|
A C spring is a spring in the form of the letter C.
 Research C spring
CA-Cricket Presents by Computer Associates is a desktop presentation package for the Mac that lets you conceptualise, create, and produce complete presentations including slides, transparencies, speaker's notes, and audience handouts. It includes a copy of Acta Outliner, which can be used during the conceptualisation stage of a presentation. A hotlink can be created between the Acta Outliner and the presentation so edits made to the outline are reflected in the presentation. You can produce charts, overhead slides, flipcharts, illustrations, and tables complete with legends and captions. The product includes freehand painting and drawing capabilities and a graded background feature for creating the background for your shows.
CA-Cricket Presents' basic business chart capabilities include a data-entry screen or importing files from spreadsheets and generating charts from the data. The tabling tool lets you create matrices to easily handle numbers and word charts.
Research CA-Cricket Presents
Caballine aloes or horse aloes is an inferior and impure kind of aloes that was formerly used in veterinary practice.
Research Caballine aloes
In metal working, cabbling is the process of breaking up the flat masses into which wrought iron is first hammered, in order that the pieces may be reheated and wrought into iron bars.
Research Cabbling
A cable road is a form of railway on which the cars (known as cable cars) are moved by a continuously running endless rope or cable operated by a stationary motor.
Research Cable Road
In computer terms, a cache is a region of very fast memory in a computer that is used to temporarily store a block of data retrieved from a mass storage device such as RAM or a disk. When the CPU requires a block of data it first refers to the cache, as accessing that memory is faster than accessing the storage device itself.
Research Cache
In computer terms, cache-busting is preventing web browsers and proxy servers from serving content from their cache, so as to force the browser or proxy server to fetch a fresh copy of each web site file in response to each user request. Cache-busting is used by web site administrators to try and provide a more accurate count (hit-meter) of the number of the actual requests for files or web pages.
Research Cache-Busting
Cacodyl is a colourless, poisonous, arsenical liquid. It is spontaneously inflammable and possesses an intensely disagreeable odour. It is the type of a series of compounds analogous to the nitrogen compounds known as hydrazines.
Research Cacodyl
Cacodylic acid (alkargen) is a white, crystalline, deliquescent substance obtained by the oxidation of cacodyl. It has the properties of an exceedingly stable acid.
Research Cacodylic Acid
Cadmium is a comparatively rare element related to zinc, and occurring in some zinc ores. It is a bluish-white metal, both ductile and malleable with the symbol Cd. It was discovered by Stromeyer in 1817, who named it from its association with zinc or zinc ore. Cadmium is used as the basis of a number of pigments.
Research Cadmium
Cadmium red is a pigment comprising a compound of cadmium, sulphur and selenium. It is a brilliant red pigment, very opaque with good staining power, fast to light and unaffected by exposure to sulphur fumes and resistant to heat.
Research Cadmium Red
Cadmium yellow is a compound of cadmium and sulphur, of an intense yellow colour, used as a pigment.
Research Cadmium Yellow
Caesium is an alkaline metal discovered by Robert Bunsen in 1860, by spectral analysis, in the mineral water of Durkheim. It also occurs in the mineral pollux. Caesium is a soft metal closely resembling potassium, and is characterized by a spectrum containing two bright blue lines, along with others in the red, yellow and green.
Research Caesium
Caffeic acid is an acid obtained from coffee tannin, as a yellow crystalline substance.
Research Caffeic Acid
Caffeine (Theine or methyl-theobromine) is a white, bitter, crystalline alkaloid usually derived from coffee or tea and used in medicine as a nervous system stimulant. It was discovered in coffee by Runge in 1820, and in tea by Oudry in 1827.
Research Caffeine
Caffetannic acid is a variety of tannin obtained from coffee berries.
Research Caffetannic Acid
Cahuecite is an explosive which was invented by Cahue in 1875.
Research Cahuecite
A caisson is a water-tight box, usually of sheet iron, and constructed so that it may be floated or sunk at will. Caissons are used for two distinct purposes. 1) for closing the entrance to docks, the caissons being of two general types, floating and sliding. Floating caissons include those which, when the height of the water inside and outside of the dock is the same, are raised by their natural buoyancy from the bottom, and may be floated out of their position against the sill into a recess provided for the purpose, leaving the entrance open. Sliding caissons fulfil the same purpose, but instead of floating are drawn back on a plane sliding surface or on rollers which bear some portion of their weight. 2) As foundations to a dam, quay wall or bridge, the caissons being so constructed as to be capable of being floated into the required position, and there sunk.
Research Caisson
Cajaputene is a colourless or greenish oil extracted from cajuput.
Research Cajuputene
Calabar is a powerful narcotic poison derived from the Calabar Bean. It operates as a purgative and an emetic. These properties provided it with its use as an ordeal in Africa where persons suspected of witchcraft were administered calabar beans. If the beans caused purging the victim was guilty, and if vomiting they were innocent.
Research Calabar
Calabarine is an alkaloid resembling physostigmine and occurring with it in the calabar bean.
Research Calabarine
In chemistry, the term calcigenous describes substances which exhibit a tendency to form, or to become, a calx or earth-like substance on being oxidized or burnt. Such as magnesium and calcium for example.
Research Calcigenous
Calcination is a term used in metallurgy to denote the operation of roasting or burning ores. The process varies according to the nature of the ore, and may have the objective to expel certain volatile constituents such as sulphur or arsenic, or to produce an oxide by exposing the heated ore to air. Chalk is calcined to expel the carbon dioxide and produce quicklime.
Research Calcination
A calcinatory is a vessel used in calcination.
Research Calcinatory
Calcium is a lustrous silver-white brittle alkaline metal element with the symbol Ca. Its oxide occurs widely in nature as lime. It is a member of the alkaline earth group of elements.
Calcium occurs widely in nature, as in its compounds calcium carbonate or limestone,
calcium sulphate or gypsum, calcium fluoride (fluorspar), and calcium phosphate (apatite).
Research Calcium
Calcium Alginate is used in many foods for binding and is also used as a film-former in peel-off masks. It is a stabiliser for oil-in-water emulsions.
Research Calcium Alginate
Calcium ammonium is a compound formed by exposing calcium to ammonia gas. It is a bronze-coloured substance which catches fire on exposure to air.
Research Calcium Ammonium
Calcium Carbide is a substance formed by heating quicklime and carbon in an electric furnace. It is a greyish crystalline substance which decomposes immediately on coming into contact with water, generating acetylene.
Research Calcium Carbide
Calcium carbonate is a natural occurring salt that is found in limestone, chalk, and marble. It is used as a pigment and for pigment prolonging.
Research Calcium Carbonate
Calcium Chloride is customarily used in road salt and antifreeze. It is used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and texturizer. If taken internally, it can cause constipation and stomach problems. It can also cause lung difficulties if inhaled during manufacturing or processing but it's toxicity in cosmetics is unknown.
Research Calcium Chloride
A calcium light (or Drummond light) is an intense light produced by the incandescence of a stick or ball of lime in the flame of a combination of oxygen and hydrogen gases, or of oxygen and coal gas.
Research Calcium Light
Calcium propionate is a food additive used to prevent mould growth on bread and rolls.
Research Calcium Propionate
Calendar Creator Plus makes it easy to maintain an up-to-the-minute, annotated calendars on a PC. It handles all calendar needs and eliminates the clutter of paper calendars.
Calendar Creator Plus lets you create customised overlays that include listings such as scheduled events, projects, personal and employee vacation days. By merging multiple overlays with the basic calendar date template, an unlimited number of calendars can be created. Calendar Creator Plus supports two types of events; fixed events and floating events.
Research Calendar Creator Plus
A calender is a machine consisting of two or more cylinders (calenders) revolving so nearly in contact with each other that cloth or paper passed between them is smoothed and glazed by their pressure, or some other kind of finish is imparted to the surface - a process known as calendering.
Research Calender
Calendering is the operation by which paper, cotton and linen goods are exposed to great pressure to give the surface a glazed finish. The calender consists of two or more cylinders of steel, wood or paper, revolving at different speeds; in this way the material is both pressed and rubbed and the glazed surface produced.
Research Calendering
Calendulin is a gummy or mucilaginous, tasteless substance obtained from the marigold or calendula, and analogous to bassorin.
Research Calendulin
Caliche is naturally occurring, crude sodium nitrate found in deposits a few feet below the surface in South America. It contains about 20 to 50 per cent sodium nitrate and traces of sodium iodate.
Research Caliche
A calliper compass (also known as callipers) is a device with curved legs used used to measure the bore of cannon, small-arms etc, and also in phrenology and medicine for measuring the head and other curved bodies.
Research Calliper Compass
Calomel (meaning beautiful black) is a mild chloride of mercury. It is a heavy, white or yellowish-white substance, insoluble and tasteless, much used in medicine as a mercurial and purgative; mercurous chloride. It occurs in nature as the mineral horn quicksilver and is prepared synthetically by subliming a mixture of mercury and mercuric chloride, or by grinding in a mortar mercuric sulphate with as much mercury as it already contains, and heating the mixture with common salt in a retort until the mercury sublimes. The calomel is thus produced as a white powder.
Research Calomel
In physics, calorescence is the conversion of obscure radiant heat into light; the transmutation of rays of heat into others of higher refrangibility. A peculiar transmutation of the invisible calorific rays, observable beyond the red rays of the spectrum of solar and electric light, into visible luminous rays, by passing them through a solution of iodine in bisulphide of carbon, which intercepts the luminous rays and transmits the calorific. The latter, when brought to a focus, produce a heat strong enough to ignite combustible substances, and to heat up metals to incandescence; the less refrangible calorific rays being converted into rays of higher refrangibility, whereby they become luminous.
Research Calorescence
Calorie is the metric unit of measurement of heat. It is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water from 14.5 to 15.5 degrees centigrade.
Research Calorie
A calorimeter is an apparatus for measuring absolute quantities of heat or the specific or latent heat of bodies, as an instrument for measuring the heat given out by a body in cooling from the quantity of ice it melts or from the rise of temperature it produces in water around it.
Research Calorimeter
Calotype is the process of producing photographs by the action of light upon paper impregnated with silver iodide or silver nitrate, which are then developed with gallic acid producing a negative image. The process was invented by Dr William Talbot in 1833 and improved upon by both himself and later Scott Archer in 1851.
Research Calotype
Calumbin is a bitter principle extracted as a white crystalline substance from the calumba root.
Research Calumbin
Calx was a term formerly applied to the residium of a metal or mineral which has been subjected to violent heat, burning, or calcination.
Research Calx
In mechanics, a cam is a revolving disc (commonly heart-shaped) with a curved surface, or a cylinder with grooves used to give a variable or reciprocating motion to other bodies, which slide or roll in contact with it. Any desired motion may be transmitted by suitably shaping the periphery of the cam.
Research Cam
Cambistry is a now obsolete term, formerly describing the science of financial exchange.
Research Cambistry
A camcorder is a hand-held combined video camera and video recorder, used for recording motion events directly, rather than relaying the data to a separate recording device.
Research Camcorder
A camera is a device used in photography for capturing photographic pictures or television pictures. The camera as we know it was originally known as the camera obscura, a device used for both projecting images on to paper for sketching, and on to sensitised paper for photography, in distinction from the camera lucida, which was a similar, portable device without an enclosed box, used solely for projecting an image on to paper for sketching.
Photographic cameras have been produced in a variety of forms, but the basic principal remains the same. A fast opening and closing flap, called a shutter, allows light to enter the body of the camera through a small hole, called the aperture, and fall upon a light sensitive medium; originally a paper, glass or plastic material impregnared with some chemical such as silver iodide, later an electronic light sensor.
Photographic cameras are divided into several types: compact, single lens reflex (SLR) and medium format being the most common. Compact cameras are generally simple to operate devices used to capture low quality, domestic photographs to serve as reminders of events. SLR cameras have lots of adjustable settings and detachable lenses to allow a multitude of different lenses to be fitted for long distance and close-up photography and are widely used by professional photographers. Medium format cameras use a relatively large light sensitive medium to produce very high quality large prints, and are sometimes used by portrait photographers.
Research Camera
A camera Lucida is an optical instrument employed to facilitate the sketching of objects from nature by producing a reflected picture of them upon paper. Wollaston's apparatus is one of the commonest. The essential part is a totally-reflecting prism with four angles, one of which is 90 degrees, the opposite one 135 degrees, and the other two each 67 degrees 30 minutes. One of the two faces which contain the right angle is turned towards the object to be sketched. Rays falling in a straight line on this face, are totally reflected from the face to the next face whence they are again totally reflected to the fourth face, from which they emerge in a straight line. The operator's eye placed so as to receive the emergent rays will see an image of the object and by placing the sketching paper below the image may be traced with a pencil. As the paper, for convenience of drawing, must be at a distance of about a foot, a concave lens, with a focal length of something less than a foot, is placed close in front of the prism in drawing distant objects. By raising or lowering the prism in its stand, the image of the object to be sketched may be made to coincide with the plane of the paper. The prism is mounted in such a way that it can be rotated either about a horizontal or a vertical axis; and its top is usually covered with a movable plate of blackened metal, having a semicircular notch at one edge, for the observer to look through. This form of camera has undergone various modifications. It is very convenient on account of its portability.
Research Camera Lucida
Camera obscura was the original name, used around 1900, for what we now call simply a camera. The original camera obscura was an optical instrument employed for exhibiting the images of objects in their forms and colours, so that they may be traced and a picture drawn, or may be represented by photography. A simple camera obscura is presented by a darkened chamber into which no light is permitted to enter excepting by a small hole in the window-shutter. A picture of the objects opposite the hole will then be seen on the wall, or on a white screen placed opposite the opening. Rays of light passing through a convex lens being reflected from a mirror (which is at a slope of 45 degrees) to a glass plate where they form an image that may be traced. Another arrangement is a kind of tent surrounded by opaque curtains, and having at its top a revolving lantern, containing a lens with its axis horizontal, and a mirror placed behind it at a slope of 45 degrees, to reflect the transmitted light downwards on to the paper.
Research Camera Obscura
Campanology is strictly speaking the science of bells, dealing with all aspects of bells, but the term is generally restricted to bell ringing.
Research Campanology
Camphene is a solid terpene occurring in the oil of ginger. It is oxidised by chromic acid to form camphor.
Research Camphene
Camphine is the trade name of a purified spirit of turpentine formerly used for burning in lamps, and generally prepared by distilling turpentine with quicklime. Camphine gives a very brilliant light when burned in a lamp, but, to prevent smoking, the lamp must have a very strong draught. With oxygen it forms camphor.
Research Camphine
Camphor is a whitish translucent substance, of a granular or foliated fracture, and somewhat unctuous to the touch, which is mostly extracted from two or three kinds of trees of the laurel tribe. It has a bitterish aromatic taste and a strong characteristic smell. In chemical character it is one of the ketones. The common camphor of the shops, is obtained from Camphora officinarum, the camphor laurel, a native of China and Japan, now naturalized in many other countries.
The common camphor is obtained from the wood by distillation and sublimation. Borneo camphor, on the other hand, is not procured by distillation, but is found in masses, secreted naturally in cavities in the trunk and greater branches. Numerous other vegetables, such as thyme, rosemary, sage, etc, are found to yield camphor by distillation.
In medicine camphor is used both as an external and internal stimulant. In small doses it acts as an anodyne and antispasmodic; in large doses it acts as a poison. Its effluvia being very noxious to insects, it is much used to protect specimens in natural history. It readily dissolves in alcohol, oils, etc, and in this way is much used as a liniment. It evaporates or volatilizes at ordinary temperatures. Camphor is also used in the manufacture of celluloid.
Research Camphor
A camphorate is a salt of camphoric acid.
Research Camphorate
Camphoric acid is a white crystallisable substance obtained from the oxidation of camphor.
Research Camphoric Acid
Camwood is a red dye-wood imported from tropical West Africa, and obtained from the Baphia nitida tree. The wood is of a very fine colour and is often turned to make knife-handles and similar articles. The dye obtained from it is brilliant, but not permanent.
Research Camwood
Canada Balsam is a fluid oleoresin obtained from the balsam fir, common in Canada and the USA. Canada balsam solidifies upon exposure to the air, but remains plastic. It is used in medicine, microscopy and as a plasticiser in making varnish and was at one time used as a cement in the manufacture of compound lenses by opticians as its refractive index is almost as good as that of glass.
Research Canada Balsam
A canal is an artificial water-course for the transportation of goods or passengers by boats or ships, or for purposes of drainage or irrigation. The canals most familiar to ordinary readers are for navigation. These consist usually of a number of different sections, each on one level throughout its course, but differing in relative height from the others. From one section to another boats are transferred by means of locks, or it may be by inclines or lifts.
The lock is a water-tight enclosure with gates at either end, constructed between two successive sections of a canal. When a vessel is descending, water is let into the lock until it is on a level with the higher water, and thus permits the vessel to enter; the upper gates are then closed, and by the lower gates being gradually opened, the water in the lock falls to the level of the lower water, and the vessel passes out. In ascending the operation is reversed.
The incline conveys the vessel from one reach to another, generally on a specially-constructed carriage running on rails, by means of drums and cables.
The lift consists of two counterbalancing. troughs, one going up as the other descends, carrying the vessel from the higher to the lower level, or vice versa.
Works of great magnitude in the way of cuttings, embankments, aqueducts, bridges, tunnels, reservoirs for water-supply, etc, are often necessary in constructing canals. Canals have been known from remote times, Egypt being intersected at an early period by canals branching off from the Nile to distant parts of the country, for purposes of irrigation and navigation. Under the Ptolemies, before the Christian era, there existed a canal between the Red Sea and the Nile. In China, also, canals were early made on a very large scale. In Holland, where the country is flat and water abundant, canals were constructed as early as the 12th century. The lock, however, was not invented until the 15th century, both the Dutch and the Italians claiming the honour. Since then Europe has been provided with numerous canals, which being connected usually with navigable rivers, give access by water to most parts of its interior.
Research Canal
Candellia Wax is a herbal wax used in lipsticks and in creams and as a replacement for rubber.
Research Candellia Wax
A candle is a solid cylindrical rod of some fatty substance, with a small bundle of loosely-twisted threads placed longitudinally in its centre, used for a portable light.
The chief material traditionally used for making candles was tallow, either in a pure state or in mixture with other fatty substances, as palm-oil, spermaceti, wax, etc. Since about 1900 paraffin (wax) candles have been made in considerable quantities also.
Ordinary tallow candles are either dipped or moulded. The former, generally composed of the coarser tallow, are made by attaching a number of separate wicks to a frame and dipping the whole into a cistern of melted tallow as often as may be necessary to give the candle the required thickness.
Moulded candles, as their name implies, are formed in moulds. These, made generally of pewter, are hollow cylinders of the length of the candle, and open at both ends, but provided at the upper end with a conical cap, in which there is a hole for the wick. A number of these moulds are inserted in a wooden frame or trough with their heads downwards; the wick is then drawn in through the top hole by means of a wire and kept stretched while the moulds are filled by running melted tallow from a boiler into the trough. Considerable improvements were made in the manufacture of candles during the 19th century. One of the most important of these consisted in not employing the whole of the fatty or oily substances, but in decomposing them, and then using only the stearin of the former and the palmitine of the latter class of substances.
Early wax candles were formed by wicks, properly cut and twisted, being suspended by a ring over a basin of liquid wax, which was poured on the tops of the wicks until a sufficient thickness was obtained, when after, the candles, still hot, were placed on a smooth walnut table, kept constantly wet, and rolled upon it by means of a flat piece of boxwood.
Research Candle
Cannabene is a colourless oil obtained from hemp by distillation, and possessing its intoxicating properties.
Research Cannabene
Cannabin is a poisonous resin extracted from hemp (Cannabis Indica). The narcotic effects of hashish are due to this resin.
Research Cannabin
In watch making, the cannon pinion is the small cogged wheel to which the minute hand of a watch is attached.
Research Cannon Pinion
Cantharidin is the active principle of the cantharis, or Spanish fly. It is a volatile, acrid, bitter solid, crystallizing in four-sided prisms.
Research Cantharidin
In engineering, a cantilever is a projecting beam, truss, or bridge unsupported at the outer end; one which overhangs.
Research Cantilever
Canvas is a precision drawing package for the Mac that lets you create presentation materials, desktop publishing images, or architectural renderings. Its large selection of powerful, easy-to-use tools makes it one of the more popular drawing programs. Icons and menu options provide continuous multipoint Bezier curves, instant autotrace conversion of bitmap images to unlimited drawing layers, 1/65,000th of an inch precision, and text and graphics in 16.7 million colours plus PostScript grey scales in 1% increments.
For touching up clipped or scanned art, Canvas provides a number of painting tools which can be used on the same layers as the drawing tools. Canvas supports 24-bit colour on the Macintosh II, hairlines to 1/1000th of an inch, auto-dimensioning of lines and arcs, and a zoom capacity ranging from 3% to 3,200%. The program adds area and perimeter calculations, a peel-away ruler, PixelPaintcompatible colour palettes, smooth multipoint polygons, and special effects such as object rotation in one degree increments, distortion, and one or two point perspective.
Canvas also features object libraries (macros) that function as extensions to the drawing toolbox. Up to 32 objects can be added to any macro library, and macro libraries can be saved as individual files. A desk accessory version of Canvas can be invoked while working with other programs and provides approximately 80%, of the program's capabilities. The program also has a bitmap conversion option for transforming scanned colour or grey scale images into one of 15 predefined halftone or dithered images (for the Macintosh II only).
Research Canvas
Caoutchouc is an elastic gummy substance, chemically a hydrocarbon, contained in the milky juice of a number of tropical trees of various orders, among the chief being the Siphonia elastica (Hevea elastica) and others of the same genus growing in South America. The name is also used as an equivalent of india-rubber, but strictly caoutchouc is only the chief ingredient of india-rubber. The crude india-rubber is most commonly obtained by making incisions in the trunks of the trees, whence the sap exudes in the form of a milky fluid which gradually thickens and solidifies.
Caoutchouc is a non-conductor of electricity and a bad conductor of heat. It is not dissolved by water, hot or cold, but chloroform, oil of turpentine, bisulphide of carbon, etc, dissolve it. It was not until about the year 1736 that india-rubber (now popularly known as simply rubber) was known in Europe. It was at first only used to rub out pencil-marks, but before the end of the 19th century it was used to render leather and other substances water-tight, and in 1823 Macintosh took out a patent for the waterproof materials prepared with caoutchouc which bear his name. Latterly its uses have become innumerable. Gutta percha is a similar substance to caoutchouc, and is often popularly confounded with it.
Research Caoutchouc
A cable consists of one or more conductors in an insulating covering. If there are two separate conductors, they act as the two plates of a condenser, the insulation between them forming the dielectric. The cable therefore possesses capacitance. A similar effect occurs in the case of a single conductor using an earth return, particularly if the cable is enclosed in an earthed metal sheath or is laid underground or in water. The effect of the capacitance is to hinder current from reaching the other end until the cable itself has been charged. This delaying action is of special importance in telegraph and telephone cables, in which signalling is carried on by intermittent or rapidly varying currents. There is an appreciable capacitance even between bare overhead conductors such as those used in high-voltage power transmission lines.
Research Capacitance in Cables
A capacitor is an electrical device consisting of two conductive bodies separated by insulating material and thus possessing capacitance.
Research Capacitor
Capillarity is the general name for certain phenomena exhibited by fluid surfaces when the vessels containing the liquid are very narrow, and also exhibited by that portion of the fluid surface which is in close proximity to the sides of a larger vessel, or to any inserted object.
Thus if an open tube of small bore be inserted in water, it will be noted that the liquid rises within it above its former level to a height varying inversely as the diameter of the bore, and that the surface of this column is more or less concave in form. The same phenomenon occurs in any fluid which will wet the tube; but in the case of a fluid like mercury, which does not wet the glass, the converse phenomenon appears, the liquid being depressed in the tube below its former level, and the portion within the tube exhibiting a convex surface.
Similarly round the sides of the respective vessels, and round the outsides of the inserted tubes, we find in the first case an ascension, and in the second a depression of the liquid, with a corresponding concavity or convexity at its extreme edge. Two parallel plates immersed in the liquids give kindred results. As these phenomena occur equally in air and in vacua they cannot be attributed to the action of the atmosphere, but depend upon molecular actions taking place between the particles of the liquid itself, and between the liquid and the solid, these actions being confined to a very thin layer forming the superficial boundary of the fluid.
Every liquid, in fact, behaves as if a thin film in a state of tension formed its external layer; and although the theory that such tension really exists in the superficial layer must be regarded as a scientific fiction, yet it adequately represents the effects of the real cause, whatever that may be. Scientific calculations with respect to capillary depressions and elevations proceed, therefore, on the working theory that the superficial film at the free surface is to be regarded as pressing the liquid inwards, or pulling it outwards according as the surface is convex or concave - the convex or concave film being known as the meniscus (crescent). The part which capillarity plays among natural phenomena is a very varied one. By it the fluids circulate in the porous tissues of animal bodies; the sap rises in plants, and moisture is absorbed from air and soil by the foliage and roots. For the same reason a sponge or lump of sugar, or a piece of blotting-paper soaks in moisture, the oil rises in the wick of a lamp, etc.
Research Capillarity
Caproic acid (hexoic acid) is one of the products of the butyric fermentation of sugar. It can be made by the oxidation of hexyl alcohol, and is an oily liquid with a faint disagreeable odour.
Research Caproic Acid
Capsicin is an alkaloid and the active principle of the capsules of Capsicum annuum. It has a resinous aspect and a burning taste.
Research Capsicin
A carbide is a compound of carbon and another element.
Research Carbides
Carbohydrate is one of the three main classes of foods and a source of energy.
Carbohydrates are mainly sugars and starches that the body breaks down into glucose. The body also uses carbohydrates to make the substance glycogen that is stored in the liver and muscles for future use. If the body does not have enough insulin or cannot use the insulin it has, then the body will not be able to use carbohydrates for energy the way it should. This condition is called diabetes.
Research Carbohydrate
Carbolic acid (phenol, phenic acid, hydroxybenzene) is a strong poison used as an antiseptic and in painting, distilled from coal-tar. It was discovered by Laurent in 1846. When pure, carbolic acid is colourless and crystalline, but it is usually found as an oily liquid, often coloured, with a burning taste and the odour of creosote.
Research Carbolic Acid
Carbon is a non-metallic, chiefly trivalent element found native (as in diamond and graphite) or as a constituent of coal, petroleum, and asphalt, of limestone and other bicarbonates, and of organic compounds or obtained artificially in varying degrees of purity especially as carbon black, lampblack, activated charcoal and coke. It has the symbol C and is contained in all life forms.
The diamond is the purest form of carbon; in the different varieties of charcoal, in coal, anthracite, etc, it is more or less mixed with other substances. Pure charcoal is a black, brittle, light, and inodorous substance. It is usually the remains of some vegetable body from which all the volatile matter has been expelled by heat; but it may be obtained from most organic matters, animal as well as vegetable, by ignition in close vessels. Carbon, being one of those elements which exist in various distinct forms, is an example of what is called allotropy. The compounds of this element are more numerous than those of all the other elements taken together. With hydrogen especially it forms a very large number of compounds, called hydrocarbons, some of which have latterly become of the greatest economic importance. With oxygen carbon forms only two compounds, but union between the two elements is easily effected.
Research Carbon
Carbon black is a black pigment comprising practically pure carbon produced by the incomplete combustion of natural marsh gas. Carbon black is a fine powder with a good staining strength, light in weight and with high oil-absorbency. It is used as a pigment, working well with water and fairly well with oil.
Research Carbon Black
Carbon Copy Plus by Microrim is a menu-driven remote control program for IBM-compatible microcomputers that allows the user to control and/or monitor one PC from another over a communications link. Suitable for support purposes and typically used with standard dial-up modems, Carbon Copy Plus connects two PCs so their screens and keyboards are linked as one. Whatever the remote user sees on-screen will be seen on the local screen. Users can open up a movable chat window where they can type messages to each other. Whatever is displayed on the host screen is displayed on the guest screen. Carbon Copy Plus includes a universal graphics translator, that automatically translates CGA, EGA, VGA, Hercules, and PS/2 graphics images when dissimilar graphics adapters are used in the host and guest PC. Files can be transferred between machines using commands similar to those in DOS. Carbon Copy Plus supports background file transfer, allowing the host PC to send or receive files while working in a foreground application.
Research Carbon Copy Plus
Carbon dioxide (carbonic anhydride or carbonic acid) is a colourless, poisonous, heavy gas - twenty-two times as heavy as hydrogen - composed of carbon and oxygen with 12 parts by weight of carbon and 32 of oxygen. It is the final product of the complete combustion of carbon. Carbon dioxide is present as about five percent of exhaled air. Carbon dioxide has been variously known in the past as carbonic dioxode, carbonic acid and fixed air.
Carbon dioxide acts as a narcotic poison when present-in the air to the extent of only 4 or 5 per cent. It may be tested for by leaving a white precipitate when bubbled through lime-water. It is disengaged from fermenting liquors and decomposing vegetable and animal substances, and forms the choke-damp of mines. From its weight it has a tendency to subside into low places, vaults and wells, rendering some low-lying places, as the upas valley of Java, and many caves, uninhabitable.
Carbon dioxide has a pleasant, acidulous, pungent taste, and aerated beverages of all kinds - beer, champagne, and carbonated mineral water - owe their refreshing qualities to its presence, for though poisonous when taken into the lungs, it is agreeable when taken into the stomach. This acid is formed and given out during the respiration of animals, and in all ordinary combustions, from the oxidation of carbon in the fuel. It exists in large quantity in all limestones and marbles. It is evolved from the coloured parts of the flowers of plants both by night and day, and from the green parts of plants during the night. During the day plants absorb it from the atmosphere through their leaves, and it forms an important part of their nourishment.
Research Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Monoxide (carbonic oxide) is a colourless, tasteless, odourless, extremely poisonous gas produced when carbon is burned in a limited supply of air. Carbon monoxide burns with a pale blue flame.
Research Carbon Monoxide
In early electric lighting, carbon points were two pieces of very hard, compact carbon, between which the electric current was broken, so that the resistance which they offered to the passage of the current produced a light of extraordinary brilliancy.
Research Carbon Points
Carbon tetrachloride is a substance resembling chloroform in odour, and prepared by the action of chlorine on carbon disulphide. It is a colourless liquid with a pleasant odour used as a solvent for many organic substances. It is non-inflammable and as such is used as a substitute for benzene in degreasing woollen goods and in dry-cleaning. It attacks most metals, lead and tin being most resistant to it. Carbon tetrachloride is registered under the trade name Benzinoform.
Research Carbon Tetrachloride
A carbonate is a salt formed by the union of carbon dioxide with a base element, such as calcium carbonate; sodium carbonate; barium carbonate; sodium bi-carbonate. Many of the carbonates are extensively used in the arts and in medicine.
Research Carbonate
Carbonation is the process by which a substance combines with carbon, or carbon compounds, to become a carbonate.
Research Carbonation
In chemistry, carboxyl is a form of a substance with the monovalent methyl united to the monovalent group.
Carboxyl is a characteristic part of a large number of organic acids.
Research Carboxyl
In chemistry, a carboxyl group is a univalent organic radical (-COOH) which is the functional group of all the carbolic acids.
Research Carboxyl group
A carboy is a large globular wicker-covered glass bottle used for holding acid or other corrosive liquids.
Research Carboy
A carburettor is a device for charging air with a hydrocarbon.
Research Carburettor
A card is an instrument for combing, opening and breaking wool, flax etc. It is made by inserting bent teeth of wire into a thick piece of leather and nailing this to a rectangular board.and nailing this to a piece of rectangular board to which a handle is attached. But wool and cotton are now generally carded in mills by teeth fixed on a wheel moved by machinery. The word card is derived through the French carde, a teasel, from the Latin carduus, a thistle, teasels having been used once for cards.
Research Card
Cardbox Plus is a file manager that works well where a card-index solution might have been used. It has unique indexing facilities including the ability to highlight and search on free-format comment text. Cardbox Plus is ideal for mailing list and simple customer record applications.
Research Cardbox Plus
Carding is the process wool, cotton, flax, etc, undergo previous to spinning, to lay the fibres all in one direction, and remove all foreign substances. Carding is carried out using a form of comb called a card.
Research Carding
Carmine is a brilliant, deep, fiery red colouring derived from the cochineal insect. It was first prepared by a Franciscan monk at Pisa and manufacture began in 1650. Carmine is used as an artists' colour and as a glass colour, works well with water and oil, but fades badly.
Research Carmine
Carnauba wax is a yellowish-white or green coloured, sticky exudation found on the leaves, berries and stalks of the carnauba palm (Copernicia cerifera), which is found in South America particularly in Brazil. It is used to polish leather, make candles and glaze fruit.
Research Carnauba Wax
For a reversible heat engine a Carnot cycle consists of the following changes, in the order stated, in the physical condition of a gas: (1) isothermal expansion (i.e. without change of temperature), (2) adiabatic expansion (i.e. without change of heat content), (3) Isothermal compression and (4) adiabatic compression. The principles derived from a study of this cycle are important in the fundamentals of heat and thermodynamics. The absolute scale of temperature is based on this cycle.
Research Carnot Cycle
A Cartesian Diver is a hydrostatic toy consisting of a little hollow figure, which has a small opening some distance below the top, and is rather lighter than an equal volume of water, so it can float. The figure is placed in a bottle of water closed with a bladder of rubber so as to exclude air. On pressing the bladder the air inside the figure is compressed drawing a little water into the figure which causes it to sink. Removing the pressure on the bladder excludes the water from the figure and it rises again.
Research Cartesian Diver
Carthamin (Carthamic Acid) is an astringent bitter principle obtained from the flowers of the arthamus tinctorius. It is a red pigment used in silk-dyeing and the preparation of rouge.
Research Carthamin
Cascading style sheets (CSS) are an element of web page design first drafted in early 1996, to provide HTML documents published on the world wide web with a means of suggesting the appearance of the document in terms of typefaces, colours and general appearance. A style, in terms of a cascading style sheet style, is simply a rule which instructs a browser how to display a particular HTML tag, for example what colour to display text within <H1> </H1> tags. Styles can also suggest positioning for divisions of content, text and images. The World Wide Web Consortium, realising the scope of browsers and computer hardware available and that many manufacturers would be selective in their support for different styles, were keen to emphasise that styles should suggest, not dictate, the appearance of HTML documents when rendered, and to stress to web designers that unsupported styles would simply be ignored by a browser. The power of cascading style sheets to the designer lies in the premise that once a style rule has been decided upon, it only needs to be defined once, with many
pages loading the same cascading style sheet definition and applying the same, uniform rules to their HTML tags, rather than needing to adjust the properties of every occurrence of the same HTML tag on multiple pages.
Research Cascading Style Sheets
Cascarilla Bark is obtained from the twigs and branches of Croton Eleuteria, a small tree of the Euphorbiaceae, found in the Bahama Islands. Its outer layer is a greyish-white cork with a chequered appearance. The bark has a pleasant aromatic odour and when burned gives an agreeable scent, and is therefore used in incense.
Research Cascarilla Bark
Case-hardening is a process whereby iron objects have their outside layer converted to steel. The object is put in a box containing carbon and is heated until red hot. Then it is immersed in cold water where upon a layer of steel forms on the object.
Research Case-hardening
Casein is a protein found in milk. It can be separated by the action of acid, the enzyme rennin, or bacteria (souring); it is also the main protein in cheese. Casein is used as a protein supplement in the treatment of malnutrition and is used commercially in cosmetics, glues, pigments and as a sizing for coating paper. Casein is insoluble in water, but is freely soluble in alkaline solutions. Casein is neither coagulated spontaneously, like fibrin, nor by heat, like albumen, but by the action of acids alone, and constituting the chief part of the nitrogenized matter contained in it. Cheese made from skimmed milk and well pressed is fully half casein. Casein is one of the most important elements of animal food as found in milk and leguminous plants.
Research Casein
Cast iron is a cheap but valuable constructional material, most commonly used for automobile
engine blocks. Cast iron is obtained from the blast-furnace by running the fused metal into moulds prepared for the purpose. The moulds are in the form of long narrow channels, from which the iron, when it has cooled and solidified, is taken in bars called pigs, between 3 and 4 feet long and 3 or 4 inches broad. Cast iron is partly refined pig iron, which is very fluid when molten and highly suitable for shaping by casting; it contains too many impurities such as carbon to be readily shaped in any other way. Solid cast iron is heavy and can absorb great shock but is very brittle.
Research Cast iron
Casting (founding) is the process of producing solid objects by pouring molten material into a shaped mould and allowing it to cool.
Casting is used to shape such materials as glass and plastics, as well as metals and alloys. The casting of metals has been practiced for more than 6,000 years, using first copper and bronze, then iron.
The traditional method of casting metal is sand casting. The foundry floor was composed for several feet deep of a loamy sand, in which deep pits were some times sunk to buty large moulds. A wooden pattern of the object to be cast having been made, was pressed firmly down into this loamy sand, the sand being shovelled up all around, level with the top of the pattern and well rammed down. The pattern was then lifted out of the sand, and any small pieces of sand which may have fallen into the mould were carefully blown away, and some finely-powdered charcoal sifted over the surface. The molten metal was then poured into the mould until it was full. The whole was then covered with sand to keep the air from it while it cools. An open horizontal bed of sand was sufficient for casting many articles, but with articles of a more complex form and not too large, a frame or box, called a flask was generally employed to hold together the sand used in the casting, the number of flasks varying according to the form and parts of thee mould.
In ordinary operations the pattern was laid on a board known as the turn-over board, and the flask placed over it, the sand being carefully rammed into the flask until it was full. Another board, known as the bottom-board, was then laid upon it. The flask was then turned over, the first or turn-over board taken off, the one side of the pattern uncovered, a fine facing of sand spread upon the surface to prevent adhesion, after which a second flask, called the cope, sometimes made with crossbars to strengthen it and help to hold the sand, was placed upon it and sand carefully rammed in. The cope or second flask was then lifted off, the sand which it contains carrying the impression of the upper side of the pattern; the pattern in the lower part of the flask, or drag, was then carefully drawn out, and any injuries which the mould receives during the operation repaired. Holes or passages were then cut into the sand for pouring in the metal, all loose sand carefully removed, the cope replaced and secured to the drag by clamps. The mould was then ready for the molten metal. In pouring, the metal was generally run through two or three different passages at the same time to prevent it losing fluidity by cooling. It was only in lighter castings that sand, of the proper degree of dryness, porosity, and adhesiveness, was used.
In heavy castings the mould was usually made of loam, which is more adhesive, and in complicated articles the making of the mould was often a difficult process. Small articles of simple form and of easily-fusible alloys, such as bullets, printing types, etc, were often cast in metal moulds. Articles of sculpture were usually cast in plaster of Paris, which, when mixed with water, runs into the finest lines of a mould and takes a most exact impression. The variety of articles made by casting was very great: boilers, cisterns, cylinders, pumps, railings, grates, cannon, cooking-utensils, and many objects of decorative art.
Permanent metal moulds called dies are also used for casting, in particular, small items in mass-production processes where molten metal is injected under pressure into cooled dies. Continuous casting is a method of shaping bars and slabs that involves pouring molten metal into a hollow, water-cooled mould of the desired cross section.
Research Casting
Castor is a reddish-brown bitter substance obtained from the anal glands of the beaver and used in perfume and medicine.
Research Castor
Castor oil is a pale yellow nauseous acrid oil obtained from the seeds of the
Castor oil plant and used as a purgative and lubricant.
Research Castor oil
Catacoustics is a now obsolete term for the science of reflected sounds - that part of acoustics which considers the properties of echoes.
Research Catacoustics
In chemistry, a catalase is any of various enzymes capable of decomposing hydrogen peroxide.
Research Catalase
Catallactics is the science of exchanges, a branch of political economics.
Research Catallactics
A catalyst is a substance which facilitates a reaction, without being consumed by the reaction itself. It is a term generally used in chemistry, although it is equally applicable in applied Psychology, such as in the role of an antagonist or provocateur.
Research Catalyst
A catenary is a curve taken up by a flexible cable suspended between two points, under gravity. For example, the curve of overhead suspension cables that hold the conductor wire of an electric railroad or tramway.
Research Catenary
Caterpillar track is the trade name for an endless flexible belt of metal plates on which certain vehicles such as tanks and bulldozers run, which takes the place of ordinary tyred wheels and improves performance on wet or uneven surfaces. A track-laying vehicle has a track on each side, and its engine drives small cogwheels that run along the top of the track in contact with the ground. The advantage of such tracks over wheels is that they distribute the vehicle's weight over a wider area and are thus ideal for use on soft and waterlogged as well as rough and rocky ground.
Research Caterpillar track
A cathetometer is a device for measuring small vertical differences in height. It consists of a horizontal telescope mounted to slide upon an accurately graduated vertical stand. The observer sights in succession the points under examination and then reads from the scale the distance through which the telescope has moved in making the observations.
Research Cathetometer
A cathode is a negative electrical pole or terminal.
Research Cathode
Cathode rays are a stream of electrons emitted from the cathode of an electron tube and accelerated to high velocity by an electron gun. The rays can be deflected by magnetic or electric fields.
Research Cathode Rays
A cathode-ray oscilloscope is an instrument for examining electrical quantities, and particularly varying electrical quantities both periodic and transient, by means of a luminous trace on the screen of a cathode-ray tube. The quantities to be investigated or measured are made to deflect the electron beam in the cathode-ray tube, and thus to produce corresponding movement of the light spot on the screen. In addition to examining electrical quantities as such, the oscilloscope is widely used to examine any physical quantity the changing values of which can be converted into corresponding changes of electric potential.
Research Cathode-ray Oscilloscope
A cathode-ray tube is an electron tube containing a thermionic cathode and an electron gun for the production of cathode rays which are directed axially along the tube in the direction of the flattened, wide end. The internal surface of the wider end of the tube is coated with a phosphor which emits light at the point of impact of the high speed electrons.
Research Cathode-ray Tube
A cation is a positively charged ion which, in an electrolyte or in a gas-filled electron tube, travels towards the negative electrode or cathode.
Research Cation
Catoptrics (formerly anacamptics) is the branch of optics which explains the properties of incident and reflected light, and particularly that which is reflected from mirrors or polished surfaces.
Research Catoptrics
Caustic is a name given to various substances which burn or corrode the skin or other tissues. As a rule they disintegrate and destroy the structure of all organized substances, for example, cotton-wool, etc.
In optics, cautic is the name given to the curve to which the rays of light, reflected or refracted by another curve, are tangents. Caustics are consequently of two kinds - catacaustics and diacaustics - the former being caustics by reflection and the latter caustics by refraction.
Research Caustic
The Cavendish Experiment was conducted by Henry Cavendish for the purpose of ascertaining the mean density of the earth by means of the torsion balance.
Research Cavendish Experiment
CC:Mail is a network communications system which functions transparently across different networks, operating systems and hardware platforms. As such it has the ability to connect groups of users across a LAN or collection of LANs. CC:Mail enables a central database to be maintained which is called the CC:Mail post office. This structure contains single copies of messages together with pointers to individual mailboxes. This cuts down on network traffic and also disk storage space. As the package is of a modular nature, CC:Mail may be expanded as requirements grow with ease. Anything that can be created or viewed on a workstation may be transmitted across the LAN to the central post office. When the message is received by the post office the recipient is notified. Items within the message can be multiple so that one message may contain many items. These items can be text, graphics, files and screen output. Items may be edited when they are viewed and returned the sender, forwarded, printed, archived or deleted. If the item is of
special interest it may be saved in a private folder for personal use or made public by placing it on a bulletin board. If an old message is required a search can be made by name, keyword phrase, and date. Management of the system is carried out by the CC:Mail Administrator who creates the mail directory.
Research CC:Mail
The CCIR (Comite Consultatif Internationale des Radio), is a major constituent of the International Telecommunications Union, issuing both Radio Regulations and Recommendations for all uses of radio transmission.
Research CCIR
The CCITT (Comite Consultatif Internationale des Telephones et Telegraphes), is a major constituent of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) that sets standards for the operation of telecommunications services across international boundaries. Many CCITT standards are adopted for use domestically.
Research CCITT
A CCU (Communications Concentrator Unit) is a small computer connected between a main computer and one or more serial devices operating as an intermediary to relieve the main computer of much of the routine work connected with receiving information from the serial devices.
Research CCU
Cedar resin is a white resin exuded by the trunks of cedars, formerly used in embalming.
Research Cedar Resin
A cellular network is a radiotelephone network for mobile subscribers that connects them to the main telephone system. There is a cellular network in Britain operated jointly by British Telecom and Securicor (as Cellnet), it consists of a number of adjacent cells, each containing a transmit/ receive station connected to the main telephone network and reached by the mobile subscriber using a battery-operated portable radiotelephone. As subscribers move from one geographical cell to another (e.g. by car), they are automatically switched to receive signals from the new area.
Research Cellular Network
Celluloid is a hard, unstable synthetic substance once used for films. It is composed of gun-cotton and camphor and is moulded to the desired shape by heat. Celluloid was formerly extensively used as a substitute for ivory, bone, hard rubber, coral, etc, having a close resemblance to these substances in hardness, elasticity, and texture. It was used for buttons, handles for knives, forks, and umbrellas, billiard-balls, piano keys, napkin-rings, backs to brushes, etc. It can be variously coloured, and was known to be dangerous on account of the readiness with which it takes fire, even while being widely used.
Research Celluloid
Cellulose is a generic name for substances of which the cell-membranes of plants are composed. They are carbohydrates allied to starch, and when heated with dilate acid yield sugars. Ordinary cellulose has been found in a few invertebrate animals. Wood-pulp for paper making mostly consists of cellulose, so also does gun-cotton.
Research Cellulose
Cementation is the conversion of iron into steel by heating the iron in a mass of ground charcoal, and thus causing it to absorb a certain quantity of the charcoal.
Research Cementation
Central forces are the forces which cause a moving body on which they act to tend towards or recede from the centre of motion, or that point which remains at rest while all the other parts of a body move round it. The force with which the revolving body tends to fly from the centre is called the centrifugal force, and the force which causes it to tend towards the centre of motion is called the centripetal force.
Research Central Forces
The centre of gravity is that point of a body through which the line of the resultant of the weights of all the particles composing the body always passes, whatever be the position of the body.
Research Centre of Gravity
The centre of gyration is the point at which, if the whole mass of a revolving body were collected, the rotatory effect would remain unaltered.
Research Centre of Gyration
The centre of oscillation is that point of a body suspended by an axis, at which, if all the matter were concentrated, the oscillations would be performed in the same time.
Research Centre of Oscillation
The centre of pressure is that point of a body at which the whole amount of pressure may be applied with the same effect as it would produce if distributed; specifically, in hydrostatics, that point in the side of a vessel containing a liquid, to which, if a force were applied equal to the total pressure and in the opposite direction, it w^ould exactly balance the effort of the total pressure.
Research Centre of Pressure
Cerenkov radiation is radiation emitted when a charged particle travels through a medium at a speed greater than the velocity of light in the medium. This occurs when the refractive index of the medium is high. Cerenkov radiation is like the bow wave of a boat, or the shock wave of a supersonic airplane. Photons bunch up in front of the tachyon and they're radiated away at an angle determined by the speed of the tachyon.
Research Cerenkov Radiation
Ceresine wax is a petroleum product obtained from Galician earth wax. It is a hard, white wax used as a substitute for beeswax in the decorating trades.
Research Ceresine Wax
Cerium is a rare metal element with the symbol Ce.
Research Cerium
CERT is the Computer Emergency Response Team that was formed by the American Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in November 1988 in response to the needs exhibited during the Internet worm incident. The CERT charter is to work with the Internet community to facilitate its response to computer security events involving Internet hosts, to take proactive steps to raise the community's awareness of computer security issues, and to conduct research targeted at improving the security of existing systems.
CERT products and services include 24-hour technical assistance for responding to computer security incidents, product vulnerability assistance, technical documents, and seminars. In addition, the team maintains a number of mailing lists (including one for CERT advisories) and provides an anonymous FTP server: cert.org (192.88. 209.5), where security-related documents, past CERT advisories, and tools are archived.
Research CERT
Ceruleum is a blue pigment, consisting of stannate of protoxide of cobalt mixed with stannic acid and sulphate of lime.
Research Ceruleum
Cetearth-3 is used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and lotion. It dries out the skin and causes numerous allergic reactions.
Research Cetearth-3
Cetyl alcohol (fatty alcohol) is a moisturiser used in cosmetics to keep oil and water from separating and also as a foam booster.
Research Cetyl Alcohol
The Colour Graphics Adapter or CGA was one of the first graphics adapters available for Personal Computers and was released by IBM in 1981 at the same time that they released their first Personal Computer. The CGA graphics card supported a single text mode display of 80 columns and 25 rows, and two graphics modes of 320 x 200 pixels in four colours and 600 x 200 pixels in two colours. The CGA was based upon the Motorola MC6485 video controller.
Research CGA
CGI (The Common Gateway Interface) is a specification that allows computer Web servers execute other programs and incorporate their output into the text, graphics, and audio sent to a client Web browser. The server and the CGI program work together to enhance and customise the World Wide Web's capabilities. By providing a standard interface, the CGI specification allows developers use a wide variety of programming tools, such as C and Perl.
Research CGI
A chain saw is a motor-driven, usually portable, saw in which the cutting teeth form links in a continuous chain. Chain saws are typically used for felling trees and branches of trees.
Research Chain Saw
A chain-pump is a pump consisting in principle of an endless chain equipped with a number of valves or buckets moving round
two wheels, one above and one below. The chain in its ascent passes through a tube closely fitting the valves or buckets, the water being discharged either from the top of the tube or from an orifice in it.
Research Chain-Pump
The Challenger Expedition was a voyage for the scientific purposes of investigating the conditions of life in the deep sea of the Atlantic, Pacific and Antarctic Oceans organised in 1872 by the British government. The corvette Challenger started from Sheerness in December 1872 and returned in May 1876 after collecting information about the ocean beds, currents, temperature and also collecting samples of fauna.
Research Challenger Expedition
Chalybeate Waters are waters holding iron in solution, either as a carbonate or as a sulphate with or without other salts. All waters containing iron are distinguished by their styptic, inky taste, and by giving a more or less deep colour with an infusion of tea or of nut-galls.
Research Chalybeate Waters
Channel efficiency is a measure of the ability of a river channel to discharge water. Channel efficiency can be assessed by calculating the channel's hydraulic radius . The most efficient channels are generally semicircular in cross-section, and it is this shape that water engineers try to create when altering a river channel to reduce the risk of flooding .
Research Channel Efficiency
Charcoal is a term applied to an impure variety of carbon, especially such as is produced by charring wood. One kind of charcoal is also obtained from bones. Lampblack and coke are also varieties.
Wood charcoal is inannfactured by the partial combustion of wood piled in heaps, with air-spaces between, and covered with turf. Water and various combustible materials are driven off, and impure carbon retaining the original structure of the wood is left. The more modern method is to heat the wood in closed retorts, when, in addition to the charcoal which is left behind, various volatile products of importance are obtained; among these are a combustible gas, wood spirit, pyroligneous acid, and wood tar.
Wood charcoal, well prepared, is of a deep-black colour, brittle and porous, tasteless and inodorous. It is combustible at high temperatures, cannot be fused in any flame or furnace, but is volatilized at the high temperature of the electric arc, presenting a surface with a distinct appearance of having undergone fusion. Charcoal is insoluble in water, and is not affected by it at low temperatures; hence, wooden stakes which are to be immersed in water are often charred to preserve them, and the ends of posts stuck in the ground are also thus treated. Owing to its peculiarly porous texture, charcoal possesses the property of absorbing considerable volumes of air or other gases at common temperatures, and of yielding the greater part of them when heated.
Charcoal likewise absorbs the odoriferous and colouring principles of most animal and vegetable substances, and hence is a valuable deodorizer, disinfectant, and decoloriser. Formerly, water which, from having been long kept in wooden vessels, as during long voyages, had acquired an offensive smell, was deprived of it by nitration through charcoal powder. Charcoal can also prevent the decay of animal and vegetable matter.
Charcoal is used as a smokeless fuel in stoves, etc, as a reducing agent in metallurgical operations, e.g. for obtaining metals from their oxides, and for converting wrought iron into steel by the process of cementation. It is an important component of ordinary gunpowder, and is used in domestic filters. In its finer state of aggregation, under the form of ivory-black, lampblack, etc, charcoal is the basis of black paint; and mixed with fat oils and resinous matter,to give a due consistence, it constitutes printing-ink. Artist's charcoal is formed from sticks of willow wood.
Research Charcoal
Charleston Phosphate is a valuable fertilizer obtained at Charleston, South Carolina, and classed as 'land' or 'river' phosphate, the latter being procured by dredging.
Research Charleston Phosphate
In printing, a chase was a frame used for holding the type for printing one whole side of a sheet of paper. The type was first set up letter by letter in a composing stick and then transferred to a device called the galley where it appeared in columns. It was next transferred to the chase where it was held tight by quoins or small wooden wedges.
Research Chase
Chatterton's Compound is a mixture of Stockholm tar, resin and gutta-percha. It was once used in the construction of submarine telegraph cables.
Research Chatterton's Compound
Cheddite is any of a group of high explosives made from nitro compounds mixed with sodium or potassium chlorate.
Research Cheddite
A cheese aerial is a type of rotatable aerial employed in Radar on the centimetric waveband. It consists of a parabolic metallic reflector, and is usually fed by a wave guide.
Research Cheese Aerial
A Cheese Box is an electronic apparatus used to convert a domestic telephone into a pay phone. They are used by criminals to throw off traces (a red box is usually needed in order to call out).
Research Cheese Box
A chelate is an inorganic complex in which a ligand is coordinated to a metal ion at two or more points, so that there is a ring of atoms including the metal. The process is known as chelation. The bidentate ligand diaminoethane forms chelates with many ions.
Research Chelate
Chemdet is an anionic drilling detergent for drilling muds. It is added to water based mud systems to reduce the surface tension.
Research Chemdet
Chemical bond is the force retaining two atoms together in a molecule as, for example, the force exerted by a pair of shared electrons.
Research Chemical Bond
In chemistry, chemical change is a change in which the chemical structure of a substance is changed.
| 
Abbreviations
SciTech
