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1-chloro-3-ethyl-1-penten-4 yn-3-ol (Placidyl, ethchlorvynol) is a depressive drug administered orally or injected as a short term treatment for insomnia. It is a sedative hypnotic and a Central nervous system (CNS) depressant and muscle relaxant.
 Research 1-chloro-3-ethyl-1-penten-4 yn-3-ol
2,8-Diaminoacridinium is another name for proflavine.
3,6-Diaminoacridinium is another name for proflavine.
3,7-Diamino-5-aza-anthracene is another name for proflavine.
7-dehydrocholesterol (desmosterol) is a crystalline steroid alcohol that occurs chiefly in higher animals and man (as in the skin), that is made synthetically from cholesterol, and yields vitamin D3 on irradiation with ultraviolet light.
A-Gram is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research A-Gram
In medicine, A68 is the symbol for a protein which is found in the brains of foetuses and infants but begins to disappear by the age of two years, but is once more found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease.
Research A68
In medicine, the A:G ratio is the ratio of protein albumin to globulin in the blood serum.
Research A:G ratio
In medicine, Aaron's sign is a pain and soreness that occurs between the navel and the right hip bone indicating an attack of appendicitis in the patient.
Research Aaron's Sign
In medicine, an abacrio is an abortion or labour induced by drugs or surgery.
Research Abactio
Abadie's sign is a twitch of the eyelid that can occur with an over-active thyroid gland. It can also occur when no disease is present.
Research Abadie's Sign
In medicine, abarticular refers to not having a joint.
Research Abarticular
Abarticulation is the dislocation of a joint.
Research Abarticulation
Abasia is the inability to walk.
Research Abasia
The Abbe-Estlander operation is a type of skin graft which takes place on the mouth in the case of an injured lip. A flap of skin from the healthy lip is attached to the injured lip. Inside the flap of skin is a small artery that sends blood to the graft. After the graft has been accepted by the body the flap is removed.
Research Abbe-Estlander Operation
Abdimox is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Abdimox
The abdomen is the area between the chest and the hips. It contains the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, and spleen.
Research Abdomen
The abdominal cavity extends from the lower border of the ribs to the pelvis. The abdominal wall is made up of muscle, layers of connective tissue, and fat and is lined by a thin double layered membrane called the periosteum. The abdominal cavity contains all of the organs of the digestive system and the genitourinary system.
Research Abdominal Cavity
Several sets of muscles support and propel the torso. The abdominal wall muscles help transfer force between the upper and lower body, and they also protect the delicate internal organs. Their most important function is to support the back. The muscles of the torso extend in several directions. They help maintain posture and aid the spinal muscles when bending, twisting, and other movements.
Research Abdominal Wall
An abdominoscopy is an examination of the abdomen in order to detect abdominal disease.
Research Abdominoscopy
Abdominothoracic refers to the abdomen and the thorax, or chest.
Research Abdominothoracic
The Abducens (or Sixth Cranial Nerve) rises in the medulla oblongata and supplies the external rectus muscle of the eye, which draws the eyeball outward.
Research Abducens
In physiology, abduction is the movement which separates a limb or other part from the axis, or middle line, of the body.
Research Abduction
An abductor is a type of muscle which serves to draw a part out, or form the median line of the body, such as for example the abductor oculi, which draws the eye outward.
Research Abductor
The abductor digiti minimi manus is the largest of the hypothenar eminence, the muscle mass of the little finger. The hypothenar eminence is located on the outside of the palm and hand. It consists of the abductor digiti minimi, the flexor digiti minimi, the opponens digiti minimi, and the palmaris brevis. The abductor digiti minimi is a superficial muscle that originates from the tip of pisiform bone and from the flexor carpi ulnaris. It wraps around the ulnar side of the hand and up to the side of the metacarpal of the little finger, inserting in the ulnar side of the base of the little finger. It is innervated by the ulnar nerve and supplied the ulnar artery. This muscle abducts and flexes the little finger.
Research Abductor Digiti Minimi Manus
The abductor digiti minimi pedis (abductor digiti quinti) muscle lies under the outside border of the foot. It originates from the calcaneum and runs along the outer edge of the foot, inserting into the outer side of the base of the first phalanx of the little toe. It is innervated by the lateral plantar nerve and supplied by the plantar artery. This muscle is for the most part concealed by the dense, fibrous fat pad of the sole of the foot. It works to flex and draw the little toe away from the foot.
Research Abductor Digiti Minimi Pedis
The abductor hallucis flexes more than it abducts the big toe. It has an elongated, rectangular form that begins from a wide origin on the bottom of the calcaneous, the edge of the flexor retinaculum, and the plantar aponeurosis (a strong fibrous band of fascia that extends along the bottom of the foot) and inserts on the inside of the base of the first phalanx of the big toe. It is innervated by the medial plantar nerve and supplied by the plantar artery.
Research Abductor Hallucis
The abductor ossis metatarsi quinti is a foot muscle that extends from the abductor digiti minimi pedis. Its point of insertion is the 5th metatarsal. This small muscle helps abduct the little toe. It is supplied by the lateral plantar artery and is innervated lateral plantar nerve.
Research Abductor Ossis Metatarsi Quinti
The abductor pollicis brevis is one of the muscles forming the thenar eminence, the muscle mass of the thumb. The abductor pollicis brevis is the largest of the thenar eminence muscle group and is flat, elongated and triangular in shape. It lies just below the skin and slightly overlaps the flexor pollicis brevis and mostly covers the opponens pollicis. The abductor pollicis brevis originates from the tubercle of the trapezium and from the flexor retinaculum. It inserts in the proximal phalanx of the thumb. This muscle is innervated by the median nerve and supplied by palmar branches of the radial artery. It moves the metacarpal bone of the thumb away from the palm.
Research Abductor Pollicis Brevis
The abductor pollicis longus muscle, combined with the extensor pollicis brevis, creates a narrow, triangular muscle form which wraps around the lower end of the radius. The abductor pollicis longus originates on the back side of the ulna and radius and inserts at the base of the metacarpal bone of the thumb near the palm. The abductor pollicis longus is innervated by the radial nerve and is supplied by branches of the radial artery. This muscle extends the thumb away from the hand. It also rotates and flexes the hand at the wrist. The combination of the abductor pollicis longus and the extensor pollicis brevis forms the oblique carpal muscle group.
Research Abductor Pollicis Longus
In medicine, aberration refers to the passage of blood or other fluid into parts not appropriate for it.
Research Aberration
Ablutophobia is the fear of washing or bathing.
Research Ablutophobia
In psychology aboulia is the loss of will.
Research Aboulia
An abrasion (graze) is a type of wound characterised as a sore place on the skin caused by rubbing or scraping. Often superficial, abrasions can be very painful and be disturbing in appearance. The risk from an abrasion is that infection may enter the wound, and it is important that the wound is cleaned.
Research Abrasion
An abscess is any collection of purulent matter or pus formed in some tissue or organ of the body, and confined within some circumscribed area, of varying size, but always painful and often dangerous.
Research Abscess
Absorbed medications come in various forms: ointments which are applied to the skin, such as nitro-glycerine ointment for angina. Transdermal patch. A medicinally impregnated adhesive bandage that gradually releases drug. Examples include nitro-glycerine for angina, scopolamine for motion sickness, nicotine for quitting smoking, and oestrogen for hormone replacement. Implants. These are capsules implanted under the skin that release a drug into the body for an extended period. Norplant, an effective form of long-term birth control, is the only commercially available implant today. Sublingual tablets, in which the drug is held under the tongue for rapid absorption into the bloodstream. For example nitro-glycerine capsules. Buccal tablets in which the drug is placed between the cheek and the gum, where it is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream.
Research Absorbed Medications
In the human body, absorption is the way nutrients from food move from the small intestine into the cells in the body.
Research Absorption
Acardia is the condition of a person born without a heart.
Research Acardia
Acarophobia is the fear of itching.
Research Acarophobia
The accessory nerve is a pair of cranial nerves responsible for the sternomastoid and trapezius muscles.
Research Accessory nerve
An ACE inhibitor is a type of drug used to lower blood pressure. Studies indicate that it may also help prevent or slow the progression of kidney disease in people with diabetes.
Research ACE Inhibitor
Acerophobia is the fear of sourness.
Research Acerophobia
Acetabulum is an anatomical term applied to any cup-like cavity, as that of a bone to receive the protuberant end of another bone.
Research Acetabulum
Acetanilide (phenyl-acetamide) was a medicine used as an antipyretic and analgesic in place of quinine.
Research Acetanilide
Acetohexamide is a medicine used to lower the level of glucose in the blood given to some people with non-insulin-dependent diabetes in pill form.
Research Acetohexamide
Acetophenone (phenyl-methyl-ketone) is a medicine formerly used to induce sleep.
Research Acetophenone
Acetylcholine (Ach) is a chemical that serves as a neurotransmitter, communicating nerve impulses between the cells of the nervous system. It is largely associated with the transmission of impulses across the synapse between nerve and muscle cells, causing the muscles to contract. ACh is produced in the synaptic knob and stored in vesicles until a nerve impulse triggers its discharge across the synapse. When the ACh reaches the membrane of the receiving cell it binds with a specific site and brings about depolarisation - a reversal of the electric charge on either side of the membrane causing a fresh impulse in nerve cells or a contraction in muscle cells. Its action is short-lived because it is quickly destroyed by the enzyme cholinesterase. Anticholinergic drugs have a number of uses in medicine to block the action of ACh, thereby disrupting the passage of nerve impulses and relaxing certain muscles, for example in premedication before surgery.
Research Acetylcholine
Achalasia is a rare disorder of the oesophagus in which the muscle at the end of the oesophagus does not relax enough for the passage to open properly.
Research Achalasia
The Achilles reflex, or ankle reflex, is a deep tendon reflex that is produced when the Achilles tendon is firmly tapped at the back of the ankle. The foot should flex downward. The reflex is often absent in diabetics and in people with peripheral neurological damage. A deep tendon reflex is a sudden contraction of a muscle in response to a sharp tap of a rubber hammer on a tendon of insertion of the muscle. Absence of this reflex may indicate neurological damage or damage to the muscle being tested.
Research Achilles Reflex
Achilles tendinitis is injury of the Achilles tendon.
Research Achilles Tendinitis
The Achilles Tendon is the tendon which connects the heel with the calf of the leg, and is the principal extensor of the foot.
Research Achilles Tendon
Achlorhydria is a lack of hydrochloric acid in the stomach juice.
Research Achlorhydria
Achluophobia is the fear of darkness.
Research Achluophobia
Achor is (was?) a disease of infants, in which the head, face and breast become encrusted with thin, yellowish or greenish scabs.
Research Achor
Acidosis is a condition in which the body fluids tend to have a higher acid content than normal. The body has a variety of ways to compensate for mild acidosis, but prolonged acidosis can produce weakness, headache, and heavy or rapid breathing. Severe acidosis may lead to acidemia (a build-up of acids in the blood) which can result in coma and death. Acidosis itself is not a disease, but it may warn of the presence of a disease. It arises from disorders that cause the body to accumulate excess acid or to lose too much alkali. Most of these disorders are respiratory failures or metabolic failures. Respiratory acidosis results from such disturbances as severe lung disease, blockage of the upper air passages, and chest injury. Metabolic failures involve malfunctioning of the process by which the body changes food into energy and tissue. Metabolic acidosis arises from kidney failure, diabetes, poisoning, and severe diarrhoea. Treatment usually consists of correcting the underlying problem and administering sodium bicarbonate or another alkaline substance through a vein.
Research Acidosis
Acimox is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Acimox
Acne is a skin eruption due to inflammation of the sebaceous glands.
Research Acne
 More information about Acne
The acoustic nerve is the eighth cranial nerve, extending from the ear to the brain. The cochlear portion of the acoustic nerve conveys sound impulses from the inner ear to the brain and the vestibular portions convey the sensations of balance from the semicircular canals in the inner ear to the brain. The acoustic nerve is an important nerve to the sense of hearing and the sense of balance.
Research Acoustic Nerve
Acousticophobia is the fear of sound.
Research Acousticophobia
Acriflavine is an antiseptic powder.
Research Acriflavine
Acromegaly is a disease due to over activity of the pituitary gland results in excessive bone growth, especially the skull.
Research Acromegaly
The acromion is the lateral projection from the spine of the scapula. The plough blade-like projection serves as a site of attachment for both the trapezius and deltoid muscles, which assist in giving the shoulder its strength during flexion.
Research Acromion
Acrophobia is the fear of being at a great height.
Research Acrophobia
The acrosome is a thin cap of protoplasm encasing the head of a sperm. The acrosome is believed to contain an enzyme, hyaluronidase, that dissolves the corona radiata, the protective outer coat of the ovum, making sperm penetration easier. The enzyme of the acrosome of one sperm is insufficient to break down the ovum membrane. Therefore, contrary to popular opinion, it takes more than one spermatozoon to produce a baby. Only one sperm, however, will actually penetrate the egg.
Research Acrosome
ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone) or corticotrophin is a polypeptide hormone, secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, that stimulates growth of the adrenal gland and the synthesis and secretion of corticosteroids. It is used in treating rheumatoid arthritis, allergic and skin diseases, and many other disorders.
Research ACTH
Actimoxi is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Actimoxi
Actinomycosis or Madura disease (popularly known as lumpy jaw), is a disease due to the ray fungus, and occurs in domestic animals - notably cattle, and occasionally human beings who work with cattle and can become infected. Suppurative swellings develop in certain parts of the body, namely the neck and jaw, the intestines - especially the appendix and large bowel - and the lungs. Secondary abscesses are often formed in other adjacent organs. The pulmonary type of disease resembles chronic bronchitis or tuberculosis and is generally fatal, although the disease runs a long course. In the other types the outlook is more hopeful.
Research Actinomycosis
Acupressure is a means of arresting bleeding from a cut artery introduced by Sir James Simpson in 1859, and consisting in compressing the artery above the orifice, that is, on the side nearest the heart, with the middle of a needle introduced through the tissues.
Research Acupressure
Acupuncture is a form of alternative medicine that has been used in China for several thousands of years. The procedure has its roots in ancient Chinese philosophy, the belief that man is one with the universe and that all life is permeated with the life giving energy of chi. Part of this belief is that all of our experiences have opposites, such as hot and cold, day and night. These opposites are referred to as Yin and Yang. They merge and complement one another through out life, creating a balance. When the forces are in balance a person is in good health. When the forces are not in balance, disease may occur. Acupuncture is a method used to restore the balance in life. In the 1960's a team of doctors from the West were invited by Mao Tse-tung to visit China and investigate the technique of acupuncture. Although it is often thought of as alternative medicine, it has been surprisingly successful in the treatment of many ailments where more conventional methods have not been successful.
Acupuncture is most often used to treat rheumatism, backache, and headaches. Doctors are still unable to explain the mystery of why and how it works, although there are several theories. Although acupuncture can be successful, when not practiced properly it can cause infection and nerve, vessel, or organ damage. It is important to carefully choose your acupuncturist. Inquire whether the acupuncturist has been formally trained and is experienced.
Research Acupuncture
Acute prostatitis is inflammation of the prostate, a condition often heralded by symptoms similar to those of cystitis: frequent, painful urination and nocturia. There may also be a discharge from the urethra. Prostatitis may also be accompanied by fever, chills, and pain in the perineal region behind the scrotum, the lower back, or above the pubic bone. The most common cause of acute prostatitis is bacterial infection, which can result from infected urine.
Research Acute Prostatitis
Adam's Apple is the popular name for the thyroid cartilage. That is the prominence seen in the front of the throat of man. It is small and invisible in females. It is so called from the notion that a piece of the forbidden fruit stuck in Adam's throat.
Research Adam's Apple
Adbiotin is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Adbiotin
Addiction is a state of dependence caused by the habitual use of drugs, alcohol, or other substances. It is characterised by uncontrolled craving, tolerance, and symptoms of withdrawal when access is denied. Habitual use produces changes in body chemistry and treatment must be geared to a gradual reduction in dosage. Initially, only opium and its derivatives (morphine, heroin, codeine) were recognised as addictive, but many other drugs, whether therapeutic (such as tranquillisers) or recreational (such as cocaine and alcohol), are now known to be addictive. Research points to a genetic predisposition to addiction; environment and psychological make-up are other factors. Although physical addiction always has a psychological element, not all psychological dependence is accompanied by physical dependence. A carefully controlled withdrawal programme can reverse the chemical changes of habituation. A cure is difficult because of the many other factors contributing to addiction.
Research Addiction
Addison's Disease (also known as adrenal insufficiency) is a dangerous affection of the renal capsules characterised by deep bronzing of the skin, anaemia, and extreme weakness. It was first described by Thomas Addison in 1855.
Research Addison's Disease
An adductor is a muscle which draws one part of the body towards another; the term is applied in zoology to one of the muscles which bring together the valves of the shell of the bivalve molluscs.
Research Adductor
The adductor brevis is a muscle of the leg that lies just behind the adductor longus.
Research Adductor Brevis
The adductor longus is a long triangular muscle, originating with both fleshy fibres and a strong tendon from a small area on the front of the pubic bone of the pelvis and inserts in the femur.
Research Adductor Longus
The adductor magnus is a large triangular muscle that forms a dividing wall between the muscles of the inner thigh and those on the back of the thigh. It is located on the inside of the thigh. This long muscle originates from a narrow point on the pelvis bone (ischiopubic ramus), passes between the masses of the hamstring and quadriceps groups and inserts, at its wide apex, in the linea aspera and on the back of the femur. It is a powerful muscle that adducts the thigh. It is innervated by the obturator and the sciatic nerves and is supplied by the profunda femoris artery. The small, flat uppermost portion of the adductor magnus is called the adductor minimus. These muscles are innervated by the obturator nerve and supplied by branches of the femoral artery.
Research Adductor Magnus
The adductor transversus hallucis (adductor hallucis) is a narrow, flat band of muscle tissue that originates from the medial process of the tuber calcanei, the flexor retinaculum, and the plantar aponeurosis. It stretches across the metatarsal bones and lies between the bones and the flexor tendons and inserts in the side of the proximal phalanx of the big toe. The adductor transversus hallucis is innervated by the medial plantar nerve and supplied by the plantar artery. The muscle is named after the direction of its muscle fibres.
Research Adductor Transversus Hallucis
The adductor transversus pollicis (adductor pollicis) is a deep muscle that is flat and triangular in form. It passes from the middle of the palm to the thumb. It originates by two heads. One head (caput transversum) originates from the palmar side of the third metacarpal bone and the other head (caput obliquum) originates from the base of the second metacarpal, the trapezium, and the capitate bones. The two heads join and insert in the base of the thumb on the ulnar side. The muscle is innervated by the ulnar nerve and supplied by branches of the ulnar artery. This muscle works with the first dorsal interosseus to grasp objects between the thumb and index finger.
Research Adductor Transversus Pollicis
Adenitis is an inflammation of the lymphatic glands. It may be either acute or chronic. As a rule, adenitis is a symptom of some disease process within the area of the body that is drained by the lymphatic channels in which the affected lymphatic glands are situated. In acute adenitis the disease is usually an infected wound or sore, the invading micro-organisms being carried away by the lymphatics and trapped in the glands, where, in turn, they set up inflammation, causing enlargement of the gland, and sometimes suppuration. Chronic adenitis may be due to a chronic infection, such as tuberculosis. Lymphatic glands are also the seat of secondary cancer, the malignant growth cells being carried along the lymphatic channels from the primary cancer. Lymphadenoma or Hodgkin's disease also causes enlargement of the lymphatic glands.
Research Adenitis
Adenoids is the pathological enlargement of the lymphoid tissue, arranged as a series of folds behind the opening of the auditory tube in the nasopharynx; also known as the pharyngeal tonsils.
Research Adenoids
An adenovirus is a member of a group of viruses that may cause upper respiratory diseases in man.
Research Adenovirus
Adipose tissue is one of the many different types of connective tissue found in the human body. Connective tissue composes the dermis of the skin. Unlike the cells of the epithelial layer of the epidermis, which are crowded close together, the cells of connective tissue are scattered far apart with many fibres between them. Adipose tissue is a metabolically active tissue that stores fat and releases it in response to a variety of nervous and hormonal stimuli. It also acts as an insulator to help maintain body temperature and acts as a protective padding in certain areas. Adipose tissue is also found in bone marrow.
Research Adipose tissue
The adrenal glands are a pair of glands above the kidneys which secrete adrenaline and other hormones. Each adrenal gland consists of an inner part called the medulla and an outer part called the cortex. The adrenal medulla is the source of epinephrine, also called adrenaline, and norepinephrine, which affect a number of body functions; for example, they stimulate cardiac action, increase the blood pressure, and affect constriction and dilation of blood vessels and musculature. All these actions help the organism deal with acute emergencies more effectively and efficiently. The adrenal cortex elaborates a group of hormones known as glucocorticoids, which include cortisone and hydrocortisone, and the mineralocorticoids, which include aldosterone and other hormonal substances that are essential to the maintenance of life and to adaptation to stress. Adrenal secretions regulate the salt and water balance of the body, influence the blood pressure, affect lymphatic tissue, influence the mechanisms of the immune system, and regulate carbohydrate and protein metabolism. In addition to these functions, the adrenal glands also elaborate male and female hormones.
Research Adrenal Glands
Aeroacrophobia is the fear of open high places.
Research Aeroacrophobia
Aerolin is a brand name for albuterol.
Research Aerolin
Aeronausiphobia is the fear of vomiting secondary to airsickness.
Research Aeronausiphobia
Aerophobia is the fear of draughts.
Research Aerophobia
Aerotherapeutics is a method of treating disease by varying the pressure of the surrounding atmosphere, or by modifying its composition, or by change of climate. Atmospheric pressure may be varied in an air-tight chamber.
Research Aerotherapeutics
Aeruophobia is the fear of flying.
Research Aeruophobia
Aetiology or etiology is the study of the causes of diseases. The term is also given in medicine to the cause of a disease.
Research Aetiology
The afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole feed blood into and out of the Bowman's capsule. The afferent arteriole transports blood from the interlobular artery to the capsule to be filtered. The efferent arteriole transports the filtered blood from the capsule to the medullary plexus, and then to the interlobular vein.
Research Afferent Arteriole
Aflatoxin is a toxin produced naturally by the mould Aspergillus flavus commonly found in peanuts, cottonseed, soybeans, wheat, barley, maize, sorghum and nuts such as pistachios, almonds and cacao. Symptoms of poisoning include weight loss, loss of co-ordination, convulsions and death. It also damages the liver and causes liver tumours when consumed at low levels for a long period of time. In the Gambia during the late 20th century, liver cancer attributed to daily consumption of aflatoxins in peanuts and rice, caused ten percent of deaths among men. Aflatoxin, when taken regularly, also damages the immune system causing susceptibility to infectious diseases such as pneumonia. Aflatoxins are found in the blood system of almost all inhabitants of rural Africa.
Research Aflatoxin
Agar is a laxative substance obtained from seaweed.
Research Agar
Agerpen is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Agerpen
Agliophobia is the fear of pain.
Research Agliophobia
An agonist is a drug that both binds to receptors and has an intrinsic effect; a drug that triggers an action from a cell or a drug.
Research Agonist
Agoraphobia is the fear of open spaces.
Research Agoraphobia
Agraphobia is the fear of sexual abuse.
Research Agraphobia
Agrizoophobia is the fear of wild animals.
Research Agrizoophobia
Ague is another name for malaria.
Research Ague
Agyrophobia is the fear of streets or crossing the street.
Research Agyrophobia
Aichmophobia is the fear of needles or pointed objects.
Research Aichmophobia
Aichurophobia is the fear of needles or pointed objects.
Research Aichurophobia
Ailurophobia is the fear of cats.
Research Ailurophobia
Alanine is an amino acid derivative of the pyruvic family of biochemical compounds. Alanine and its isomers have been classified as non-essential to growth based upon laboratory study, but is widely found in proteins.
Alanine is commonly synthesized in laboratories and used for biochemical research.
Research Alanine
Alar nasal cartilage makes up the apex of the nose. The apex of the nose is made up of paired lateral alar cartilages. Each lateral alar cartilage has a shape similar to a horseshoe and partially encircles the nostril. These make up the large, flat lateral wall and the inferior extension makes up the medial wall. The medial wall forms the movable nasal septum, which divides the nasal cavity. Two to four lesser alar cartilages (sesamoid cartilages) are also found on each side of the nose at the back end of the lateral wall of the alar cartilage.
Research Alar Nasal Cartilage
Albugo is an affection of the eye, consisting of a white opacity in the cornea.
Research Albugo
Albumin is one of the three main components of plasma. The other two proteins are globulins and fibrinogen. All three proteins are manufactured by the liver. These three proteins circulate in plasma and act as carriers for small molecules. Albumin, the most plentiful, is similar in texture to egg whites and gives blood its gummy texture. It is soluble in water and coagulable by heat. The globulins, three in number: alpha, beta, and gamma. They are divided on the basis of electrophoretic mobility. The globulins transport certain proteins. They number half the albumin proteins found in plasma. The globulin proteins are insoluble in water, soluble in saline solutions, and coagulable by heat. Globulins are also found in cerebrospinal fluid. Gamma globulins are the antibodies of the blood, giving immunity to disease. Only 3% of plasma is made up of fibrinogen. It is an important link in the chain of reactions that leads to blood clotting (coagulation). It uses the enzyme thrombin to form a web of fine protein fibres, called fibrin, that bind blood cells together, creating a bridge over which injured tissue can rebuild itself while blood continues to flow underneath. As an important factor to coagulation, it is often referred to as factor I.
Research Albumin
Albuminurophobia is the fear of kidney disease.
Research Albuminurophobia
Albuterol (salbutamol) is a drug used to relieve bronchospasm in patients with reversible obstructive airway disease.
Research Albuterol
Aldose reductase inhibitors are a class of drugs believed to prevent eye and nerve damage in people with diabetes. Aldose reductase is an enzyme that is normally present in the eye and in many other parts of the body. It helps change glucose into the sugar alcohol sorbitol. Too much sorbitol trapped in eye and nerve cells can damage these cells, leading to retinopathy and neuropathy. Drugs that prevent or slow the action of aldose reductase are a possible way to prevent or delay these complications of diabetes.
Research Aldose Reductase Inhibitor
Aldosterone is the principal mineralocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. A synthesized form of aldosterone is used in the treatment of Addison's disease.
Research Aldosterone
Alektorophobia is the fear of chickens.
Research Alektorophobia
Alfamox is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Alfamox
Algophobia is the fear of experiencing or witnessing bodily pain.
Research Algophobia
The alimentary canal is the channel in an animal through which food passes.
Research Alimentary
Alkalosis is a condition in which a person's body fluids become too alkaline. The body adjusts to mild alkalosis but severe alkalosis can result in muscular weakness, convulsions, coma, and even death. Most cases of alkalosis arise from disorders or drugs that cause the body to lose too much acid, thus upsetting the normal balance of acid and alkali. Disorders that can result in alkalosis include prolonged vomiting and hyperventilation. Prolonged alkalosis causes excessive loss of hydrochloric acid from the stomach. During hyperventilation, a person exhales too much carbon dioxide, lowering the level of carbonic acid in the blood.
Alkalosis can arise from the prolonged use of such drugs as diuretics. Treatment of alkalosis usually consists of correcting the underlying disorder or reducing the drug intake. A solution containing a weak acid may be administered through a vein to help restore the body's normal acid- alkali balance.
Research Alkalosis
An allergy is a hypersensitivity of body tissue to a substance.
Research Allergy
Alliumphobia is the fear of garlic.
Research Alliumphobia
Allodoxaphobia is the fear of opinions.
Research Allodoxaphobia
Allopathy is the mode of curing diseases by using medicines which produce in the system a condition contrary to that of the disease. The term was first used by Hahnemann to indicate the methods of orthodox medicine.
Research Allopathy
Almodan is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Almodan
Alopecia adnata is a technical term for baldness at or soon after birth.
Research Alopecia Adnata
Alopecia Areata or 'patchy baldness' is a disease in which the hair is lost from small parts of the body resulting in patches of baldness.
Research Alopecia Areata
Alopecia Cicatrisata is a rare disease of the scalp which manifests itself in the early stages by tiny areas of baldness.
Research Alopecia Cicatrisata
Alopecia Compressio is baldness resulting from straining the hair roots, typically by tying the hair too tightly.
Research Alopecia Compressio
Alopecia Dynamica is baldness resulting from the destruction of the hair follicles.
Research Alopecia Dynamica
Alopecia Follicularis is baldness resulting from the inflammation of the hair follicles.
Research Alopecia Follicularis
Alopecia Maligna is a severe form of baldness affecting the entire head, including the eyebrows and beard.
Research Alopecia Maligna
Alopecia neurotica is a type of baldness resulting from a trauma.
Research Alopecia Neurotica
Alopecia parvimaculata is a disease in which hair is lost in very small, irregularly shaped patches.
Research Alopecia Parvimaculata
Alopecia pityroides is baldness due to pityriasis capitis.
Research Alopecia Pityroides
Alopecia prematura is premature baldness, occurring in youth.
Research Alopecia Prematura
Alopecia prematura idiopathica is a slow thinning of the hair prematurely, before middle-age.
Research Alopecia Prematura Idiopathica
Alopecia prematura symptomatica is premature baldness caused by illness. The baldness is often temporary.
Research Alopecia Prematura Symptomatica
Alopecia pubertatis is the loss of hair by teenage girls.
Research Alopecia Pubertatis
Alopecia puerpera is a woman's loss of hair following confinement.
Research Alopecia Puerpera
Alopecia seborrheica is hair loss or baldness caused by a seborrheic condition of the scalp.
Research Alopecia Seborrheica
Alopecia senilis is hair loss or baldness of old age.
Research Alopecia Senilis
Alopecia syphilitica is partial baldness of the scalp, beard or eyebrows due to syphilis.
Research Alopecia Syphilitica
Alopecia totalis is total baldness of the scalp.
Research Alopecia Totalis
Alopecia universalis is complete hair loss from the body.
Research Alopecia Universalis
Aloxyn is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Aloxyn
Alpha-fetoprotein is a protein that forms in the liver of the human foetus. Excessive quantities in the amniotic fluid and maternal blood may indicate spina bifida in the foetus; low levels may indicate Down's syndrome.
Research Alpha-fetoprotein
Alphamox is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Alphamox
Alprostadil is a synthetic hormone used to induce labour (through ripening the cervix) in pregnant women. It is applied as a gel behind the cervix, which it is absorbed by and causes the cervix to dilate and contractions to occur. It carries with it the risk of distressing the baby which may not be able to cope with the sudden and violent contractions, and may also have the side effect of causing the woman to experience a long and agonising labour of pseudo-contractions before real contractions commence.
Research Alprostadil
Alteratives are medicines, such as mercury, iodine, etc, which, administered in small doses, gradually induce a change in the habit or constitution, and imperceptibly alter disordered secretions and actions, and restore healthy functions without producing any sensible evacuation by perspiration, purging, or vomiting.
Research Alteratives
Altophobia is the fear of heights.
Research Altophobia
The alveolar process is the lower part of the maxilla where the teeth are mounted. At each tooth site on the alveolar process is a rounded bump, showing where the roots of the teeth, their nerves, and the blood vessels which nourish them lie beneath.
Research Alveolar Process
The alveolar septum is the thin wall which separates one alveolus from another in the large alveolar cluster, or sac. The alveolar septum may be fully formed or only partially formed, as alveoli may be completely spherical or partially joined with a neighbouring alveolus. Within the material of the alveolar walls and septa are the capillary networks which bring the oxygen-poor, carbon dioxide- rich blood to be regenerated.
Research Alveolar Septum
The alveoli are the tiny sacs at the ends of the bronchial tree. Each small bronchiole divides into half a dozen or so alveolar ducts, which are the narrow inlets into alveolar sacs. Each alveolar duct subdivides, leading into three or more alveolar sacs. Each large alveolar sac is like a grape cluster which contains ten or more alveoli. Because the membrane separating the alveolus and the capillary network which carries blood over them is very thin and semi-permeable, oxygen can transfer from the air into the blood cells within the capillaries. Likewise, carbon dioxide and other waste gases can transfer out of the blood and into the air to be exhaled from the lungs. The alveoli are particularly susceptible to infection, as they provide bacteria and viruses a perfect place to grow. This accounts for the tendency for a chest cold or other lung problem to advance into pneumonia and pneumonitis, both potentially dangerous conditions in which the innermost parts of the lungs become infected and inflamed, diminishing air flow and oxygen transport.
Research Alveoli
Alveolus are the bone cavities in the mandible or maxilla in which the teeth are anchored. The teeth are anchored in these sockets by the root canals, or cones, of the teeth. The nourishing blood vessels and nerves pass from the tooth socket into the tooth by way of the apical foramina in the bottom of each root cone.
Research Alveolus
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive, degenerative disease that attacks the nerve cells in the brain and results in impaired memory, thinking and behaviour. The brain actually shrinks in the progressive process of the disease. Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia. or loss of intellectual function. The dementia eventually becomes so severe that it interferes with an individual's daily functioning and eventually results in death. Although originally classified as a 'pre-senile' dementia, Alzheimers disease is now known to be responsible for 75 percent of the dementia cases in those over 65 years of age. It is the fourth leading cause of death in adults, after heart disease, cancer and stroke. Men and women are affected almost equally. The features of the disease vary greatly among individuals. General symptoms can include: Gradual memory loss Decline in the ability to perform routine tasks Disorientation Difficulty in learning and remembering Loss of language skills Impairment of judgment and planning Personality changes These are also symptoms of other diseases, some of which are treatable. The rate of progression of this disease varies from person to person. Eventually persons with Alzheimers may become totally incapable of caring for themselves.
Research Alzheimers Disease
AM 73 is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research AM 73
Amagesen Solutab is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Amagesen Solutab
Amathophobia is the fear of dust.
Research Amathophobia
Amaurosis is an obsolete term for loss of sight. It became obsolete around 1900.
Research Amaurosis
Amaxophobia is the fear of riding in a car, or vehicles.
Research Amaxophobia
Ambulophobia is the fear of walking.
Research Ambulophobia
Amcill is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Amcill
Amebiasis is a protozoan parasitic infection caused by the ameba Entamoeba histolytica, which lives in the large intestine of humans as part of the resident flora. Humans contract the infection is acquired by ingesting food or water contaminated with faeces. It occurs most often in poor countries where the standards of public hygiene and sanitation are low. Once ingested, the incubation period varies from a few days to several months. In rare cases, the symptoms may not appear for years. Entamoeba histolytica competes with the host for food in the large intestine. It multiples by simple division. Protective cysts develop and the organism is passed out with faeces. The cysts can survive long periods before the next host acquires them. Some strains of the ameba are harmless and the people carrying them show no symptoms. Other strains invade the intestinal wall causing bleeding and mucus secretion and diarrhoea. Ulcers are formed in the intestinal wall where the ameba gain access to the bloodstream and move to the liver and/or brain. Symptoms of severe amebiasis include persistent moderate to severe diarrhoea, jaundice, abdominal discomfort and in severe cases the development of an abscess in the liver or in the brain.
Research Amebiasis
Amenorrhoea is a medical condition being the absence or suspension of menstruation.
Research Amenorrhoea
Americophobia is the fear of American people and things.
Research Americophobia
Amitosis is the anatomical term given to cell reproduction by direct division. The nucleus becomes constricted in the middle, forming an hour-glass shape and then divides into two. This is followed by a division of the whole protoplasmic mass of the cell; two daughter cells are thus formed, each containing a nucleus. Direct division occurs in leukocytes and bone-cells, and in the epithelial cells lining the urinary bladder.
Research Amitosis
Ammonium Chloride (Sal Ammoniac) is a fibrous mass prepared by neutralising ammonia with hydrochloric acid. It is used in medicine, dyeing and soldering. It has the formulae NH4Cl.
Research Ammonium Chloride
Amnesiphobia is the fear of amnesia.
Research Amnesiphobia
Amniocentesis is a medical procedure sometimes performed during pregnancy to help determine the health and maturity of an unborn baby. It involves the withdrawal and study of a small amount of the amniotic fluid that surrounds the foetus in the mother's uterus. Laboratory tests on the fluid, which contains cells shed by the foetus, enable detection of many serious disorders that may affect the foetus. Such disorders include Down's syndrome and spina bifida. Amniocentesis involves little risk to either the mother or the foetus.
Amniocentesis is mostly performed around the 16th week of pregnancy on 'at risk' mothers. These include those more than 35 years of age and those with genetic disorders in the family. If tests reveal serious abnormality, likely to cause death or pronounced handicap, the parents may choose to end the pregnancy. Otherwise, doctors can plan ahead for early treatment, either in the womb or at birth. If there is some medical reason for delivering a baby before it is due to be born, amniocentesis may be performed later in pregnancy. In this case, tests show whether the baby is likely to survive outside the womb. An obstetrician performs amniocentesis with the aid of ultrasound which enables the obstetrician to monitor the position of the foetus while inserting a long hollow needle through the mother's abdominal wall and into the uterus. The obstetrician then withdraws a small amount of amniotic fluid, which is sent away for testing.
Research Amniocentesis
The amnion is a membranous sac which surrounds the embryo; it is developed in reptiles, birds and mammals, but not in amphibians or fishes.
Research Amnion
Amo-flamsian is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Amo-flamsian
Amoclen is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Amoclen
Amodex is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Amodex
Amoebic dysentery is an illness caused by the pathogen Entamoeba histolytica which is transmitted by the faecal-oral route. Cysts are excreted in the faeces of an infected individual or carrier and ingested through faecally-contaminated food, water, objects, etc. After excystation, the trophozoites penetrate the walls of the large intestines causing ulceration and frequently causing the symptoms of dysentery. Involvement of the liver and other organs may occur if the protozoan invades the blood.
Research Amoebic dysentery
Amoflux is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Amoflux
Amolin is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Amolin
Amosine is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Amosine
Amox is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Amox
Amoxa is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Amoxa
Amoxal is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Amoxal
Amoxapen is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Amoxapen
Amoxaren is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Amoxaren
Amoxcillin is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Amoxcillin
Amoxi is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Amoxi
Amoxi-basan is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Amoxi-basan
Amoxibiotic is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Amoxibiotic
Amoxicilina is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Amoxicilina
Amoxicillin is a semi-synthetic penicillin, an analog of ampicillin, with a broad spectrum of bactericidal activity against many gram-positive and gram-negative micro-organisms. It is used in the treatment of: Gonorrhoea
Research Amoxicillin
Amoxicillin trihydrate is a drug used to treat systemic infections and acute and chronic urinary tract infections. It has the possible side effects of: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, hypersensitivity (rash) and itching.
Research Amoxicillin Trihydrate
Amoxidal is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Amoxidal
Amoxiden is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Amoxiden
Amoxidin is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Amoxidin
Amoxihexal is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Amoxihexal
Amoxil is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Amoxil
Amoxillin is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Amoxillin
Amoxin is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Amoxin
Amoxipen is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Amoxipen
Amoxipenil is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Amoxipenil
Amoxisol is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Amoxisol
Amoxivan is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Amoxivan
Amoxivet is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Amoxivet
Amoxtrex is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Amoxtrex
Amoxy is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Amoxy
Amoxy-diolan is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Amoxy-diolan
Amoxybid is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Amoxybid
Amoxycillin is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Amoxycillin
Amoxypen is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Amoxypen
Amphetamine is a drug that induces sleeplessness.
Research Amphetamine
Ampicillin trihydrate is a drug used to treat systemic infections and acute and chronic urinary tract infections. It has the possible side effects of: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, glossitis (inflammation of the tongue), stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth), hypersensitivity (rash) and itching.
Research Ampicillin Trihydrate
Ampidroxyl is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Ampidroxyl
The ampulla are small dilatations formed by the lactiferous tubules. They serve as reservoirs for milk at the base of the nipple. These ducts increase in capacity during pregnancy and in breast- feeding the pressure of the baby's gums on the areola stimulates the milk flow.
Research Ampulla
Amychophobia is the fear of scratches or being scratched.
Research Amychophobia
The amygdala is an almond-shaped region of the brain adjacent to the hippocampus, that links the cortex, responsible for conscious thought, with the regions controlling emotions. A 1994 American study showed that it was involved in interpreting fear-provoking information and linking it to fear responses. For example, where the amygdala is damaged patients are unable to recognise fearful expressions.
Research Amygdala
Amyl nitrate is a powerful poison with a specific action on the heart and blood-vessels. It is inhaled in small doses in certain diseases of the heart and in asthma. Nowadays, Amyl nitrite is used as a narcotic and sold under the name 'poppers'. It is popular amongst club goers, and particularly the gay community because of it's supposed property of enhancing sexual pleasure, where it contributes to the high instances of AIDs by its adverse effect upon the immune system.
Research Amyl Nitrate
Amyloid is a complex protein resembling starch, which is deposited in tissues in some degenerative diseases.
Research Amyloid
Amyotrophy is the wasting of muscles, caused by disease of the nerves supplying them.
Research Amyotrophy
Anablephobia is the fear of looking up.
Research Anablephobia
Anacrotism is an irregularity of the pulse.
Research Anacrotism
Anaemia is the medical condition of lacking red blood cells or haemoglobin or both. I anaemic conditions the blood can carry less oxygen round the body, and is slower in removing the waste substances such as carbon dioxide from the tissues and organs.
Research Anaemia
Anaesthesia or ansesthesis is a state of insensibility to pain, formerly produced by inhaling chloroform, now by the application of other anaesthetic agents, such as morphine.
Research Anaesthesia
Anaesthetics are medical agents employed for the removal of pain, especially in surgical operations, by suspending sensibility either locally or generally. Various agents have been employed for both of these purposes from the earliest times, but the scientific use of anaesthetics may be said to date from 1800, when Sir Humphry Davy made experiments on the anaesthetic properties of nitrous oxide, and recommended its use in surgery.
In 1818 Faraday established the anaesthetic properties of sulphuric ether, but this agent made no advance beyond the region of experiment, until 1844, when Dr. Wells, a dentist of Hartford, Connecticut, applied the inhalation of sulphuric ether in the extraction of teeth, but owing to some misadventure did not persevere with it. The example was followed in 1846 by Dr. Morton, a Boston dentist, who also extended the use of ether to other surgical operations. The practice was soon after introduced into England by Mr. Listen, and a London dentist, Mr. Robinson. A few weeks later Sir James Simpson made the first application of ether in a case of midwifery. This was early in 1847. Towards the end of the same year Simpson had his attention called to the anaesthetic efficacy of chloroform, and announced it as a superior agent to ether. This agent was at the start of the 20th century the most extensively used anaesthetic, though the use of ether still largely prevailed in the United States. In their general effects ether and chloroform are very similar; but the latter tends to enfeeble the action of the heart more readily than the former. For this reason great caution has to be used in administering chloroform where there is weak heart action from disease. Local anaesthesia is produced by isolating the part of the body to be operated upon, and producing insensibility of the nerves in that locality. Dr. Richardson's method was to apply the spray of ether, which, by its rapid evaporation, chills and freezes the tissues and produces complete anaesthesia. This mode of treatment, besides its use in minor surgical operations, has recently begun to have important remedial applications. Around 1905 a new valuable local anaesthetic, cocaine was introduced which is now the prevalent local anaesthetic in use.
In 1933 the first barbiturate general anaesthetic was used, hexobarbitone, other barbiturates are now used, most commonly thiopentone and also propofol and ketamine which have effects lasting a shorter period of time and less of a hangover effect on the patient. Chloroform and ether not being used since the introduction of barbiturates due to the reduction of complications, though barbiturates are still dangerous and premedication is widely used with them.
Research Anaesthetics
Analeptic is a term applied to those drugs or other means which are used to restore strength after disease.
Research Analeptic
An analgesic is a pain reliever.
Research Analgesic
Anaphase is the third stage of mitosis cell reproduction. The centromeres split into two halves which repel each other.
Research Anaphase
Anaphylaxis is a severe, allergic reaction, usually to an insect bite or sting, or to a food (for example, strawberries or onions). It is characterised by itching, rash, hives, runny nose, wheezing, paleness, cold sweats, low blood pressure, coma, or even cardiac arrest.
Research Anaphylaxis
Anaplasty is another name for plastic surgery.
Research Anaplasty
Anarchic hand syndrome is a condition, linked to brain damage, in which one hand acts on its own accord and against the conscious will of the patient. Anarchic hand syndrome was recognised around 2000, previously sufferers were diagnosed as having split personalities, and can be very embarrassing with the disobedient hand carrying out anti-social actions, picking up objects and dropping objects.
Research Anarchic Hand Syndrome
In the literal sense, anatomy means simply a cutting up, but is now generally applied both to the art of dissecting or artificially separating the different parts of an organized body (vegetable or animal) with a view to discover their situation, structure, and economy; and to the science which treats of the internal structure of organized bodies. The branch which treats the structure of plants is called vegetable anatomy or phytotomy, and that which treats of the structure of animals animal anatomy or zootomy, a special branch of the latter being human anatomy or anthropotomy.
Comparative anatomy is the science which compares the anatomy of different classes or species of animals, as that of man with quadrupeds, or that of quadrupeds with fishes; while special anatomy treats the construction, form, and structure of parts in a single animal. The special anatomy of an animal may be studied from various standpoints: with relation to the succession of forms which it exhibits from its first stage to its adult form (developmental or embryotical anatomy), with reference to the general properties and structure of the tissues or textures (general anatomy, histology), with reference to the changes in structure of organs or parts produced by disease and congenital malformations (morbid or pathological anatomy), or with reference to the function, use, or purpose performed by the organs or parts (ideological or physiological anatomy).
According to the parts of the body described the different divisions of human anatomy receive different names; as, osteology | 
Abbreviations
Medicine
