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In economics, the J-curve effect is an increase in the value of imports or a fall in the value of exports caused by a depreciation of a domestic currency. In the long term, it is expected that the falling value of the currency will make exports more competitive, causing them to increase, and imports more expensive, causing demand for them to fall. However, in the short term import and export volumes will usually be slow to adjust, so that imports will cost more in the depreciated currency and exports will earn less; the resulting decline in the balance of payments is represented by the hook of the J. The subsequent fall in imports and rise in exports causing the balance of payments to rise sharply is represented by the upstroke of the J.
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The Jacobus was a gold coin of the value of 25 shillings struck in the reign of James I.
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A jerque note is a certificate issued by a British customs officer to the master of a ship, stating that he is satisfied that the cargo on his ship has been correctly entered on the manifest and that no un-entered cargo has been found after searching the ship.
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Jetsam are goods thrown overboard in a storm so as to lighten the ship's load and later cast upon the shore. Jetsam differs from flotsam in the deliberate nature of the goods or articles being thrown overboard.
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A job centre (known among the unemployed as a Joke Shop) is a British government employment agency that is supposed to seek work for those out of a job, assist employers to find suitable employees, and provide training facilities for trades in which there are shortages of skilled workers. In reality they are highly ineffective to the point of being laughable, hence their colloquial name of 'Joke Shop'.
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In business, job costing is the attribution of separate costs to each job undertaken. This method of costing is particularly used in engineering, when a variety of different jobs are undertaken and there is no homogeneous product.
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A jobber was a former dealer in stocks and shares, who had no contact with the general public, except through a stockbroker. Jobbers were replaced by market makers on the London Stock Exchange in the Big Bang of October, 1986.
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Johannes (often shortened to Joe or Jo) was the name once given to the old Portugese gold coin the peca on account of its representation of King John.
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A joint account is a bank account or a building-society account held in the names of two or more people, often husband and wife. On the death of one party the balance in the account goes to the survivor(s), except in the case of partnerships, executors' accounts, or trustees' accounts. It is usual for any of the holders of a joint account to operate it alone.
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Joint and several liability is a liability that is entered into as a group, on the understanding that if any of the group fail in their undertaking the liability must be shared by the remainder. Thus if two people enter into a joint and several guarantee for a bank loan, if one becomes bankrupt the other is liable for repayment of the whole loan.
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The Joint Industry Committee for National Readership Surveys is a committee formed in 1968 to run readership surveys, although continuous research and surveys have been undertaken since 1956. The committee comprises members of the Institute of Practitioners in Advertising, the Incorporated Society of British Advertisers Ltd, and the Newspaper and Periodical Contributors Committee. The committee reports twice yearly on the reading habits of 28 000 individuals, covering 200 titles.
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The Joint Industry Committee for Radio Audience Research A committee composed of representatives of the Institute of Practitioners in Advertising, the Incorporated Society of British Advertisers Ltd, and independent radio companies. The committee provides information on the listening habits of radio audiences.
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A joint-stock bank is a British bank that is a public limited company rather than a private bank (which is a partnership). During the 19th century many private banks failed; the joint-stock banks became stronger, however, largely as a result of amalgamations and careful investment. In the present century, they became known as the commercial banks or high-street banks.
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A joint-stock company is a company in which the members pool their stock and trade on the basis of their joint stock. This differs from the earliest type of company, the merchant corporations or regulated companies of the 14th century, in which each member traded with his own stock, subject to the rules of the company. Joint-stock companies originated in the 17th century and some still exist, although they are now rare.
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Journey-weight was formerly the weight of certain parcels of gold in the mint. A journey of gold was fifteen pounds Troy, which was minted into 701 sovereigns of 1402 half-sovereigns. A journey of silver was sixty pounds Troy, and was at one time minted into 3960 shillings, 7920 sixpences, or 1980 florins.
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Juilliard vs Greenman was an American legal case involving a question of legal tender, brought by plaintiff on writ of error from the Circuit Court of New York to the Supreme Court of the United States in 1884. Juilliard having contracted a sale to Greenman, the latter offered payment in United States notes, which the plaintiff refused, demanding payment in gold or silver. The Circuit Court found a verdict for the defendant, on the ground that notes issued by the United States were legal tender for payment of any debt. The Supreme Court confirmed this judgment, thus affirming the constitutionality of the American Legal Tender Act of 1862.
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Abbreviations
Money
