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A- is the US Navy designation for attack aircraft. The designation was first introduced in 1964.
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The Fairchild A-10/OA-10 (Thunderbolt II) is a single-seater American close air support aircraft first deployed in 1976. The A-10 is powered by two General Electric TF34-GE-100 turbofans providing a top speed of 420 mph and a range of 800 miles. It carries an armament of one 30 mm GAU-8/A seven-barrel Gatling gun; up to 7,200 kilograms of mixed ordnance on eight under-wing and three under-fuselage pylon stations, including 225 kilograms of retarded bombs, 900 kilograms of general-purpose bombs, incendiary and Rockeye II cluster bombs, combined effects munitions, Maverick missiles and laser-guided/electro-optically guided bombs; infrared countermeasure flares; electronic countermeasure chaff; jammer pods; 2.75-inch rockets; illumination flares and AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles.
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The Curtiss Model 60 Shrike (A-12) was an American attack aircraft of the Second World War in service from 1933 to 1942. The A-12 was manned by a crew of two comprising a pilot and a gunner seated in tandem, and was powered by a Wright R-1820-37 radial piston engine rated at 690 hp giving a top speed of 177 mph and a typical range of 838 km. The A-12 was armed with four 7.62 mm Browning fixed forward-firing machine-guns in the landing gear fairings, and one 7.62 mm Browning trainable machine-gun in the dorsal position. Up to 221 kg of disposable stores could also be carried on two hard points under the wings and generally comprised four 122 lb or four 100 lb bombs or ten 25 lb or 30 lb bombs.
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The Curtiss Model 76 Shrike (A-18) was an American attack aircraft of the Second World War in service from 1937 to 1943. The A-18 was a mid-wing monoplane of basically metal construction with the exception of the fabric covering on the control surfaces and those parts of the wing behind the front spar. The crew of two was located in a raised fuselage section over the wing, the pilot having good fields of vision from his position above the wing leading edges but being separated from the observer/gunner who was positioned above the trailing edges. The A-18 was powered by two Wright R-1820-47 radial piston engines rated at 850 hp providing a top speed of 247 mph and a typical range of 1048 km. Armaments consisted of four 7.62 mm Browning forward-firing machine-guns in the nose and one 7.62 mm Browning trainable rearward-firing machine-gun in the dorsal position.
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The North American A-27 was an American built two-seater light attack bomber of the Second World War mainly built for export (ten were built for Siam, but Siam was invaded by the Japanese whilst the aircraft were en route, and the USA diverted the shipment to its own forces in the Philippines). It was powered by a Wright R-1820-75 radial piston engine rated at 785 hp providing a top speed of 250 mph and a range of 1287 km. The A-27 was armed with two 0.3 inch Browning fixed forward-firing machine-guns in the upper part of the forward fuselage firing through the propeller disc, two 0.3 inch Browning fixed forward-firing machine-guns in the wing leading edges and one 0.5 inch or 0.3 inch Browning trainable rearward-firing machine-gun in the rear cockpit. Up to 400 lb of disposable ordnance was carried on four under wing hard points, and generally comprising free-fall bombs.
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The McDonnell Douglas A-4 Skyhawk (Bantam Bomber) is an American single-seater carrier-borne and land-based light attack aircraft developed during the 1950s to the US navy's requirements for a turbojet successor to the Douglas AD-6 Skyraider. The McDonnell Douglas A-4 Skyhawk II is a low-wing cantilever monoplane powered by a Pratt and Whitney J52-P-408 turbojet providing a top speed of 1103 kmh and a range of 547 km fully laden. It is armed with two 20 mm Mk 12 cannon in the wing roots and up to 9,155 lb (4153 kg) of disposable stores can be carried on five hard points, one under the fuselage and two under each wing.
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The North American NA-247 (A-5 Vigilante) was an American two-seater carrier-borne strategic and operational-level reconnaissance platform and bomber aircraft designed during the late 1950's and in service from 1961 to 1979. The North American NA-247 was powered by two General Electric J79-GE-10 turbojets providing a top speed of Mach 2.1 and a range of 2414 km. Armaments consisted of a thermo-nuclear bomb or 5000 lbs of conventional bombs carried by the bomber variant (A-5A).
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The A.I.S.A. H.M.1. was a Spanish two-seater primary training aircraft of the 1940's, entering service in 1943. The A.I.S.A. H.M.1. was a low-wing cantilever monoplane of mixed construction powered by a Hirth HM 506 4-cylinder inverted air-cooled engine providing a top speed of 230 kmh and a flying time of 3.5 hours.
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The A.I.S.A. H.M.5. was a Spanish single-seater advanced training aircraft of the 1940's, entering service in 1943. The A.I.S.A. H.M.5. was a low-wing cantilever monoplane of mixed construction powered by a Hirth HM 506 4-cylinder inverted air-cooled engine providing a top speed of 230 kmh and a flying time of 3.5 hours.
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The A.I.S.A. H.M.9. was a Spanish two-seater glider-towing aircraft of the 1940's, entering service in 1943. The A.I.S.A. H.M.9. was a low-wing cantilever monoplane of mixed construction powered by a Hirth HM 506 4-cylinder inverted air-cooled engine providing a top speed of 175 kmh and a flying time of 2 hours.
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The AA-2 (NATO codename Atoll) was a Soviet short range air-to-air missile very similar to the American AIM-9 missile. The AA-2 was standard equipment fitted to both the Soviet and export Mig-21 aircraft.
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An Aasen bomb was an Italian aircraft bomb consisting of a converted grenade and used prior to the Great War.
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The AB-1 was a Brazilian two-seat tandem training sailplane first flown in 1965 at the Nova Iguacu Aero Club in Rio de Janeiro. The AB-1 was a braced high-wing monoplane of mixed wood and metal construction.
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The Aeroteccnica AC-12 (XZ-1) is a Spanish two-seater single-rotor helicopter developed from the AC-11 which was formerly the French MC-101 helicopter. The Aeroteccnica AC-12 is powered by a Lycoming O-360-B2A fan-cooled engine providing a top speed of 140 kmh and a range of 170 km.
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The AC-130H (Spectre) is an American close air support, air interdiction and armed reconnaissance aircraft first deployed in 1972. It carries a crew of 14 (pilot, co-pilot, navigator, fire control officer, electronic warfare officer, flight engineer, loadmaster, low-light TV operator, infrared detection set operator, and five aerial gunners). It has a top speed of 300 mph and a range of 1500 miles. The AC-130H carries armament of two 20 mm M61A1 cannons with 3,000 rounds, one 40 mm Bofors cannon with 256 rounds and one 105 mm howitzer with 100 rounds.
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The Aeroteccnica AC-14 (XZ-4) is a Spanish five-seater single-rotor helicopter developed as an enlarged version of the Aeroteccnica AC-12 helicopter. The Aeroteccnica AC-14 is powered by a Turbomeca Artouste IIB shaft-turbine providing a top speed of 180 kmh and a range of 260 km.
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The Adam RA-14 Loisirs was a French two-seater light cabin monoplane of the 1950's designed for amateur home build. The Adam RA-14 Loisirs was a rigidly-braced high-wing monoplane of fabric covered wood construction powered by various engines, typically the Continental A65 four-cylinder horizontally-opposed air-cooled engine providing a top speed of 140 kmh and a range of 450 km.
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The Aden 25 is a British 25 mm NATO calibre, gas-operated single-barrel cannon fitted to aircraft. The Aden 25 was developed from an improved development of the Aden Mk 4 and has a rate of fire of between 1650 and 1850 rounds per minute and a muzzle velocity of 1050 meters per second giving an effective range of 1510 meters.
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The Aden Mk 4 is a British 30 mm calibre, gas-operated single-barrel cannon fitted to aircraft. The Aden Mk 4 was developed during the Second World War from the German Mauser MG213C revolver cannon. The Aden Mk 4 has a rate of fire of 1200 to 1400 rounds per minute and a muzzle velocity of 741 meters per second giving an effective range of 1510 meters.
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The Aer Lualdi L59 is an Italian four-seater light general-purpose helicopter first flown in 1959. The Aer Lualdi L59 is powered by a Continental 10-470-D direct-injection six-cylinder horizontally-opposed air-cooled engine providing a top speed of 160 kmh and an endurance of 3.5 hours flying time.
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The Aeritalia/Partenavia AP68-300 (Spartacus) is a light multi-role transport and utility aircraft from Italy. It was first developed in 1978 and entered service in 1983. The aircraft carries a crew of two and has seats for six passengers. It has a top speed of 240 mph and a typical range of 750 km depending upon payload.
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The Aeritalia G222 is an Italian general-purpose military transport plane. It was developed in 1970 with the first production aircraft flown in 1975. The aircraft carries a crew of three and has troop accommodation for 53 fully armed soldiers or 42 paratroops. For aero-medical roles the G222 can be fitted with 36 stretchers and carry an additional two seated patients and four medical attendants. The G222 is powered by two Fiat T64-GE-P4D turboprops providing a top speed of 540 kmh and a typical range of 1500 km depending upon payload.
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The Aeritalia G91 is an Italian single-seat light attack, close support and reconnaissance fighter developed to NATO operational requirements issued in early 1954, and first flown in 1956 (as the Fiat G.91). The Aeritalia G91 is a low-wing cantilever monoplane of metal construction powered by a Bristol Siddeley Orpheus 803 turbojet engine providing a top speed of about 1045 kmh depending upon model. The Italian version is armed with four 0.5 inch Colt-Browning M3 machine-guns, the Portuguese version with two 30 mm DEFA 552 cannon, both gun arrangements located in the sides of the forward fuselage. Up to 1500 kg of disposable stores can be carried on four hard points two under each wing.
A photographic-reconnaissance version of the G91 is produced as the G91R, and a tandem two-seater trainer version as the G91T.
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The Aeritalia G91Y is an Italian single-seat light attack and close support fighter. It is a twin-engine development of the Aeritalia G91, first flown in 1966 entering service in 1968. It is armed with two 30 mm DEFA 552 cannon in the sides of the forward fuselage and up to 1814 kg of disposable stores can be carried on four hard points two under each wing. The Aeritalia G91Y has a top speed of Mach 0.93 and a range of 3500 km.
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The Aermacchi AL60 is an American-designed Italian utility light transport aircraft that entered service in 1961. The Aermacchi AL60 is powered by a Textron Lycoming IO-720-A1A flat-eight piston engine providing a top speed of 251 kmh and a range of 1037 km. The Aermacchi AL60 carries a flight crew of two and can also carry six passengers; two litters, one seated passenger and an attendant; or 1440 lbs of freight in the cabin.
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The Aermacchi AM.3 is an Italian three-seater reconnaissance and electronic warfare platform warplane first shown at the 1965 Paris Salon, that entered service in the 1960's. The Aermacchi AM.3 is a strut-braced high-wing monoplane that carries a crew of two and a passenger or freight in the cabin. The Aermacchi AM.3 is powered by a Piaggio GSO-480-B1B6 flat-six piston engine providing a top speed of 278 kmh and a range of 991 km. The Aermacchi AM.3 is generally unarmed, but has provision to carry up to 340 kg of disposable stores on two under-wing hard points.
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The Aermacchi MB 308 was an Italian two-seater light cabin monoplane of the 1950's supplied to both the Italian Air Force and supplied to the civilian market. The Aermacchi MB 308 was a high-wing cantilever monoplane of wooden construction powered by a Continental C85 or Continental C90 four-cylinder horizontally-opposed air-cooled engine providing a top speed of 197 kmh or203 k h respectively and a range of 760 km or 720 km respectively. A three-seater model, the Aermacchi MB 308G was also produced and a seaplane variant with twin floats fitted.
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The Aermacchi MB 320 was an Italian twin-engined six-seater aircraft of the 1950's. The Aermacchi MB 320 was a low-wing cantilever monoplane of mixed construction powered by two Continental E185 six-cylinder horizontally-opposed air-cooled engines providing a top speed of 300 kmh and a range of 1070 km. The Aermacchi MB 320 carried two pilots with dual controls and up to four passengers seated in pairs.
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The Aermacchi MB 323 was an Italian two-seater basic trainer aircraft produced as a prototype in 1952 as a contender for a new Italian air force trainer aircraft. However, the Aermacchi MB 323 was not selected and was subsequently never produced.
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The Aermacchi MB 326 is a series of Italian single-seat light attack and two-seater trainer aircraft that first flew in 1957 and entered service in 1971. The Aermacchi MB 326 is a mid-wing cantilever monoplane powered by a Piaggio Viper Mk 632-43 turbojet providing a top speed of 890 kmh and a range of 1040 km depending upon load.
The Aermacchi MB 326 is armed with two 30 mm DEFA 552 cannons in the lower sides of the forward fuselage and carries up to 2500 kg of disposable stores on six hard points, three under each wing. A South African version built under license is known as the Atlas Impala.
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The Aermacchi MB 339 is an Italian tandem two-seat advanced trainer aircraft. The first prototype was flown in 1976 and delivery to the Italian air force started in 1981. The aircraft is powered by a Fiat-built Rolls-Royce Viper 632-43 turbojet delivering a top speed of 558 mph and a range of 1760 km. The aircraft is equipped to carry 1814 kg of ordnance distributed between six under-wing stations. The MB 339K Veltro 2 variant is a single-seat attack derivative of the basic two-seater, with an internal armament of two 30 mm DEFA 554 cannons, and additional fuel plus avionics in the volume of the erstwhile rear cockpit.
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The Aero 101 was a French two-seater light trainer aircraft of the 1950's, first flown in 1953. The Aero 101 was a single-bay staggered biplane of fabric covered steel-tube construction powered by a Minie flat-four engine providing a top speed of 175 kmh.
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The Aero 110 was a French two-seater light trainer aircraft of the 1950's. The Aero 110 was a single-bay staggered biplane of fabric covered steel-tube construction powered by a Salmson 9ADB nine-cylinder radial air-cooled engine providing a top speed of 130 kmh.
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The Aero A 100 was a Czechoslovakian two-seater light bomber and long-range reconnaissance aircraft of the Second World War in service from 1933 to the late 1940s. The Aero A 100 was powered by an Avia Vr-36 Vee piston engine giving a top speed of 270 kmh and a range of 917 km or a flying endurance of four hours. Armament consisted of two 7.92 mm calibre vz30 fixed forward-firing machine-guns in the forward fuselage with synchronisation equipment to allow them to fire through the propeller disc, and two 7.92 mm vz30 (Lewis) trainable rearward-firing machine-guns in the rear cockpit. In addition to the fixed armaments, up to 600 kg of disposable stores could also be carried in a lower fuselage weapons bay rated at 400 kg and on four under fuselage hard points each rated at 50 kg. Disposable stores generally consisted of three 100 kg bombs carried in the weapons bay and four 50 kg bombs carried on the hard points.
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The Aero A 304 was a Czechoslovakian light bomber and reconnaissance aircraft of the Second World War in service from 1937 to the 1945. The Aero A 304 was manned by a pilot, co-pilot, navigator/bombardier and a gunner and powered by two Walter Super-Castor I-MR radial piston engines giving a top speed of 320 km and a range of 1200 km.
Armaments consisted of one 7.92 mm calibre vz30 fixed forward-firing machine-gun on the port side of the nose, one 7.92 mm calibre vz30 trainable machine-gun in the manually operated dorsal turret and provision for one 7.92 mm calibre vz30 trainable rearward-firing machine-gun in the ventral position. In addition, up to 300 kg of disposable stores could be carried on three hard points, one under the fuselage and one under each wing, and generally comprising one 100 kg or 200 kg bomb carried under the fuselage and two 50 kg or six 10 or 20 kg bombs under the wings.
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The Aero Boero 180 is an Argentine three- and later four-seater light aircraft developed as an enlarged version of the Aero Boero 95. The Aero Boero 180 is a strut-braced high-wing monoplane powered by a Lycoming O-360-A1 four-cylinder horizontally-opposed air-cooled engine providing a top speed of 233 kmh and a range of 965 km.
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The Aero Boero 95 is an Argentine three-seater light aircraft first flown as a prototype in 1959. The Aero Boero 95 is a braced high-wing monoplane of fabric-covered metal construction powered by one of several engines depending upon model. The Standard model is powered by a Continental C90-8F four-cylinder horizontally-opposed air-cooled engine providing a top speed of 200 kmh and a range of 900 km. By 1970 a new version, the Aero Boero 95/115 was in production with a Lycoming O-235 engine providing a top speed of 210 kmh and a range of 800 km.
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The Aero Commander 100 (formerly the Volaire Model 1050) is an American four-seater light aircraft. The Aero Commander 100 is a braced high-wing monoplane of metal construction powered by a Lycoming O-320-A four-cylinder horizontally-opposed air-cooled engine providing a top speed of 228 kmh and a range of 900 km.
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The Aero Commander 500 is an American light-transport monoplane developed in 1958 as a version of the 1952 Aero Commander 560 powered by Lycoming-O-540 engines. The Aero Commander 500 is a high-wing cantilever monoplane that carries up to seven people at a top speed of 350 kmh and to a range of 1770 km.
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The Aero Commander 520 was an American light-transport aircraft. The Aero Commander 520 was a twin-engined light transport high-wing cantilever monoplane powered by two Lycoming GO-435-C2B six-cylinder horizontally-opposed air-cooled engines providing a top speed of 211 kmh and a range of 1150 km. The Aero Commander 520 carried a pilot and co-pilot with dual controls and up to five passengers, or freight.
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The Aero Commander 560 is an American light-transport aircraft developed as a successor to the Aero Commander 520 during the early 1950's, replacing the 520 in production in 1954. The Aero Commander 560 is a twin-engined light transport high-wing cantilever monoplane powered by two Lycoming GO-480-B six-cylinder horizontally-opposed air-cooled engines providing a top speed of 336 kmh and a range of 1170 km. The Aero Commander 560 carries a pilot and co-pilot with dual controls and up to five passengers (usually three), or freight.
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The Aero Commander 680-E is an American light transport aircraft developed from the Aero Commander 560. In 1959 a Aero Commander 680-E set an international class C-1.d speed record of 364.116 kmh over a 2000 km closed circuit. The Aero Commander 680-E is powered by two Lycoming GSO-480-B1A-6 supercharged six-cylinder horizontally-opposed air cooled engines providing top speed of 410 kmh and a range of 2250 km. The Aero Commander 680-E carries up to six people.
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The Aero Commander 720 Alti-Cruiser is an American pressurised version of the Aero Commander 680 light transport aircraft, developed in 1958. The Aero Commander 720 has a top speed of 418 kmh and a range of 2575 km.
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The Aero Commander Grand Commander is an American executive transport aircraft first flown in 1962. The Aero Commander Grand Commander is a high-wing cantilever monoplane powered by two Lycoming IGSO-540B1A supercharged six-cylinder horizontally-opposed air-cooled engines providing a top speed of 435 kmh and a range of 2315 km. The Aero Commander Grand Commander carries a pilot and four passengers in a separate cabin as standard, with optional layouts for up to eleven passengers.
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The Aero Commander Jet Commander is an American twin-jet light executive transport first flown in 1963. The Aero Commander Jet Commander is a mid-wing cantilever monoplane powered by two General Electric Cj10-1 turbojets providing a top speed of 845 kmh and a range of 2965 km. The Aero Commander Jet Commander carries a pilot and up to eight passengers as standard.
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The Aero Commander L-26 is the US designation of the military version of the Aero Commander 520 light-transport aircraft. The Aero Commander L-26 is a twin-engined light transport high-wing cantilever monoplane powered originally by two Lycoming GO-435-C2B six-cylinder horizontally-opposed air-cooled engines providing a top speed of 211 kmh and a range of 1150 km, the later E model, based on the Aero Commander 560 being powered by two Lycoming GO-480-C1B6 six-cylinder horizontally-opposed air-cooled engines providing a top speed of 357 kmh and a range of 2615 km. The Aero Commander L-26 carries a crew of two with dual-controls and up to five passengers - usually three.
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The Aero Commander Turbo Commander is an American executive pressurised transport aircraft first flown in 1964. The Aero Commander Turbo Commander is a high-wing cantilever monoplane powered by two AiResearch TPE 331-43 turboprop engines providing a top speed of 459 kmh and a range of 1610 km. The Aero Commander Turbo Commander carries a pilot and four passengers in a separate cabin as standard, with optional layouts for up to eleven passengers.
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The Aero Commander Turbo II Commander is an American executive transport aircraft first flown in 1964. The Aero Commander Turbo II Commander is a pressurised version of the Aero Commander Grand Commander, and is powered by two AiResearch TPE 331-43 turboprop engines providing a top speed of 450 kmh and a range of 1690 km fully laden. The Aero Commander Turbo II Commander carries eight passengers as standard, but is otherwise the same as the Aero Commander Grand Commander.
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Aero High was an Australian two-stage solid-propellant sounding rocket of the 1960's developed primarily to carry out chemical seeding experiments at altitudes between 100 and 200 km. Aero High was 656 cm long and carried a payload of up to 20 kg to a height of 210 km at a speed of 8050 kmh.
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The Aero L-29 Delfin (NATO code name Maya) is a Czech tandem two-seater basic/advanced flying and armament trainer aircraft. It was designed during the late 1950's, first flown as a prototype in 1959 and entered service in 1963. The Aero L-29 is a mid-wing cantilever monoplane powered by a Motorlet M 701c 500 turbojet providing a top speed of 655 kmh and a range of 640 km. Up to 200 kg of disposable stores can be carried on two under-wing hard points.
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The Aero L-39 (Albatros) is a Czech basic and advanced trainer and single-seater light attack aircraft. It was developed from the Aero L-29 and first flew in 1969, entering service in 1974. The Aero L-39C is powered by a ZMDB Progress AI-25TL turbofan providing a top speed of 850 kmh and a range of 1100 km. Early models have no fixed armaments but can carry 284 kg of disposable stores on two under-wing hard points, later models are armed with one 23 mm GSh-23L twin-barrel cannon in a semi-fixed pack under the fuselage and carries up to 1100 kg of disposable stores on four hard points two under each wing.
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The Aero L-59 (Albatros) is a Czech two-seater basic and advanced flying and armament trainer aircraft with light attack capabilities. It was developed from the Aero L-39 and entered service in 1989. The Aero L-59 is powered by a ZMDB Progress DV-2 turbofan providing a top speed of 876 kmh and a range of 1500 km. The Aero-L59 can carry up to 1100 kg of disposable stores on four hard points two under each wing.
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The Aero-2 is a Yugoslavian two-seater primary trainer and army co-operation aircraft. The Aero-2 is a low-wing cantilever monoplane of wooden construction powered by a De Havilland Gipsy Major 10 four-cylinder inline inverted air cooled engine providing a top speed of 208 kmh and a range of 680 km.
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The Aero-3 is a Yugoslavian two-seater primary trainer and army co-operation aircraft. The Aero-3 is a low-wing cantilever monoplane of wooden construction powered by a Lycoming six-cylinder horizontally-opposed air-cooled engine providing a top speed of 230 kmh and a range of 680 km.
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The Aerobee 150 was an American boosted single-stage high-altitude research rocket of the 1960's. The Aerobee 150 was 904 cm long and 38 cm in diameter and was powered by a liquid-propellant gas-pressurised sustainer providing a ceiling of 274 km carrying a 68 kg payload.
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The Aerobee 300 was an American boosted two-stage high-altitude research rocket of the 1960's. The Aerobee 300 was 1016 cm long and 38 cm in diameter and carried a 22.7 kg payload to an altitude of 482 km.
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The Aerobee 350 was an American boosted single-stage sounding rocket of the 1960's, first launched in 1965. The Aerobee 350 was 1534 cm long and 56 cm in diameter and reached an altitude of 480 km at a speed of Mach 9.
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The Aerocar was an American convertible aeroplane and automobile developed between 1948 and 1966. The Aerocar was a two-seater, rigidly-braced high-wing monoplane with detachable wings and tail-unit, powered by a Lycoming O-320 four-cylinder horizontally-opposed air-cooled engine providing a top speed of 224 kmh and a range of 805 km, and as an automobile a top speed of 108 kmh with a practical speed of 88.5 kmh and a range of 480 km.
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An aerodrome is a place where aircraft are based.
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Aeronautics is the art of sailing in or navigating the air. The first form in which the idea of aerial locomotion naturally suggested itself was that of providing men with wings by which they should be enabled to fly. By about 1905, however, it was generally admitted that it is impossible for man by his muscular strength alone to give motion to wings of sufficient extent to keep him suspended in the air. Hence later attempts at aerial navigation structures of a different kind were generally tried, such as some sort of flying car, elevated and propelled by machinery which eventually gave rise to the modern aircraft, or a vehicle so buoyant as to float in the air, the balloon being the most common. Early pioneers in flight enocuntered one great difficulty in that of supporting in mid-air a sufficient weight of machinery to provide the necessary power for propelling and steering purposes.
The navigation of the air by means of the balloon dates only from nearly the close of the eighteenth century. In 1766 Henry Cavendish showed that hydrogen gas was at least seven times lighter than ordinary air, and it at once occurred to Dr. Black of Edinburgh that a thin bag filled with this gas would rise in the air, but his experiments were for some reason unsuccessful. Some years afterwards Tiberius Cavallo found that a bladder was too heavy and paper too porous, but in 1782 he succeeded in elevating soap-bubbles by inflating them with hydrogen gas. In this and the following year two Frenchmen, the brothers Stephen and Joseph Montgolfier, acting on the observation of the suspension of clouds in the atmosphere and the ascent of smoke, were able to cause several bags to ascend by rarefying the air within them by means of a fire below. These experiments roused much attention at Paris; and soon after a balloon was constructed under the superintendence of Professor Charles, which being inflated with hydrogen gas rose over 3000 feet in two minutes, disappeared in the clouds, and fell after three quarters of an hour about fifteen miles from Paris. These Montgolfier and Charles balloons already represented the two distinct principles in respect to the source of elevating power for balloons, the one being inflated with common air rarefied by heat, requiring a fire to keep up the rarefaction, the other being filled with gas lighter at a common temperature than air, and thus rendered permanently buoyant. Both forms were used for a considerable time, but the greater safety and convenience of the gaseous inflation finally prevailed. After the use of coal-gas had been introduced it superseded hydrogen gas, as being much less expensive, though having a far less elevating power.
The first person who made an ascent in a balloon was Pilatre de Rozier, who ascended 50 feet at Paris in 1783 in one of Montgolfier's. A short time afterwards M. Charles and M. Robert ascended in a balloon inflated with hydrogen gas, and travelled a distance of 27 miles from the Tuileries; M. Charles by himself also ascended to a height of about two miles. Since then a multitude of ascents and aerial voyages were made, with, strange to say, comparatively few disastrous results in the early years. Among the names of the earlier balloonists we may mention Lunardi, who first made an ascent in Great Britain in September 1784, unless we assign this honour to J. Tytler (' Balloon' Tytler), who seems to have made two short ascents from Edinburgh in the preceding month; Blanchard, who, along with the American Dr. Jeffries, first crossed the Channel from Dover to Calais, in January 1785; Garnerin, who first descended by a parachute from a balloon in October 1797; and Gay Lussac, who reached the height of 23,000 feet in September 1804.
In 1836 a balloon carrying Messrs. Green, Holland, and Mason traversed the 500 miles between London and Weilburg in Nassau in eighteen hours. In 1859 Mr. J. Wise, the chief of American aeronauts, accompanied by several others, rose from New York, and landed, after a flight of 1150 miles, in twenty hours. In September 1862, the renowned aeronaut, Mr. Glaisher, accompanied by a Mr. Coxwell, made an ascent from Wolverhampton, and reached the estimated elevation of 37,000 feet, or 7 miles, a height far greater than any other then attained, if it can be depended on as exactly ascertained. But the aeronauts were for a time in great peril, Mr. Glaisher having become insensible, and Mr. Coxwell having his hands so severely frozen that he was unable to pull the valve for descent, and was compelled to use his teeth. Early aeronauts were clearly unaware of the thinning of the atmosphere and dramatic reduction in temperature with altitude. It is claimed that the first greatest really authentic height-35,000 feet-was attained by two German aeronauts at Berlin in 1901. The most daring early attempt at an aerial voyage was that of the Swede, Andree, who, with two companions in 1897 ascended from Spitzbergen in hopes of reaching the North Pole, their fate remaining unknown.
All the features of the ordinary balloon as now used are more or less due to Professor Charles, already mentioned. Early balloons were usually a large pear-shaped bag, made of pliable silk cloth, covered with a varnish of caoutchouc dissolved in oil of turpentine to render it air-tight. The ordinary size ranged from 20 to 30 feet in equatorial diameter, with a proportionate height, but balloons of far greater dimensions were also constructed. A car, or basket, generally of wicker-work, supported by a network which extends over the balloon, contained the aeronaut; and a valve, usually placed near the top, and to which is attached a string reaching the car, gave him the power of allowing the gas to escape, whereby the balloon lowered at pleasure. A quantity of sand ballast in small bags was usually taken, and when the balloon tended to descend too far sand was thrown out and it rose again. The guide-rope, a long and heavy rope trailing over the ground, was sometimes used when the country was such that no serious damage would result from its trailing. The principle of this device was that as the balloon tended to rise it must lift more of the rope off the ground, while when the balloon sunk it was relieved of so much weight, and thus it tended to float at one level above the ground.
The problem of how to steer or propel a balloon in a desired horizontal direction was an early issue and numerous attempts at producing navigable balloons were made at the start of the 20th century. In a navigable balloon to be propelled through the air by some kind of motor, against the wind if necessary, the familiar balloon shape was departed from as quite unsuitable, and the 'air-ship' usually of an elongated form and more or less cylindrical or cigar-shaped adopted. A design still used a hundred years later.
Balloons of a fish or cigar shape, floated by gas, and propelled by a screw driven by a dynamo-electric machine, and steered by a large rudder, made several ascents in Paris in 1884 and 1885; and being generally able to return to the starting-point, at the time it was claimed for them that they had settled the question of balloon steerage, but it was several years before the matter was settled. The names of Count Zeppelin and M. Santos Dumont became well known in connection with such balloons. In 1897-1900 the former constructed a huge cylindrical air-ship of great length, with parabolic ends, divided into a number of separate chambers filled with hydrogen gas and these enclosed in an outer air balloon, the whole being braced and made rigid by an aluminium framework, and the means of propulsion being screws driven by Daimler petrol motors and fixed to the longitudinal axis of the air-ship. The success of this great structure, even after various improvements were introduced, appears to have been only partial, and want of sufficient funds brought operations to a stop for a while. M. Santos Dumont constructed several navigable balloons, and one of them was so successful at Paris in 1901 as to gain a prize of 100,000 francs. On this occasion his airship made the journey from St. Cloud to the Eiffel Tower and back again, a distance of about 9.5 miles, in half an hour. M.M. Lebaudy of Paris also made some very successful trips with a dirigible balloon ; that is, one that can be steered or directed-to some extent at least.
In 1903-4 a large air-ship was constructed by Dr. F. A. Barton at Alexandra Park, London. This structure had a bamboo framework suspended below it, connected with which was the propelling machinery, two engines each of 4.7 ihp, driving a series of fans, there being a large square sail serving as a rudder. In 1905 an improved form of this air-ship was experimented with, the name Barton-Rawson air-ship, 'designed for the War Office', later being given to it. In this form it consisted of a silk balloon 180 feet long and 40 in diameter, with a bamboo car 127 ft. long and 18 ft. high, carrying a 50-horsepower motor at either end driving four propellers 7 ft. in diameter and revolving at a high speed, the total weight being about 14,000 lbs. Ascents made in July 1905 were not very successful, the air-ship driving with the wind and being unable to take a course of its own. The British War Office expressed its readiness to give an order for an air-ship on certain conditions, one being that it must be able to turn in a circle of 100 yards radius.
Besides balloons, which are lighter than a corresponding volume of air, and air-ships depending on the same principle, various apparatus were constructed for aerial navigation that are heavier than the air at the start of the 20th century at a time when the feasibility of attaining success with such was supported by the flight of birds, many of which are decidedly heavy compared with their expanse of wing. Some of these apparatus were intended more for gliding or soaring through the air than for actual flight, having somewhat the nature of a huge bird with outstretched wings, beneath which a man attached himself, and on springing from a height gradually descends to the bottom - an idea revisited some years later for the hang-glider.
The kite, or structures on the same principle, were much experimented with, and it was found considerable weights can be raised and carried in this way. The kite rises in the air if drawn along by its string, and if instead of drawing it along a propeller is fitted to drive it through the air it ought to ascend in the same manner. Hence the invention of the aeroplane, which shows a large flat surface contrived to float nearly horizontally in the air, but with the front edge very slightly raised, so that in being propelled rapidly along it receives the pressure of the air on the under side, the air thus tending to counteract the force of gravity. Sir H. S. Maxim in 1894 constructed a huge machine with main and several subsidiary aeroplanes, propelled by two large screws driven by steam-engines of 300 hp, and able to rise with a great weight. As a model, at least, Prof. Langley's aerodrome had some success, flying through the air a distance of three-quarters of a mile. It had two rigid pairs of wings about 12 ft. in width, with large screw-propellers between them driven by a small steam-engine. Aviation is the term applied to attempts at flight otherwise than by balloons.
Manned balloons were successfully used for taking meteorological and military observation from the end of the 19th century. The latter class of balloons were usually 'captive' balloons - balloons that are kept by a rope from going farther than is desired, and that can be drawn back at will. Their use was only really suited for fairly calm weather and in certain circumstances. The balloon may have had a telephone connection with the earth below. There was a balloon service in the British army, the duties falling upon the Royal Engineers. Since about 1900 small captive and other balloons have sent up for purely scientific purposes, unaccompanied by any person, but provided with self-recording thermometers, barometers, etc., by which valuable facts have been ascertained. Some of these early balloons reached heights of 60,000 or 70,000 feet. During the siege of Paris in 1870-71 over sixty persons (including Gambetta) and innumerable letters left the city in balloons.
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The Aeronca L-3 (Grasshopper) was an American military two-seat, unarmed, light liaison and observation aircraft of the Second World War. The Aeronca L-3 was a high-wing, rigidly braced monoplane powered by a Continental O-170 flat-four piston engine providing a top speed of 139 kmh and a range of 322 km. The US Army used a number of Aeronca L-3 aircraft under the Model 65 prefix as pre-glider training aircraft during the Second World War.
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The Aerospatiale AS 332 Super Puma is a French medium transport helicopter. It is powered by two 1755 hp Turbomeca Makila turboshafts giving it a top speed of 296 kmh and a range of 618 km. It is produced in military and commercial versions, the AS 332M and AS 332L respectively, and a naval version the AS 332F with folding rotor blades. The Aerospatiale AS 332 carries a flight crew of two or three and up to 21 troops or six litters and seven seated casualties or 4000 kg of freight in the cabin or 4500 kg of freight carried as a slung load. In 1993 a Super Puma Mk II entered service powered by Turbomeca Makila IA2 turboshafts providing an increased top speed of 327 kmh and a range of 1176 km.
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The Aerospatiale CM 170 (Magister) is a French two-seat trainer aircraft with secondary light attack capability, first flown in 1952 as the Fouga CM 170 Magister and entered into service in 1956. The Aerospatiale CM 170-1 is a mid-wing cantilever monoplane powered by two Turbomeca Marbore IIA turbojets providing a top speed of 715 kmh and a range of 925 km. The Aerospatiale CM 170 is armed with two 7.5 mm or 7.62 mm machine-guns in the upper side of the nose and up to 250 kg of disposable stores carried on two hard points, one under each wing.
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The Aerospatiale N 262 (Fregate) is a French short-range utility transport aircraft that entered military service in 1964. The Aerospatiale N 262 series D is powered by two Turbomeca Bastan VIIA turboprops providing a top speed of 418 kmh and a range of 1450 km fully laden. The Aerospatiale N 262 carries a flight crew of two and up to 29 passengers or 3075 kg of freight in the cabin. A modified version, the Aerospatiale N 262 series E are used as navigational trainers by the French naval air arm.
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The Aerospatiale SA 315 Lama is a French utility light helicopter developed during the late 1960's in response to an Indian requirement for a general-purpose helicopter for use in the Himalayan mountains. The Aerospatiale SA 315 first flew in 1969 and entered service in 1970. The Aerospatiale SA 315 is powered by a Turbomeca Artouste IIIB turboshaft providing a top speed of 210 kmh and a range of 515 km. It carries a pilot and two passengers in the front of the cockpit and four passengers or two litters and an attendant or 785 kg of freight in the rear of the cabin or 1135 kg of freight carried as a slung load.
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The Aerospatiale SA 318 Alouette II is a French utility light helicopter first flown in 1961, and is an improved version of the Aerospatiale SE 313 being powered by a downgraded Turbomeca Astazou IIA turboshaft providing a top speed of 205 kmh and a range of 100 km. The Aerospatiale SA 318 carries a pilot and one passenger in the front of the cockpit and up to three passengers or two litters and an attendant or freight in the rear of the cockpit or 600 kg of freight carried as a slung load.
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The Aerospatiale SA 319B (Alouette III) is a French multi-role helicopter first flow in 1959, and developed from the earlier Aerospatiale SA 313B which first flew in 1955. It is armed with one 7.62 mm AA52 machine-gun, or one 20 mm MG151/20 cannon, or one 20 mm M621 cannon and up to 500 kg of disposable stores carried on four hard points two on each of two outrigger pylons.
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The Aerospatiale SA 321 (Super Frelon) is a French anti-submarine helicopter first flown in 1965. The Aerospatiale SA 321 is powered by three Turbomeca Turmo IIIC3 turboshafts providing a top speed of 275 kmh and a range of 1020 km. The Aerospatiale SA 321 carries a crew of two and a mission crew of three or up to 27 passengers or 5000 kg of freight in the cabin or carried as a slung load. It can carry up to 2000 kg of disposable stores on two hard points, one on each side of the fuselage.
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The Aerospatiale SA 321F is a French civilian version of the Aerospatiale SA 321 Super Frelon helicopter. The Aerospatiale SA 321F is designed to carry 37 passengers (33 passengers if toilets are fitted). The Aerospatiale SA 321F has a top speed of 255 kmh and a practical range of 210 km.
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The Aerospatiale SA 330 Puma is a French medium transport helicopter developed during the 1960's, entering service in 1969. The Aerospatiale SA 330 is powered by two Turbomeca Turmo IVC turboshafts providing a top speed of 204 kmh and a range of 572 km. The Aerospatiale SA 330 carries a flight crew of two or three and up to 20 troops, or six litters and six seated casualties or 3000 kg of freight in the cabin or carried as a slung load. The Aerospatiale SA 330 is generally unarmed but has provision to mount two 7.62 mm fixed forward-firing machine-guns on the sides of the fuselage or one 20 mm GIAT M621 cannon on a flexible mounting in one cabin door. In addition provision is made for two rocket pods to be fitted to the sides of the fuselage.
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The Aerospatiale SA 340 is a French five-seater all-purpose lightweight helicopter designed to replace the Aerospatiale SA 318 and first flown in 1967. The Aerospatiale SA 340 has a top speed of 270 kmh and a range of 720 km.
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The Aerospatiale SA 341 (Gazelle) is a French five-seat multi-role helicopter in service since 1972. The Aerospatiale SA 341 is powered by a Turbomeca Astazou IIIA turboshaft providing a top speed of 310 kmh and a range of 670 km. The Aerospatiale SA 341 carries a flight crew of one or two and up to three passengers or freight in the rear cabin or 700 kg of freight carried as a slung load. It has provision for one Emerson Flexible Turret System (previously designated Mini-TAT) with one 7.62 mm General Electric GAU-2B/A Minigun on the side of the fuselage and can carry up to 400 kg of disposable stores on two hard points one on each side of the fuselage.
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The Aerospatiale SA 342 (Gazelle) is a French battlefield and utility light helicopter in service since 1977. The Aerospatiale SA 342 is powered by a Turbomeca Astazou XIVM turboshaft providing a top speed of 280 kmh and a range of 710 km. The Aerospatiale SA 342 carries a crew of two and up to three passengers or 700 kg of freight carried as a slung load. Generally unarmed, the Aerospatiale SA 342 can be fitted with a 20 mm GIAT M621 cannon attached to the starboard side of the fuselage and up to 500 kg of disposable stores carried on two hard points, one at each end of a tubular armament beam that can be installed transversely through the fuselage.
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The Aerospatiale SA 365 (Dauphin 2) is a French multi-purpose and transport helicopter. It was flown as a prototype in 1979 and is manufactured in various formats including commercial and military. The SA 365F is powered by two Turbomeca Arriel IM1 turboshafts providing a top speed of 296 kmh and a range of 875 km. The SA 365F carries a flight crew of two and up to ten passengers or 1700 kg of freight in the cabin or 1600 kg of freight carried as a slung load. The AS 365F can carry up to 600 kg of disposable stores on four hard points under the two outrigger arms.
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The Aerospatiale SA 565 (Panther) is the French military, anti-ship variation of the Aerospatiale SA 365 helicopter. It was flown as a prototype in 1979. Two 760 hp turboshafts provide a maximum speed of 296 kmh.
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The Aerospatiale SE 310 (Caravelle) is a French short/medium-range civil airliner and medium-range military transport aircraft, first flown in 1955 as the Sud-Est SE.210. The Aerospatiale SE 310 is a low-wing cantilever monoplane of metal construction. The original Sud-Est SE.210 was a civilian medium-range airliner designed to carry 70 passengers in a pressurised cabin and had a cruising speed of 730 kmh and a range of 2500 km fully-laden. The military Aerospatiale SE 310 Caravelle III entered service in 1960 and is powered by two Rolls-Royce Avon RA.29 Mk 527 turbojets (various variations were made with varying engines) providing a top speed of 805 kmh and a range of 1700 km fully laden. The Aerospatiale SE 310 carries a flight crew of three and up to 99 passengers or 8400 kg of freight.
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The Aerospatiale SE 313 Alouette is a French utility light helicopter that entered service in 1956 and was the world's first turboshaft-powered helicopter to enter full production. The Aerospatiale SE 313 is powered by a Turbomeca Artouste I turboshaft. The Aerospatiale SE 313 carries a pilot and one passenger in the front of the cockpit and up to three passengers or two litters and an attendant or freight in the rear of the cockpit or 600 kg of freight carried as a slung load.
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The Aerospatiale SN 601 (Corvette) is a French civilian business jet and military utility light transport aircraft developed in the late 1960's for the civilian market, entering limited military service in 1974. The Aerospatiale SN 601 is powered by two Pratt and Whitney Canada JT15D-4 turbofans providing a top speed of 800 kmh and a range of 1645 km fully laden. The Aerospatiale SN 601 carries a flight crew of two and up to 14 passengers or freight in the cabin.
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The Aerotec 122 Uirapuru (Brazilian Air Force Designation T-23) was a Brazilian three-seater light aircraft or two-seater primary trainer aircraft (Aerotec A-122), first flown in 1965.
The first military production Aerotec 122 (T-23) crashed in 1968 after entering a flat spin, and as a result subsequent models were adapted with a small auxiliary fin below the rear fuselage to assist in spin recovery.
The Aerotec 122 was a low-wing cantilever monoplane of all-metal construction powered by a Lycoming O-235-C1 four-cylinder horizontally-opposed air-cooled engine providing a top speed of 220 kmh and a range of 900 km. The Aerotec 122 was fitted with two forward seats, with dual controls, and behind them a third seat.
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The Aerotec A-122 Uirapuru is a Brazilian two-seater primary flying trainer aircraft that entered service in 1969. The Aerotec A-122 is a low-wing cantilever monoplane of all-metal construction powered by a Textron Lycoming O-320-B2B flat-four piston engine providing a top speed of 225 kmh and a range of 800 km.
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The AFA P-16 is a Swiss single-seater attack aircraft first flown as a prototype in 1955 and designed as a tactical fighter aircraft capable of operating from short runways in narrow valleys. The AFA P-16 is a low-wing cantilever monoplane of metal construction powered by a Bristol-Siddeley ASSa.7 Sapphire turbojet engine providing a top speed of 1100 kmh and a range of 755 km at low altitude, or 1000 km with auxiliary tanks. Armaments consist of two HS 825 30 mm guns in the fuselage nose and four under wing racks capable of taking 500 kg of disposable stores, and a high speed air-to-air rocket launcher in the fuselage.
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The AFCO RL3 Monsoon was an Indian two-seat light monoplane of the early 1960's. The AFCO RL3 was a cantilever low-wing monoplane powered by a Continental C85-F four-cylinder horizontally-opposed air-cooled engine providing a top speed of 209 kmh and a range of 725 km.
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The Aero Commander Ag Commander A-9 is an American single-seater agricultural monoplane developed from the CallAir series of agricultural aircraft and first produced in 1963. The Aero Commander Ag Commander A-9 is a braced low-wing monoplane powered by a Lycoming O-540-B2B5 six-cylinder horizontally-opposed air-cooled engine providing a top speed of 191 kmh. Later a version was produced fitted with the Lycoming IO-540 six-cylinder engine and a larger hopper. This version was named the Ag Commander A-9 Super.
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The Aero Commander Ag Commander B-1 is an American single-seater agricultural monoplane developed as a scaled up version of the Aero Commander Ag Commander A-9 agricultural aircraft. The Aero Commander Ag Commander B-1 is a braced low-wing monoplane first flown in 1966 and powered by a Lycoming IO-720-A1A eight-cylinder horizontally-opposed air-cooled engine providing a top speed of 191 kmh.
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The Aero Commander Ag Commander S-2D (also known as the Aero Commander 600 S-2D Snow Commander) is an American single-seater agricultural aircraft developed from the earlier Snow S-2C agricultural aircraft. The Aero Commander Ag Commander S-2D is a low-wing cantilever monoplane powered by a Pratt and Whitney R-1340-S3H1 nine-cylinder radial air-cooled engine providing a top speed of 225 kmh and a range of 355 km fully laden.
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The AGB DABOS JD.24P is a French four-seater light aircraft first flown in 1963. The AGB DABOS JD.24P is a low-wing cantilever monoplane of wooden construction powered by two Potez 4 E-20 four-cylinder horizontally-opposed air-cooled engine providing a top speed of 238 kmh and a range of 1100 km.
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Agena was an American space vehicle built by the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation and first flown in 1959. Three variations were developed, the last, the Agena D, being test successfully in 1962. Agena D was 709 cm long and had a diameter of 152 cm. Agena D was used as a rendezvous target vehicle in the Gemini 10 missions.
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The AGM-12 (Bullpup) was an American air-to-surface tactical command guided missile first entering operations in 1959. The original AGM-12A was a solid-propellant rocket armed with a standard 113 kg bomb. The AGM-12B was a developed version for the US Navy and had an improved high-explosive warhead and was carried by A-4 attack aircraft. The AGM-12C was a further development with a liquid-propellant rocket and a larger conventional warhead. The AGM-12D version was powered by a liquid-propellant and could be fitted with either a conventional or nuclear warhead. The AGM-12B had a range of 11 km and a flight speed of Mach 1.8, the AGM-12C a range of 16.5 km.
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The North American AGM-28 Hound Dog (formerly designated GAM-77) was an American long-range air-to-surface guided stand-off bomb developed during the 1950's and first air launched in 1959, becoming standard equipment fitted to B-52 Stratofortress bomber aircraft. The AGM-28B was 12.95 meters long, 72 cm in diameter, weighed 4350 kg, had a range of 9765 km and flew at a speed of Mach 2.
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The AGM-45 (Shrike) anti-radar missile was an American air-to-surface missile intended for attacking radar installations on which it homed in. The AGM-45 entered service in 1964, first being issued to carrier-based attack squadrons of the US Navy.
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The AGM-65 is an air-to-ground missile used by the US army. It has a flight speed of 180 m/s and a maximum range of 16000 meters.
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The AGM-65D (Maverick) is a 300 mm air-to-ground missile used by the USAF. It is mounted on A-10A and other similar attack aircraft. It has a range of 16000 meters and an FLIR guidance system. It can penetrate 650 mm of flat steel, 527 mm of sloped steel armour and 257 mm of composite armour.
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Agusta is an Italian aircraft manufacturer, specialising in vertical takeoff vehicles, such as helicopters, in both military and commercial variations.
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The Agusta A 101G is an Italian three-engined medium-size general-purpose helicopter first flown in 1964. The Agusta A 101G carries a typical load of 35 passengers or paratroops, 18 stretcher patients and 5 attendants or up to 5000 kg of freight. The Agusta A 101G is powered by three Bristol Siddeley Gnome H.1400 shaft-turbine engines providing a top speed of 225 kmh and a range of 425 km.
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The Agusta A 106 is an Italian single-seater light anti-submarine helicopter produced during the mid-1960's. The Agusta A 106 is powered by a Turbomeca-Agusta TAA 230 shaft-turbine engine providing a top speed of 270 kmh and a range of 535 km. The Agusta A 106 is usually armed with two Mk 44 torpedoes.
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The Agusta A 109A is an Italian general-purpose light helicopter designed for both the civilian and military markets and first flown in 1970, entering military service in 1976. The Agusta A 109A is powered by two Allison 250-C20B turboshafts providing a top speed of 311 kmh and a range of 593 km. The Agusta A 109A carries a crew of one or two and up to six passengers or 1180 kg of freight in the cabin or 907 kg of freight carried as a slung load. Generally unarmed, provision is provided for one or two 7.62 mm machine-guns to be mounted on pintles and 344 kg of disposable stores to be carried on four hard points.
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The Agusta A 109K is an Italian utility light helicopter designed specifically for the military market from the Agusta A 109A and first flown in 1983, entering military service in 1991. The Agusta A 109K is powered by two Turbomeca Arriel IK1 turboshafts providing a top speed of 278 kmh and a range of 453 km. The Agusta A 109K carries a crew of one or two and up to six passengers or 1180 kg of freight in the cabin or 907 kg of freight carried as a slung load. Generally unarmed, provision is provided for one or two 7.62 mm machine-guns to be mounted on pintles and 344 kg of disposable stores to be carried on four hard points.
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The Agusta A129 Mangusta (Mongoose) is an Italian two-seat light attack helicopter. It is a dedicated attack and anti-armour helicopter with full night/bad weather combat capability and was developed to Italian army requirements. Production started in 1983 and the helicopter was powered by two Piaggio Gem Mk 1004D turboshafts providing a top speed of 315 kmh and a range of 100 km. In a typical anti-armour role the A129 is armed with eight TOW missiles and two 70 mm rocket launchers carried on four hard points.
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The Agusta AB212ASW is an Italian version of the American Bell 212 helicopter, optimised for naval warfare. The Agusta AB212 is powered by one Pratt and Whitney PT6T-6 Turbo Twin Pac coupled turboshaft providing a top speed of 240 kmh and a range of 615 km. It has provision for an Emerson Dual Flexible Turret System for machine-guns or a cannon, and carries up to 500 kg of disposable stores carried on two hard points one on each side of the fuselage, typically comprising Mk 46 torpedoes, Sea Killer anti-ship missiles or AS 12 anti-ship missiles.
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The Agusta AB412 Grifone is an Italian utility and maritime patrol helicopter. It is operated by a crew of one and has provision for fourteen passengers or six litters and two attendants or 4000 lbs of freight carried in the cabin or 5050 lbs of freight carried as a slung load. A Pratt and Whitney PT6T-3B Turbo Twin Pac coupled turboshaft provides a top speed of 259 kmh and a range of 805 km or four hours flying time. Generally unarmed, provision is provided for one or two 25 mm Oerlikon-Buhrle KBA-B cannon mounted on the lower sides of the fuselage, or alternatively a 0.5 inch FN-Browning M3 heavy machine-gun mounted in a Lucas Helicopter Turret under the nose, and one or two 0.5 inch or 7.62 mm FN-Browning M3 heavy machine-guns pintle-mounted in the cabin doors and disposable stores carried on two hard points one each side of the fuselage.
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The Agusta Model 103 is an Italian single-seater helicopter designed for training, observation, agricultural and other tasks. The Agusta Model 103 is powered by an Augusta MV GA 70 engine providing a top speed of 155 kmh and a range of 450 km and an endurance of 3 hours 20 minutes flying time.
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The Agusta-Bell Model 102 is an Italian general utility helicopter first flown in 1959. The Agusta-Bell Model 102 is powered by a Pratt And Whitney R-1340 engine providing a top speed of 192 kmh and a range of 460 km. The Agusta-Bell Model 102 carries up to nine passengers and a pilot or four litters plus medical attendants or a combination of passengers and freight.
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The Bell 209 or AH-1 is a series of American two-seat light attack helicopters, first flown in 1965, that evolved from the Bell 204. The AH-1S (HueyCobra) is a dedicated attack and anti-armour helicopter serving primarily with the US Army in the early 1980s. It has a top speed of 277 kmh.
The AH-1T (SeaCobra) is a twin-turboshaft version used by the US Marine Corps during the late 1970s and during the 1980s, being replaced by the AH-1W (SuperCobra) which entered service in 1985. During the Gulf War in 1991 the United States Marine Corps crews and their AH-1W SuperCobras destroyed 97 tanks, 104 armoured personnel carriers and vehicles, 16 bunkers and two anti-aircraft artillery sites.
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The AH-64 (Apache) is an American tandem two-seat attack helicopter. The Hughes AH-64 was developed during the early 1970s and first flew in 1975 with production reaching a peak in 1984. The AH-64 is armed with a single-barrel 30 mm gun suspended beneath the forward fuselage, and eight BGM-71A TOW anti-armour missiles may also be carried. Alternative armaments include 16 Hellfire laser-guided missiles. The AH-64 has a top speed of 307 kmh.
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The Aichi B7A (Ryusei) was a Japanese carrier-based torpedo/dive bomber aircraft of the Second World War. The B7A2 carried a crew of two and was powered by a Nakajima NK9C Homare 12 18- cylinder radial piston engine delivering 1825 hp of power and providing a top speed of 565 kmh and a maximum range of 3050 km. It was armed with two wing mounted 20-mm Type 99 cannons and one trainable 13 mm Type 2 machine-gun in the aft position and 800 kg of bombs or a single 800 kg torpedo. By the time the B7A was produced, Japan no longer had any carriers from which it could operate and the B7A saw only limited action from land bases.
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The Aichi D3A (Val) was a Japanese two-seat carrier or land-based dive-bomber aircraft of the Second World War. The D3A1 was powered by a Mitsubishi Kinsei 44 14-cylinder radial piston engine delivering 1070 hp and providing a top speed of 385 kmh and a range of 1470 km. The D3A1 was armed with two 7.7 mm fixed, forward firing Type 97 machine-guns and a Type 92 trainable machine-gun in the rear cockpit and 370 kg of bombs carried under the wings and fuselage. The Japanese navy used D3A aircraft in the attack on Pear Harbour.
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The Aichi E13A was a Japanese three-seat long-range reconnaissance sea-plane of the Second World War developed from the Aichi E12A to meet a Japanese navy requirement for a long-range reconnaissance sea- plane to escort maritime convoys, and entering service in 1941. The E13A was powered by a Mitsubishi Kinsei 43 14-cylinder radial piston engine supplying 1080 hp of power and providing a top speed of 375 kmh and a range of 2090 km. The E13A was armed with one trainable 7.7 mm Type 92 machine-gun in the aft position and up to 250 kg of bombs. A 20 mm Type 99 cannon could also be fitted on a ventral- flexible mount for anti-ship operations.
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The Aichi E16A1 Zuiun was a Japanese long-range reconnaissance sea-plane of the Second World War produced from 1943 to replace the Aichi E13A, as the Navy Reconnaissance Seaplane Zuiun Model 11. The Zuiun was powered by a 1300 hp Mitsubishi MK8D Kinsei 54 14-cylinder radial piston engine providing a top speed of 440 kmh and a range of 2420 km. Armaments consisted of two 20 mm Type 99 Model 2 cannons mounted in the wings and a 13mm Type 2 machine-gun on a flexible mount in the aft position and a 250 kg bomb carried on an under-fuselage mounting. A lot of Zuiun planes were used for kamikaze operations in the Okinawa area.
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The AIDC A-1 Ching kuo is a Taiwanese single-seater lightweight air-defence fighter with ground attack and anti-ship capabilities first developed in 1994. The A-1 is powered by two ITEC TFE1042-70 turbofans giving a top speed of Mach 1.2. The A-1 is armed with one 20 mm General Electric M61A1 rotary six-barrel cannon under the port side of the fuselage and carries disposable stores on six hard points, two under the fuselage, two under each wing and two at the wing tips, each rated at 100 kg.
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The AIDC AT-3A Tzu Chung is a Taiwanese two-seater advanced flying and weapons trainer aircraft, first flown in 1980, entering service in 1984. The AT-3A is powered by two Garrett TFE731-2-2L turbofans providing a top speed of 904 kmh and a range of 2280 km. The AT-3A has provision for two 0.5 inch calibre machine-guns in a ventral pack; two wingtip rails for two AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missiles; five other hard points capable of carrying 2720 kg of stores which can include air-to-surface missiles, cannon and machine-gun pods, rocket launcher pods, bombs and cluster bombs.
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The AIDC T-1 Chung-tsing is an American-designed Taiwanese two-seater basic/advanced fling trainer with limited armament training and ground attack capabilities. The AIDC T-1 entered military service in 1976 and is powered by a Textron Lycoming T53-L-701 turboprop providing a top speed of 685 kmh and a range of 2010 km. The AIDC T-1 carries no fixed armaments but has provision for disposable stores to be carried on two under-wing hard points.
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The Auster J5F Aiglet is a British low-cost two-seat dual-control aerobatic training aircraft first produced in the 1950's and also produced in a three-seat touring model. The Auster Aiglet is a high-wing braced monoplane powered by a DH Gipsy Major I engine providing a top speed of 207 kmh and a range of 440 km with one fuel tank and 872 km with two fuel tanks.
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The AIM-120A is an American all weather, fire and forget air-to-air missile, equipped with an active radar seeker and high explosive warhead. The range is over 50 miles and the speed of the missile is 1.2 km per second (Mach 4).
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The AIM-26 (Nuclear Falcon) is an American short range air-to-air missile which first entered service in 1960, and was the first guided air-to-air missile to carry a nuclear warhead. The AIM-26 uses a Hughes semi-active radar homing guidance system. The AIM-26 has a maximum range of 9600 meters and flies at a speed of Mach 2, and is armed with a nuclear warhead. The AIM-26 is 2.07 meters long and weighs 118.8 kg.
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The Hughes AIM-4 (Falcon) is an American short to medium range air-to-air missile which first entered service in 1956. The AIM-4 was the first fully guided air-to-air missile to enter service, using a Hughes semi-active radar homing guidance system. The AIM-4 has a maximum range of 11295 meters and flies at a speed of Mach 4, and is armed with a 13 kg proximity-fused blast fragmentation warhead. The AIM-4 is 1.98 meters long and weighs 50 kg.
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The Hughes AIM-47 (Falcon) was an American short to medium range air-to-air missile developed as a larger version of the Falcon series of missiles under the name GAR-9 with the objective of arming the abandoned North American F-108 interceptor aircraft. The AIM-47 was an all-weather weapon utilising infra-red and pulsed Doppler radar guidance systems. The warhead was interchangeable, either high-explosive or nuclear, and the AIM-47 had a flight speed of Mach 6.
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The AIM-54 (Phoenix) is an American long range air-to-air missile by Raytheon which provides all weather capability for the engagement of supersonic aircraft and low and high altitude cruise missiles. Its speed is Mach 5 and it has a range of 150 km.
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The AIM-7 (Sparrow) is an American medium range semi-active radar-guided air-to-air missile manufactured by Raytheon which has all-weather capability. The AIM-7 is powered by a Rocketdyne Mk 38 Mod O solid-propellant rocket motor and has a range of 45 km and a flight speed of Mach 2.5.
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The AIM-9 (Sidewinder) is an American short range air-to-air missile by Lockheed Martin and Raytheon. It provides very short range, dogfight and all- aspect capability. Range is 8 km.
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The Air And Space Model 18-A is an American two-seater light autogyro developed during the 1960's and first produced in 1965. The Air And Space Model 18-A is powered by a Lycoming O-360 four-cylinder horizontally-opposed air-cooled engine providing a top speed of 177 kmh and a range of 480 km.
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An Air-to-Air Missile (AAM) is a missile fired from one aircraft against another. The original air-to-air missiles were developed during the Great War with aircraft such as the Nieuport 17 and the BE2 being equipped with Le Prieur rockets, the idea was then re-introduced in 1938 by the Soviet air force and adopted later by the German Luftwaffe with Messerschmitt Me 262 fighters being equipped with rockets. Modern air-to-air missiles are highly sophisticated radar or infra-red guided weapons which actively seek their target.
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The Airbus A300B is the most advanced aircraft currently in airline service. Proposed in 1965 by the British and French governments (the British government subsequently withdrew its support and West Germany joined the team) it is built by companies in five countries and represents Europe's first attempt to break the US monopoly of the market for large subsonic airliners. The unique wing incorporates supercritical features, now being adopted in advanced military and other civil jetliners. These delay the onset of shockwaves up to high subsonic speeds. The wing took nearly 4,000,000 man-hours and almost 4,000 hours of wind-tunnel tests to perfect. The wing skin panels, some 15.5 meters long, are milled by computer-guided machines and preformed in gigantic presses. When released, they spring back to the exact aerofoil shape. The Airbus is the quietest wide-bodied jet with a top operating speed of 705 kmh and a range of 3000 km and the manufacturers claim it is quieter than smaller jets weighing one tenth as much. Unlike other wide-bodied jets, the Airbus A300B has only two engines: General Electric CF6-50C or alternatively Pratt and Whitney JT9D-59A turbofans which supposedly give it the lowest fuel consumption per passenger of any jet in history. A300B seating configurations can be varied from 345 passengers maximum in charter layout, to a mixed passenger/freight, or all-cargo payload. With an extra centre-section fuel tank, thicker wing roots and Kriiger flaps for a sprightly takeoff at 'hot and high' airports, the Airbus was converted from a short-to a medium-range airliner in the 1974 B4 version. Air France flew the first scheduled services in 1974.
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An aircraft is a flying machine, a vessel which flies through the air rather than floats on water or travels along a road or rail.
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The Airtech CN.235 is a Spanish-Indonesian short-range medium utility transport plane developed between 1980 and 1983 as a Joint venture between CASA of Spain and IPTN of Indonesia. The Airtech CN.235 is powered by two General Electric CT7-9C turboprops providing a top speed of 445 kmh and a range of 1500 km fully laden. The Airtech CN.235 can carry a payload of 6600 kg, including 48 troops or 24 litters and attendants. A maritime patrol variation is armed with two AM 39 Exocet anti-ship missiles.
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The Pacific Aerospace Airtrainer CT4 is an Australian-designed New Zealand three-seater primary/basic flying trainer aircraft in service since 1973. The Pacific Aerospace Airtrainer CT4 is powered by a Rolls-Royce IO-360-H flat-six piston engine providing a top speed of 426 kmh and a range of 1105 km.
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The Albatros D1 was a German single-seater fighter aircraft of the Great War. It had a top speed of 120 mph and was armed with two machine-guns. Unlike other fighters at the time, its fuselage was covered with sheets of plywood rather than stretched fabric giving the D1 great strength and rigidity.
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The Armstrong Whitworth AW 41 Albemarle was a British twin-engined paratroop carrier and glider-tug aeroplane of the Second World War. They were used in the invasion of Sicily in 1943, the invasion of France in 1944 and the operations at Arnhem in 1944. It was also produced in a special transport model which was used for carrying mail and equipment from Britain to Malta, Gibraltar and North Africa during the war.
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The Alenia F-104S is an Italian interceptor and multi-role attack fighter based on the Lockheed F-104. The F-104S is powered by a Fiat J79-GE-19 turbojet providing a top speed of Mach 2.2 and a range of 2920 km. The F-104S is armed with one 20 mm General Electric M61A1 Vulcan rotary six-barrel cannon in the port side of the fuselage and has nine hard points, three under the fuselage, four under the wings and two at the wing tips, capable of carrying 3402 kg of disposable stores including AIM-7 Sparrow anti-air missiles and AIM-9 Sidewinder anti-air missiles.
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Alkali was the Western code name for the Soviet air-to-air radar guided missile fitted to Warsaw Pact aircraft during the 1960's and 1970s. Alkali is known to have been in service in 1964, and carried by Su-9 aircraft.
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The Allied Trimmer was an American three-seater light amphibian flying-boat of the 1940's. The Allied Trimmer was a high-wing cantilever monoplane of plastic bonded plywood construction powered by two Continental C75 4-cylinder horizontally-opposed air-cooled engines providing a top speed of 224 kmh and a range of 560 km.
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The Allison Convair 580 was an American airliner converted from earlier Convair 340 and Convair 440 aircraft during the 1960's primarily by replacing the piston engines with Allison 501-D13 turboprops and increasing the area of the tail unit but with other modifications to the instruments also. The Allison Convair 580 had a cruising speed of 550 kmh and a range of 3650 km.
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The Alon Four is an American four-seater light aircraft first flown in 1966. The Alon Four is a low-wing cantilever monoplane of all-metal construction powered by a Lycomin O-320-A four-cylinder horizontally-opposed air-cooled engine providing a top speed of 241 kmh and a range of 1200 km.
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The Alon Model A-2 AirCoupe is an American two-seater light aircraft developed as a refinement of the Ercoupe 415-C, and first flown in 1964. The Alon Model A-2 AirCoupe is a low-wing cantilever monoplane of all-metal construction powered by a Continental C90-16F four-cylinder horizontally-opposed air-cooled engine providing a top speed of 208 kmh and a range of 730 km.
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The Alpavia Avion-Planeur RF3 is a French single-seater light aircraft first flown in 1960. The Alpavia Avion-Planeur RF3 combines the characteristics of a sailplane and a small sporting aircraft, and can be glided with the engine switched off. In 1963 an Alpavia Avion-Planeur RF3 was flown from a height of 2000 meters up to 6000 meters with the engine switched off. The Alpavia Avion-Planeur RF3 is a low-wing cantilever monoplane powered by a converted Volkswagen four-cylinder 1200 cc motor car engine providing a top speed of 190 kmh and a range of 500 km, although much longer ranges are possible with the engine switched off.
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The Alpavia Jodel D117 Grand Tourisme is a French two-seat light monoplane first produced in 1959. The Alpavia Jodel D117 is a low-wing cantilever monoplane of fabric covered wood construction powered by a Continental C90-14F four-cylinder horizontally-opposed air-cooled engine providing a top speed of 207 kmh and a range of 1170 km.
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The Dassault-Breguet/Dornier Alpha Jet is a joint French and German two-seater trainer and light attack aircraft, first flown in 1973, entering service in 1980. The Alpha Jet A is powered by two SNECMA/Turbomeca Larzac O4-C20 turbofans providing a top speed of 1038 kmh and a typical range of 1000 km depending upon payload. Armaments consist of one 27 mm Mauser BK27 cannon in an optional, detachable under-fuselage pod and up to 2500 kg of disposable stores on five hard points, one under the fuselage and two under each wing.
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The Ambrosini F.4 Rondone was an Italian two-seater side-by-side light cabin monoplane of the 1950's. The Ambrosini Rondone was a low-wing cantilever monoplane of wooden construction powered by a Walter Mikron four-cylinder inline inverted air-cooled engine providing a top speed of 225 kmh and a range of 750 km. A variant powered by a Continental C85 four-cylinder horizontally-opposed air-cooled engine providing a top speed of 250 kmh and a range of 700 km was also produced.
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The S.A.I. Ambrosini S.7 was an Italian one and two-seater, all-wooden trainer aircraft developed during the Second World War, entering service in 1949. The Ambrosini S.7 was powered by an Alfa Romeo 115 ter 6-cylinder in-line piston engine providing a top speed of 358 kmh and a range of 1000 km.
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The S.A.I. Ambrosini Super S.7 was an Italian two-seater, all-wooden military trainer aircraft developed as a slightly larger and more powerful aircraft than the Ambrosini S.7. The Ambrosini Super S.7 was powered by a De Havilland Gipsy Queen Series 70 six-cylinder in-line inverted air-cooled engine providing a top speed of 460 kmh and a range of 1100 km. The Ambrosini Super S.7 was armed with a 7.7 mm SAFAT machine-gun in the port wing, a camera gun in the starboard wing and had racks for two 45 kg and two 14 kg bombs and rails for four rockets and also carried a remotely operated F.24 camera.
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The American Airmotive NA-75 is an American single-seater agricultural biplane. The American Airmotive NA-75 is a single-bay unequal-span staggered biplane of metal construction powered by a choice of various engines including the Continental R-670, Lycoming R-680-B4, Lycoming R-680-E3, Jacobs R-915 and Wright R-975.
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The American Flea Ship is an American single-seater triplane originally sold in ready-to-fly and kit form during the 1930's by the Universal Aircraft Company of Fort Worth, Texas. Following the Second World War the rights were acquired by the Ace Aircraft Manufacturing Company. The American Flea Ship is powered by a Continental four-cylinder horizontally-opposed air-cooled engine providing a top speed of 153 kmh and a range of 360 km.
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The Aeritalia/Aermacchi/EMBRAER AMX is a joint Italian-Brazilian single-seat attack aircraft first flown in 1984. The Italian version is armed with one 20 mm General Electric M61A1 Vulcan six-barrel rotary cannon in the lower port side of the nose, the Brazilian version is armed with two 30 mm DEFA 554 cannons in the underside of the nose. Up to 3800 kg of disposable stores carried on seven hard points, one under the fuselage with side-by-side ejector racks, two under each wing, and two wingtip missile rails. The AMX originated as an Italian project for a successor to the G91 as lightweight counterpart to the Tornado, and developed into a joint Italo-Brazilian project.
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The Antonov AN-10 (NATO codename Cat) was a Soviet four-engined passenger transport aircraft first flown in 1957. The AN-10 was a high-wing cantilever monoplane powered by four Kuznetsov NK-4 or four Ivchenko AI-20 turboprops providing a top speed of 630 kmh and a range of 3000 km. The AN-10 carried a crew of five and up to 120 (usually 84) passengers depending upon configuration. A development, the AN-10A, carried between 100 and 130 passengers depending upon configuration.
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The Antonov AN-12 (NATO codename cub) is a Soviet paratroop medium-range passenger and freight transport aircraft. It was developed in the 1960s from the AN-10. The Antonov AN-12 is powered by four ZMDB Progress AI-20K turboprops providing a top speed of 777 kmh and a range of 5700 km depending upon load. The Antonov AN-12 is armed with two 23mm Nudel'man-Rikhter NR-23 cannons in a powered tail turret. The Antonov AN-12 carries a flight crew of six, including a rear gunner, and up to 90 troops, 60 paratroops or 20000 kg of freight in the hold.
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The Antonov An-124 (Condor) is a Ukraine military long-range heavy transport and civil airliner. The Antonov An-124 is the world's largest production aircraft, at 69.1 meters long and 21.08 meters high. The Antonov An-124 is powered by four ZMKB Progress D-18T turbofan engines providing a top speed of 865 kmh and a range of 4500 km fully laden. The military Antonov An-124 is manned by a crew of four and can carry a payload of 150000 kg including 88 passengers and 350 troops or 268 paratroops or 288 stretchers and attendants, or helicopters or tanks.
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The Antonov An-14 Pchelka (Clod) is a Soviet short-range utility STOL aircraft first flown in 1958, that entered military service in 1965, being produced until 1975. The Antonov An-14 is a braced, high-wing monoplane powered by two ZMDB Progress AI-14RF radial piston engines providing a top speed of 222 kmh and a range of 650 km fully laden. The Antonov An-14 carries a single pilot and up to eight passengers or 720 kg of freight.
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The AN-16 was a proposed development of the AN-10 Soviet four-engined passenger transport aircraft, based upon the AN-10 but lengthened to carry 130 passengers and with a larger cargo hold. The AN-16 was never produced.
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The Antonov AN-2 (NATO codename Colt) is a Soviet single-engined general purpose biplane developed in 1947 as a STOL transport, entering service in 1950. The AN-2 is a unequal-span single-bay biplane powered by a Ash-62 IR nine-cylinder radial air-cooled engine providing a top speed of 247 kmh and a range of 1480 km depending upon payload. The AN-2 is commonly used as a paratroop trainer. The AN-2P variation is used as a passenger aircraft carrying up to eight passengers in reclining seats. An An-2S and later An-2M agricultural version was also made, fitted with long-stroke landing gear to allow for the installation of pumping and spraying equipment under the fuselage and wings.
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The Antonov AN-22 Antei (NATO codename Cock) is a Soviet long-range heavy logistic transport aircraft. The AN-22 was developed in the mid 1960s primarily for support of the Siberian industries and was at the time the largest aircraft in the world. The AN-22 was adopted for military service in the late 1960s as a long-range strategic freight transport. The AN-22 is powered by four KKBM NK-12MA turboprops providing a top speed of 740 kmh and a range of 5000 km fully laden. The AN-22 carries a flight crew of five or six and up to 29 passengers or 80000 kg of freight in the hold.
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Abbreviations
Aircraft
