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The G6-233 is a Personal Computer by Gateway 2000. It is built around an Intel 233Mhz Pentium II Processor with 64MB of SDRAM (expandable to 384MB), 512KB L2 Cache, 4.3GB, 10ms Ultra ATA Hard Drive, 1 3.5' 1.44MB Floppy Disk Drive, Mitsumi 32X 90ms CDROM, STB AGP 3D Graphics Accelerator with 4MB DRAM, and supplied with a 15 inch EV500 TCO-92 0.28dp Monitor.
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Gadolinium is a silvery white metal element with the symbol Gd of the group of rare earth metals. It is found in the mineral gadolinite. It is ferromagnetic (strongly attracted by a magnet). The metal is relatively stable in dry air, but in moist air it tarnishes with the formation of a loosely adhering oxide film which 'spalls' off and exposes more surface to oxidation. The metal reacts slowly with water and is soluble in dilute acid.
Gadolinium has the highest thermal neutron capture cross-section of any known element. Gadolinium is used for making gadolinium yttrium garnets which have microwave applications.
Gadolinium compounds are used for making phosphors for colour TV tubes. Gadolinium is also used in alloys and CD disks and has superconductive properties. Solutions of gadolinium compounds are used as intravenous contrasts to enhance images in patients undergoing MRI (magnetic resonance imaging).
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A galactometer is an instrument, similar to a hydrometer, used for measuring the relative density of milk. It is used to determine the fat content.
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Galactose (lactoglucose) is a sugar formed together with glucose when lactose is boiled in dilute acids. It occurs naturally in ivy.
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Galalith (erinoid) is a synthetic plastic material manufactured by the interaction of casein and formaldehyde. It is odourless, insoluble in water, and only with difficulty inflammable.
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Galaxy is a shareware, wordstar compatible word processor for the IBM PC.
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Galbanum is a bitter aromatic gum resin extracted from any of several Asian umbelliferous plants of the genus Ferula, especially from Ferula galbaniflua. It is used in incense and in medicine as a counterirritant.
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Gale's compound is gunpowder mixed with powdered glass so as to render it non-explosive. The compound was patented by a Dr Gale.
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Galipot is a resin obtained from several species of pine, especially from the south European tree Pinus pinaster.
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A galley was a rectangular tray, open at one end, used for holding set type in the printing industry. Later the term came to be a unit of measurement, 22 inches long, used in type composition.
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Gallic Acid (Trihydroxy-benzoic Acid) is an acid which was first procured from the gall-nut by Scheele in 1786. It occurs in the seeds of the mango, acorn, tea, walnut and many other plants and is a decomposition product of tannic acid. It is used as an important black dye and is an ingredient in ink.
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Gallium is a rare metal element with the symbol Ga.
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Galton's law is a formula proposed by Sir Francis Galton in ancestral heredity, that assigns to each parent one quarter of the characters of their offspring.
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The galvanic skin response (GSR) is a change in the electrical resistance of the skin occurring in moments of strong emotion. Measurements of this change are used in lie detector tests.
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Galvanized iron is corrugated iron which has been dipped in melted zinc to give it a thin coating.
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A galvanometer is an instrument for measuring a (usually minute) electric current by the deflection of a magnetic needle. Basically, it is comprised of a coil beneath a suspended magnetic needle. When electric current passes through the coil it sets up a magnetic field and attracts the needle, the stronger the current the more powerful the magnetic field and the more pronounced the needle's deflection from the earth's magnetic field.
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Galyak is a smooth glossy fur obtained from the skins of newborn or premature lambs and kids.
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Gambier is an astringent resinous substance obtained from a rubiaceous tropical Asian woody climbing plant, Uncaria gambir. It is used as an astringent and tonic and in tanning.
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Gamboge is a gum-resin obtained from a tree (Garcinia) growing in the Far East. It is used as a yellow paint-pigment, in the manufacture of varnish, in tanning and as a purgative.
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In chemistry, gamma rays are similar to X-rays, forming part of the radiation of a radioactive substance.
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Gamma Rays are a short, intense burst of electromagnetic radiation emitted by an unstable nucleus of radioactive material. Gamma rays have no electrical charge and can penetrate even thick lead and concrete.
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Gamma-linolenic-acid is a fatty acid found in evening primrose oil, black currant seeds, borage oil and mother' s milk.
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A gang nail is an arrangement of nails on a metal plate, used as a connecting piece in strong timber joints.
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Garua is a thick fog occurring in the rainless regions along the Peruvian coast. It usually prevails after a very sultry summer.
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Gas is a form of matter where the molecules move randomly.
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Gas black is a finely powdered carbon produced by the incomplete burning of natural gas. It is used as a pigment in paints, where it provides an intense black colour with good staining properties.
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Gas chromatography is a technique for analysing a mixture of volatile substances in which the mixture is carried by an inert gas through a column packed with a selective adsorbent and a detector records on a moving strip the conductivity of the gas leaving the tube. Peaks on the resulting graph indicate the presence of a particular component.
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The gas equation is an equation that equates the product of the pressure and the volume of one mole of a gas to the product of its thermodynamic temperature and the gas constant. The equation is exact for an ideal gas and is a good approximation for real gases at low pressures.
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A gas mask is a breathing apparatus consisting of an air-tight face piece held tightly across the face by straps at the back of the head and which is fitted with a filter device to strain impurities such as poisonous gasses from the air being inhaled by the wearer, and also protecting the eyes from noxious substances. Gas masks were invented during the Great War in response to the chemical warfare employed on both the German and Allied sides.
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Gas Oil is a liquid petroleum distillate with a viscosity somewhat below that of lubricating oils. It is used in the manufacture of coal gas and as the charging stock in cracking plants where it is broken down for use as motor spirit.
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A gas-cooled reactor is a nuclear reactor using a gas as the coolant. In the Mark I type the coolant is carbon dioxide, the moderator is graphite, and the fuel is uranium cased in magnox.
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A gas-turbine is a form of engine in which a continuous stream of hot gases is directed against the blades of a turbine, causing it to turn. In most cases the gas, usually air, is first compressed in a compressor before passing into combustion chambers, where a portion of the gas is mixed with fuel and burned. The rest of the gas bypasses the combustion chamber and mixes with the hot gases emerging after combustion. This is then forced through nozzles to drive a turbine. Part of the power from this turbine is used to drive the compressor; the remaining power can be used in various ways, depending on the function of the engine: it may drive the propeller shaft of a turboprop aircraft or ship, the drive-shaft of a locomotive, or an electric generator. Alternatively, a turbine just big enough to drive the compressor can be used, and the remaining energy of the hot exhaust gases used to give a high-speed exhaust jet and hence a forward thrust; this is the jet engine. Gas-turbines are used in electricity generation for standby and peak-load service, in portable power plants, and in combined-cycle power generation. The high power-to-weight ratio of gas-turbines has led to their use in aeroplanes, and also in diesel locomotives and naval vessels.
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A gasket is a compressible packing piece of paper, rubber, asbestos, or other material, sandwiched between the faces of a metal joint to provide a seal.
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Gasohol is a mixture of 80% or 90% petrol with 20% or 10% ethyl alcohol, for use as a fuel in internal-combustion engines.
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A gate valve is a valve in a pipe or channel that is equipped with a sliding plate that controls the flow.
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In computing, a gateway is a link connecting two IP networks.
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Gator Edit is a powerful text editor for the Windows operating system that allows you to open up to 100 files simultaneously. It offers many text-formatting and editing tools and has user- configurable toolbars. Gator Edit also comes with a spelling checker, a thesaurus, bookmarking, a search-and-replace function, and the ability to read and export DOS, Unix, and Mac text files.
Gator Edit features a powerful file finder, a Private Clipboard function, and a Toolbar Builder that allows you to build and save as many toolbars as you like. You can customize each toolbar for a given purpose. Dock, float, name, hide, and display them however you like.
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A gauge is any scientific measuring instrument - for example, a wire gauge or a pressure gauge. The term is also applied to the width of a railroad or tramway track.
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In physics, a gauge boson is a boson that mediates the interaction between elementary particles. There are four types: photons for electromagnetic interactions, gluons for strong interactions, intermediate vector bosons for weak interactions, and gravitons for gravitational interactions.
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In physics, gauge theory is a type of theory of elementary particles designed to explain the strong, weak, and electromagnetic interactions in terms of exchange of virtual particles.
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Gauss is the c.g.s. unit (symbol Gs) of magnetic induction or magnetic flux density, replaced by the SI unit, the tesla, but still commonly used. It is equal to one line of magnetic flux per square centimetre. The Earth' s magnetic field is about 0.5 Gs, and changes to it over time are measured in gammas (one gamma equals 10-5 gauss).
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A gaussmeter is an instrument for measuring the intensity of a magnetic field.
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Gay-Lussac's barometer was a form of barometer in the form of a siphon. It had two scales with a common zero point, and graduated in contrary directions, the difference between the two levels of mercury being the true height of mercury.
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Gay-Lussac's law is the principle that gases react together in volumes (measured at the same temperature and pressure) that bear a simple ratio to each other and to the gaseous products.
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GCOS is a quick-and-dirty clone of System/360 DOS that emerged from GE around 1970. Originally it was called GECOS (the General Electric Comprehensive Operating System). Later it was changed to support primitive timesharing and transaction processing. After the buyout of GE's computer division by Honeywell, the name was changed to General Comprehensive Operating System (GCOS). Other OS groups at Honeywell began referring to it as `God's Chosen Operating System', allegedly in reaction to the GCOS crowd's uninformed and snotty attitude about the superiority of their product.
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A gear is a toothed wheel that transmits the turning movement of one shaft to another shaft. Gear wheels may be used in pairs, or in threes if both shafts are to turn in the same direction. The
gear ratio - the ratio of the number of teeth on the two wheels - determines the torque ratio, the turning force on the output shaft compared with the turning force on the input shaft. The ratio of the angular velocities of the shafts is the inverse of the gear ratio. The common type of gear for parallel shafts is the spur gear, with straight teeth parallel to the shaft axis. The helical gear has teeth cut along sections of a helix or corkscrew shape; the double form of the helix gear is the most efficient for energy transfer. Bevil gears, with tapering teeth set on the base of a cone, are used to connect intersecting shafts.
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A Geiger counter is any of a number of devices named after Hans Geiger, and used for detecting nuclear radiation and/or measuring its intensity by counting the number of ionising particles produced. It detects the momentary current that passes between electrodes in a suitable gas when a nuclear particle or a radiation pulse causes the ionisation of that gas. The electrodes are connected to electronic devices that enable the number of particles passing to be measured. The increased frequency of measured particles indicates the intensity of radiation. Geiger-Muller, Geiger-Klemperer, and Rutherford-Geiger counters are all devices often referred to loosely as
Geiger counters.
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The Geiger-Muller Tube is an electron tube forming an ionisation chamber and used as a radiation counter or meter.
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The Geissler Tube is a discharge tube, often of ornamental shape, and exhausted to a pressure of a few millimetres of mercury. They are used for demonstrating the luminous effects accompanying electric discharges through rarefied gases.
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In chemistry, a gel is a semi-rigid colloid.
Research Gel
Gelatine (glutin) is a compound of animal origin obtained by the hydrolysis of an albuminoid protein, collagen, found in the bones, cartilages and connective tissues (skin, tendons &c.). It is used in the manufacture of soups, jellies and pharmaceutical capsules for drugs.
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Artline by Digital Research, is a program for creating illustrations, mastheads and logos for desktop publishing. With the ability to trace scanned images and seven different zoom levels ranging from 6% to 4000%, its magnifier tool in 100% view shows a screen picture dot for dot as the printed picture would appear on a 300 dots per inch laser printer. The drawing tools include rectangle, ellipse, text and symbol. The symbol selector allows a library of symbols to be loaded and viewed interactively. A sophisticated drawing tool called 'The Quill' can be used to draw straight lines and curves, whether simple, compound or joined. Points on a curve can be selected and moved. Anchor points and direction points can also be shown and curve segments copied. The Quill works with Bezier or spline curves. Text can be edited as graphic elements to produce, for example, trailing shadow effects and can also be arranged around circles and curves. File formats supported include .IMG, .PCX and TIFF. Artline generates GEM or EPS formats
which can be loaded directly into Ventura Publisher or PageMaker. A Bitstream Fontware installation kit is provided and a serif and sans serif typeface are included with Artline.
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GEM Draw Plus by Digital Research, is a freehand-drawing program that runs under the GEM/3 desktop. As with other drawing programs, GEM Draw Plus provides a desktop of tools, similar to the way the Macintosh works. You can choose elements such as lines, boxes, circles, and other polygons and text in multiple fonts, sizes, and styles when creating an image. The product can be used to create organisation charts, page borders, floor plans, logos, and other types of diagrams. GEM Draw Plus has a library of over 100 pre-drawn icons and symbols which can be incorporated. Any picture you draw can be stored in your personal picture library and used in other drawings. Because GEM offers a windowing environment, graphics can be cut and pasted between windows.
GEM Draw Plus offers a choice of colours, patterns, line widths, and type styles. The zoom feature uses arrows and scroll bars to display areas of your picture for close detailed work. A Snap command automatically returns you to the spot on the grid where you were last working.
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Project Gemini was the second phase of the American manned space programme of the 1960's. Gemini followed on from the Mercury project and utilised a two-man spacecraft. The object of Gemini was to demonstrate the ability of the astronauts and their spacecraft to manoeuvre in space using manual controls, the feasability and techniques for orbital rendezvous and docking, and various spacecraft systems. Project Gemini was managed by NASA, but the American Department of Defense was also strongly involved and the project had to meet requirements and objectives of both organisations. Twelve flights were made during the Gemini project during the period 1964 to 1965.
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The general theory of relativity is the theory of gravitation, developed by Einstein in 1916, extending the special theory of relativity to include acceleration and leading to the conclusion that gravitational forces are equivalent to forces caused by acceleration.
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Genetic fingerprinting is the pattern of DNA unique to each individual that can be analysed in a sample of blood, saliva, or tissue. It is used as a means of identification in criminal investigations, for example a trace of semen on a rape victim may be used to identify her attacker.
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Genifer was an advanced dBase applications generator for experienced dBase users. It simplified the process of creating sophisticated applications and was an efficient tool for decreasing application development time. The product generated structured and noted application code that could be modified. Database design features included the ability to set default field values, define table, file, or range validation (including displaying an error message if entry is not valid), and defining dBase picture formatting.
Genifer wrote dBase programs by scanning menus, report formats, and data entry screens that were developed with its own text editor or with a word processor. A field-painting character of your choice told Genifer where to place fields. When exiting the text editor or word processor, users could instruct the product where fields were to be created. Genifer was an excellent tool for prototyping applications. It also helped document an application by maintaining a data dictionary that stored information about the databases and the fields, and a layout file that stored all menus, screens, and report layouts. The data dictionary and layout file could be modified and printed. Custom features let you configure Genifer for your own word processor. You could configure the report-page definition and include comments in the dBase program code or help screens in the application.
Genifer supported a full template language that supports all dialects of dBase such as Clipper and FoxBASE+.
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In anthropology, a gens is a group based on descent in the male line.
Research Gens
Gentian violet is a greenish crystalline substance, obtained from rosaniline, that forms a violet solution in water, and is used as an indicator, antiseptic, and in the treatment of burns.
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A geodesist is a scientist who works in the field of geodesy.
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Geodesy or geodetics is the branch of science concerned with determining the exact position of geographical points and the shape and size of the earth.
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Geodin is a nitro-glycerine based explosive used for seismic and geological prospecting.
Research Geodin
Geophysics is the study of the earth's physical properties and of the physical processes acting upon, above, and within the earth. It includes seismology, geomagnetism, meteorology, and oceanography.
Research Geophysics
Geostatics is the branch of physics concerned with the statics of rigid bodies, especially the balance of forces within the earth.
Research Geostatics
A geosynchronous orbit is a position at an approximate altitude of 37 km above the Equator, where a velocity of about 2 km per hour in the same direction as Earth's rotation makes a satellite appear stationary over the Earth's surface. At such a point, ground-based microwave antennae can remain fixed and achieve linkage with transponders on board the satellite to produce a microwave relay between points as much as one-third of the way around the globe, or about 13 km; this concept first proposed by British physicist and science fiction writer Arthur C Clarke in a 1947 publication.
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Geothermal energy is energy extracted for heating and electricity generation from natural steam, hot water, or hot dry rocks in the Earth's crust. Water is pumped down through an injection well where it passes through joints in the hot rocks. It rises to the surface through a recovery well and may be converted to steam or run through a heat exchanger. Dry steam may be directed through turbines to produce electricity. It is an important source of energy in volcanically active areas such as Iceland and New Zealand.
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Geranial (citral) is a pleasant-smelling aldehyde which occurs in various essential oils. It can be obtained from lemon-grass oil and is used in the manufacture of perfumes.
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German silver is an alloy of copper, zinc and nickel. It was first made in Europe at Hildberg-hausen in Germany, but was invented by the Chinese long before.
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Germanium is a metal element with the symbol Ge used in the manufacture of electronic semiconductors. It has low conductivity at room temperature, but increasing conductivity with increases of temperature.
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Gerontology is the study of the physiological, social, and psychological processes of ageing.
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GetBack by MicroTools Inc. is a full featured GUI backup and restore utility (a text based interface is also present for slower machines). It can backup up to four megabytes per minute. It includes many outstanding features including extensive online help, mouse support, file compression, batch mode operation, point and click directory tree selection, full, incremental and differential backups, and multiple drive support. It formats floppy disks as needed or on demand. Supports all DOS based networks.
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GIF (Graphic Interchange Format) is a file format developed in the mid-1980s by CompuServe for use in photo-quality computer bitmap graphics images and now commonly used. Gif images use a 256 byte palette of 24-bit colours, limiting the image to 256 colours, but allowing each colour to have 256 shades of each of red, green and blue.
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A gimlet is a small hand tool for boring holes. It comprises a pointed screw shaft affixed to a perpendicular handle.
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The GIMP (GIMP is an acronym for GNU Image Manipulation Program) is a computer software application that started as an undergraduate project by Peter Mattis and Spencer Kimball at the University of California and has evolved into an application designed for retouching photographs, composing and authoring images. Its powerful capabilities as an image manipulation program make it a worthy competitor to other similar programs such as Adobe Photoshop or Corel PhotoPaint, but the biggest advantage of The GIMP is it's free availability although it's not freeware, rather it is an OSS (Open Source Software) program covered by the GPL license, which gives the user the freedom to access and also to change the source code that makes up the program. The Gimp offers a full suite of painting tools including brushes, a pencil, an airbrush, an ink tool, and cloning. Tile-based memory management so image size is limited only by available disk space; sub-pixel sampling for all paint tools, allowing for high-quality anti-aliasing; full Alpha channel
(transparency) support; layers and channels. Advanced scripting capabilities provided by a procedural database so you can call internal GIMP functions from external scripts, such as Script-Fu, Perl-Fu (Perl scripts) and Python-Fu (Python scripts). The GIMP offers multiple undo and redo, limited only by disk space; transformation tools including rotate, scale, shear, and flip. File formats supported include PostScript, JPEG, GIF, PNG, XPM, TIFF, TGA, MPEG, PCX, BMP and many others. Selection tools including rectangular, elliptical, free, fuzzy, paths, and intelligent scissors. The GIMP supports plug-ins that allow for the easy addition of new functions, new file formats, and new effects filters. The GIMP is probably best known for its use on the GNU/Linux platform, but there are many platforms that GIMP can run on, including GNU/Linux, Microsoft Windows 95, 98, NT4 and 2000, OpenBSD, NetBSD, FreeBSD, Solaris, SunOS, AIX, HP-UX, Tru64, Digital Unix, OSF/1, IRIX, OS/2 and BeOS.
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Glacier cream is a barrier cream, especially useful against ultraviolet radiation. It is used by mountaineers when climbing above the snow line.
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Glaciology is the study of the distribution, character, and effects of glaciers.
Research Glaciology
Glass is a hard, brittle, transparent or translucent, noncrystalline solid, consisting of metal silicates or similar compounds. It is made from a fused mixture of oxides, such as lime, silicon dioxide, phosphorus pentoxide, etc., and is used for making windows, mirrors, bottles, composite armour plate for armoured fighting vehicles etc.
Glass was manufactured by many ancient peoples, including the Romans, but the first mention of the manufacture of glass in the United States is in Captain John Smith's 'History of Virginia', in which he speaks of a glass factory having been founded at Jamestown in 1615, and a second in 1622. The work was coarse, being chiefly confined to bottles. In 1754, a successful factory was established in Brooklyn by Bamper, a Dutchman. In 1779, factories were founded at Temple, New Hampshire, and in 1795 the industry was begun at Pittsburgh. By 1813 there were five glass factories at Pittsburgh. In 1840 there were eighty-one factories in the United States, by 1870, 201 factories flourished in different places and since then the industry rapidly increased.
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Glassine is a glazed translucent paper used for book jackets.
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Glauber's salt or Glauber salt is the crystalline decahydrate of sodium sulphate.
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Gliadin is a protein of cereals, found especially in wheat, with a high proline content. It forms a sticky mass with water that binds flour into dough.
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In computing, the term globing refers to the ability to group sets of filenames with a pattern, known as the globing pattern. Special characters, such as the asterisk and question mark, are interpreted and expanded by the shell.
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Gloss paint is a type of paint composed of pigments ground up in a varnish medium, which produces a hard, shiny, and usually durable finish.
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Glucic Acid is an acid produced by the action of alkalis on glucose or of acids on cane-sugar.
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Glucinum is an old name for Beryllium.
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Glucophore is a chemical group responsible for sweetness of taste.
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Glucose is a simple form of sugar with the formulae c6h12o6.
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The glucosides are a group of carbon compounds occurring in plants, and characterised by the fact that on hydrolysis or saponification with dilute acids a sugar, usually glucose, is formed along with other products.
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A gluon is a hypothetical particle believed to be exchanged between quarks in order to bind them together to form particles.
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A glutamate is a salt of glutamic acid, especially its sodium salt.
Research Glutamate
Glutamic acid or glutaminic acid is a nonessential amino acid, occurring in proteins, that acts as a neurotransmitter and plays an important part in nitrogen metabolism.
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Glutamine is a nonessential amino acid occurring in proteins. It plays an important role in protein metabolism.
Research Glutamine
Glutaraldehyde is a water-soluble oil used as a disinfectant, tanning agent, and in resins. It has the formula C5H8O2.
Research Glutaraldehyde
Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide and accounts for over 90% of the intracellular non-protein thiols where it functions as an antioxidant and in the activation of T cells. It is especially important in the intracellular removal of the free radical gydrogen peroxide because it provides a substrate for glutathione peroxidase, the major hydrogen peroxide removing enzyme in humans. GSH is present in foods in very small amounts, and is synthesised in the body from other peptides - cysteine, glycine and glutamine. Cysteine and overall protein intake are very important for the synthesis of GSH.
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Glutelin is a group of plant proteins found in cereals. They are insoluble in water, precipitated by alcohol and are not coagulated by heat.
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Gluten is a tough elastic protein of a greyish colour which becomes brown and brittle by drying, found in the flour of wheat and other grain. It contributes much to the nutritive quality of flour, and gives tenacity to its paste.
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Glyceric acid is a viscous liquid carboxylic acid produced by the oxidation of glycerol; 2,3- dihydroxypropanoic acid.
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Glycerol is a colourless or pale yellow odourless sweet-tasting syrupy liquid; 1,2,3-propanetriol. It is a by-product of soap manufacture and is used as a solvent, antifreeze, plasticiser, and sweetener (E422).
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Glyceryl monostearate is an emulsifier widely used in processed foods. It is hydrophilic (water soluble) at the glycerol end and lyophilic (fat soluble) at the stearate end.
Research Glyceryl Monostearate
Glycine (Aminoethanoic acid) is a simple (the simplest) non-essential amino acid occurring in most proteins, that acts as a neurotransmitter.
Research Glycine
Glycogen is a polysaccharide retained in the liver as a carbohydrate store.
Research Glycogen
Glycol ethers are general solvents, also known as cellosolves, which are used in the semiconductor industry. They are also used in surface coatings, such as lacquers, paints, and varnishes; fingernail polishes and removers; dyes; writing inks; cleaners; and degreasers. Three important
glycol ethers are ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, and propylene glycol monomethyl ether. All glycol ethers have a low vapour pressure and a high potential for dermal absorption. They are non-flammable.
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Glycolic acid is a colourless crystalline soluble hygroscopic compound found in sugar cane and sugar beet. It is used in tanning and in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, adhesives, and plasticisers.
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Glyptal is an alkyd resin obtained from polyhydric alcohols and polybasic organic acids or their anhydrides. It is used for surface coatings.
Research Glyptal
GNOME (GNU Network Object Model Environment) is a popular graphical user interface for X Windows designed to be an effective desktop and flexible and sophisticated developer's environment.
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GNU (GNU's Not Unix) is a project initiated during the early 1980s by Richard Stallman with the aim of providing a free replacement for the Berkeley UNIX computer operating system. GNU is designed to be freely copyable, and users are encouraged to improve it and submit their changes to the GNU library.
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A gobo is a shield placed around a microphone to exclude unwanted sounds, or an opaque (often black) screen placed around a camera lens, television lens, etc., to reduce the incident light or to provide local shadow.
Research Gobo
A Goldschmidt Alternator is a dynamo-electric ac generator for producing currents of high frequency. A number of windings arranged alternatively on the rotor and the stator are tuned to successively high frequencies. Currents of one frequency in one of the coils, say on the rotor, produce currents of higher frequency in one of the stator coils, and these in turn produce currents of still higher frequencies in the next rotor coil. The process continues for the complete series of coils, and frequencies up to some 100 kHz can be produced.
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A goniometer is an instrument for measuring solid angles, and is used in crystallography.
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A goose was an old tailor's smoothing iron, so called on account of its handle being of a shape resembling a goose's neck.
Research Goose
Gopher is a now defunct computer program developed at the University of Minnesota, which was formerly used to retrieve information from the internet. Like Archie, or a modern search engine,
gopher was a program that enabled users to access a database of indexed information resources, and would return documents matching an entered search word or phrase.
Research Gopher
A gouge is a form of chisel with a blade curved lengthwise to form a partial cylinder. The bevel can be on either the convex or concave side. Gouges are used for carving or scooping out grooves in wood and for tooling leather &c.
Research Gouge
In mechanics, a governor is a contrivance for maintaining a uniform velocity of a piece of machinery. Originally, governors were employed in steam engines and worked by regulating the amount of steam that passed.
Research Governor
Graham's law of diffusion (also known as Graham's Law) states: At constant temperature gases diffuse at rates which are inversely proportional to the square roots of their densities. The law was formulated in 1829 by Thomas Graham.
Research Graham's Law of Diffusion
Gram's stain is a method of staining, developed in 1884 by H C J Gram, which is used to differentiate bacteria. The bacterial sample is smeared on a microscope slide, stained with a violet dye, treated with acetone-alcohol, and finally counterstained with a red dye. Gram-positive bacteria retain the first dye, appearing blue-black under the microscope. In Gram-negative bacteria, the acetone-alcohol washes out the violet dye and the counterstain is taken up, the cells appearing red.
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In chemistry, gram-atomic weight is one atomic weight of an element expressed in grams.
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In chemistry, gram-molecular weight is one molecular weight of a compound expressed in grams.
Research Gram-molecular weight
A gramaphone is a now almost obsolete device for replaying sound recordings made on plastic disks. A disk was engraved with a spiral pattern of grooves, and the recording reproduced by a blunt stylus of sapphire or diamond which transmitted the bumps of travelling over the grooves to a sensitive material, originally glass or mica which then vibrated reproducing the original sound waves. The sound was then passed to an amplifier, originally a horn and later an electronic amplifier. The recordings for a gramaphone were made by a phonograph, the original invented in 1877 by Thomas Edison which recorded the sound on tinfoil, and later improved by Tainter to engrave wax disks instead.
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Micrografx Graph Plus is a Windows-based business-presentation program designed for creating area, bar, column, line, pie, scatter, and table charts. Charts can be enhanced to produce three- dimensional, ranked, shadowed, logarithmic, and log-log charts. Graph Plus lets you create and rotate chart titles (single or multiline) and labels. The program is a good data-analysis tool.
Graph Plus runs under Microsoft Windows 2.0 or above and takes advantage of Window's Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE), and links applications to allow the transparent sharing of data between two Windows applications. This provides automatic updating of charts as data changes.
Graph Plus uses a worksheet to enter or import labels and data values. The worksheet offers basic spreadsheet functions such as sorting, totalling, and addition and subtraction of rows and columns.
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Graphology is the study of a person's handwriting to obtain information about his or her personality. Its practice is widespread in Continental Europe, and in particular in Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Switzerland with many firms consulting graphologists for advice about which people to hire.
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The graphoscope is an optical apparatus used for magnifying and giving fine effects to engravings, photographs etc. It was invented by Riswell and first exhibited in 1871.
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Graphotype was a process for obtaining blocks for surface-printing invented by Witt Hitchcock in 1860. Drawings were made on blocks of chalk with a silicious ink. When the ink dried, the soft parts were brushed away leaving the drawing in relief and stereotypes could then be taken from the block.
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Gravity is the force of attraction between two objects resulting from their mass. Thus it is gravity which continually pulls us towards the earth. Sir Isaac Newton came to the conclusion that gravitational force exists between all bodies. Thus, two stones are not only individually attracted towards the earth but also attract each other. Normally, we do not notice this force owing to its smallness, although it can be measured with sensitive instruments. Nevertheless, two 50000 ton ships lying side by side attract each other with a force of about 40 lb. wt. Newton's law of universal gravitation states that any two pieces of matter attract one another with a force which is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of their distance apart. Newton realised that gravitational attraction applied not only to bodies on the earth but was also responsible for holding the planets in their orbits round the sun.
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Green is one of the three primary colours of light and one of the three secondary colours of pigment mixtures, being obtained by mixing blue and yellow.
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Green earth or terre verte is a natural earth pigment found around the world, but especially in the Verona district of Italy.
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The Gregorian telescope was the first and most ordinary form of reflecting telescope. It was invented by James Gregory, Professor of Mathematics at St Andrews and afterwards in Edinburgh, and described by him in 1663. The image is viewed through an eye-piece in the aperture of the object-speculum.
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Grep (Global Regular Expression and Print) is an originally Unix, now widely available computer program that evolved from the Unix editor 'Ed'. Grep searches a named input file or files (or standard input if no files are named) for lines containing a match to a given pattern.
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In horology, a gridiron-pendulum is a compensation pendulum in which the bob is supported by parallel bars of two metals which are unequally expanded by heat. These are so disposed that, while one tends to lengthen, the other tends to shorten.
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A gridiron-valve was a type of valve found in steam engines, whose opening was divided into a number of narrow parts by which the travel could be abridged and the more rapid opening or closing of the valve affected.
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In weaving, a griff is a series of horizontal, parallel-edged bars, also known as knives or blades, arranged in a reciprocating frame to raise and lower the vertical hooked rods connected to the shedding mechanism, when the hooked ends of the rods are brought by a pattern device within the path of the knives.
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A groove-ram is a machine used to stamp the groove in needles in which the eye of the needle is formed.
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A grub-saw is a hand-saw used for cutting marble into strips. It has a steel blade, notched at the edge and stiffened by a backing of wood similar to the metal back of a tenon-saw.
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Guano is a manure consisting of the excreta of fish-eating sea-fowl, such as gulls, cormorants, and penguins, and of walruses, seals and the like together with other animal remains including birds' feathers and bones.
Guano is high in nitrogenous substances and phosphates and other chemicals.
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The Gulf-stream is the warm north-east drift current of the north Atlantic originating from the equatorial drift.
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Gum Arabic is obtained from the acacia and is used in the preparation of artists' water colours.
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Gun metal is an alloy of 90 copper to 10 tin (or sometimes zinc rather than tin or sometimes less copper and a small amount of zinc). It is a typical bronze, formerly used for making cannons (whence it gets its name) and is still used for bearings and other parts that require a high resistance to wear and corrosion.
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Gunite is a cement-sand mortar that is sprayed onto formwork, walls, or rock by a compressed air ejector giving a very dense strong concrete layer. It is used to repair reinforced concrete, to line tunnel walls or mine airways, etc.
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Gutta-percha is a tough plastic like substance. It is a resin obtained from the Isonandra gutta tree and used in the nineteenth century for making waterproof boot soles, ear-trumpets, door handles, and to insulate submarine cables from salt-water.
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A gyroscope is any rotating body that exhibits two fundamental properties: gyroscopic inertia, or rigidity in space, and precession, the tilting of the axis at right angles to any force tending to alter the plane of rotation. These properties are inherent in all rotating bodies, including the earth itself. The term gyroscope is commonly applied to spherical, wheel-shaped, or disk-shaped bodies that are universally mounted to be free to rotate in any direction; they are used to demonstrate these properties or to indicate movements in space. A gyroscope that is constrained from moving around one axis other than the axis of rotation is sometimes called a gyrostat. In nearly all its practical applications, the gyroscope is constrained or controlled this way, and the prefix gyro is customarily added to the name of the application, as, for instance, gyrocompass, gyrostabiliser, and gyropilot.
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Gyroscopic inertia is the rigidity in space of a gyroscope. It is a consequence of Newton's first law of motion which states that a body tends to continue in its state of rest or uniform motion unless subject to outside forces. Thus, the wheel of a gyroscope, when started spinning, tends to continue to rotate in the same plane about the same axis in space. An example of this tendency is a spinning top, which has freedom about two axes in addition to the spinning axis. Another example is a rifle bullet that, because it spins or revolves in flight, exhibits
gyroscopic inertia, tending to maintain a straighter line of flight than it would if not rotating. Rigidity in space can best be demonstrated, however, by a model gyroscope consisting of a flywheel supported in rings in such a way that the axle of the flywheel can assume any angle in space. When the flywheel is spinning, the model can be moved about, tipped, or turned at the will of the demonstrator, but the flywheel will maintain its original plane of rotation as long as it continues to spin with sufficient velocity to overcome the friction with its supporting bearings. Gyroscopes constitute an important part of automatic-navigation or inertial-guidance systems in aircraft, spacecraft, guided missiles, rockets, and ships and submarines. In these systems, inertial-guidance instruments comprise gyroscopes and accelerometers that continuously calculate exact speed and direction of the craft in motion. These signals are fed into a computer, which records and compensates for course aberrations. The most advanced research craft and missiles also obtain guidance from
so-called laser gyros, which are not really inertial devices but instead measure changes in counter rotating beams of laser light caused by changes in craft direction. Another advanced system, called the electrically suspended gyro, uses a hollow beryllium sphere suspended in a magnetic cradle; fibre-optic systems are also being developed.
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Gzexe is a computer program for Unix that compresses executable files in place so that they automatically uncompress and execute when executed although there is a penalty in performance, as the computer system needs to uncompress the program before executing it.
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Gzip is a computer program available on Windows and Unix platforms, that reduces the size of specified files using Lempel-Ziv coding (LZ77).
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