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Package was a duty formerly charged in the port of London on goods imported or exported by aliens, or by denizens who were the sons of aliens.
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The Pagoda was a gold or silver coin current in Hindustan around the end of the 19th century, varying in value between localities.
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The Paisas is the currency of Bangladesh. There are 100 Paisas to 1 Taka.
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In economics, a perfect competition is a market structure in which all agents take the market price as given; they cannot alter it because they lack the market power to do so. This implies that there are a large number of firms producing an identical product; perfect entry to and exit from the industry (new firms are able to set up easily); perfect information; and no transport costs. The consequence of these assumptions is that firms will make no excess profit in the long run, since any excess profit in the short run will attract new firms into the market, and the increased supply will drive down the market price, thus eroding the excess profits. Imperfect competition comprises a set of market structures where some or all of these assumptions do not hold; the principal categories arise from monopoly and oligopoly.
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The peseta is the currency of Spain and Equatorial Guinea. In Spain 1 peseta = 100 centimos.
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The peso is the currency of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Philippines and Uruguay. The first peso was a Spanish coin, coined in both silver and gold, which circulated in Spain and her colonies.
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Pet Banks was the name applied to certain American State banks selected by the US Treasury Department as places of deposit for Federal funds withdrawn from the Bank of the United States. This practice was in vogue during the period between 1833 and 1836. The banks were chosen, it was said, not because of fitness, but on the principle of the accepted system of granting bank charters, namely, of party fidelity. This gave rise to competition among the Democratic banks and a wholesale granting of charters, which was followed by speculation and inflation of the currency.
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Peter's pence (also known as Peter-pence or Rome scot) was a papal tax of one penny payable to the see of Rome on the feast of St peter and first collected in England in 740. First the tax was collected from every family, later it was restricted to those families possessing property worth thirty pence a year. The tax was abolished by Henry VIII.
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Pettaquamscut Purchasers was an American land company formed by John Hull, of Pine Tree Shilling fame, in 1660, which bought lands from the Indians about Pettaquamscut Rock, in the Narragansett country. This company was in constant collision with Atherton's company at Wickford.
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A phoenix operation is a questionable business practice in which a company with debts goes into voluntary liquidation and is immediately purchased by the same owners or directors, the unsecured debts being left behind in the process. In essence, a phoenix operation allows the owners of a company to dump the unsecured debts and continue trading without paying for goods and services they have received in the past.
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The piastre is a former silver coin used in Spain, and populary called by the English a 'piece of eight' from its being divided into eight silver reals. The piastre is a former silver coin used in Egypt and Turkey
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The picayune was a small American coin of six and a quarter cents value, current in the USA until 1857. The name was also applied to the Spanish half- real in Florida and Louisiana.
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Pin money was formerly a lady's allowance of money for her own personal expenditure. For a long time pin makers were only allowed to sell their pins on Januarythe 1st and 2nd,. It was then that the court ladies and city dames flocked to the depots to buy them; having been first provided with money by their husbands. When pins became cheap and common, the ladies spent their allowance on other fancies, but the term pin money remained in vogue.
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Pine-tree money was coinage minted in Massachusetts, USA during the 17th century, and derives its name from a figure resembling a pine tree stamped on one side. These coins had the value of 12d., 6d. and 3d. pieces, that value being denoted by the figure XII, VI or III stamped upon the reverse.The largest of the coins was known as the Pine Tree Shilling and was issued in 1653. The obverse contained the representation of a pine tree encircled by a grained ring, with the legend Mathosets In.
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The pistole was a gold coin formerly used during the 17th and 18th centuries in Spain (where it was a two-escudo piece), France and the neighbouring countries.
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The Plymouth Company was a company formed of Plymouth and Bristol merchants, and also called the North Virginia Company. It was incorporated in 1606, and obtained a charter from James I, with a grant of land between Long Island and Passamaquoddy Bay in north America. This company was the rival of the London company. In May, 1607, two ships were despatched to America bearing a company of colonists commanded by George Popham. An abortive attempt at permanent settlement was made on the Kennebec River, but Popham died and the remaining colonists returned home. The company still continued to exist until its reorganization in 1630 as the New England Company, or Council for New England.
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A poll tax is a tax of so much per head. It was first levied in ancient Athens. In Britain, a poll tax levied by Richard II in 1381 gave rise to the insurrection of Wat Tyler. Charles II raised a similar tax in 1678 which was abolished by William III in 1689. During the 1990s the Thatcher government raised another poll tax, and this was once again so unpopular that it led to wide scale social disobedience and was abolished.
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In America, Postal Currency was a substitute for fractional currency used during the American Civil War, owing to the scarcity of silver. It was invented by General Spinner, United States Treasurer under Abraham Lincoln. Postage stamps were pasted upon the paper used for government securities and representing different sums. These bits of paper were circulated among the clerks of the department, and became for a while the medium of small exchange.
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The pound is the currency of Egypt, Lebanon and the United Kingdom. The British pound sterling was originally an actual pound weight of silver of 5760 grains of a certain standard of fineness (925 in 1000). The name pound was used as early as 1158 and the pound (in weight) of sterling silver was originally coined into 240 pennies. The silver currency was abolished in 1816 and a gold currency on a monometallic basis established in its place.
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Poundage was a duty on all imports and exports imposed in 1302 and abolished in 1787.
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A prest was formerly a loan of money made to a monach in an emergency. The term was also used to describe wages paid in advance, and later was used to describe the payment made to a soldier or sailor when he enlisted.
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In popular terminiology, prestation is the payment of what is due. The payment may be made in terms of money or in service. In anthropology, a prestation is a gift, payment, or service that forms part of some traditional function in a society.
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After the American War of Independence, the Federal Government of America found great difficulty in regulating the enormous tracts of public lands, which had been acquired through purchase and conquest from the Indians and by the cessions of the various States of their outlying territories. In 1787 the price of public land was 66.6 cents per acre, and large tracts north of the Ohio were disposed of. Unauthorized entries were frequently made, however, and force had to be used for dislodgment.
In 1790 Hamilton proposed that the public lands should be set apart in townships ten miles square, and disposed of to suit different classes of purchasers on a credit basis. The rectangular system was in fact adopted in 1796. Up to the year 1800 all sales had been made from the territory now included in Ohio and amounted to 1,484,047 acres. In 1800 local registers were established. The credit basis of sale caused numerous purchases, but payment was slow and in discouragingly small amounts, while the debtors constantly cried for relief. The States, too, claimed a share in the profits.
Upon the question of ceding public lands to new States, Henry Clay prepared for the land committee a report reviewing the history of the public lands and concluding that it was inexpedient either to reduce the price of the lands or to cede them to the new States. In 1835 speculation in public lands became popular, owing to the inflated condition of the currency, which proved injurious to the public interests. In 1836 Jackson issued his 'specie circular'. It was not until in 1840 that the right of pre-emption was accorded to settlers. By 1850 it became common to make grants of lands to States, corporations and individuals for public improvements, such as railroads and canals. In 1862 the homestead laws, granting free settlement on public lands, tended greatly to simplify matters and to promote real settlement.
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The Pula is the currency of Botswana. One Pula is equal to 100 thebes.
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Abbreviations
Money
