|
To haggle is to dispute, or argue over a price - such as when offering to pay less than an advertised price, and consequently negotiating a reduction in the price with the seller. The term is commonly incorrectly replaced with the term barter, but the proper term is to haggle.
 Research Haggle
The half cent was an American copper coin, the coinage and issue of which were authorized by Congress in 1792. The weight of this coin was 132 grains, but this was changed to 104 grains when, in 1793, its coinage was again authorized. This coin was not issued during the years 1798, 1799, 1801, 1812 to 1824 inclusive, 1827, 1830, 1837 to 1848 inclusive, and 1852. It was discontinued in 1857.
Research Half-Cent
The half-dollar is an American coin first issued in 1794 as a silver coin. In 1853 the weight of the half-dollar was reduced. Its coinage was authorized (at a weight of 208 grains) in April, 1792, and begun in 1794. Its weight was reduced in 1853 to 192 grains. There were no issues during the years 1798, 1799, 1800 or 1816.
Research Half-Dollar
The half-eagle was an American gold coin issued from 1795 and valued at 5 dollars. Stamped upon the reverse with a figure of the American national bird - an eagle - and hence the name. Its coinage was authorized in 1792, and begun in 1795. The first return of gold coins was made on July the 31st, 1795, 744 half eagles. The half-eagle was authorized a second time in 1837. There were no half-eagles minted in 1816 or 1817.
Research Half-Eagle
The half-guinea was an old British gold coin of the face value of 10s 6d.
Research Half-Guinea
In the British army, half-pay was a kind of temporary pension, awarded as a remuneration or recognition for past services, being granted chiefly to an officer who retired voluntarily, or was compelled by ill-health, reduction of his regiment, or some exceptional cause, to quit active service for a time. The rates of half-pay were slightly in excess of half the rates of full-pay.
Research Half-Pay
In England, the hangman at Tyburn was given 13.5 d with 1.5 d to pay for the rope. Bizarrely, noblemen who were to be beheaded were expected to give the executioner from 7 to 10 pounds for cutting off their head.
Research Hangman's Wages
Hanse towns were certain German and other commercial cities of Northern Europe associated for the protection of commerce and united by what was called the Hanseatic League. In the middle of the 13th century the sea and land swarmed with pirates and robbers. In particular the thriving ports of the Baltic and tlie North Sea were infested, and in 1219 a compact was made between Hamburg, Ditmarsh, and Hadeln to protect the adjacent waters. This was followed in 1241 by an alliance between Hamburg and Lubeck to keep open the road across Holstein, connecting the North Sea with the Baltic. In 1247 this leaguewas joined by Brunswick, and out of this grew the Hansa or league, which at its most flourishing period embraced 85 towns, maritime and inland, from Reval and Narva to Amsterdam and Middleburg, and from Cologne to Breslau and Cracow. Amongst these the town of Lubeck was recognized as the chief town of the league. Here assembled the deputies of the other Hanse towns to deliberate on the affairs of the confederacy; but the decrees of the diet had no effect unless they received the sanction of the separate towns.
The chief trading centres of the league were the factories of Novgorod in Russia, Bergen in Norway, Bruges, and London (the so-called Steelyard). These factories were subject to an almost monastic discipline, which even required their officers to be celibates and live at a common table. During the latter half of the 14th century the power of the league was at its height. It had armies and navies, gained victories in war over the kings of Norway and Denmark, and deposed a king of Sweden. It made thorough provision for the security of commerce on the Baltic and North Seas, constructed canals, introduced a uniform system of weights and measures, and developed the principles of mercantile law. But as its power and ambition increased it was felt to be an oppressive monopoly established mainly in the interests of the great seaport towns. It became less needful also for commercial security, as the princes learned the advantages of trade, formed naval forces of their own, and encouraged navigation. Most of the inland members of the confederation withdrew, and during the 15th and 16th centuries the cities of Hamburg, Luneburg, and Lubeck were almost alone in their active efforts to maintain the power of the Hansa and secure for it the command of the Baltic.
About the middle of the 16th century the Dutch became predominant in the Baltic trade. In 1597 England revoked all special privileges of the Hanseatic merchants, and in 1614 Lubeck, Stettin, Danzig, Brunswick, Luneburg, Hamburg, Bremen, and Cologne, with a few smaller towns, were the only places that contributed to the support of the Hansa. The league still made desperate efforts to retain its monopolies, but the cost of doing so now became a heavy tax on the remaining allies. At the last general assembly, held in 1630 at Lubeck, many of the members sent representatives only to renounce their allegiance. The name still remained attached to the free cities of Lubeck, Bremen, and Hamburg, under whose protection the surviving factories continued to exist, that of Bergen being still managed in the old way until 1763.
In 1813 Frankfort-on-the-Main was included in the number of the Hanse towns, and in the German Confederation these four cities had together one vote in the diet. Frankfort was incorporated in Prussia in 1866, but the other three towns were still separate constituents of the German Empire.
Research Hanse Towns
A Hapawalu is an 1883 Hawaiian pattern 12-cent coin. In Hawaiian, Hapa means 'half' and Walu means 'eight'. Half of eight, or the fraction one-eighth. Only 20 of these were coined.
Research Hapawalu
A hard currency is a currency that is commonly accepted throughout the world; they are usually those of the western industrialized countries although other currencies have achieved this status, especially within regional trading blocs. Holdings of hard currency are valued because of their universal purchasing power. Countries with soft currencies go to great lengths to obtain and maintain stocks of hard currencies, often imposing strict restrictions on their use by the private citizen.
Research Hard Currency
The Hat tax was a tax levied upon men's hats by the British government in 1784, and repealed in 1811. The tax levied varied upon the retail price of the hat. retailers of hats were obliged to purchase a license to sell hats, and hats sold had a duty-stamp pasted inside them to show the tax had been paid.
Research Hat Tax
Haulage is the charge made by a haulier (haulage contractor) for transporting goods, especially by road. If the goods consist of a large number of packages (e.g. 100 tonnes of cattlefood packed in 2000 bags each weighing 50 kilograms) there will be a separate charge for loading and unloading the vehicle.
Research Haulage
Hearth-money was a tax on fireplaces, first apparent in Anglo-Saxon times, it was reimposed after the restoration in 1662. It was a great burden upon the poor, and involded inquisitorial visits from officials known as ' chimneymen'. The tax was repealed due to unpopularity in 1689.
Research Hearth-Money
Hedonic demand theory is an economic theory that the price an individual will pay for a good reflects the sum of the characteristics of that good. This implies that demand for the characteristics is the true object of demand theory, not the goods themselves. While this is appealing in principle, it is very difficult to enumerate all the characteristics of goods in practice.
Research Hedonic Demand Theory
The Hicksian (or compensated) demand function is a function that expresses an individual's demand for goods by means of prices at a particular level of utility. Unlike the Marshallian demand function, a change in the price of a good will have only one effect on the Hicksian demand function; as the level of utility is held constant, this is the substitution effect. The concept was introduced by Sir John Hicks.
Research Hicksian Demand Function
In mediaeval England, a hide was the amount of land that could support one household, and the hide unit of measurement was used for assessing taxation on land (geld).
Research Hide
Hire purchase (HP) is a method of buying goods in which the purchaser takes possession of them as soon as he has paid an initial instalment of the price (a deposit) and obtains ownership of the goods when he has paid all the agreed number of subsequent instalments. A hire-purchase agreement differs from a credit-sale agreement and sale by instalments (or a deferred payment agreement) because in these transactions ownership passes when the contract is signed. It also differs from a contract of hire, because in this case ownership never passes. Hire-purchase agreements were formerly controlled by government regulations stipulating the minimum deposit and the length of the repayment period. These controls were removed in 1982. Hire-purchase agreements were also formerly controlled by the Hire Purchase Act (1965), but most are now regulated by the Consumer Credit Act (1974). In this Act a hire-purchase agreement is regarded as one in which goods are bailed in return for periodical payments by the bailee; ownership passes to the bailee
if he complies with the terms of the agreement and exercises his option to purchase.
Research Hire Purchase
A hoondee was a bill of exchange or cheque, peculiar to India, and given between native bankers. It commenced with an invocation to Ganesa, the god of wisdom. The bill then mentioned the mode and date of payment. They had no stamp or legal authorisation, but instead the hoondee's authenticity was guarranteed by certain mystic signs understood by the bankers on both sides. Hoondees were still in use at the time of the British occupation of India.
Research Hoondee
The Hot Lips is a variety of the American 1888-O silver dollar struck from doubled obverse die (a manufacturing mistake) that leaves Liberty with two sets of lips.
Research Hot Lips
Hot money is money that moves at short notice from one financial centre to another in search of the highest short-term interest rates, for the purposes of arbitrage, or because its owners are apprehensive of some political intervention in the money market, such as a devaluation. Hot money can influence a country's balance of payments.
Research Hot Money
Hull insurance is marine or aircraft insurance covering the structure of a ship, boat, hovercraft, or aeroplane and the equipment maintained permanently on board.
Research Hull Insurance
A hypermarket is a very large shop, usually having a selling area of at least 4645 square metres, that sells a wide range of products. Able to buy in bulk, hypermarkets are often located adjacent to towns and base their attraction on low prices and to car-owning consumers, who can make many of their purchases in one place where parking facilities are provided.
Hypermarkets are becoming increasingly common, especially in grocery and do- it-yourself retailing.
Research Hypermarket
In economics, hysteresis refers to the assumption that the present level of an economic variable depends on past levels. For example, when unemployment rises, a new classical economist would expect wages to fall and the demand for labour to rise, so that unemployment would quickly disappear. If there is hysteresis, however, this may not occur since workers, once excluded from the labour market, may lose skills and therefore be unable to compete with employed workers to push down wages. Hysteresis may be thought of as a post- Keynesian theory, which may justify the use of government expenditure to alleviate unemployment.
Research Hysteresis
|
Abbreviations
Money
