The E Layer (Kennelly-Heaviside Layer) is a region of ionised gas in the ionosphere, which reflects practically all incident medium frequency radiation, absorbing very little. Research E Layer
An ear-trumpet is an artificial instrument formerly used for aiding the collection of the vibrations or waves of sound, and carrying them in an intensified form to the internal parts of the ear. They were generally made of tin, vulcanite, gutta-percha, etc, and were of various forms. A small kind known as ear-cornets or acousticauricles, attached to the ear by a spring, were sometimes used in slight cases of deafness. Research Ear-Trumpet
An earth colour is a pigment derived from the earth, as opposed to chemically manufactured pigments. Earth colours include ochre, sienna, umber, red oxide and malachite with further colours developed by calcining the materials to form for example burnt sienna. Earth colours are very stable and permanent. Research Earth Colour
In astronomy, earth-shine is a name given to the faint light visible on the part of the moon not illuminated by the sun, due to the illumination of that portion by the light which the earth reflects on her. It is most conspicuous when the illuminated part of the disc is at its smallest, as soon after new moon. This phenomenon is popularly described as ' the old moon in the new moon's arms.' Research Earth-Shine
Earths is a term applied to certain tasteless, inodorous, dry, uninflammable, nonvolatile, insoluble substances, difficultly fusible, and of a moderate specific gravity, which constitute by far the greatest part of the gravel and soil that go to make up the mountains, valleys, and plains of our globe. They include lime, baryta, strontia, magnesia, alumina, etc. The earths were regarded as simple bodies until Sir Humphry Davy proved them to be compounds of oxygen with metals. Research Earths
Ebonite is a hard product obtained by fully vulcanising rubber with more than 20 percent of its weight of sulphur. Ebonite is very resistant to corrosion and as an excellent insulator was employed in the electrical industry. Research Ebonite
Ebony is the heart-wood of various species of Diospyros, trees of the order Ebenaceae. It is a heavy, deep black wood used in piano keys and inlaying. Research Ebony
Ecclesiology is the science or branch of knowledge which deals with ecclesiastical antiquities, such as buildings, rites, vestments, etc. Research Ecclesiology
An echo is the repetition of a sound caused by the reflection of sound-waves at some moderately even surface, as the wall of a building. The waves of sound on meeting the surface are turned back in their course according to the same laws that hold for reflection of light. In order that the echo may return to the place from which the sound proceeds the reflection must be direct, and not at an angle to the line of transmission, otherwise the echo may be heard by others but not by the transmitter of the sound. This may be effected either by a reflecting surface at right angles to the line of transmission, or by several reflecting surfaces which end in bringing the sound back to the point of issue. Sound travels about 1125 feet in a second; consequently, an observer standing at half that distance from the reflecting object would hear the echo a second later than the sound. Such an echo would repeat as many words and syllables as could be heard in a second. As the distance decreases the echo repeats fewer syllables until it becomes monosyllabic. The most practised ear cannot distinguish in a second more than from nine to twelve successive sounds, so that a distance of not less than 60 feet is needed to enable a common ear to distinguish between the echo and the original sounds. At a near distance the echo only clouds the original sounds, and this often interferes with the hearing in churches and other large buildings. Woods, rocks, and mountains produce natural echoes in every variety, for which particular localities have become famous. Research Echo
Echo Sounding is measurement of the depth of the ocean by directing a sonic or ultrasonic pressure wave vertically downward and determining the time taken before the echo is received. Research Echo Sounding
Ecology is the study of the relationship between plants and the places in which they grow. The term is becoming used to describe the opposition to man-made pollution and destruction of nature, hence an ecologist today is thought of more as an environmental campaigner than a botanist. Research Ecology
EDAAS is an expert system that uses its knowledge of both the Toxic Substances Control Act (USA) and criteria for classifying information as confidential to help information specialists decide which information about the manufacturing and distribution of toxic chemicals must be released to the public and which information may be withheld for proprietary purposes. EDAAS was developed for the Environmental Protection Agency in the USA using FORTRAN. Research EDAAS
Eddy currents (Foucault currents) are electric currents induced in a conductor by a varying magnetic field, for instance, in the core of an inductor or transformer. Research Eddy Current
EditPlus (previously known as Edit++) is an Internet-ready, 32-bit text editor for the Windows operating system. While it can serve as a good replacement for Notepad, it also offers many powerful features for Web page authors and programmers. Features include a seamless browser window, customisable syntax highlighting, an HTML toolbar, user-definable tools and help files, powerful undo/redo functions, drag-and-drop editing, search and replace functions, a spelling checker, keystroke recording, and customisable keyboard shortcuts.
EditPlus also includes syntax highlighting for HTML, ASP, JavaScript, VBScript, Perl, Java, and C/C++ ; and URL and email address highlighting and activating. Research EditPlus
The effective resistance offered by conductors to radio frequencies is considerably more than the resistance measured with direct currents. This is the result of skin effect, which causes the current to be concentrated in certain parts of the conductor and leaves the remainder of the conductor to do little or nothing toward carrying the current. As a result of this effect it is necessary to generalize the concept of conductor resistance when dealing with radio frequencies by considering the resistance to be that quantity which when multiplied by the square of the current will give the energy dissipated in the conductor. A simple example of skin effect is furnished by an isolated round wire. When a current is flowing through such a conductor, the magnetic flux that results is in the form of concentric circles. It is to be noted that some of this flux exists within the conductor and therefore links with, i.e., encircles, current near the centre of the conductor while not linking with current flowing near the surface. The result is that the inductance of the central part of the conductor is greater than the inductance of the part of the conductor near the surface. At radio frequencies the reactance of this extra inductance is sufficiently great to affect seriously the flow of current. Most of the current then flows along the surface of the conductor where the impedance is low, rather than near the centre where the impedance is high. The centre part of the conductor therefore does not carry its share of the current and the effective resistance is increased. Skin effect occurs whenever some parts of a conductor have more flux linkages than other parts. The result of skin effect is to cause a redistribution of current over the conductor cross section of such a character that most of the current flows where it is encircled by the smallest number of flux lines. This is because those parts encircled by the fewest flux lines have the lowest inductance, and hence offer the least impedance to the current. The ratio that the effective alternating-current resistance bears to the direct-current resistance of a conductor increases with frequency and with the conductivity of the conductor material. This is because the higher frequency Increases the reactance produced by the extra flux linkages, whereas a higher conductivity causes slight differences of inductance for different parts of the conductor to have more effect on the current distribution. The non-uniformity of current distribution that results from skin effect can be reduced by employing a conductor consisting of a large number of small insulated wires connected in parallel at the terminals and thoroughly interwoven. If the interweaving is complete each conductor will on the average link with the same number of flux lines as every other conductor. This will give all the individual strands substantially the same inductance, and will therefore cause the current to distribute uniformly between the strands. Research Effective Resistance of Conductors at Radio Frequencies
Effervescence, the rapid escape of a gas from a liquid, producing a turbulent motion in it, and causing it to boil up. It is produced by the actual formation of a gas in the liquid, as in fermentation, or by the liberation of a gas which has been forced into it, as in aerated beverages. Research Effervescence
The Enhanced Graphics Adapter or EGA was a video card for Personal Computers produced by IBM in response to the Hercules Graphics Card, and released in 1985. The EGA could hold 256K of video RAM and display 16 colour graphics at a resolution of 640 x 350 pixels. Research EGA
An egg is a body specially developed in the females of animals which when impregnated by a male sperm develops into the young of the animal. Research Egg
Egg glair is a substance consisting of fresh egg white mixed with lukewarm water, and used in gilding to prevent gold leaf from sticking to varnished or enamelled work. Research Egg Glair
Egyptian blue was the first pigment prepared by artificial means. It is a crystalline silicate of copper that produces a fine rich blue colour that was much used in fresco work. Research Egyptian Blue
An eidograph is an instrument for copying drawings, designs and the like reduced or enlarged , within limits, to any desired proportion. Some what on the lines of the pantograph, the eidograph comprises a slotted beam adapted to slide in a socket, having the axis in the center line of the slot. Underneath each end of the beam is a wheel; the wheels are of the same diameter and geared together by a chain. Sliding in a guide in each wheel is an arm, one of which carries a tracer and the other a pencil, or the equivalent, for copying. The gearing together of the two wheels ensures that the arms will remain parallel for all possitions of the instrument. The size of the copy is determined by the position of the beam in the socket. Research Eidograph
Elaeoptene is the liquid portion of volatile oils, as distinguished from the concrete or crystallizable portion called stearoptene. Research Elaeoptene
Elain is the oily principle of fat obtained by submitting fat to the action of boilingalcohol, allowing the stearin to crystallize, and then evaporating the alcoholic solution. It possesses much the appearance and properties of vegetable oil, and forms soaps with alkalies. Research Elain
Elasticity is the property in virtue of which bodies resist change of volume and change of shape, and recover their former figure or state after external pressure, tension, or distortion. The former is called elasticity of volume, the latter elasticity of shape. The name Compressibility is also used in connection with the elasticity of volume; and Rigidity, or resistance to change of shape, in connection with the latter. Fluids possess no rigidity whatever;. they offer no permanent resistance to change of shape; while a solid body, unless it is distorted beyond certain limits, called the limits of elasticity, tends to return to its original form. Both fluids and solids possess elasticity of volume, and tend to resume their original volume after compression. The elasticity of volume of the former is perfect; whatever compression they have been subjected to, they return under the same conditions of temperature to precisely their original volumes when the forces of compression are removed. In the case of solids there are limits to their elasticity of volume as well as to their elasticity of form; thus gold may be made permanently denser by hammering. There is one law of elasticity, the celebrated law of Hooke - Ut Tensio sicVis, which translated into the modern language of elasticity states - Strain is proportional to stress; or, in other words, whatever be the nature of the distortion the amount of it is proportional to the stress that produces it. This law is only considered as applicable so long as we do not go beyond the limits of elasticity. Also of relevance to elasticity is Boyle's Law, which deals with gasses. Research Elasticity
Electric current is the movement of electric charge. In a conductor the current consists of a drift of electrons towards the positive pole of the applied electric field. In an electrolyte or in a gas it consists of the migration of positive ions towards the negative electrode and of negative ions and/or electrons towards the positive electrode. Research Electric current
Electro-dyanometer was the early name for an ammeter, an instrument used for the measurement of electric currents. The early electro-dyanometers operated by means of measuring the mechanical forces which electric currents exert upon each other. It contained two coils of wire, one fixed and the other movable; when a current is sent through both coils there is a tendency in the movable coil to set its plane in coincidence with that of the fixed coil, and this tendency is resisted by mechanical means provided for the purpose - usually by the torsion of a wire from the end of which the movable coil hangs, thus providing a means of measurement. Research Electro-Dynamometer
An electrode is a conductor by which an electric current enters or leaves an electrolyte or an electron tube. The positive electrode is called the anode and the negative electrode is called the cathode. The term electrode (from the Greek, hodos, a way), was introduced by Faraday to denote the wires or other terminals by which electricity either enters or leaves a body which is undergoing electrolytic decomposition. He called the electrode at which the current enters the anode (ana, upwards), and the electrode at which the current leaves the electrolyte the cathode (kata, downwards). Research Electrode
In chemistry, an electron is an atomic particle carrying a unit charge of negative electricity, having a mass of 1/1837 of that of a proton. Research Electron
In chemistry, electrophoresis is the migration of colloidal particles dispersed in a fluid, under the influence of an electric field. Research Electrophoresis
Electrum is a naturally occurring alloy of gold and silver. The gold content varies but is usually around 65 - 80 percent. Other metals, such as copper, bismuth or palladium are also sometimes present. In Ancient Greece the term electrum was given to an alloy of gold and silver containing 80 percent gold. The term electrum is also given to an artifically created alloy of gold and silver. Research Electrum
An ellipse is a figure in geometry ranking next in importance to the circle, and produced when any cone is cut by a plane which passes through it not parallel to nor cutting the base. Kepler discovered that the paths described by the planets in their revolutions round the sun are ellipses, the sun being placed in one of the foci. To describe an ellipse: At a given distance"on the surface on which the ellipse is to be described fix two pins, and pass a looped string round them. Keep the string stretched by a pencil, and move the pencil round, keeping the string at the same tension, then the ellipse will be described. A line drawn from any point in the curve perpendicularly to the axis is an ordinate to the axis. Any straight line drawn through the centre and terminated both ways by the curve is called a diameter. Research Ellipse
Elutriation is the process of separating the finer particles of an earthy substance from the coarser and heavier by washing with water. Research Elutriation
EMACS is a programmable computer text editor with an entireLISP system inside it. It was originally written by Richard Stallman in TECO under ITS at the MITAI lab; AIMemo 554 described it as 'an advanced, self-documenting, customisable, extensible real-time display editor'. It has since been reimplemented any number of times, by various hackers, and versions exist which run under most major operating systems. Perhaps the most widely used version, also written by Stallman and now called 'GNU EMACS' or GNUMACS, runs principally under UNIX. It includes facilities to run compilation sub-processes and send and receive mail. Other variants include GOSMACS, CCA EMACS, UniPress EMACS, Montgomery EMACS, jove, epsilon, and MicroEMACS. Research EMACS
An email client is a computer program that interacts directly with the user, allowing mail to be sent, read, filed, printed and otherwise manipulated. Research Email Client
Embalming is the preparation of dead bodies so that they will not decay. The ancient Egyptians were especially expert and many mummies are still preserved. Research Embalming
An emulsion is an extremely fine dispersion of a liquid throughout another liquid with which it is immiscible. Industrial emulsions include margarine, and paint. Within the natural world, the most common emulsion is blood. Research Emulsion
In mechanics, an endless Screw is a contrivance consisting of a screw, the thread of which gears into a wheel with skewteeth, the obliquity corresponding to the angle of pitch of the screw. It is generally employed as a means of producing slow motion in the adjustments of machines, rather than as a transmitter of any great amount of power. Research Endless Screw
In physics, the term energy refers to an object's capacity to do work. This capacity is related to the strength of the flow of electrons in the object, or, in the case of potential energy, the amount of energy stored in the object. Thus, a powerful object such as the sun expels an enormous flow of electrons as solar energy, and a single atom of hydrogen contains the pathetic energy of a single electron orbiting its nucleus.
A body may possess energy in one of two forms: as kinetic energy, that is the energy due to motion, and potential energy, that is energy due to what may be called a position of advantage. Thus a moving mass, a bullet for example, can do work in virtue of its motion, and the name kinetic energy is given to energy of this kind. under this name is also included energy belonging to molecular motion, to electricity in motion, to heat and light, and to actual chemical action. Again, as examples of potential energy we may take the case of a mass raised up to a position in which it is capable of doing work by falling - the weight of a clock for instance; but the term also includes the energy due to electrical separation, to absorbed heat, and to chemical separation, as in gunpowder, which is ready to do work by means of its explosion.
From the investigations of Joule and others into the nature and phenomena of heat and the discovery of the equivalence of a definite quantity of mechanical energy to a definite quantity of heat, the grand principle of the conservation of energy was established. This asserts that the total amount of energy in the universe, or in any limited system which does not receive energy from without, or part with it to external matter, is invariable. If energy of any form seems to disappear in such a case it reappears in some other form. Thus, mechanical energy may be converted into heat. Heat again may be converted into the energy of electricity in motion, or into the potential energy of chemical separation. And electrical energy, whether potential or kinetic, and the energy of chemical separation, are also convertible into heat.
Connected with this principle is another which states that no known natural process is exactly reversible, and that if we transform mechanical energy into heat, for example, we never can pass back and obtain from the heat produced precisely the amount of mechanical energy with which we commenced. Whatever attempt is made to transform and retransform energy by an imperfect process, and no known process is perfect, part, of the energy is necessarily transformed into heat, and is dissipated so as to be incapable of further useful transformation. It therefore follows, that as energy is in a constant state of transformation, there is a constant process of degradation of energy going on, a process by which energy constantly approaches the unavailable form of uniformly diffused heat; and this will go on until the whole of the energy of the universe has taken this final form. Research Energy
Enterprise Blue is a client-server help desk application for personal computers running the Windows operating system. Enterprise Blue was designed for use by call centres and help desks, enabling them to maintain and record contact with their customers, and maintain a knowledge base of customer problems and solutions. Enterprise Blue is intended for larger organisations and operates over a network, including the internet. Research Enterprise Blue More information about Enterprise Blue
The Environs Text Editor is an industrial-strength programmer's editor for the Windows operating system. It combines the ability to edit any number of files of any size and line length, including binary files, with features to speed programming, such as unlimited undo, column operations, regular expression search and replace, fully configurable keyboard, file/selection sorting and printing, and scope matching. Research Environs Text Editor
Eosin is one of the coal-tar colours, the potassium or sodiumsalt of tetrabromo-flourescein. It is a red substance which possesses brilliant fluorescence in alkaline solution. It is used in acid solution as a red dye for wool and silk and is also used in red ink. Research Eosin
In geometry, an epicycloid is a curve generated by the movement of a circle upon the convex side of another curve, that generated by the movement of a circle upon the concave side of a fixed curve being called a hypocycloid. Research Epicycloid
An epicycloidal wheel is a wheel or ring fixed to a framework, toothed on its inner side, and having in gear with it another toothed wheel of half the diameter of the first, fitted so as to revolve about the centre of the latter. It is used for converting circular into alternate motion, or alternate into circular. While the revolution of the smaller wheel is taking place any point whatever on its circumference will describe a straight line, or will pass and repass through a diameter of the circle, once during each revolution. In practice, a piston-rod or other reciprocating part may be attached to any point on the circumference of the smaller wheel. Research Epicycloidal Wheel
Epoxide resins are used as adhesives (Araldite and other epoxy adhesives), laminates and as insulated potting materials for electronics. They are prepared by combining two complex organic chemicals into another yet more complex, are generally made useful by the further addition of a hardener. Research Epoxide Resins
Eprouvette was the name of an instrument for ascertaining the strength of gunpowder, or of comparing the strength of different kinds of gunpowder. Research Eprouvette
Epsom Salts is the popular name for hydrated magnesium sulphate (Epsomite), MgSO4.7H2O, the name coming from the mineral's occurrence in mineral springs in Epsom, Surrey. It is used medicinally as a cathartic, and is also used for weighting textiles. Research Epsom Salts
In algenbra, an equation is a proposition asserting the equality of two quantities, and expressed by the equals sign (=) between them; or an expression of the same quantity in two dissimilar terms, but of equal value as $1 = 100c or x = b + m - r. In the latter case x is equal to b added to m, with r subtracted, and the quantities on the right hand of the sign of equation are said to be the value of x on the left hand. An equation is termed simple, quadratic., cubic, or biquadratic, or of the first, second, third, or fourth degree, according as the index of the highest power of the unknown quantity is one, two, three, or four.
In astronomy, an equation is the correction or quantity to be added to or subtracted from the mean position of a heavenly body to obtain the true position. The term personal equation is the quantity of time by which a person is in the habit of noting a phenomenon wrongly; it may be called positive or negative, according as he notes it after or before it really takes place. Research Equation
The equation of time is the difference between mean and apparent time, or the difference of time as given by a clock and as given by a sun-dial, arising chiefly from the varying velocity of the earth in its orbit and the eccentricity of the orbit. The sun and the clock agree four times in the year; the greatest difference between them at the beginning of November is fully sixteen minutes. Research Equation of Time
An equatorial is an astronomical instrument contrived for the purpose of directing a telescope upon any celestial object, and of keeping the object in view for any length of time, notwithstanding the diurnal motion of the earth. For these purposes a principal axis resting on firm supports is mounted exactly parallel to the axis of the earth's rotation, and consequently pointing to the poles of the heavens, being fixed so as to turn on pivots at its extremities. To this there is attached a telescope moving on an axis of its own in such a way that it may either be exactly parallel to the other axis, or at any angle to it; when at right angles it points to the celestial equator. By this means a star can be followed by one motion from its rising to its setting. In some observatories the equatorials were formerly given the necessary motion by clockwork. Research Equatorial
Equilibrium is a state of equipoise; a state of rest produced by the mutual counteraction of two or more forces, as the state of the two ends of a lever or balance, when both are charged with equal weight. When a body, being slightly moved out of any position, always tends to return, to its position, that position is said to be one of stable equilibrium; when the body will not thus return to its previous position, its position is said to be one of unstable equilibrium.
In chemistry, equilibrium is a state existing in a reversible reaction when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal and the concentrations of the reactants and products are equal. Research Equilibrium
In astronomy the equinoctial is the circle in the heavens otherwise known as the celestial equator. When the sun is on the equator there is equal length of day and night over all the earth: hence the name equinoctial.
Equinoctial gales are storms which are observed generally to take place about the time of the sun's crossing the equator, that is, at the vernal and autumnal equinox, in March and September.
Equinoctial points are the two points wherein the celestial equator and ecliptic intersect each other;
the one, being in the first point of Aries, is called the vernal point; and the other, in the first point of Libra, the autumnal point. These points are found to be moving backward or westward at the rate of 50 minutes of a degree in a year. This is called the precession of the equinoxes. Research Equinoctial
An equinox is the precise time when the sun enters one of the equinoctial points, or the first point of Aries about the 21st of March, and the first point of Libra about the 23rd of September, making the day and night of equal length all over the world. At all other times the lengths of the day and of the night are unequal, their difference being the greater the more we approach either pole, while in the same latitude it is everywhere the same. Research Equinox
An ergonmic keyboard is a computer keyboard that separates the keys into two halves shaped like a wide V so as to put less stress on the hands and wrist during use. Research Ergonomic Keyboard
An eriometer is an optical instrument for measuring the diameters of minute particles and fibres, from the size of the coloured rings produced by the diffraction of the light in which the objects are viewed. Research Eriometer
An Erlenmeyer flask is a flask with a wide base, narrow neck and a conical form often used for swirling liquids by hand during laboratory experiments. Research Erlenmeyer Flask
The error performing inpage operation message is an error message displayed by the Windows operating systems when it encounters a problem reading a small file (less than 256Kb) from a removable disk, such as a floppy diskette, CD-ROM or DVD. The error usually indicates a physical problem with the source diskette, CD or DVD. Research Error Performing Inpage Operation
Erythrosine (Disodium 2-(2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-3-oxido-6-oxoxanthen-9-y1) benzoate monohydrate mixed with other colouring matters which contain arsenic, lead, mercurycadmium and other heavy metals) is a red powder used in the food industry as a red dye. Research Erythrosine
In horology, an escapement is a device intervening between, and acted upon by both, the power and the time-measurer in a clock or watch, to convert a continuous rotary into an oscillating isochronous movement. The power through the escapement imparts to the pendulum or balance-wheel an impulse sufficient to overcome the friction of the latter and the resistance of the atmosphere, and thus keeps up the vibrations. the time-measurer (pendulum or balance-wheel) acts through the escapement to cause the motion of the train to be intermittent. Clocks and watches are generally named according to the form of their escapement: Chronometer, crown-wheel, Cylinder, Dead-beat, detached, Duplex, Horizontal and Lever escapement, &c. Research Escapement
ESSA were a series of American satellites, the first launched in 1966 followed by two more the same year, to provide information to be used by the US Weather Bureau to improve daily weather forecasts. The first ESSA satellite was a drum-shaped device weighing 138 kg, 107 cm in diameter and 56 cm tall. In orbit it revolved in the manner of a wheel, and was equipped with two cameras on its rim and could observe the weather occuring all over the world, photographing and transmitting the weather conditions back to command stations at Fairbanks, Alaska and Wallops, Virginia. Research ESSA
The essential oils (ethereal oils, volatile oils) are a group of naturally occurring sometimes pleasant-smelling liquids of vegetable origin. They are extracted either by pressing or distillation and are of several types; terpenes or similar hydro-carbons, aromatic aldehydes, and esters. The terpenes are largely used for solvents, the others for perfumes and flavourings. Research Essential Oil
In chemistry, ether is a very light, volatile, and inflammable fluid, produced by the distillation of alcohol with sulphuric acid. It is lighter than alcohol, of a strong sweet smell, susceptible of great expansion, and has a pungent taste. A mixture of vapour of ether with atmospheric air is extremely explosive. Ether produces an intoxication of short duration, and was formerly sometimes used as an anaesthetic. Research Ether
Ethnology is the science dealing with the inter-relatedness of the human family in terms of the physical appearance, customs, culture, art, economics etc. Research Ethnology
Ethyl is a compound radicle, a colourless gas, with a slightly ethereal odour, a compound of carbon and hydrogen. It was first obtained in the free state by Edward Frankland in 1849. Research Ethyl
Ethyl Acetate (acetic ether) is a colourless liquid with a characteristic fruity odour prepared by the esterification of ethyl alcohol with acetic acid. It is used as a solvent and as a flavouring agent. Research Ethyl Acetate
Ethyl acrylate is a colourless, flammable liquid with a penetrating acrid odour. It is used primarily as an intermediate in the production of emulsion-based polymers, including those used in textile treatment, surface coatings, paper treatment, polishes, adhesives, leather treatment, and other emulsion-based polymers. Ethyl acrylate is also used in the production of other polymers, including solvent-based surface coatings. Ethyl acrylate is soluble in ethanol, ether, and chloroform and is slightly soluble in water. It is incompatible or reactive with oxidizers, peroxides, polymerises, strong alkalis, moisture, and chlorosulfonic acid. It polymerises readily unless an inhibitor such as hydroquinone is added. When heated to decomposition, ethyl acrylate emits smoke and acrid fumes. Ethyl acrylate is also known as acrylic acid ethyl ester, ethyl propenoate, ethoxycarbonylethylene, ethyl-2-propenoate, and NCI-C50384. Research Ethyl Acrylate
Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) is the nbest known of the alcohols - it is the alcohol found in beverages and is obtained by the alcoholic fermentation of carbohydrates. It is a colourless, spicy-smelling liquid with a burning taste. Ethyl alcohol is combustible and easily ignites. Ethyl alcohol is used in beverages, as a solvent and in industrial synthesis (synthetic chemistry), and widely in perfumes. Research Ethyl Alcohol
Ethylene is a gaseous hydrocarbon with the formulae C2H4. It contains one double bond and is the simplest example of an unsaturated compound. Research Ethylene
Ethylene Glycol is a sweet syrupy liquid miscible with water and employed as an anti-freeze mixture in motor-car radiators and also as a solvent. Research Ethylene Glycol
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether is a glycol ether used in hydraulic fluids, as a coupling agent for water-based coatings, in vinyl and acrylic paints and varnishes, and as a solvent for varnishes, enamels, spray lacquers, dry cleaning compounds, textiles, and cosmetics.
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether is a colourless liquid with a mild, rancid, ether-like odour. It is soluble in most organic solvents and mineral oil. It mixes with acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, ethylether, n-heptane and water; it is miscible with many ketones, ethers, alcohols, aromatic paraffin, and halogenated hydrocarbons. Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether is also known as ethylene glycol mono-n-butyl ether. Research Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether
An eudiometer is a chemical apparatus introduced by Joseph Priestley in 1770, originally designed for ascertaining the purity of the air or the quantity of oxygen it contains, but later employed generally in the analysis of gaseous mixtures. The eudiometer consists of a graduated glass tube, either straight or bent in the shape of the letter U, hermetically sealed at one end and open at the other. Two platinumwires, intended for the conveyance of electric sparks through any mixture of gases, are inserted through the glass near the closed end of the tube, and approach but do not touch each other. The electric spark causes chemical combination to take place between the oxygen in the gas to be analysed, and hydrogen which has been introduced into the tube, and the nature and proportion of the constituents of the gaseous mixture are determined by the diminution in volume after the passing of the spark. Or certain substances, such as causticpotash, pyrogallic acid, etc, may be introduced into the closed tube in order to absorb the gases present one by one. Research Eudiometer
Eudora is an email client program for the Windows operating system and also the Maccomputer, operating on TCP/ IP networks (such as the Internet). Research Eudora
Eugenics is the science of selective breeding to control physical and mental characteristics. It was proposed in 1904 by Francis Galton as a new division of social science that would embrace the study of 'all the influences that improve the inborn qualities of the human race, and tend to develop them to the utmost advantage.' Research Eugenics
Euphorbium is a yellowish-white body, which is the solidified juice of certain plants of the genus Euyliorbia, either exuding naturally or from incisions made in the bark. It is a powerfully acrid substance, virulently purgative and emetic. Research Euphorbium
Eureka from Borland International is a computer program that can solve any linear or non-linear equation and is designed for the person who frequently works with variables and unknowns in the business and scientific world.
Eureka's structured environment is perfect for the professional or technical person who may not have a broad understanding of numerical analysis techniques. After you enter an equation using Eureka's text editor, select the Solve command and Eureka will determine the values of the variables in equations.
Eureka solves the problem, graphs the solution, and creates a report including assumptions, graphs, and solutions. Eureka solves inequalities and performs automatic conversions for units of measure. The product includes built-in trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential, statistical, and financial functions. Eureka contains a powerful on-screen calculator that performs all one-variable arithmetic functions quickly and simply as if you were working with a scientific hand-held calculator.
Eureka's separate windows are dedicated to certain commands, making it easy to write, edit, and solve equations interactively. The full-screen editor, which is identical to those in SideKick and TurboPascal, uses standard ASCII syntax and editing commands. You can import equation files from other ASCII editors.
Eureka is well equipped to handle optimisation or linear programming problems. You can solve a system of equations based on certain constraints, such as maximising profits, creating the optimal product mix or creating the most efficient work schedule. Eureka includes a number of sample problems that range from determining probabilities in a card game to calculating payments on a car loan. There are specialised accounting functions that financial analysts will find useful for money- management. Research Eureka
Evaporation is the conversion of a liquid by heat into vapour, which passes into the atmosphere. The process of evaporation is constantly going on at the surface of the earth, but principally at the surface of the sea, of lakes, rivers, and pools. The vapour thus formed, being specifically lighter than atmospheric air, rises to considerable heights above the earth's surface; and afterwards, by a process of cooling, is partially condensed, forms clouds, and finally descends in rain. The effect of evaporation is to reduce the temperature of the evaporating liquid; and the most intense degree of cold with which we are acquainted is caused by the evaporation of volatile liquids, such as ether, or, still better, liquid air. In the animal body evaporation from the skin and lungs is one of the most obvious causes of diminution of temperature. Research Evaporation
In geometry, an evolute is a curve from which another curve, called the involute or evolvent, is described by the end of a thread gradually wound upon the former, or unwound from it. Research Evolute
Evolution, literally the act of unrolling or unfolding, is a term used in science and philosophy to indicate the development of an organism or organic entity towards greater differentiation of organs and functions, and, therefore, to a more complex and higher state of being. Thus, in astronomy, the nebular hypothesis, which regards the planetary bodies as evolved from nebular or gaseous matter, is an example of evolution. In geology, also, the old view which considered the animal and vegetable life of each geological period as a new and separate organic creation, has given place to the evolutionary theory of a process of development from earlier types to those of the later periods. But the evolution of the more complex from the more simple organisms does not necessarily, probably never does, exhibit a linear series of advances; thus of the protoplasm which represents the first stage of an animal's existence, part is set aside for one tissue, part for another; in the same way, on the theory of the origin of certain animal or vegetable forms from a common stock, some members of a group have manifested such modifications as render them permanently unlike their kindred of whom some may retain for a longer or shorter time their original characters, while others become specialized in other directions.
Evolution is a law whose operation is traceable throughout every department of nature. It may be equally well illustrated from the history of philosophy or the arts, or from the historical development of society. But it is in connection with the evolutionary theory of the origin of species that the principle of evolution has been most discussed, affirming, as it does, that all forms of life both in the animal and vegetable kingdom have been developed by continuous differentiation of organs and modifications of parts from one low form of life consisting of a minute cell. The steps by which this process has been accomplished and the causes which have been mainly at work in it form a department of research to which many notable scientists - Lamarck, St Hilaire, Meckel, Haeckel, Spencer, Darwin, Wallace, and others have contributed.
One of the greatest contributions to the theory of evolution in nature was the work of Charles Darwin (published in his book On the Origin of Species), in which he produced some of the strongest evidence in favour of evolution as an endless progression evolving higher species, genera, families, orders, classes, the infinitely varied forms being each adapted to the circumstances by which it is surrounded. A theory which over 100 years later and despite irrefutable evidence is condemned by Christian fundamentalists as blasphemy, arguing instead that the notion of evolution is at odds with the biblical theory of creation (creationism), the fundamentalists taking offence at the concept of man as a higher form of ape which has developed over millennia, rather than being created as a perfect form by a supernatural deity. Research Evolution
Examine by Aquila Software is a fast and versatile text search utility that can search both text and binary files using either ordinary words or GREP-like regular expressions, the UNIX searching utility, for more sophisticated searches. Searches can be across multiple drives over networks or can be restricted to a single directory with the option of searching subdirectories if so desired. Files can be viewed either with their associated application or with the program's own fully configurable internal viewer. Research Examine
ExamineZip by Aquila Software is a PCutility that searches for files and text within files stored in ZIP archives created with PKZIP. File searches can use DOS wild-cards while text searches can use either ordinary words or GREP-like regular expressions. Each search can be across multiple drives over networks or can be restricted to a single directory. The program can also be used as a fully functional UNZIP utility where the contents of an archive can be listed, viewed, tested or extracted to disk. Pkunzip is not required. Research ExamineZip
In audio engineering an expander is a form of automatic level control. By attenuating the signal below the threshold, the expander reduces low-level noise or expands the dynamic range of the recorded material. Research Expander
In physics, expansion is the enlargement or increase in the bulk of bodies, in consequence of a change in their temperature. This is one of the most general effects of heat, being common to all bodies whatever, whether solid or fluid. The expansion of fluids varies considerably, but, in general, the denser the fluid, the less the expansion; thus water expands more than mercury, and spirits of wine more than water; and, commonly, the greater the heat, the greater the expansion; but this is not universal, for there are cases in which expansion is produced, not by an increase, but by a diminution of temperature. Water, in cooling, ceases to contract at 42 degrees Fahrenheit.; and at about 39 degrees, just before it reaches the freezing point (32 degrees), it begins to expand again, and more and more rapidly as the freezing point is reached. This expansion is about one-eleventh of its bulk, and accounts for the bursting of pipes, etc, when water is freezing in them. Research Expansion
With few exceptions, substances expand when heated, and very large forces may be set up if there is an obstruction to the free movement of the expanding or contracting bodies. If concrete road surfaces were laid down in one continuous piece cracks would appear owing to the expansion and contraction brought about by the difference between summer and winter temperatures. To avoid this, surfaces are laid in small sections, each one being separated from the next by a small gap which is filled in with a compound of pitch. On a hot summer day this material will often be seen to have squeezed out of the joints on account of the expansion. In the older methods of laying railway tracks gaps have to be left between successive lengths of rail to allow for expansion. Even when such gaps have been left the rails may sometimes 'creep' and close up the gaps. If this happens a rise in temperature may lead to buckling of the track.
Free movement at the rail joints is allowed for by making the bolt holes of the plates joining the tracks, slotted. In modern practice, however, railway lines are welded together to form long, continuous lengths. With this method, it is only the last fifty to one hundred metres of any length which show expansion, usually of a few centimetres. This movement is taken up by planning the ends of the rails and overlapping them. The forces set up by expansion in the remainder of the rails are, so to speak, locked up in the metal. To keep these forces to a minimum, it is usual to lay the track at a time when the temperature is midway between the summer and winter averages. This technique has been made possible by the use of concrete sleepers and improved methods of fixing the rails so that the track may withstand the thermal stresses set up in it without buckling. Allowance also has to be made for the expansion of bridges and the roofs of buildings made of steel girders. Various methods are used to overcome the difficulty, a common one being to have one end only of the structure fixed while the other rests on rollers. Free movement is thus permitted in both directions. Over a very long period of years, expansion and contraction causes 'creeping' of the lead on the sloping roofs of buildings. When heated by the sun the lead expands and tends to move down the roof under its own weight. On cooling and contracting, the force of contraction is opposed by gravity and the friction of the lead against the roof. This sets up a strain in the lead gives it a slight permanent stretch. After many years the lead stretches so much it eventually forms folds and may break. Research Expansion of Solids
In chemistry, expressed oils are those oils which are obtainable from bodies only by pressing, to distinguish them from mineral and essential oils, which are, for the most part, obtained by distillation. Research Expressed Oils
Ext was an elaborate extension of the minixcomputer filesystem. It had been completely superseded by the second version of the extended filesystem (ext2) by the late 1990's. Research Ext
Ext2 was a disk filesystem used by Linux for fixed disks as well as removable media. The second extended filesystem was designed as an extension of the extended filesystem (ext). Ext2 offered the best performance (in terms of speed and CPU usage) of the filesystems supported under Linux at the time of its development. Research Ext2
In physics extension is that property of a body by which it occupies a portion of space. Extension is an essential as well as a general property of matter, for it is impossible to form a conception of matter, however minute may be the particle, without connecting with it the idea of its having a certain bulk and occupying a certain quantity of space. Every body, however small, must have length, breadth, and thickness; that is, it must possess the property of extension. Figure or form is the result of extension, for we cannot conceive that a body has length, breadth, and thickness, without its having some kind of figure, however irregular. Research Extension
An extincteur was an early form of fire extinguisher, consisting of a metallic case containing water and materials for generating carbonic acid. When required the materials were brought into contact by pushing a rod which broke a bottle containing acid, the gas mixed with the water, and the pressure generated was sufficient to project the water charged with the gas to a distance of about 15 metres. Research Extincteur
Abbreviations
SciTech
Research E Layer
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