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Rabies (Lyssa) is an acute infectious viral disease of the nervous system transmitted by the saliva of infected animals, particularly dogs. The animals most liable to be afflicted with rabies are dogs; but cats, wolves, foxes, etc, are also subject to it.
The early symptoms of rabies in the dog are such as restlessness and general uneasiness, irritability, sullenness, an inclination for indigestible and unnatural food, and often a propensity to lap its own urine. As the disease proceeds the eyes become red, bright, and fierce, with some degree of strabismus or squinting; twitch-ings occur round the eye, and gradually spread over the whole face. After the second day the dog usually begins to lose perfect control over the voluntary muscles. He catches at his food, and either bolts it almost unchewed, or, in the attempt to chew it, suffers it to drop from his mouth. This want of power over the muscles of the jaw, tongue, and throat increases until the lower jaw becomes dependent, the tongue protrudes from the mouth, and is of a dark, and almost black colour. A peculiar kind of delirium also comes on, and the animal snaps at imaginary objects. His thirst is excessive, although there is occasionally a want of power to lap. His desire to do mischief depends much on his previous disposition and habits. He utters also a peculiar howl, and his bark is altogether dissimilar from his usual tone. In the latter stages of the disease a viscid saliva flows from his mouth, and his breathing is attended with a harsh, grating sound.
The loss of power over the voluntary muscles extends, after the third day, throughout his whole frame, he staggers in his gait, and frequently falls. On the fourth or fifth day of the disease the dog dies, sometimes in convulsions, but more frequently without a struggle.
With regard to man the rabid virus seems to be more violent when it proceeds from wolves than from dogs. It appears to be contained solely in the saliva of the animal, and does not produce any effect on the healthy skin. But if the skin is deprived of the epidermis, or if the virus is applied to a wound, the inoculation will take effect. The development of the rabid symptoms is rarely immediate; it seldom takes place before the fortieth or after the sixtieth day, but in some cases has occurred after six months or even longer. It begins with a slight pain in the scar of the bite, sometimes attended with a chill; the pain extends and reaches the base of the breast, if the bite was on the lower limbs, or the throat, if on the upper extremities. The patient becomes dejected, morose, and taciturn. He prefers solitude, and avoids bright light; frightful dreams disturb his sleep;
the eyes become brilliant; pains in the neck and throat ensue. These symptoms precede the rabid symptoms two or three days. They are followed by a general shuddering at the approach of any liquid or smooth body, attended with a sensation of oppression, deep sighs and convulsive starts, in which the muscular strength is much increased. A foamy, viscid slaver is discharged from the mouth; the deglutition of solid matters is difficult; the respiration hard; the skin warm, burning, and afterwards covered with sweat; the pulse strong; the fit is often followed by a syncope; the fits return at first every few hours, then at shorter intervals, and death takes place generally on the second or third day. The treatment for rabies at the start of the 20th century consisted in preventing its development, which may be effected by applying a ligature, where possible, to impede the circulation from the wound, by sucking it, and thoroughly cauterizing it either with nitrate of silver or with iron heated to a white heat, the pain of cautery being less as the temperature is greater. If these means are not available, any burning substance and most acids were used.
Louis Pasteur put forward a method of preventing the development of the disease by a system of successive inoculations with rabid virus of greater and greater intensity; the inoculation being made the first day with marrow which has been extracted from the rabid animal 12, 10, and 8 days; then the second day with marrow extracted 6, 4, and 2 days; the third day with one day's marrow, etc. Louis Pasteur's method was favourably reported on by an English commission (1886-1887), but there is doubt regarding the number of cures really performed. As a contemporary critic of the Pasteur system remarked, every one who is bitten and inoculated is counted in the list of cures, though there is nothing to prove that he ever contracted the rabies. Despite the lack of scientific proof, Pasteur's dubious innoculation are still in use 100 years later, and there is still no cure for rabies though with careful medical attention patients have survived.
 Research Rabies
The radial artery arises from the brachial artery just below the elbow and descends down the arm to the thumb. The artery supplies the arm and the hand.
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The radial (radialis) nerves branch off of the spinal cord between the fifth cervical and the first thoracic vertebrae. They extend down the arm to the forearm, hand, and fingers.
Research Radial Nerve
The radial vein is a large, deep vessel that accompanies the radial artery. The
radial vein runs from the hand, winds around the side of the dorsal side of the carpus (wrist), and extends along the radial side of the forearm to the elbow. It is joined by the ulnar vein to form the brachial vein.
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Radiology is the branch of medical science covering the examination of the body by X-rays, the interpretation of X-ray photographs and the treatment of disease with X-rays.
Research Radiology
Radiophobia is the fear of radiation, x-rays.
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Radiothermy is the treatment of disease by means of heat generated by electromagnetic radiation.
Research Radiothermy
Radium therapy is the treatment of disease, usually cancer, by exposing affected tissues to radiation from radium.
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The radius is one of the two long bones (the other is the ulna) which form the lower arm (forearm). The radius articulates at each end with the ends of the ulna, with the humerus at the elbow, and some of the carpal bones at the wrist. When the hand is turned with the palm facing up (called supination), the radius is on the lateral (thumb) side of the forearm. When the hand is placed with the palm down (called pronation), the radius crosses over the ulna in mid-forearm.
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Radiotherapy is the treatment of disease, usually cancer, by means of alpha or beta particles emitted from an implanted or ingested radioisotope, or by means of a beam of high-energy radiation.
Research Raiotherapy
Rancil is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Rancil
Ranidaphobia is the fear of frogs.
Research Ranidaphobia
Ranitidine HCl is a drug that inhibits both daytime and nocturnal basal gastric acid secretions as well as gastric acid secretion stimulated by food, betazole, and pentagastrin. It is the active ingredient in many drugs including Zantac. Patients taking the drug should be aware that Ranitidine HCl is secreted in mother's milk, and as it is filtered out of the blood by the kidneys could damage a young baby's kidneys.
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Ranmoxy is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
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Ranoxyl is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
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Ratbite fever (ratbite disease) is an acute infectious febrile disease caused by the bite of a rat which is infected with either of two pathogenic bacteria, either Streptobacillus moniliformisor or Spirillum minus.
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Raynaud's disease is a disease, mainly affecting women, in which spasms in the blood vessels of the fingers or toes restrict the flow of blood to the affected part, which becomes pale, numb, and sometimes painful.
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The rectogeus (rectococcygeus) muscle lies near the coccygeus muscle on each side of the pelvis. The
rectogeus muscle consists of two bands of plain muscular tissue which extend from the second and third vertebrae of the coccyx and descend to the posterior wall of the anal canal.
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The rectum is the lowest portion of the large intestine, terminating at the anus. The rectum is S- shaped, about 22 cm long, and is formed of muscle layers similar to those elsewhere in the intestinal tract. The lower end of the rectum is funnel-shaped and terminates in the anal canal which is lined with a special form of skin. The rectum is 'slung' in the bottom of the pelvis between the levator ani muscles. Below this level and around the anal canal is a strong sphincter of voluntary muscle - the external sphincter. The internal sphincter is the thickened lower end of the involuntary rectal muscle. Stretching or weakness of the levator ani muscle, or nervous conditions causing paralysis of this or the external sphincter allow the rectum to drop. The lining mucous membrane is then 'prolapsed'. On either side of the anal canal below the levator ani muscle is a space containing fat - the ischio-rectal fossa. This is sometimes the seat of infection and abscess formation.
The anal canal has arteries and veins from the systemic circulation coming from the perineum and buttocks. The arteries join with the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery while the veins join with the tributaries of the portal vein which drain the rectum. If the portal veins are blocked or compressed (as in extreme constipation or in more serious disorders which affect the liver, such as cirrhosis) the haemorrhoidal veins become dilated or 'varicose'. These varicosities around and inside the anal canal immediately underneath the lining membrane are called ' piles' or haemorrhoids. Sometimes during strain at stool the veins are temporarily distended and one of them bursts, producing either brisk haemorrhage or a perianal haematoma (a form of external ' pile'). The rectum is normally empty except immediately before defaecation. The passage of the faecal mass from the colon into the rectum produces the desire to evacuate. If the rectum is insensitive, no such desire occurs, and extreme constipation arises.
Research Rectum
The rectus abdominis is a long, flat, vertical muscle located along the front of the abdomen. It is wide and thin at its point of origin along the crest of the pubic bone (pelvis) and tapers below to insert in the xiphoid process and the cartilage of the fifth, sixth, and seventh ribs. The rectus abdominis is innervated by branches from the lower thoracis nreves and supplied by the epigastric arteries. This muscle is used when you bend forward. It also tenses the abdominal wall and aids in compressing the contents of the abdomen. The muscle is enclosed in a sheath of fascia that holds it in position, but does not restrict its movement during its contractions.
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The rectus capitis anterior (rectus capitis anticus minor) is a deep back muscle that helps flex the head. It originates from the transverse process of the atlas and inserts in the occipital bone near the foramen magnum. It is innervated by the first and second cervical nerves and is supplied by the muscular branches of the aorta.
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The rectus capitis lateralis is a deep back muscle that helps bend the head. It originates from the transverse process of the atlas and inserts in the occipital bone near the jugular process. It is innervated by ventral branches of the first cervical nerve (suboccipital) and is supplied by the muscular branches of the aorta.
Research Rectus Capitis Lateralis
The rectus capitis muscles are small triangular muscles that extend from the cervical vertebrae and insert in the occipital bone at the base of the skull. The rectus capitis posterior major (rectus capitis posticus major) originates from the spinous process of the axis and inserts in the occipital bone (skull). The rectus capitis posterior minor (rectus capitis posticus minor) originates from the posterior tubercle of the atlas and inserts in the occipital bone. These muscles are innervated by the suboccipital nerve and supplied by branches of the vertebral artery. They tilt head back and rotate it from side to side.
Research Rectus Capitis Muscles
The rectus femoris is one of the four bellies of the quadriceps muscle group. The quadriceps muscle group consists of four muscles: the rectus femoris, the vastus lateralis, the vastus intermedius, and the vastus medialis. The rectus femoris is a large fleshy mass that originates at the back of the inferior iliac spine and covers the front and sides of the femur. It inserts in the top of the patella. This muscle is innervated by the femoral nerve and supplied by the circumflex artery. The quadricep muscles work together as the primary extensor of the knee. The rectus femoris is the only two- joint muscle in the group, crossing both the knee and the hip joint. This long, flat muscle extends the leg at the knee joint and flexes the thigh at the hip joint. When the rectus femoris is contracted, the knee joint is straightened and the lower leg is extended. When it is relaxed, the lower leg is flexed.
Research Rectus Femoris
The rectus inferior muscle pulls the eye downward. It works in conjunction with the other eye muscles to move the eye. The rectus inferior muscle originates from a ring of tendons within the orbit and inserts in the sclera near the cornea. It is innervated by branches of the third cranial nerve (oculomotor). The brain sends messages along the nerve to the muscles in each eye, causing them to move both eyes in the same direction at once. When there is an imbalance in strength of right and left rectus inferior muscles, a person may appear cross- eyed, or wall-eyed.
Research Rectus Inferior Muscle
The rectus lateralis (abducens oculi; rectus externus) muscle pulls the eye to the outside. It works in conjunction with the other eye muscles to move the eye. The rectus lateralis originates from a ring of tendons within the orbit and inserts in the sclera near the cornea. It is innervated by the abducens nerve (VI cranial nerve). The brain sends messages along the nerve to the muscles in each eye, causing them to move both eyes in the same direction at once. When there is an imbalance in strength of these muscles, a person may appear cross- eyed, or wall-eyed.
Research Rectus Lateralis Muscle
The rectus superior ((attolens oculi) muscle pulls the eye up. It originates from a ring of tendons within the orbit and inserts in the sclera near the cornea. It is innervated by branches of the third cranial nerve (oculomotor).
Research Rectus Superior Muscle
A reflex is an automatic response to a stimuli.
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Reins was an old name for the kidneys.
Research Reins
Relapsing fever (or recurrent fever) is a name given to various infectious diseases characterised by recurring fever. They are caused by the bite of body lice or ticks which are infected with spirochaetes of the genus Borrelia.
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Reloxyl is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Reloxyl
One quarter of the total blood output from the heart comes to the kidneys along the renal artery. Two renal arteries arise from the abdominal section of the aorta, each artery supplies a lobe of the kidney. The incoming artery divides into four or five branches, eventually forming arterioles, each of which leads to the compact ball of capillaries called the glomerulus.
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The renal capsule is the membranous covering of the kidney. It directly covers the renal cortex, which forms the outer stratum of the kidney.
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The renal columns are lines of the kidney matrix which support the cortex of the kidney. They are composed of lines of blood vessels and urinary tubes along a fibrous, cortical material.
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The renal pelvis is a reservoir for collecting urine from all parts of the kidney. Essentially a funnel, the broad end of the renal pelvis accepts the urine and channels it out of the hilus into the ureter to be discharged to the urinary bladder.
Research Renal Pelvis
The renal pyramids are conical segments within the internal medulla of the kidney. The renal pyramids contain the secreting apparatus and tubules and are also known as the malphighian pyramids.
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The renal sinus is the cavity within the kidney which houses the renal pyramid. Nerves and blood vessels pass into the renal sinus through the hilus.
Research Renal Sinus
There are two renal veins, one extending from each lobe of the kidney, and opening into the vena cava. Cell waste is discharged in the veins for excretion through the kidneys. The body circulates about 425 gallons of blood through the kidneys on a daily basis, but only about a thousandth of this is converted in urine. The remainder goes back into circulation through the renal arteries. From the Bowman's capsule, the blood is carried through the compact network of capillaries that forms the glomerulus within the capsule. The capillaries eventually reconverge into small venules which lead to the larger renal veins.
Research Renal Vein
Respimox is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Respimox
The respiratory system is responsible for supplying oxygen to the blood and expelling waste gases, of which carbon dioxide is the primary constituent, from the body. The upper structures of the respiratory system are combined with the sensory organs of smell and taste (in the nasal cavity and the mouth) and the digestive system (from the oral cavity to the pharynx). At the pharynx, the specialized respiratory organs diverge into the airway. The larynx, or voicebox, is located at the head of the trachea, or windpipe. The trachea extends down to the bronchi which branch off at the trachial bifurcation to enter the hilus of the left or right lung. The lungs contain the narrower passageways, or bronchioles, which carry air to the functional unit of the lungs, the alveoli. There, in the thousands of tiny alveolar chambers, oxygen is transferred through the membrane of the alveolar walls to the blood cells in the capillaries within. Likewise, waste gases diffuse out of the blood cells into the air in the alveoli, to be expelled upon exhalation. The Diaphragm, a large, thin muscle below the lungs, and the intercostal and abdominal muscles are responsible for contracting and expanding the thoracic cavity to effect respiration. The ribs serve as a structural support for the whole thoracic arrangement, and pleural membranes help provide lubrication for the respiratory organs so that they are not chafed during respiration.
Research Respiratory System
The retina is a microscopically thin layer that lines the back of the eyeball. In the retina are specialized receptor cells, called rods and cones, that detect light. The nerve cells of the retina transform light energy into electrical messages that are transmitted to the brain by the optic nerve.
Research Retina
Retropulsion is an abnormal tendency to walk backwards. It is a symptom of Parkinson's disease.
Research Retropulsion
Reye's syndrome (named after the Australian paediatrician R.D.K.Reye) is a rare metabolic disease in children that can be fatal, involving damage to the brain, liver, and kidneys. Sufferers are highly allergic to asprin. During the 1970s a child, Jonathan Denny of Pyrford in Surrey, England, was killed after being given asprin by a nurse who failed to check his medical records for Reye's Syndrome. Following the incident his mother campaigned long and hard to finally get sales of asprin-based medicines to children banned in the UK and strict warnings printed on packets not to give asprin to children.
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Rhabdophobia is the fear of magic.
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Rhamoxilina is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
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A rhesus baby is a baby suffering from haemolytic disease at birth as its red blood cells (which are Rh positive) have been attacked in the womb by antibodies from its Rh negative mother.
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Rheumatic fever is a disease characterised by sore throat, fever, inflammation, and pain in the joints.
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Rheumatism is a popular term for a variety of painful swelling conditions of joints, ligaments and muscles including bursitis.
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Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic disease of the musculoskeletal system, characterised by inflammation and swelling of the joints (especially the joints in the hands, wrists, knees, and feet), muscle weakness, and fatigue.
Research Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatology is the branch of medicine concerned with the study of rheumatic diseases.
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Rhinology is the branch of medical science concerned with the nose and its diseases.
Research Rhinology
A rhinoscopy is an examination of the nasal passages, usually conducted with a rhinoscope.
Research Rhinoscopy
Rhinotellixo mania is an obsession with picking one's nose.
Research Rhinotellixo Mania
The rhomboid muscles (rhomboideus major and rhomboideus minor) form a flat, quadrilateral muscle of the upper back that lies under the trapezius. The muscles extend from the spine to the edge of the scapula (shoulder blade). The rhomboideus major originates from the spinous processes and corresponding ligaments of the first four thoracic vertebrae and inserts in the medial border of the scapula. The rhomboideus minor originates from the spinous processes of the sixth and seventh cervical vertebrae and inserts in the medial border of the scapula. The rhomboid muscles are barely separable as two muscles. They are innervated by dorsal nerve of the scapula and supplied by the dorsal scapular artery. These muscles assist in rotating the scapula and supporting the head. When you sneeze, the shoulder, back and abdominal muscles contract quickly to force air out of the nasal passages, while the rhombodeus major and minor muscles hold the head and neck steady.
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Rhypophobia is the fear of defecation.
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Rhytiphobia is the fear of getting wrinkles.
Research Rhytiphobia
In anatomy, the ribs are elastic arches of bone which are connected behind with the vertebral column and form a large part of the skeleton of the thorax. In man there are twelve ribs on either side, seven true ribs connected with the sternum and the vertebral column behind, and five false or floating ribs, the upper three being connected in front with the cartilages of the ribs above them. The lowest two having free extremeties in front.
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Rickets is a a disease mainly of children, characterised by softening of developing bone, and hence bow legs, malnutrition, and enlargement of the liver and spleen. It is caused by a lack of vitamin D.
Research Rickets
A rickettsial disease is any of several acute infectious diseases caused by ticks, mites, or body lice infected with rickettsiae. The main types include typhus, spotted fever, Q fever, trench fever, and tsutsugamushi disease.
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Risolid is a tarde name for Chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride.
Research Risolid
The risorius muscle (Albinus muscle; Santorini's muscle) is a narrow bundle of fibres that originate from the fascia just above the masseter muscle and extends horizontally forward to insert in the skin at the angle of the mouth. It is innervated by the facial nerve (VII cranial nerve) and supplied by the facial artery. This muscle pulls the side of the mouth backward and outward (toward the earlobe). It is one of the most variable of the facial muscles. Many people have no risorius muscle, while others have an expansive one. Some people have the muscle on one side only.
Research Risorius
RMS is a tarde name for morphine sulphate.
Research RMS
Robamox is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Robamox
Robitussin Pediatric is a tarde name for dextromethorphan hydrochloride
Research Robitussin Pediatric
Rocillin is a brand name for Amoxicillin.
Research Rocillin
Rocky Mountain spotted fever is an acute rickettsial disease characterised by high fever, chills, pain in muscles and joints, skin rash, etc. It is caused by the bite of a tick infected with the microorganism Rickettsia rickettsii.
Research Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
In the retina are specialized receptor nerve cells, called rods and cones, that contain light- sensitive chemicals. The nerve cells get their names because of their shapes. The rods are about 0. 06 millimeters long and about 0.25 millimeters thick. The cones are shorter and thicker. There are about 120 million rod cells in each eye. They work in dim light and are used for seeing black and white. The cone cells number about 7 million in each eye and function in full light. They provide colour vision. The cones contain a pigment known as visual purple or rhodopsin which, it is believed, is broken down and bleached by light. This breaking down process sets off an electrical charge which transmits the light in the form of nervous impulses to the brain by way of the optic nerve. These impulses are interpreted by the visual cortex to give us the sensation of sight. colour blindness is due to defects in the cone cells. Different cones are sensitive to different colours, so that a colour blind person may be able to perceive some colours but not others. colour blindness is inherited and rarely occurs in women. Proper nutrition is important to preserve good eyesight. The rod and cone cells use a form of vitamin A to help convert light into nerve signals. The vitamin combines with proteins to make a light-sensitive chemical in the rods and colour sensitive chemicals in the cones. People who are get too little vitamin A can not see well at night.
Research Rods and Cones
The root canals carry the nutrient blood vessels and nerves of the tooth pulp. These canals extend downward through the apical foramina of the teeth, in the bottom of the root cones, and into the mandible or maxilla.
Research Root Canals
The Rorschach test is a psychological projective test developed by Hermann Rorschach consisting of ten standard bilaterally symmetrical inkblots. Five of the blots are achromatic, two have some colour and the other three are in various colours. Each blot is presented to the subject who is asked to state freely what he or she sees in either the blot as a whole or in any part of it. Complex scoring systems have been developed which supposedly measure the subjcts emotional responsiveness to the environment and other factors of an equally dubious nature.
Research Rorschach test
The rotatores muscles are deep spinal muscles that lie beneath the multifidus muscles. There are a total of eleven small, quadrilateral rotatores muscles on each side of the spine. Each muscle arises from the transverse process of the vertebrae and extends inward to the vertebrae above. They are innervated by dorsal branches of the spinal nerve and supplied by branches of the aorta.
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Roxanol 100 is a tarde name for morphine sulphate.
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Roxanol SR is a tarde name for morphine sulphate.
Research Roxanol SR
A rubefacient is a counter-irritant which causes heat and redness - such as hot water for example.
Research Rubefacient
The Ruffini corpuscles are bulb-shaped receptors located in the epidermis. The receptors are sheathed by connective tissue and contain interlaced networks of nerve fibres. It is believed that these receptors detect cold and heat and pressure. Ruffini's endings are also found in the joints, where they signal how far the joint has rotated.
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Rupophobia is the fear of dirt.
Research Rupophobia
Russophobia is the fear of Russians.
Research Russophobia
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Abbreviations
Medicine
