was an American explorer. He was born in 1801 and died in 1865. He planned and carried out the exploration of Jordan and the Dead Sea in 1848. He entered the Confederate navy, commanding at Roanoke Island, at Albemarle Sound and at Smithville.
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William F Johnston was an American politician. He was a Whig governor of Pennsylvania from 1848 until 1852.
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William F Packer was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Pennsylvania from 1858 until 1861.
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William F Winter was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Mississippi from 1980 until 1984.
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Sir William Fairbairn was a Scottish engineer. He was born in 1789 at Kelso and died in 1874. He was apprenticed as an engine-wright at a colliery in North Shields, and commenced business on his own account in Manchester with a Mr. Lillie in 1817, where he made many improvements in machinery, such as the use of iron instead of wood in the shafting of cotton-mills. About 1831, his attention having been attracted to the use of iron as a material for ship-building, he built the first iron ship. His firm became extensively employed in iron shipbuilding at Manchester and at Millwall, London, and had a great share in the development of the trade. He shares with Mr. Stephenson the merit of constructing the great tubular bridge across the Menai Strait. William Fairbairn was one of the earliest members of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, of which he was president in 1861-1862. He was created a baronet in 1869.
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William Falconer was a Scottish poet and writer on naval affairs. He was born in 1732 at Edinburgh and died in 1769. He went to sea in the merchant service, was wrecked, and wrote a poem (The Shipwreck) descriptive of the incidents, published in 1762. He now entered the navy, and was rated as midshipman on board the Royal George. In 1769 he published a Universal Marino Dictionary. The same year he sailed for Bengal as purser of the Aurora frigate, which disappeared and is believed to have foundered at sea.
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William Harrison Faulkner was an American author. He was born in 1897 and died in 1962. He joined the Canadian Air Force in 1918, and later took various jobs, including painting and carpentry. His novels present a vivid picture of life in the Deep South of the USA. He won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1949.
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William Pitt Fessenden was an American politician. He was born in 1806 at New Hampshire and died in 1869. He was admitted to the bar in 1827, and soon began practice in Portland, Maine. He served in the Maine House of Representatives from 1832 until 1840, 1845 until 1846, and 1853 until 1854. He was a member of the Whig National Conventions of 1840, 1848 and 1852, and became one of the founders of the Republican party. He was elected to the US Congress from 1841 to 1843, and served in the US Senate from 1854 until 1864, when he was appointed Secretary of the Treasury by President Abraham Lincoln, and served until 1865. He was again a US Senator from 1865 until 1869. While in the Senate he made a famous speech against the Kansas-Nebraska bill, and in 1861 was appointed chairman of the Finance Committee, where he very ably sustained the national credit. He was one of the seven Republican Senators who voted for the acquittal of President Johnson in the impeachment trial of 1867.
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Sir William Fettes was a Scottish man who left a large sum of money for the education of orphans and other unfortunate children. He was born in 1750 and died in 1836.
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William Fiennes (Lord Saye) was an English colonist. He was born in 1582 and died in 1663. A Puritan lord, he was prominent in colonization enterprises. In 1633 he and others obtained a grant for a colony on the Connecticut River, afterward called Saybrook, from his name and that of Lord Brooke. In 1633 he procured a grant in New Hampshire.
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William Finden was an English line-engraver. He was born in 1787 and died in 1852. He engraved many illustrations for the Annuals and other books. In conjunction with his younger brother Edward and assistants he produced several extensive series of engravings of great merit; the first and most successful of which was Illustrations of the Life and Works of Lord Byron. Other series followed, including the Royal Gallery of British Art, 1838-40, a very important publication, the engravings in which measure 13.5 x 9.5 inches, and are of the highest class. The plates were executed by various engravers of the foremost rank. Besides his book-plates, William Finden produced some celebrated large engravings, among which of note are The Village Festival after Wilkie, George IV, full length seated on a sofa, after Sir Thomas Lawrence, The Highlander's Return, The Naughty Boy, Deer Stalkers, and others, after Landseer.
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William Findlay was an American politician. He was a Democratic-Republican governor of Pennsylvania from 1817 until 1820.
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William Fleming was an American politician. He was a governor of Virginia during 1781.
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Sir William Fletcher Barrett was a British scientist. He was the principal founder of the Society for Psychical Research. He was born in 1844 and died in 1925.
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Sir William Henry Flower was an English zoologist and comparative anatomist. He was born in 1731 at Stratford-on-Avon and died in 1899. He was a student of University College, London, and studied medicine and surgery at Middlesex Hospital; acted as an assistant surgeon during the Crimean War, and from 1859 to 1861 held a post in the Middlesex Hospital. In 1861 he was appointed conservator of the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, and in 1870 Hunterian Professor of Comparative Anatomy and Physiology. These posts he held until his appointment in 1884 as Director of the Natural History Museum at South Kensington, which he developed very successfully on both its scientific and popular sides. He resigned his position in 1898, and died the following year. He was for twenty years President of the Zoological Society, a Fellow of the Royal Society from 1864, and in 1889 he was President of the British Association at their Newcastle-on-Tyne meeting. He was made KCB. in 1892. The brain was a favourite subject of his investigations. His works include: Introduction to the Osteology of the Mammalia (1870), Fashion in Deformity (1881), The Horse (1892), and Essays on Museums and other Subjects connected with Natural History (1898).
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William Floyd was an American politician. He was born in 1734 and died in 1831. He was a delegate from New York to the Continental Congresses from 1774 to 1783, and signed the Declaration of Independence. He was a State Senator from 1777 to 1778, and a member of the first US Congress from 1789 to 1791. He was a Presidential elector in 1800, 1804 and 1820, and again State Senator in 1808.
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William Edward Forster was an English statesman. He was born in 1818 at Bradpole, Dorset and died in 1886. The son of an eminent minister of the Society of Friends. He entered into the woollen trade at Bradford. In 1850 he married the eldest daughter of Dr. Arnold of Rugby. He was returned to parliament for Bradford in 1861; became successively under-secretary for the colonies in 1865, vice-president of the Education Committee in 1868, and a member of cabinet in 1870. He had charge of the Education Bill of 1870 and the Ballot Bill of 1872. In 1880, the Liberals having just returned to power, William Forster accepted the post of chief secretary for Ireland at a time when that country was distracted by agrarian and political tumults, The suppression of the Land League and the arrest of Parnell and the more violent agitators was carried out by William Forster, but on the government resolving to change its policy and release the Parnellites William Forster resigned in 1882. After this he was often found voting in opposition to the government, particularly in matters of foreign and imperial policy.
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William Forsyth was an English lawyer and writer. He was born in 1812 and died in 1900. After a brilliant career at Trinity College, Cambridge, he studied law, was called to the bar in 1839, and became a queen's counsel in 1859. He represented the borough of Marylebone in the House of Commons from 1874 until 1880. Besides legal works he wrote Hortensius, or the Duty and Office of an Advocate; History of Trial by Jury; Napoleon at St. Helena and Sir Hudson Lowe; Life of Cicero; Novels and Novelists of the 18th Century; Hannibal in Italy, a drama; etc.
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William Francis Bartlett was an American soldier. He was born in 1840 at Massachusetts and died in 1876. He left Harvard in 1861 to join the army as a private and rose through the ranks during the American Civil War to become a brevet major-general. He was wounded at Yorktown and Port Hudson and was taken prisoner at Petersburg.
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Sir William Francis Butler was an Irish soldier and writer. He was born in 1838 and died in 1910. He joined the army in 1858, reached the rank of major in 1874, having previously served in the Red River Expedition; accompanied the Ashantee expedition, of 1874; and in 1879 acted as staff-officer in Natal. He served in Egypt in 1892, held important commands under Lord Wolseley in the Soudan in 1884-1885; from 1890 until 1893 was in command at Alexandria; attained the rank of major-general in 1892 and subsequently held commands at Aldershot and at Dover.
From 1898 to 1899 he was commander-in-chief of the forces in the Cape Colony, but came home before the outbreak of war. He was then put in command of the western district, with head-quarters at Devonport. He retired from the army in 1905. His chief works are: The Great Lone Land, The Wild North Land (both dealing with experiences in Northern Canada); and biographies of Charles George Gordon ('Chinese Gordon'), Sir Charles Napier, and Sir George Colley. He was knighted in 1886. In 1877 he married Miss Elizabeth Thompson, who had by this time become well known as a painter.
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William Franklin was the last royal Governor of New Jersey. He was born in 1729 and died in 1813. He was an illegitimate son of Benjamin Franklin. During a residence in Great Britain he was appointed Governor of New Jersey, and held the office from 1762 until 1776. In that year he was arrested as a Tory by the provincial Congress of New Jersey. In 1778 he was exchanged, lived in New York until the close of the American War of Independence, and then retired to England, where he died.
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William Friese-Greene was an English photographer and the inventor of kinematography. He lived in North London, and it was there in 1889 that he invented the first working moving film camera, which he demonstrated early one morning to a passing policeman. He died in 1921.
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William Powell Frith was an English artist. He was born in 1819 at Studley, near Ripon and died in 1909. After 1840, when he exhibited Malvolio before Olivia at the Royal Academy, he produced a great number of scenes from Shakespeare, Moliere, Dickens, Sterne, Goldsmith, etc, besides his immensely popular pictures, Coming of Age in the Olden Time (1849), Life at the Seaside (1854), The Derby Day (18S8), The Railway Station (1862), Before Dinner at Boswell's Lodgings (1868) The Private View at the Royal Academy (1881), etc. He was commissioned by queen Victoria to paint the marriage of the Prince of Wales. He was elected RA in 1852, and was a member of several foreign academies. Large engravings have been produced from a number of his pictures. In 1887-1888 he published his autobiography in three volumes.
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William G Brownlow was an American politician. He was a Whig-Republican governor of Tennessee from 1865 until 1869.
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William G Conley was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of West Virginia from 1929 until 1933.
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William G Crosby was an American politician. He was a Whig governor of Maine from 1853 until 1855.
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William G Milliken was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Michigan from 1969 until 1983.
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William G Stratton was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Illinois from 1953 until 1961.
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William Lloyd Garrison was an American journalist and abolitionist. He was born in 1805 at Newburyport, Massachusetts and died in 1879. He was apprenticed to a shoemaker, but eventually began his journalistic career in the employ of the Newburyport Herald in 1818, making-anonymous contributions reproving the general apathy on the subject of slavery. In 1826 he became editor of the Newburyport Free Press and in 1827 he became editor of the National Philanthropist, the first American temperance journal, and afterwards of a journal in support of the election of John Quincy Adams. With Lundy, a Quaker, he then started the paper called the Genius of Universal Emancipation in 1829 and in 1831 started in Boston the Liberator, with the aid of one assistant and a negro boy, which exerted an immense influence against slavery, and which he conducted for thirty-four years until slavery was made illegal in the USA. In 1842 appeared his Thoughts on African Colonization and uin the same year he formed and organised the American Anti-Slavery Society and was its president from 1843 to 1865. He subsequently visited England, where he was welcomed by Wilberforce, Brougham, Buxton, and others. In 1835 he was saved with difficulty from a Boston mob; but his principles made steady progress until 1865, when the Anti-Slavery Society was dissolved with its work supposedly accomplished.
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Sir William Gascoigne was an English judge of the Court of King's Bench. He was born about 1350 and died in 1419. He is chiefly famous for directing the imprisonment of the Prince of Wales (afterwards Henry V), who had struck him in open court for condemning one of his dissolute friends. He also declined to obey the king and sentence Archbishop Scroop to death, alleging that the law gave him no power over the life of an ecclesiastic. In each case the king ultimately approved his action.
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William Gaston was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Massachusetts from 1875 until 1876.
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William Ged was a Scottish inventor of stereotyping. He was born in about the beginning of the 18th century at Edinburgh, died in poor circumstances in 1749. He first practised his great improvement in the art of printing in 1725 and some years later he entered into a partnership in London, the result of which was the production of two prayer-books only. He returned to Scotland in 1733, and published a stereotype edition of Sallust.
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Si William Gell was an English antiquarian and classical scholar. He was born in 1777 and died in 1836. He was educated at Cambridge, and was for some time a fellow of Emanuel College in that university. In 1814 the Princess of Wales (afterwards Queen Caroline) appointed him one of her chamberlains, and he accompanied her on her travels for several years. His principal works are: The Topography of Troy, The Geography and Antiquities of Ithaca, The Itinerary of Greece, The Itinerary of the Morea, The Topography of Rome, and the interesting and beautiful work, Pompeiana, or Observations upon the Topography, Edifices, and Ornaments of Pompeii.
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William Gifford was an English critic and satirist. He was born in 1757 at Ashburton, in Devonshire and died in 1826. He was apprenticed to a shoemaker, but possessing a strong taste for study he was enabled by the kindness of some friends to go to school and afterwards to Oxford University. After being some time tutor in Earl Grosvenor's family he published in 1794 The Baeviad, a satire directed against the poetasters of the Della Crusca school; and in 1795 The Maeviad, a severe satire on the contemporary drama. In 1797 he became editor of the Anti-Jacobin; and he published a translation of Juvenal in 1802. On the foundation of the Quarterly Review in 1809 he became its editor, conducting it with touch ability. He also edited the works of Massinger, Ford, Jonson, and Shirley.After his death he was interred in Westminster Abbey.
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William Gilbert was an English physician and physicist. He was born in 1544 at Colchester and died in 1603. He coined the word electricity to describe the property of amber for attracting light objects. He also pioneered work into magnetism, being the first to suggest that the earth was a giant magnet, and demonstrated magnetism to queen Elizabeth I.
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William Ewart Gladstone was an English statesman and both Tory and Liberal member of parliament. He was born in 1809 at Liverpool in 1809 and and died in 1898. After some years at Eton he entered Christ Church, Oxford, in 1828, and graduated in 1831, with high honours. After leaving Oxford he spent six months in Italy. In 1832 the first Reform Act was passed, and William Gladstone's public career commenced by his being returned as member of parliament for Newark, and when Peel assumed office in 1834 ho accepted the post of Junior Lord of the Treasury. At this period he was a Tory, and as his party quickly went out it was not until 1841 that he again held any public office, in which year he became, under Peel, Vice-president of the Board of Trade and Master of the Mint.
In 1842 great fiscal reforms were inaugurated, some of which were understood to be due to William Gladstone. Having become President of the Board of Trade, he carried, in 1843, a measure for the abolition of restrictions on the exportation of machinery, and in 1844 he carried a railway bill, establishing cheap trains. He took part with Peel in the repeal of the corn-laws, a course which cost him his seat for Newark.
In 1847 he was returned for Oxford University, and he then supported the bill for the removal of Jewish disabilities, the repeal of the Navigation Laws, etc. He now began to develop remarkable ability as a financier, and fiercely attacked Disraeli's Budget of 1852. The same year he became Chancellor of the
Exchequer under the Earl of Aberdeen, a post which he also held for a short time in 1855 under Lord Palmerston.
In 1858 he became High Commissioner Extraordinary to the Ionian Islands, and his Studies on Homer appeared about the same time. In 1859 he again took office as Chancellor of the Exchequer under Lord Palmerston. At the general election of 1865 William Gladstone was returned for South Lancashire, and on the decease of Lord Palmerston he became the Liberal leader in the Commons in the Russell administration, still continuing to hold the Chancellorship of the Exchequer. The Government, being defeated on the reform question, went out in 1866, and Lord Derby came into power. In 1867 a Reform Bill, establishing household suffrage in burghs, was carried by the Conservatives, but to the final shape of it William Gladstone and Bright materially contributed.
In 1868 William Gladstone succeeded in abolishing compulsory church rates, and he also carried his resolutions dealing with the Irish Church, but his Irish Church Suspensory Bill was rejected by the Lords. At the general election of 1868 he lost his seat for South Lancashire, but was returned by Greenwich. There being a great Liberal majority in the new parliament Disraeli was soon forced to resign, and William Gladstone became premier.
Next year he carried his bill for the disestablishment of the Irish Church, and in 1870 his Irish Land Act, the English Education Act being also passed. In 1871 army purchase was abolished by royal warrant.
The Ballot Act and the Scottish Education Act were passed in 1872. Parliament was dissolved in 1874, and the Conservatives ousted William Gladstone from office, as they had secured a good majority. During Lord Beacons-field's tenure of office William Gladstone denounced the Bulgarian atrocities, the Anglo-Turkish Treaty, and the Afghan War, and his speeches during his candidature for Midlothian greatly helped to render the government unpopular.
In 1880 the general election reinstated William Gladstone firmly into power (Midlothian being now his constituency), and his second Irish Land Bill became law in the following year. In 1882 a Prevention of Crimes and an Arrears Act for Ireland were passed, and in 1883 measures relating to bankruptcy, etc, were also carried. In 1884 the bill extending household suffrage to the counties was carried, and the Gladstone ministry fell the next year. Lord Salisbury, who had formed an administration, got the Redistribution of Seats Bill passed, and under it took place the general election of 1885, William Gladstone still continuing to represent Midlothian. Next year Lord Salisbury resigned after an adverse vote in the Commons, and William Gladstone again came into power. He now introduced a Home Rule bill for Ireland on April the 8th, 1886. It failed to pass the Commons, and the result of the general election which followed was emphatically adverse to William Gladstone's proposals. He had to make way for Lord Salisbury, but in 1892 he again became premier. After passing a Home Rule bill through the Commons he resigned office in 1894, and next year retired from political life. His works include The State in its Relations with the Church (1838); Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age; Juventus Mundi; Homeric Synchronism;
Landmarks of Homeric Study; The Impregnable Rock of Holy Scripture, etc.
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William Godwin was an English novelist, political writer and philosopher. He was born in 1756 and died in 1836. The son of a Dissenting minister, in 1778 he became the minister of a Dissenting congregation near London, and continued in that capacity for five years, after which he removed to London, where he set himself to gaining his livelihood by literary labours. In 1793 appeared his Inquiry concerning Political Justice, the liberal tone of which exposed him to some danger of a government prosecution. The next year appeared his novel of Caleb Williams, or Things as they Are, which rapidly and deservedly attained an immense popularity. His Cursory Strictures on Judge Kyre's Charge to the jury in the trial for high treason of Holcroft, Home Tooke, and others, contributed materially to the acquittal of his friends. In 1797 he published the Inquirer, a collection of essays on moral and literary subjects and in April of the same year he married Mary Wollstonecraft (Mary Godwin). A memoir of his wife was published by William Godwin in 1798, along with her posthumous literary works. In 1799 he published a new novel, St. Leon. Among his subsequent works are: Faulkner, a tragedy, published in 1807; an Essay on Sepulchres, in 1808; Mandeville, a novel, in 1817; A Treatise on Population, in reply to Malthus, in 1820;
History of the Commonwealth of England, 1824-28; Cloudesley, a novel, in 1830; Thoughts on Man, in 1831; and Lives of the Necromancers, in 1834, In the latter years of his life William Godwin held a clerkship in the record office.
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William Goebel was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Kentucky during 1900.
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William Goffe was an English soldier. He was born in 1605 and died in 1679. He became a major-general in the English army, and was one of the judges who sentenced Charles I to death, and was prominent in political affairs during the Protectorate. Upon the restoration of Charles II, he fled to America in 1660, landing at Boston. He was concealed in New Haven from 1661 until 1664, when he went to Hadley, Massachusetts, where he remained until just before his death.
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Sir William Gerald Golding was an English novelist, actor and theatre director. He was born in 1911 at St Columb Manor, Cornwall and died in 1993. Educated at Marlborough Grammar School and at Brasenose College, Oxford in science and English literature he worked as an actor and theatre director before serving in the Royal Navy during the Second World War and afterwards working as a teacher. His 1954 book, 'Lord of The Flies' - inspired by his war service and time as a teacher - gained him international fame. In 1983 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature. Later in his life he was an ardent fan of the Australian soap-opera 'Neighbours', never missing an episode and ringing his wife to ask her to video it if he was away from home.
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Sir William Gooch was an English colonial governor. He was born in 1681 and died in 1751. He was Governor of Virginia from 1727 until 1747, when he returned to England. He was created a baronet in 1746, and was appointed major-general.
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William Gordon was an English writer. He was born in 1730 and died in 1807. He emigrated to Massachusetts in 1770, and was active in Massachusetts politics. He returned to England in 1786, and published a valuable 'History of the Rise, Progress and Establishment of the Independence of the United States'.
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William Grason was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Maryland from 1839 until 1842.
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William Greene was an American politician. He was a governor of Rhode Island from 1778 until 1786.
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William Rathbone Greg was an English writer. He was born in 1809 and died in 1881. He was commissioner of customs in 1856, and controller of the stationery office in 1864. Besides his miscellaneous essays and pamphlets (collected in 1881 and 1882) he was the author of Sketches in Greece and Turkey (1833), The German Schism and the Irish Priests (1845), The Creed of Christendom (1851), Essays in Political and Social Science (1853), Enigmas of Life (1872), Rocks Ahead (1874), and Literary and Social Judgments (1877).
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William Gregory was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Rhode Island from 1900 until 1901.
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William Wyndham Grenville was an English statesman. He was born in 1759 and died in 1834. The third son of George Grenville, in 1783 he was appointed paymaster-general of the army; in 1789 became speaker, and in the same year became secretary of state for the home department. In 1790 he was created Baron Grenville, and from 1791 until Pitt's resignation in 1801 held the post of foreign secretary. On the return of Pitt to office in 1804 he declined to join him, and continued in opposition until Pitt's death,when he became the head of a coalition ministry, including Fox and Grey, 1806. This ministry resigned in 1807, after having passed an act for the abolition of the slave-trade. He did not again take office.
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William W Gwin was an American politician. He was born in 1805 and died in 1885. He represented Mississippi in the US Congress from 1841 to 1843, and was a US Senator from California from 1850 until 1861, during which time he served on the Finance and Naval Committees. He was a pro-slavery Democrat.
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William H Aspinwall was an American merchant. He was born in 1807 and died in 1875. A merchant of New York, in 1850 he secured the contract for building the Panama Railroad, which was completed in 1854 and its eastern terminus named Aspinwall in honour of William H Aspinwall.
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William H Adams was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Colorado from 1927 until 1933.
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William H Avery was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Kansas from 1965 until 1967.
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William H Bissell was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Illinois from 1857 until 1860.
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William H Cabell was an American politician. He was a Democratic-Republican governor of Virginia from 1805 until 1808.
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William H Ellerbe was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of South Carolina from 1897 until 1899.
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William H Gist was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of South Carolina from 1858 until 1860.
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William H Murray was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Oklahoma from 1931 until 1935.
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William H Ross was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Delaware from 1851 until 1855.
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William H Upham was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Wisconsin from 1895 until 1897.
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William Henry Vanderbilt was an American businessman. He was born in 1821 at New Jersey and died in 1885. The son of Cornelius Vanderbilt, he became clerk in a New York bank in 1839, but took to farming in Staten Island. There he became president of the Staten Island Railroad, and made it such a success that he was taken into partnership by his father, on whose death, in 1877, he became president of the New York Central and Hudson Railroads. By his untiring energy and unfailing business acumen, he obtained control of other important systemsand at his death was probably the richest man in America.
William H Vanderbilt was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Rhode Island from 1939 until 1941.
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William H Wills was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Vermont from 1941 until 1945.
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William Habington was an English poet and historian. He was born in 1605 at Hindlip and died in 1654.
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William Haile was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Hampshire from 1857 until 1859.
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William Hall was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Tennessee during 1829.
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Sir William Hamilton was the third duke of Hamilton. He was born in 1730 at Scotland and died in 1803. In 1761 he was elected member of parliament for Midhurst, and in 1764 he received the appointment of ambassador to the court of Naples. He devoted his leisure to science, making observations on Vesuvius, Etna, and other volcanic mountains; and the resultsof his researches are detailed in the Philosophical Transactions, and in his Campi Phlegraei, or Observations on the Volcanoes of the Two Sicilies (published in Naples, between 1776 and 1779, in three volumes). He took an active part in the excavation of Herculaneum and Pompeii, and collected a cabinet of antiquities, of which an account was published by D'Hancarville, in a splendid work with finely-coloured plates. Sir William Hamilton's second wife was the notorious Lady Emma Hamilton.
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Sir William Hamilton was a Scottish metaphysician. He was born in 1788 at Glasgow and died in 1856. He was the most acute logician and most learned philosopher of the Scottish school. Having studied with distinction at Glasgow, in 1809 he entered Baliol College, Oxford, as a Snell exhibitioner, where he gained first-class honours. In 1813 he was admitted to the Scottish bar, but never acquired a practice in his profession, his tastes lying much more towards the study of philosophy, in which he had already made extensive researches.
In 1820 he became a candidate for the chair of moral philosophy in Edinburgh, rendered vacant by the death of Thomas Brown, but being defeated by Professor John Wilson he was obliged to content himself with the unimportant chair of universal history, forming no part of the college curriculum, to which he was appointed in 1821 by its patrons, the Faculty of Advocates. In 1829 the publication in the Edinburgh Review of his celebrated critique of Cousin's system of philosophy gave him at once a first place amongst the philosophical writers of the time. This was followed in 1830 by his criticism of Brown, and in 1831 by his article on the authorship of the Epistolse Obscurorum Virorum.
In 1836 he was appointed to the chair of logic and metaphysics in Edinburgh University. Here he gathered about him a number of ardent students, and re-established the fame of the Scottish school of metaphysicians, which had begun to wane. In 1846 he published an annotated edition of the works of Thomas Reid, and in 1854 the first volume of a similar edition of the works of Dugald Stewart.
His lectures on logic and metaphysics were collected and edited by Dean Mansel and Professor Veitch. Hamilton's most important contributions to philosophy are connected with his doctrine of the Quantification of the Predicate in his system of logic; his theory of the 'relativity of knowledge,' in the Kantian sense, held along with an apparently incompatible doctrine of immediate perception of the non-ego; and his definition of the infinite or unconditioned as a mere negation of thought.
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Sir William Rowan Hamilton was an Irish mathematician and astronomer. He was born in 1805 at Dublin and died in 1865. Before he was fourteen years old he had made himself acquainted with thirteen languages, among which were Arabic, Persian, Hindustani, Sanskrit, and Syriac. At the age of seventeen he was pronounced by a competent authority the first mathematician of his age. At Trinity College, Dublin, he gained the highest honours, and he was appointed in 1827 professor of astronomy in Trinity College, as well as astronomer-royal. He was knighted in 1835, and in 1837 elected president of the Royal Irish Academy. He contributed numerous papers to the transactions of learned bodies, and made some valuable discoveries; but his fame is chiefly founded on his invention of the calculus of quaternions, a new method in the higher mathematics. Amongst his published works' are General Method in Dynamics, Algebra as the Science of Pure Time, Memoirs on Discontinuous Functions.
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Sir William George Granville Venables Vernon Harcourt was an English lawyer and politician. He was born in 1827 and died in 1904. The son of William Vernon Harcourt, he was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, was called to the bar in 1854 and became Queen's Counsel in 1866. He frequently contributed to the press, in particular the letters to the Times signed 'Historicus' and was returned as a Liberal member of parliament for Oxford city in 1869. He distinguished himself by his powers of satire and ridicule in debate and was made solicitor-general in William Gladstone's ministry, in November 1873 and was made home secretary in 1880, when he lost his seat for Oxford but was returned for Derby. He introduced the Arms Bill (Ireland) 1881, the Prevention of Crimes Bill , 1882; an Explosive Bill, 1883. In February 1886 he became chancellor of the exchequer under William Gladstone, a post he held again from 1892 until 1895.
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William J Hardee was an American soldier. He was born in 1817 at georgia and died in 1873. He was brevetted major and lieutenant-colonel for gallant conduct in the Mexican War. In 1856 he produced a work for the American Government on the tactics of infantry, known as 'Hardee's Tactics'. In 1861 he enlisted in the Confederate service as a colonel at Fort Morgan, and was soon afterward made brigadier-general. He gained a success at Shiloh, was prominent in the campaign about Murfreesboro, and fought at Chattanooga. He surrendered with General Johnston's
army at Durham Station in 1865.
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William S Harney was an American soldier. He was born in 1800 and died in 1889. He joined the US army in 1818, was brevetted major-general in 1865 for long and faithful service, and at the time of his death was the oldest officer in the US army.
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William Harris Crawford was an American statesman. He was born in 1772 and died in 1834. he served in the Georgia Legislature and obtained distinction as a lawyer. He was a member of the US Senate from 1807 until 1813, being president pro tem for part of the time. He was a minister to France from 1813 until 1815 and Secretary of War from 1815 until 1816. From 1816 until 1825 he was Secretary of the Treasury and afterwards a candidate for Monroe's successor to the Presidency. He stood for president in 1824, receiving forty-one electoral votes, and with Adams and Jackson he was after the indecisive contest brought before the House of representatives, and like Jackson went down before the Adams and Clay forces.
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William Henry Harrison was the ninth President of the USA. He was born in 1773 at Berkeley, Charles County, Virginia and died in 1841. A son of Benjamin Harrison, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, he was educated at Hampden Sidney College, entered the army, and fought at Wayne's victory of 1794. In 1798 he became Secretary of the Northwest Territory, and in 1799 delegate to Congress.
In 1800 he was appointed Governor of the new Indiana Territory. He was still Governor when the Indian outbreak occurred, and his victory at Tippecanoe, on November the 7th, 1811, gave to him a national reputation and an epithet for life.
In the War of 1812 he was major-general, first of Kentucky militia, and then in the regular army. He defended Fort Meigs against the British in 1813, and on October the 5th of the same year he achieved his second noted military exploit by defeating Proctor and Tecumseh at the Battle of the Thames. General Harrison resigned from the army in 1814.
From 1816 to 1819 he was Congressman, from 1825 to 1828 US Senator, and US Minister to the United States of Colombia from 1828 until 1829. As the Whig candidate for President in 1836 he was defeated by Van Buren. In December, 1839, the Whig Convention put Harrison again before the country, and Van Buren was again his antagonist. The campaign of 1840 was without precedent or successor. The log cabin and hard cider charged by his opponents against his early record, became a tower of strength to him; a campaign ball was set rolling across the country and Tippecanoe and Tyier too were fairly sung into the White House.
In his Cabinet Webster as Secretary of State was the ablest member. Fatigue and exposure and importunities of office-seekers caused his death after a month of service, the first death of a President while in office. General Harrison, though by no means brilliant, was an able administrator, and a man of good sense.
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William Harvey was an English physician. He was born in 1578 at Folkestone and died in 1657. He entered Caius College, Cambridge, in 1593, and about 1599 proceeded to Padua, then the most celebrated school of medicine in Europe, and attended lectures on anatomy, surgery, and other branches of medical science. He took the degree of MD, and returned to England in 1602. He settled in London, was admitted Fellow of the College of Physicians, elected physician of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, and in 1615 was chosen Lumleian lecturer.
His views on the circulation of the blood were formally given to the world in his Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Gordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus (On the Movement of the Heart and Blood in Animals), published at Amsterdam in 1628, in which he claims to have expounded and demonstrated them for upwards of nine years. William Harvey's theory was attacked by several foreign physicians; but from the commencement his views were widely received.
In 1623 he was appointed physician extraordinary to James I, and in 1632 he became physician in ordinary to Charles I. He was present at the battle of Edgehill, and afterwards accompanied Charles to Oxford. Here he received the degree of MD, and was elected Master of Merton College, an office which he lost on the surrender of Oxford to the parliament. He returned to London in 1646, and spent the remainder of his life in retirement.
Of William Harvey's works, the next in importance to the De Motu is his Exercitationes de Generatione Animalium (On the Generation of Animals; 1651).
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William F Havemeyer was an American politician. He was born in 1804 and died in 1874. He was mayor of New York City from 1845 to 1851, and from 1872 to 1874, was president of the Bank of North America from 1851 to 1861, and very prominent in the overthrow of the Tweed ring.
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William Hawkins was an American politician. He was a Democratic-Republican governor of North Carolina from 1811 until 1814.
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William Hayley was an English author. He was born in 1745 at Chichester and died in 1820. His work ' Triumphs of Temper' published in 1781 made him the most popular poet of the day. His autobiography was published in 1823.
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William B Hazen was an American soldier. He was born in 1830 and died in 1887. He commanded in the Mexican War, led a brigade at Shiloh, Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge, was promoted major-general, and was afterward prominent in the Signal Service, of which he was chief from 1880 to 1887.
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William Hazlitt was an English literary critic. He was born in 1778 at Maidstone and died in 1830. In 1793 he became a student in the Unitarian College, Hackney, but on leaving it devoted his time to portrait painting. This was in its turn renounced for literature, his first publication being an essay On the Principles of Human Action, in 1805. He delivered various series of lectures, and contributed to the Edinburgh Review, etc. He settled in London in 1812 and in 1817 became known for his 'Characters of Shakespeare's Plays'. Among his chief works are: Characters of Shakespeare's Plays, A View of the English Stage, Lectures on the English Poets, Lectures on the English Comic Writers, Table Talk, Lectures on the Elizabethan Age, Life of Napoleon Bonaparte, and essays, written in conjunction with Leigh Hunt, published under the title of the Round Table.
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William Heath was an American soldier and jurist. He was born in 1737 and died in 1814. He was chosen captain of the Suffolk regiment before theAmerican War of Independence, and commanded the Boston artillery in 1770. He was a Massachusetts Assemblyman in 1761 and from 1771 to 1774, and a member of the Committee of Safety and of the Provincial Congress from 1774 to 1775. He was made brigadier-general in 1774 for meritorious services, and was promoted major-general in 1775. He was a member of the convention which ratified the American Constitution, was a State Senator from 1791 to 1792, and a probate judge from 1793.
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William Heath Robinson was an English cartoonist renowned for his humorous drawings of machines. He was born in 1872 and died in 1944.
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William Hendricks was an American politician. He was a Democratic-Republican governor of Indiana from 1822 until 1825.
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William L Herndon was an American explorer. He was born in 1813 and died in 1857. He entered the navy in 1828, explored the Amazon for the US Government in 1851 and 1852, and bravely died while aiding passengers on the sinking mail steamer, 'Central America'.
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Sir William Herschel was an Anglo-German astronomer. He was born in 1738 and died in 1822. He discovered the planet Uranus. The son of a Hanoverian musician, he came to England in 1757, and was employed in the formation of a military band, and in conducting, while organist at Bath, several concerts, oratorios, etc.
Although enthusiastically fond of music, he had for some time devoted his leisure hours to the study of mathematics and astronomy; and being dissatisfied with the only telescopes within his reach, he set about constructing instruments for himself. Late in 1779 he began a regular survey of the heavens, star by star, with a 7-feet reflector, and discovered, on March the 13th, 1781, a new primary planet, named by him the Georgium Sidus, but now known as Uranus. This discovery extended his fame throughout the world, and brought him a pension of 400 pounds a year, with the title of private astronomer to the king.
Assiduously continuing his observations, he measured the rotation of Saturn, discovered two of its satellites, and observed the phenomena of its rings. He also discovered the satellites of Uranus, and observed the volcanic structure of the lunar mountains. At Slough, near Windsor, he erected a telescope of 40 feet length, and completed it in 1787.
William Herschel received much assistance in making and recording observations from his sister Caroline Herschel and latterly his brother, a skilful optical instrument maker, lent him valuable aid. In 1802 he laid before the Royal Society a catalogue of 5000 nebulse and clusters of stars which he had discovered. He was made DCL by the University of Oxford, and in 1816 was knighted.
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William Hodges Mann was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Virginia from 1910 until 1914.
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William Hogarth was an English artist. He was born in 1697 at London and died in 1764. He was apprenticed to a silversmith, who employed him in engraving ciphers and crests on spoons and pieces of plate. In 1720 he commenced business for himself, painting portraits, and making designs and book-plates for the booksellers, etc. Among these was a series of illustrations to Hudibras.
Besides portraits, he also painted miscellaneous subjects in oil. In 1729 he married the daughter of Sir James Thornhill, the painter, against her father's wishes, who is said, however, to have been mollified when William Hogarth produced his celebrated series of pictures called the Harlot's Progress, a work which brought his great powers fairly before the public. The engravings of these, which became exceedingly popular, were published in 1734. This was followed by the Rake's Progress and Marriage a la Mode, two similar series of paintings and engravings; Industry and Idleness, Beer Street and Gin Lane, The Election, The Enraged Musician, The Country-Inn Yard, The March to Finchley, Strolling Actresses Dressing in a Barn, Four Stages of Cruelty, and a host of other engravings, which all evinced his extraordinary powers of satire, wit, and imagination.
Several portraits, notably those of himself, Garrick, Lovat, and Wilkes, are master-pieces in their way. He was also ambitious of shining as an historical painter, but in this line he was not so successful. In 1753 his work on the Analysis of Beauty appeared, a treatise which brought him little fame, and which was severely ridiculed by his enemies and professional rivals. In originality of imagination and invention, and for vigour of realism and dramatic power, William Hogarth stands in the highest rank, and his genius was always enlisted on the side of virtue and morality. Though best known as an engraver, he possessed high qualities as a painter.
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William Hone was an English social reformer. he was born in 1780 at Bath and died in 1842. He began life in a law-office and became imbued with freethinking opinions. In 1800 he abandoned the law and made ventures as a writer, bookseller, and publisher, which were all failures. In 1817 he was prosecuted by government for the publication of alleged irreverent parodies and lampoons, when he defended himself with great acuteness, and was acquitted. He subsequently had a large sum subscribed for him as a champion of the freedom of the press. He gradually abandoned freethought and the writing of satires for religion and antiquarianism. His chief publications are the Every-day Book (1826), Table-book (1827-1828), and Year Book (1829), perfect mines of antiquarian lore. In all William Hone was prosecuted three times for blasphemy for writing a travesty of the Prayer-book, but was acquitted each time.
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William Hooper was an American politician. He was born in 1742 and died in 1790. He was a member of the North Carolina Legislature in 1773, and of the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1777. He signed the Declaration of Independence. He was author of the 'Hampden' essays in 1773.
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William Howard (Viscount Stafford) was an English nobleman. He was born in 1614 and died in 1680. He was the fifth son of Thomas Howard, earl of Arundel and was created Viscount Stafford in 1640. William Howard was one of the five Roman Catholic peers denounced by Titus Oates. He was arrested and tried for high treason in 1680. Convicted after false evidence was presented to the court against him by Titus Oates, William Howard was executed by beheading on Tower Hill on December the 29th 1680.
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William Howard Taft was the 27th president of the USA from 1909 to 1913.
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Sir William Howe was a British soldier. He was born in 1729 and died in 1814. He served under General Wolfe at Quebec in 1759. In 1775 he succeeded General Gage as commander-in-chief of the British forces in America. He commanded the British troops at Bunker Hill. In conjunction with his brother, Richard, he defeated the colonial armies at Long Island and at White Plains in 1776, and captured Fort Washington and Fort Lee. He defeated George Washington at Brandywine in 1777, and entered Philadelphia. After repulsing the American attack at Germantown he went into winter quarters in Philadelphia, and was accused of spending his time in the pursuit of pleasure. He was removed from command in 1778, and superseded by Sir Henry Clinton. He was a well-educated general and a favourite with his officers, but unsuccessful in strategy and incapable of managing a large army. He was described by General Henry Lee as 'the most indolent of mortals, who never took pains to examine the merits or demerits of a cause in which he was engaged.'
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William Howitt was an English writer. He was born in 1792 and died in 1879. Born to a Quaker family, he began early to publish verses, and in conjunction with his wife - Mary Howitt - published shortly after their marriage a volume of poems - The Forest Minstrel (1823). In 1831 appeared his Book of the Seasons, in 834 his History of Priestcraft, and in 1838 his popular Rural Life in England. In 1840 the Howitts settled at Heidelberg, and devoted themselves to introducing the literature of the north, especially of Sweden, to English readers. Student Life in Germany appeared in 1841, Rural and Domestic Life In Germany in 1842. In 1847 William Howitt published his Homes and Haunts of the British Poets, and, after a visit to Australia, his Land, Labour, and Gold; and The History of Discovery in Australia. He also wrote a History of England. Latterly both William Howitt and his wife became converts to spiritualism.
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William Hubbard was an English clergyman. He was born in 1621 and died in 1704. He went to America from England in 1630. He was a pastor at Ipswich, Massachussetts, from 1665 to 1703. He was author of a 'History of New England' and 'A Narrative of Troubles with the Indians'.
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William Hugh Smith was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Alabama from 1868 until 1870.
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Wlliam Hull was an American soldier. He was born in 1753 and died in 1825. He was chosen captain in a Connecticut regiment in 1775. He fought at White Plains, Trenton, Princeton, Saratoga, Fort Stanwix and Stony Point, attaining the rank of major. From 1805 to 1812 he was Governor of Michigan. In 1812 he was placed in command of the Army of the Northwest, with headquarters at Detroit. He regarded himself as compelled by superior forces and by lack of proper facilities to surrender Detroit to the British. He was tried by court-martial and sentenced to death, but was reprieved by Madison.
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William Holman Hunt (also known as W Holman Hunt) was an English painter. He was born in 1827 at London and died in 1910. He was trained in the Royal Academy school, and began to exhibit in 1846. He belongs to the so-called Pre-Raphaelite school of English artists. In 1853 his Claudio and Isabella first attracted public attention, followed next year by the Light of the World (Christ teaching in the temple). William Hunt then made a journey to the East, the results of which are observable in the local colouring and strength of realization in his succeeding pictures of Eastern life, amongst which be mentioned The Scapegoat (1856); The Finding of the Saviour in the Temple (1860); Shadow of the Cross (1873); Plains of Esdraelon (1877); Triumph of the Innocents (1885). Outside of Biblical subjects William Hunt painted some notable pictures: Isabella and the Pot of Basil, The After-Glow, The Festival of St Swithin, etc.
William H Hunt was an American jurist and politician. He was born in 1824 at Louisiana and died in 1884. was appointed Judge of the US Court of Claims in 1878. He was Secretary of the Navy in Garfield's Cabinet from 1881 to 1882, when he was appointed Minister to Russia.
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William Hunter was a Scottish physician and anatomist. He was born in 1718 at Long Calderwood, Lanarkshire and died in 1783. He studied at Glasgow with a view to entering the church, but abandoned theology for medicine. In 1741 he went to London, where he became a member of the College of Surgeons; acquired a large practice in surgery and midwifery; was appointed accoucheur to the British Lying-in Hospital, and in 1764 physician-extraordinary to the queen; in 1767 a fellow of the Royal Society; in 1780 foreign associate of the Royal Medical Society at Paris, etc.
In 1770 he established a theatre of anatomy for his own lectures and a splendid museum for his anatomical preparations, objects of natural history, pictures of ancient coins and medals, etc. He was the author of some important works, in particular the Anatomy of the Human Gravid Uterus, published in 1774. On his death he bequeathed the whole of his splendid museum, valued at 150,000 pounds sterling, to the University of Glasgow, with the sum of 8000 pounds sterling in cash to be expended in a building for its reception, and a further sum of 500 pounds sterling per annum to bear the charges of its preservation.
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William Huskisson was an English statesman. He was born in 1770 and died in 1830. In 1790 he was appointed secretary to Lord Gower, the British ambassador at Paris, and in 1795 became undersecretary for war and the colonies. In 1796 he became member of parliament for Morpeth, and in 1804 secretary of the treasury in the Pitt administration. In 1814 he was appointed chief commissioner of woods and forests; he was returned for Liverpool in 1823, and made president of the board of trade. In 1827 he became secretary of state for the colonies, under Lord Goderich. He had now come to be a recognized authority on all questions of trade and commerce. In 1828 a misunderstanding with the Duke of Wellington, then at the head of the cabinet, led to his withdrawing, along with other Tories, from the administration. He was accidentally killed at the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, on the 15th of September, 1830.
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William I was king of Prussia and German emperor. He was born in 1797 at Berlin the son of Frederick William III. of Prussia and died in 1888. He first saw service in the war of liberation against Napoleon I, and for his gallantry in the 1814 campaign in France received the iron cross. His reactionary sympathies at the time of the revolution of 1818 in Berlin made him very unpopular, and he was compelled to take refuge in England. In 1858 the mind of the king, Frederick William, gave way, and Prince William became regent.
In the beginning of 1861 William I succeeded to the throne of Prussia. In September 1862 he called Otto Bismarck to office, and in 1863 the Schleswig-Holstein question came to the fore, and embittered the relations of Austria and Prussia. In 1866 the Austro-Prussian war broke out, and at the conclusion of the war the Prussian ascendancy in Germany was assured. The war of 1870 - 1871 completed the triumph of William I. On January 18th 1871, in the palace of Versailles, William I was chosen German emperor. William I's honesty and sagacity made him universally popular.
William I was King of Scotland from 1165 to 1214.
William I was king of the Netherlands. He was born in 1772 at the Hague, the son of William V and died in 1843. He was the last hereditary stadtholder. He commanded the army of the Netherlands against France from 1793 until the subjection of the kingdom in 1795. After that he joined the army of Prussia, and served as a general until his capture by the French at Jena in 1806. He also served in the Austrian army. On the downfall of Napoleon, and the subsequent adjustment of European affairs, the Congress of Vienna decided that Belgium and Holland should be united under one sovereign, William I. He reigned until 1840, when he resigned in favour of his son William II.
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William II (known as William Rufus) was a Norman king of England. He was born in 1057 and died in 1100 Strong, outspoken and ruddy (hence his nickname 'Rufus'),
William II reigned from 1087 to 1100 and extended his father's (William the Conqueror) policies, taking royal power to the far north of England. Ruthless in his relations with his brother Robert, William II extended his grip on the duchy of Normandy under an agreement between the brothers in 1091. William II's relations with the Church were not easy; he took over Archbishop Lanfranc's revenues after the latter's death in 1089, kept other bishoprics vacant to make use of their revenues, and had numerous arguments with Lanfranc's popular successor Anselm.
William II died on the 2nd of August 1100, after being shot by an arrow whilst hunting in the New Forest.
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William III was king of England from 1689 to 1702. In 1689 Parliament declared that James had abdicated by deserting his kingdom and William III and Mary were offered the throne as joint monarchs. They accepted a Declaration of Rights (later a Bill), drawn up by a Convention of Parliament, which limited the Sovereign's power, reaffirmed Parliament's claim to control taxation and legislation, and provided guarantees against the abuses of power which James II and the other Stuart Kings had committed.
The exclusion of James II and his heirs was extended to exclude all Catholics from the throne, since 'it hath been found by experience that it is inconsistent with the safety and welfare of this protestant kingdom to be governed by a papist prince'. The Sovereign was required in his coronation oath to swear to maintain the Protestant religion. The Bill was designed to ensure Parliament could function free from royal interference.
The Sovereign was forbidden from suspending or dispensing with laws passed by Parliament, or imposing taxes without Parliamentary consent. The Sovereign was not allowed to interfere with elections or freedom of speech, and proceedings in Parliament were not to be questioned in the courts or in any body outside Parliament itself. The Sovereign was required to summon Parliament frequently.
Parliament tightened control over the King's expenditure; the financial settlement reached with William and Mary deliberately made them dependent upon Parliament, as one Member of Parliament said, 'when princes have not needed money they have not needed us'. Finally the King was forbidden to maintain a standing army in time of peace without Parliament's consent.
William III died in rather odd circumstances, he was thrown from his horse when his horse tripped over a mole-hill.
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William Irwin was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of California from 1875 until 1880.
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William IV was king of Great Britain and Ireland from 1830 to 1837. William married Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen in 1818, but all of their children died in infancy. The third son of George III, William became heir apparent at the age of 62 when his elder brother died. William's reign was dominated by the Reform crisis, beginning almost immediately when Wellington' s Tory government lost the general election in August 1830. Pledged to parliamentary reform, Grey's Whig government won a further election which William had to call in 1831 and then pushed through a reform bill against the opposition of the Tories and the House of Lords, using the threat of the creation of 50 or more peers to do so. The failure of the Tories to form an alternative government in 1832 meant that William had to sign the Great Reform Bill. Control of peerages had been used as a party weapon, and the royal prerogative had been damaged.
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William IX was duke of Aquitaine and count of Poiton. He was born in 1071 and died in 1127. He seized the territory of Raymond IV when he was absent at the crusades, but he afterwards in 1101 joined the crusaders himself, with the duke of Bavaria, but was entrapped by Alexis, emperor of Constantinople. William saved himself by flight, and took refuge with the prince of Antioch, whom he accompanied to Jerusalem. On returning home he assisted the king of Aragon against the Moors, over whom a victory was obtained at Cordova. He afterwards assisted Louis the Fat in his campaign against the Germans in 1124. He was also a celebrated Provencal poet.
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William J Duane was an American lawyer. He was born in 1780 and died in 1865. He became Secretary of the US Treasury in 1833, and was removed by President Jackson for refusing to withdraw the deposits from the US bank.
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William J Lowndes was an American politician. He was born in 1782 and died in 1822. He was a member of the South Carolina Legislature from 1806 to 1810. He represented South Carolina in the US House of Representatives from 1810 to 1822. He served on the Committee of Ways and Means from 1818 to 1822. He earnestly supported the War of 1812. He was a brilliant debater, and called by Henry Clay 'the wisest man he had ever known in Congress'.
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William J Fields was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Kentucky from 1923 until 1927.
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William J Holloway was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Oklahoma from 1929 until 1931.
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William J Janklow was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of South Dakota from 1979 until 1987.
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William J McConnell was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Idaho from 1893 until 1897.
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William J Northen was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Georgia from 1890 until 1894.
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William Lawies Jackson (Lord Allerton) was an English politician. He was born in 1840 at Otley, Yorkshire and died in 1917. A tanner by trade, he built up a large and profitable leather business before becoming a Conservative politician, winning Leeds in 1880. In 1892, when the Conservative party lost control of the government he was made the first Baron of Allerton (Lord Allerton). In 1895 he became the first Conservative mayor of Leeds.
William Jackson was an American soldier. He was born in 1759 and died in 1828. A major, he entered a South Carolina regiment in 1775. He fought at Stono, Savannah and Charleston. He was secretary to the convention which framed the Federal Constitution in 1787, his notes of which were preserved.
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Sir William Jackson Hooker was an English botanist. He was born in 1785 and died in 1865. The father of Sir Joseph Hooker, from 1821 to 1841 he was professor of botany at Glasgow University and was kniglitud in 1836 and became director of Kew Gardens in 1811. Ho wrote a Monograph of the British Jungermanniae, Icones Plantarum, A Century of Orchidaceous Plants, etc.
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William James was an American psychologist. He was born in 1842 and died in 1910. He received a medical degree from Harvard in 1869 and began teaching anatomy and physiology. Later he wrote several books and helped found the American Society for Psychical Research.
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William James Samford was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Alabama from 1900 until 1901.
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William Janszoon was a Dutch explorer. He discovered Australia in 1606.
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William Jay was an American abolitionist. He was born in 1789 at New York City and died in 1858. A son of John Jay, from 1812 to 1842 he was a judge of the Westchester County Court, New York and in 1815 a founder of the American Bible Society. He devoted his efforts to the abolition of slavery and war, and wrote a biography of his father.
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William Joel Stone was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Missouri from 1893 until 1897.
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Sir William Johnson was a British colonial soldier. He was born in 1715 at Ireland and died in 1774. Having emigrated to America, he settled in the Mohawk Valley. In this region, then mainly an Indian wilderness, Sir William Johnson's tact, ability and knowledge of the Indian character, made him the central personage. He was colonel of the Six Nations, commissary of Indian affairs, and member of the Governor's council. His headquarters was Fort Johnson, near Amsterdam. The influence of the Johnson family held the Six Nations to the English alliance in the French war and American War of Independence. Johnson attended the Albany Congress in 1754, and the next year was appointed to command in the north. For the victory at the head of Lake George, on September the 8th, 1755, really won by General Lyman, Johnson received the credit together with a baronetcy and a sum of money. In 1759, after the fall of Prideaux, he succeeded to the command in the attack on Fort Niagara.
William S Johnson was an American politician. He was born in 1727 and died in 1819. He was a Connecticut delegate to the Stamp-Act Congress in 1765. He was London agent of the colony from 1766 to 1771. He was Judge of the Connecticut Supreme Court from 1772 to 1774, served in the Continental Congress from 1784 to 1787, and aided in drafting the American Constitution. He was a US Senator from 1789 to 1791, then president of Columbia College until 1800.
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William Jones was an American politician. He was a Federalist governor of Rhode Island from 1811 until 1817.
William Jones was an American politician. He was born in 1760 and died in 1831. He served in the battles of Trenton and Princeton during the American War of Independence. He represented Pennsylvania as a Democrat in the US Congress from 1801 to 1803. He was Secretary of the Navy in 1813 and 1814. Subsequently he was president of the US Bank.
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William Joyce (Lord Haw-Haw) was an American fascist. He was born in 1906 at Brooklyn, New York and died in 1946. As a child he was brought up in Ireland and in 1922 emigrated to England with his family. In 1933 he joined the British Union of Fascists, before being expelled in 1937 and forming his own Nazi party. He fled to Nazi Germany before the outbreak of the Second World War and from there made propaganda broadcasts on Radio Hamburg against Britain. After the war he was captured by the British, tried for treason and executed, his defence of his US nationality being dismissed on the grounds he had held (albeit illegally obtained by deception) a UK passport which expired in 1940.
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William D Kelley was an American jurist. He was born in 1814 and died in 1890. He was admitted to the bar in 1841. He was Judge of the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas from 1846 to 1856. He was a member of the Republican National Convention of 1860, and represented Pennsylvania in the US Congress as a Republican from 1861 to 1890. He published 'The New South' and many influential political writings, and was noted as a strong protectionist.
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William Thomson Kelvin (Baron Kelvin) was a professor of Natural Philosophy at Glasgow. He was born in 1824 at Belfast and died in 1907. He determined the absolute zero of temperature.
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William Kennedy was an American politician. He was a Democratic-Republican governor of New Jersey during 1815.
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William Kidd (Captain Kidd) was an Anglo-American pirate. He was born around 1645 in Greenock, Scotland and died in 1701. Kidd went to sea as a young man, and by 1690 was established as a ship- owner in colonial New York. In 1695 he went to England where, backed by Richard Coote, Earl of Bellamont, he was commissioned as a privateer to operate against pirates. After he had sailed to Madagascar as captain of the ship Adventure the following year, reports reached England that he himself had turned to piracy. In 1697 and 1698 he seized several ships off the east coast of Africa, the richest of which was an Armenian vessel, the Quedagh Merchant. Arriving in the West Indies in 1699 and learning that a warrant had been issued for his arrest, he proceeded to Oyster Bay, Long Island, and then to Boston, where his former patron Richard Coote (Lord Bellamont) was governor. Kidd tried to justify his acts, but Richard Coote sent him to England for trial. Convicted of piracy, Kidd was hanged in London on May the 23rd 1701. Some of his treasure was found on Gardiners Island, at the eastern end of Long Island, and the belief long persisted that more was buried nearby.
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Sir William Killigrew was an English dramatist. He was born in 1606 and died in 1695. He was gentleman-usher to Charles I and suffered for his adherence to the royal cause. He was ruined by his unsuccessful attempts to drain the Lincolnshire fens.
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William R King was an American politician. He was born in 1786 and died in 1853. He represented Alabama in the US Congress as a War Democrat from 1811 to 1816. He was Secretary of Legation to Russia from 1816 to 1818. He was a US Senator from 1819 to 1844, and Minister to France from 1844 to 1846. He was a US Senator from 1846 to 1853, when he was elected Vice-President of the United States, but died soon after.
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William Kingsford was a Canadian historian. He was born in 1819 at London and died in 1898. He went to Canada and became a journalist and proprietor of the Montreal Times. He wrote 'The History of Canada' published in ten volumes from 1887 to 1897.
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William L Dayton was an American statesman. He was born in 1807 and died in 1864. A US Senator from New Jersey from 1842 until 1851, he was candidate for Vice-President in 1856 on the Republican ticket, and was Attorney-General for New Jersey from 1857 until 1861, when he was appointed Minister to France, where he served during the American Civil War, until his death.
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William L D Ewing was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Illinois during 1834.
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William L Douglas was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Massachusetts from 1905 until 1906.
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William L Greenly was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Michigan during 1847.
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William L Guy was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of New Dakota from 1961 until 1973.
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William L Harding was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Iowa from 1917 until 1921.
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William L Sharkey was an American politician. He was a Whig-Democratic governor of Mississippi during 1865.
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William Lamed Marcy was an American politician. He was born in 1786 and died in 1857. An American Cabinet officer, he graduated at Brown, became a lawyer, took part in the War of 1812, and became a Democratic editor in Troy. He was one of the leaders in the Albany Regency, and a master in political management. From 1823 until 1829 he was. Conttroller of New York, Associate Justice of the State Supreme Court from 1829 until 1831, and from 1831 until 1833 a member of the US Senate, where he made-his famous 'to the victors belong the spoils speech. He was Governor of New York from 1833 until 1839, Secretary of War from 1845 until 1849, and Secretary of State from 1853 until 1857. In the latter office he has won general regard for his able treatment of difficult international questions.
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William Langer was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of New Dakota from 1937 until 1939.
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William Langland was probably an English priest. He was born in 1332 and died in 1400. He is remembered for his poem The Visions of Piers The Plowman which gives a detailed account of English life at the time.
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William Larrabee was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Iowa from 1886 until 1890.
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William Laud was an English churchman. He was born in 1573 at Reading and died in 1645. He was made Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633, a post he held until 1641. He sought to establish uniformity of worship by enforcing conformity to the Church of England. He increased the power of the clergy and punished all dissenters. His persecutions of the Puritans, who maintained liberty of conscience, caused them to seek refuge in other lands and many went to America. He was impeached in 1642 and executed in 1645.
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William B Lawrence was an American jurist. He was born in 1800 and died in 1881. He was acting Governor of Rhode Island in 1851. He was one of the chief American authorities upon international law, and edited an edition of Wheaton published in 1855.
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William Ledyard was an American insurgent. He was born in 1750 and died in 1781. He held Fort Griswold, Connecticut, with 157 other insurgents against the British in 1781. After the surrender the British,. commanded by Major Bromfield, executed all the insurgents.
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William Lilye was an English grammarian. He was born in 1466 at Odiham and died in 1522. He was appointed first headmaster at the new St Paul's school in 1510, and in conjunction with Erasmus he edited the 'Eton Latin Grammar'.
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William Lindley was an English civil engineer. He was born in 1808 at London and died in 1900. He learnt engineering under Francil Giles and was appointed chief engineer to the Hamburg and Bergedorf railway in 1838. he designed the Hamburg water-works; constructed the sewage work; reclaimed the 'Hammerbrook' district and planned the rebuilding of the city after the fire of 1842.
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William Livingston was an American politician. He was a delegate from New Jersey to the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1776. He was Governor of New Jersey from 1776 to 1790. In 1787 he was a delegate to the convention that framed the Constitution and signed that instrument. *William M. O. Dawson
William M O Dawson was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of West Virginia from 1905 until 1909.
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William W Loring was an American soldier. He was born in 1818 and died in 1886. He was brevetted lieutenant-colonel for services in the Mexican War. He served in the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, and commanded a division at Vicksburg and Chattanooga.
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William M Stone was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Iowa from 1864 until 1868.
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William M Tuck was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Virginia from 1946 until 1950.
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William Forbes Mackenzie was a Scottish politician. He was born in 1801 at Portmore, Peeblesshire and died in 1862. He was member of parliament for Peeblesshire from 1837 to 1852, during which period he introduced a liquor Act for Scotland which was passed in 1853 and imposed Sunday closing and other restrictions.
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WilliamMahone was an American soldier and politician. He was born in 1836 and died in 1895. A Confederate major-general he was noted for hard fighting in several battles, especially at Petersburg. About 1878 he organized and became the leader of the party called Readjusters, advocating repudiation of the State debt of Virginia. From 1881 to 1887 he was a Senator from Virginia.
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William Markham was an English colonial governor. He was born in 1635 and died in 1704. He left England and arrived in America in 1681, and was Deputy-Governor of Pennsylvania and Delaware until 1682. He was Deputy-Governor of Delaware from 1691 to 1693 and Lieutenant-Governor of Pennsylvania from 1694 to 1699.
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William Marsden was a British author and coin collector. He was born in 1754 at Verval, Ireland and died in 1836. He served in the East India Company at Bencoolen, Sumatra from 1771 to 1779, and on his return home became secretary to the Admiralty from 1795 to 1804. He presented his Oriental books and manuscripts to King's College London, and his splendid coin collection to the British Museum. He wrote several books about Sumatra, the Malay language and coins of the Orient.
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William Marvin was an American politician. He was a governor of Florida during 1865.
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William Maxwell the fifth Earl of Nithsdale was a Jacobite rebel. He was born in 1676 and died in 1744. He took part in the Jacobite rebellion of 1715, and was captured at Preston, sent to the tower and sentenced to death in 1716. Through the help of his wife he escaped from the Tower disguised as a woman.
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William McKinley was the 25th president of the USA from 1897 to 1901. He was born in 1844 at Niles, Ohio and died in 1901. He served as a volunteer in the American Civil War. He was a member of the House of Representatives from 1877 to 1891, and as chairman of the Committee of Ways and Means had the chief hand in framing the Tariff Ac of October 1st, 1890, commonly called the McKinley Act. From January, 1892, to January, 1896, he was Governor of Ohio. He was elected President of the United States on November the 3rd, 1896 and inaugurated on March the 4th, 1897. When he was elected President he won by the largest majority of popular votes since 1872. He was standing in a receiving line at the Buffalo Pan-American Exposition when an anarchist shot him twice. He died eight days later.
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William McWillie was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Mississippi from 1857 until 1859.
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William Meade Fishback was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Arkansas from 1893 until 1895.
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William Medill was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Ohio from 1853 until 1856.
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William M Meredith was an American politician. He was born in 1799 and died in 1873. He was Secretary of the Treasury in Taylor's Cabinet from 1849 to 1850. He was Attorney-General of Pennsylvania from 1861 to 1867, and president of the Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention of 1873.
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William Miller was an American soldier and religious fanatic. He was born in 1782 at Massachusetts and died in 1849. He served on the Canadian frontier in 1812. He proclaimed that the coming of Christ would occur in 1843, and founded the sect of 'Millerites', or 'Adventists'.
William Miller was an American politician. He was a Democratic-Republican governor of North Carolina from 1814 until 1817.
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William Molyneux was an Irish mathematician and philosopher. He was born in 1656 at Dublin and died in 1698. In 1683 he founded the Dublin Philosophical Society and in 1685 joined the Royal Society of England. From 1692 to his death he represented Dublin University in the Irish Parliament.
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William Moore was an American politician. He was a governor of Pennsylvania from 1781 until 1782.
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William Morgan was an American Freemason. He was borrn in 1775 at Batavia, New York and died about 1836. He proposed in 1836 to expose the secrets of the Order of Freemasons, of which he had been a member. His sudden disappearance soon afterward, and apparent abduction by the Masons, caused great excitement in America. An Anti-Masonic party was formed in most free States, and William Wirt was nominated for president in 1831. William Morgan, it is now known, was taken from Batavia to Niagara and killed, his body being sent over the falls.
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William Morris was an English poet, craftsman and socialist. He was born in 1834 and died in 1896. He founded the socialist league and the Kelmscott press.
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William Motherwell was a Scottish poet. He was born in 1797 at Glasgow and died in 1835.
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William Moultrie was an American politician and soldier. He was born in 1731 and died in 1805. He represented South Carolina in the Continental Congress in 1775. He successfully defended Sullivan's Island in Charleston Harbour against a British fleet in 1776 (Battle of Fort Moultrie). The fort there was named in his honour. He defeated the British at Beaufort and successfully defended Charleston in 1779. He was Governor of South Carolina in 1785 and 1794. He wrote 'Memoirs of the Revolution'.
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William Murdock was a Scottish engineer. He was born in 1754 at Lugar near Auchinleck in East Ayrshire, and died in 1839. He invented the coal gas light, and in 1784 an engine which ran on wheels. He began experimenting with the illuminating properties of gases in 1792 and in 1800 erected an experimental apparatus at Soho (near Birmingham) with the result that gas was used in some places as an illumination after the peace of Amiens in 1802.
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William Murray (Lord Mansfield) was an English jurist. He was born in 1704 and died in 1793. The most eminent of English judges, he was Chief Justice of the King's Bench from 1756 to 1788. He maintained the right of Great Britain to tax the American colonies and was one of the most zealous opponents of the repeal of the Stamp Act.
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