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A caber is a roughly trimmed young pine-trunk, 20 or more feet long used in Scottish highland games (tossing the caber) as a trial of strength, being held upright by the smaller end and tossed so as strike the ground with the other end and turn over.
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A caestus was a boxing-glove weighted with metal, and used by the Greek and Roman pugilists.
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Calabresella (Terziglio) is an Italian card game for three players. (It can be played by four with the dealer receiving no cards for the hand.) It is closely related to the four-player game Tressette. It is a point-trick game with bidding, requiring a fair amount of skill. It is notable for the slightly unusual card order (threes high) and the fact that there are never any trumps. A 40-card pack is used, usually with the Italian suits: swords, batons, cups and coins. In each suit the cards rank as follows: 3 (highest), 2, Ace, King (Re), Knight (Cavall), Jack (Fante), 7, 6, 5, 4 (lowest). It is also possible to play with French suited cards: from a 52 card pack the 10s, 9s and 8s are removed, and the cards rank 3 2 Ace K Q J 7 6 5 4. The cards have point values and the object is to take tricks containing valuable cards. There is also a score for winning the last trick.
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The Calcutta Cup is a Rugby Union perpetual challenge trophy at issue since 1878 in the annual match between England and Scotland. The cup was fashioned from the silver rupees left after the disbandment of the Calcutta Football Club in 1877, and was fashioned by Indian craftsmen and presented to the Rugby Football Union.
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Calf-roping is a rodeo event in which a mounted cowboy must lasso a free running calf in the ring from horseback, tie the rope to his saddle, dismount and throw the calf to the ground by hand and tie together any three of the animal's feet.
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The California Angels are an American professional baseball team. They adopted their name in 1965, previously being known as the Los Angeles Angels.
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Callisthenics is the art or practice of exercising the body for the purpose of giving strength to the muscles and grace to the carriage. The term was formerly applied to the physical exercises of females, as gymnastics was to those of males. During the 20th century the term came to mean a type of gymnastic exercise intended to promote health and muscle building.
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A caman is a stick used for playing hurling. Traditionally they are made from ash, which gives the best performance.
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In rowing, the Cambridge stroke is a clear, fine, deep sweep with a very low feather, excellent in smooth water.
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Cambuca was a form of hockey played in England during the 14th century until it was banned by Edward III because the playing of it interfered with training for war.
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Camicia is a card game of pure luck for two players. It is the Italian version of Beggar My Neighbour, and like that game, it is a children's game. The American game Egyptian Ratscrew is also related. The game is played with an Italian deck of 40 cards in which the suits are ignored. There are two types of cards: aces, two and threes are attack cards, the other are normal (cannon-fodder) cards.
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A camog is a crooked, broad-bladed stick used for playing Camogie.
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Camogie is Ireland's native field sport for women. It is a 12-a-side stick- and-ball game similar to hurling with similar rules except that physical contact between the players is not allowed, and the pitch is slightly shorter.
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Camp is an ancient game of football, formerly played in some parts of England.
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Canadian Football, like American Football, is a derivation of rugby and is similar to American Football except that the pitch is much bigger, and the teams are 12-a-side.
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Canasta is a card game for four players in fixed partnerships, partners sitting opposite each other, played with two 52-card standard decks plus four jokers shuffled together to make a 108-card deck.
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Canne is a French individual combat sport which developed over the centuries from a form of quarterstaff into something nearer fencing. It is played with a cane (called a canne) which is held in one hand and may be whirled as well as parried and lunged.
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Canoe Polo is a form of water polo in which the players are in short low canoes, known as bats, which they propel with a double paddle.
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In horse riding, a canter is a moderate and easy gallop adapted to pleasure riding. The canter is a thoroughly artificial pace, and as such at first extremely tiring to the horse.
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The Cape Cod Crusaders are an American Association Football team based at Hvannis and playing in the USISL.
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Cardiff RFC is a Welsh Rugby Union football club. It was founded in 1876 and became a first-class club during the 1880s under the captaincy of Hancock who developed the four-three-quarter system.
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The Carolina Dynamo are an American Association Football team based at Greensboro, North Carolina and playing in the USISL.
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Carousel is a card game variant of Rummy in which from one to three cards are drawn and jokers are wild.
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Carrousel was a name given in the middle ages to a tilting match or other occasion when knightly exercises, such as riding at the ring, throwing the lance, were publicly engaged in. They were superseded by tournaments, but were again revived when the latter had fallen out of use, and were frequent at the court of Louis XIV.
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Originally a casino was a Continental establishment for the promotion of social intercourse. The buildings were handsome and contained rooms for reading, dancing, music, billiards and other pastimes. More recently Casinos have become places for gambling.
Casino or Cassino is a card game. It is the only fishing card game to have become popular in English speaking countries. Although it is traditionally supposed to have originated in Italy, there is no direct evidence of it having been played there, at least under that name, though many other Italian fishing games are known. Casino first appears in the card game literature at the end of the eighteenth century in London, and shortly afterwards in Germany. In the late nineteenth century it became fashionable in America and a number of new variations were developed. There is a dispute about the correct spelling of the name - the earliest sources use the spelling Casino, but a tradition has grown up among later writers to spell it with a double 's': Cassino.
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Cat's cradle, formerly called scratch cradle and before that cratch cradle, is a game played with a loop of string stretched across the two hands between the fingers. The art is to cross the thread into a resemblance of some object, and to then pass the whole to the hands of another player who then creates a new design.
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In sport, the term catch weight means without weight restrictions. Thus in boxing two fighters of different weight classes may contest each other.
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A catcher is a fielder who stands behind the batter in baseball.
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Cau robat is a card game played in Catalonia, the north east part of Spain. It is a children's fishing game similar to Scopa and Scopone although simpler and with greater scope for chance.
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The Caulfield Cup is an Australian handicap horse race run over 2000 meters at Caulfield, near Melbourne, in October.
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Cego is a special type of Tarok, played in south west Germany. It was developed in the early part of the nineteenth century and became the national card game of Baden and Hohenzollern, where it remains extremely popular. These are the only parts of Germany where genuine Tarok cards (here known as Cego cards) are still in general use. (A game called Tarock is played in Wurtemberg and Bavaria, but that game uses a normal 36-card German pack). Cego is unusual among Tarok games in that an extra hand, the
Cego, sometimes known as the Tapp or Blinde, is dealt to the centre of the table. Many of the bids involve playing with this extra hand, retaining only one or two of one's original cards and discarding the remainder. The discarded cards are sometimes called the Legage. The idea of this type of bid derives from a version of L'Hombre, and survives in a few other games, such as Vira.
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Celtic FC is an Association Football club formed in east Glasgow in 1887 by Irish Catholics with the aim of raising money to provide meals for needy children. In 1890 the club became a founder member of the Scottish League from which it has never been relegated.
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Central Valley Hydra are an American Association Football team based at Stockton, California and playing in the USISL.
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The Cesarewitch Handicap is a horse race which was inaugurated in 1839, and is run over 3600 meters at Newmarket in late October. It is the second leg of the Autumn Double.
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The Canadian Figure Skating Association (CFSA) is a national sport governing body responsible for developing and administering skating programs and services for its 200,000 registered membership. In addition to providing skating programs, the CFSA certifies coaches, trains judges, accountants, referees and other officials for skating competitions at national and international levels, administers athlete programs for the national and junior national teams, and maintains and provides its membership with records of tests passed in the CFSA test system. The national office of the Canadian Figure Skating Association is located at the Canadian Sport and Fitness Administration Centre in Gloucester, Ontario.
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The Champion Stakes is an important English horse race for three-year old and older horses run over 2000 meters at Newmarket in mid October.
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Charades is a party game in which participants try to guess a word from mimes enacted by another player. Variations include guessing the title of a book, or television programme or film, and the acting player will mime individual syllables of the secret word or words of the title, indicating the appropriate syllable or word being mimed by holding up the corresponding number of fingers.
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The Charles Brownlow Medal is an award given to the player selected as the best and fairest in the League in Australian Rules Football. It was instituted in 1924 and named after a former vice- president of the Victorian Football League.
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Cheat (also known as 'Bullshit' and 'I Doubt It') is a card game for between two and ten players. One standard pack of 52 cards is used. All the cards are dealt out to the players; some may have more than others, but not by much. The object is to get rid of all your cards. Select at random who should go first and continue clockwise. On the table is a discard pile, which starts empty. A turn consists of discarding one or more cards face down on the pile, and calling out their rank. The first player must discard aces, the second player discards two, the next player threes, and so on. After tens come Jacks, then Queens, then Kings, then back to Aces, etc. Since the cards are discarded face down, you do not in fact have to play the rank you are calling. For example if it is your turn to discard sevens, you may actually discard any card or mixture of cards; in particular, if you don' t have any sevens you will be forced to play some other card or cards. Any player who suspects that the card(s) discarded by a player do not match the
rank called can challenge the play by calling 'Cheat!', 'Bullshit!' or 'I doubt it!' (depending on what you call the game). Then the cards played by the challenged player are exposed and one of two things happens: 1. if they are all of the rank that was called, the challenge is false, and the challenger must pick up the whole discard pile; 2. if any of the played cards is different from the called rank, the challenge is correct, and the person who played the cards must pick up the whole discard pile. After the challenge is resolved, play continues in normal rotation: the player to the left of the one who was challenged plays and calls the next rank in sequence. The first player to get rid of all their cards and survive win any challenge resulting from their final play wins the game. If you play your last remaining card(s), but someone challenges you and the cards you played are not what you called, you pick up the pile and play continues.
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Chelsea FC is an Association Football club in London. It was founded in 1904 and accepted into the second division of the football league. In 1997 Chelsea FC won the FA Cup in 1970, 1997 and again in 2000. Chelsea FC play at Stamford Bridge, which was opened in 1877 and at first used by the London Athletics Club and after changing ownership was offered to Fulham FC, who declined the offer to use the ground which instead was used by the newly formed Chelsea FC who rented the ground during the football season.
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The Cheltenham Gold Cup is the most important steeplechase run in England at level weights with all competitors carrying 12 stone, unlike the Grand National which is a handicap. The race is run in mid- March during the National Hunt meeting at Cheltenham over 5250 meters.
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Chess is a well-known game of great antiquity and of eastern origin, having probably arisen in India, and thence spread through Persia and Arabia to Europe. The name itself as well as many of the terms used in the game are clearly of eastern origin, the word chess being formed from the old French eschecs, from Persian shah, a king; rook is from the Sanskrit roka, meaning a ship or chariot; checkmate from Persian shah mat, the king is dead.
The game is played by two persons on a board which consists of sixty-four squares arranged in eight rows of eight squares each, alternately black and white. Each player has sixteen men, eight of which, known as pawns, are of the lowest grade; the other eight, called pieces, are of various grades. They are, on each side, king and queen; two bishops, two knights, and two rooks or castles. The board must be placed so that each player shall have a white square to his right hand. The men are then set upon the two rows of squares next to the players; the pieces on the first, the pawns on the second row, leaving between each side four unoccupied rows. The king and queen occupy the central squares facing the corresponding pieces on the opposite side. The queen always occupies her own colour, white queen on white square, black on black. The two bishops occupy the squares next the king and queen; the two knights the squares next the bishops; the rooks the last or corner squares. The pawns fill indiscriminately the squares of the second or front row.
The men standing on the king's or queen's side of the board. are named respectively king's and queen's men. Thus king's bishop or knight is the bishop or knight on the side of the king. The pawns are named from the pieces in front of which they stand; king's pawn, king's knight's pawn, queen's rook's pawn, etc. The names of the men are contracted as follows:-King, K.; King's Bishop, K.B.; King's Knight, K.Kt.; King's Rook, K.R.; Queen, Q.; Queen's Bishop, Q.B.; Queen's Knight, Q. Kt.; Queen's Rook, Q.R. The pawns are contracted: K.P., Q.P., K.B.P., Q.Kt.P., etc.
The board is divided, inversely from the position of each player, into eight rows and eight files. Counting from White's right hand to his left, or from Black's left to his right, each file is named from the piece which occupies its first square, and counting inversely from the position of each player to that of the other, the rows are numbered from 1 to 8. At White's right-hand corner we have thus K.R. square;
immediately above this K.R. 2; and so on to K.R. 8, which completes the file; the second file begins with K.Kt. square on the first row, and ends with K.Kt. 8 on the eighth. White's K.R. 8 and K.Kt. 8 are thus black's K.R. square and K.Kt. square, and the moves of each player are described throughout from his own position, in inverse order to the moves of his opponent.
In chess all the men capture by occupying the position of the captured man, which is removed from the board. The ordinary move of the Pawn is straight forward in the same file; a pawn never moves backward. The first time a Pawn is moved it may be played forward one square or two; afterwards only one square at a time. But in capturing an adverse piece the Pawn moves diagonally to occupy the position of thy captured man. Thus if White open a game by playing P. to K. 4 and Black answers P. to K. 4, the pawns are immovable; but if White now plays P. to K.B. 4 or P. to Q. 4, Black may capture the Pawn last advanced. Pawns have another mode of capture peculiar to themselves, and only available against pawns. If Black's Pawn, instead of occupying K. 4, stood on K. 5, and White played P. to Q. 4, Black could not capture it by placing his Pawn on the square it occupies, which would be a false move; but he is at liberty to make the capture by placing his own Pawn on the square passed over by White's (Q. 6). This is called taking en passant.
When a Pawn, by moving or capturing, reaches the eighth square of any file it can no longer remain a Pawn, but must at once be exchanged for a piece. The player may choose any piece except the king, but the queen, the most valuable piece, is generally the piece chosen. This is called queening a pawn, and a player may thus have several queens on the board.
The moves of the Rook are not, like those of the pawns, limited to a single direction. The Rook moves in any direction and for any distance that is open along either the particular row or the file on which it happens to stand. It can, of course, capture any obstructing man and occupy its place.
The Bishops, like the Rooks, are unlimited in range, and move either backward or forward, but their direction is diagonal, and they can never change the colour of their square.
The Queen combines the moves of the Rook and Bishop. She is the most powerful piece on the board, and can move to, or capture at, any distance or direction in a straight line.
The King is at once the weakest and the most valuable piece on the board. In point of direction he is as free as the queen, but for distance he is limited to the adjacent squares. Standing on any central square he commands the eight squares around him and no more. Besides his ordinary move the King. has another by special privilege, in which the Rook participates. Once in the game, if the squares between King and Rook are clear, if neither King nor Rook has moved, if the King is not attacked by any hostile man, and if no hostile man commands the square over which King has to pass, the King may move two squares towards either K.R. or Q.R., and the Rook in the same move must occupy the square over which the King has passed. This is called castling.
The Knight, unlike the other pieces, never moves in a straight line. His move is limited to two squares at a time, one forwards or backwards, and one diagonally, and he can leap over any man occupying a square intermediate to that to which he intends to go. The Knight, like the King, when on a central square commands eight squares, but they are at two squares' distance, and all in an oblique direction. All captures in chess are optional.
The definite aim in chess is the reduction to surrender of the opposing king. The King in chess is supposed to be inviolable, that is, he cannot be taken, he can only be in such a position that if it were any other piece it would be taken. Notice of every direct attack upon him must be given by the adversary saying check and when the King is attached all other plans must be abandoned, and all other men sacrificed, if necessary, to remove him from danger, cover the attack, or capture the assailant. It is also a fundamental rule of the game that the King cannot be moved into check. When the King can no longer be defended on being checked by the adversary, either by moving him out of danger, or by interposing, or by capture, the game is lost, and the adversary announces this by saying checkmate. When, by inadvertence or want of skill, the player having the superior force blocks up his opponent's King so that he cannot move without going into check, and no other man can be moved without exposing him, the player, reduced to this extremity, cannot, without violating the fundamental rule referred to, play at all. In such a case, the one player being unable to play and the other out of turn, the game is considered drawn, that is, concluded without advantage to either player.
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Cheuca was an early form of hockey played by the Araucano Indians in Argentina. It was played by two teams on a pitch roughly 100 meters long and 10 meters wide with a back line at each end serving as a goal. The sticks had a twisted end and the ball was enclosed in a leather case.
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Chicago is a card game for two to four players, using a standard 52-card deck without jokers. Points are scored for having the best hand according to poker ranking, but also in the final stage of the game the cards are played to tricks, and points are scored by the winner of the last trick.
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The Chicago Bears are an American professional football team. They began in 1920 as the Decatur Staleys and formed the nucleus of a naval training team.
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The Chicago Black Hawks are an American professional Ice Hockey club based in Chicago. They joined the Professional National Hockey League of North America in 1926.
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The Chicago Cardinals are an American professional football team. They entered the NFL in 1920 as the Racine Cardinals, in 1960 becoming the St Louis Cardinals before later adopting their present title.
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The Chicago White Sox are an American professional baseball team. They joined the American League when it was founded in 1901 and won the league's first title. The 1906 team were nicknamed the ' hitless wonders' for their batting average of .228, but won the world series.
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Chips are tokens used in gambling games.
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Ciapano, also known as Rovescino, Traversone, Tressette a non Prendere, Perdivinci or Vinciperdi is a trick-taking card game and is the reverse game of Tresette. The name Ciapano is in Milanese dialect (in English it could be translated as 'Don't catch it!') - Ciapano was very popular in Lombardy until the 1980s and still played there now. Like most Italian games it is played anticlockwise. Ciapano can be played by 3, 4 or 5 players. A 40- card deck is used. In the North East of Lombardy the Italian suits: swords, batons, cups and coins are used. In the South or North West of Lombardy the game is played with 40 cards of the Milanese pack which has French suits (spades, clubs, hearts and diamonds). In each suit the cards rank as follows: 3 (highest), 2, Asso (ace), Re (king), Cavallo (horse, or queen), Fante (jack), 7, 6, 5, 4 (lowest). The cards have point values and the object is to avoid taking tricks containing valuable cards. There is an extra penalty for winning the last trick.
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Cicera is an Italian fishing card game closely related to the popular game Scopa. It is played in the province of Brescia and the technical terms are given in the dialect of Brescia. This game is the reason why the Bresciane pack is made with 52 cards and not with 40 as other Italian packs. (Trevisane cards are also made as 52 card packs because in that zone they play Scarabocion, which is another variant of Scopa similar to Cycera). There are four players, two against two in fixed partnerships; you sit opposite your partner. As in most Italian games, play is anticlockwise. A Bresciane 52-card deck is used. The cards in each suit are Re (king), Cavallo (horse), Fante (jack), 10, 9 ,8 ,7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, A. It would also be possible to play with a standard international 52 card pack, but in Brescia, the local cards are always used.
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The Cincinnati Reds are an American professional baseball team. They were a founding member of the National League under the name of the Cincinnati Red Stockings up to 1880 and then re-entered in 1890 under the name
Cincinnati Reds.
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The Cincinnati Royals are an American professional basketball team. The club was originally formed as the Rochester Royals.
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The Cleveland Browns are an American professional football team. They dominated the All- American Football Conference from its founding in 1946 until 1950 when the Cleveland Browns were merged into the NFL.
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The Cleveland Indians are an American professional baseball team. They were an original member of the American league in 1901.
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Cliftonville FC is an Association Football club in Belfast. It was founded in 1879 and is Ireland's oldest football club.
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Club Ball was an ancient pastime played with a stick and a ball and of 'rude and unadulterated simplicity'. By Tudor times Club Ball was being combined with elements of stoolball to evolve a form of cricket in the true line of the modern game.
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Coaching is the sport of driving and racing a coach and horses. It was at its peak of popularity in the nineteenth century, previous to then the conditions of the roads had been generally too poor and had restricted speeds. Generally mail-coaches were used.
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Cockshy is a game in which trinkets are set upon sticks, to be thrown at by the players. It developed from an ancient popular sport which consisted of shying or throwing cudgels at live cocks.
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Coiffeur-Schieber is a card game of the Swiss Jass group for three or four players.
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In card games, a column is an overlapping vertical line of cards laid on the table.
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The Commonwealth Games, originally called the British Empire Games, are an athletic event and major championship of the International Amateur Athletic Federation. The games are held at four-year intervals, the first games being held in Hamilton, Canada in 1930 and the first with women's events at London in 1934.
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The Conn Smythe Trophy is an ice hockey trophy, awarded annually in the Stanley Cup competition contested by the leading teams in the National Hockey League of North America. The cup was donated in 1965 by Maple Leaf Gardens of Toronto and named after the former Toronto Maple Leafs coach, manager, president and owner.
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Contraband was a bluffing family card-based game produced by Pepys Games in the UK between the 1950s and 1970's, based upon the classic playing card game of 'Cheat'. Contraband used proprietary cards, and currency tokens in a game where the object was to smuggle goods - represented pictorially upon the cards - past the 'customs official' - one of the players.
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Contract Bridge is a variety of Auction Bridge in which only the exact number of tricks which the declarer contracts to make score towards the game. The variety evolved around 1912, and gained popularity from 1930 onwards.
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Coon-can is a card game for between two and seven players, and is derived from an old Spanish game called Conquian.
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The Cooper was a British racing car. The first version was built in 1946 by John Cooper and his father Charles
Cooper. It was a 500 cc single-cylinder model made from available components.
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The corbillon cup is a table tennis tournament.
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The Coronation Cup is an important weight-for-age horse race run in England over the Derby course of 2400 meters at Epsom on the day after the Derby.
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The Cotswold Games are an obsolete English rural sports meeting, probably dating back to the sixteenth century. the games were revived in 1604, with royal approval, by Robert Dover, who called them Cotswold's Olympic Games. They became known as Dover's Games and lasted until 1850.
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Coursing is the pursuit of game by dogs running by sight, not by scent. Modern coursing is mainly restricted to greyhound racing where the object is not to catch the hare, but rather a race of speed between the dogs. The first known set of English rules for coursing was drawn up in the reign of Elizabeth I by the Duke of Norfolk.
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In card games, court cards are the jacks, queens and kings.
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Coventry City FC is an English Association Football Club. Coventry City FC was formed in 1883 by employees of the Singers bicycle firm, and was known then as 'Singers', changing its name to Coventry City in 1898. Coventry City FC play at Highfield Road, where they have played since 1899. Coventry City were elected to the Football League Division Two in 1919. In 1987 Coventry City FC won the FA Cup.
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Coventry RFC is a rugby union football club which was formed in 1874.
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Cover-point is the fielder in the games of cricket and lacrosse who supports point.
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The Cox Plate is a valuable weight-for-age horse race held in Australia. It is competed over 2000 meters at Moonee Valley race-track near Melbourne.
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Crambo is an old guessing game which was very popular in the 17th century. One player thinks of a word and mentions another word with which it rhymes. The other players try to guess the word by defining the word guessed by a synonym without actually naming it. For example; 'A word rhyming with dog'; ' Is it a mist?'; 'No it's not fog'; 'Is it a pig?'; 'Yes it is hog'. In Dumb
Crambo the word guessed has to be portrayed in pantomime without speaking.
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Crap-shooting (Craps) is a form of gambling with dice which is especially popular in America. Two dice are rolled or 'shot' from the open hand; a throw of 7 or 11 (nick or natural) wins all stakes; 2, 3 or 12 (crap) loses all. Any other number (a point) entitles the thrower to continue until he wins by throwing the same number again, or loses by throwing the 7.
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Crazy Eights is a card game for two or more players, in which the object is to get rid of the cards in your hand onto a discard pile by matching the number of suit of the previous discard. There are a huge number of variations of this game, and many alternative names. It is sometimes called Crates, Switch, Swedish Rummy, Last One or Rockaway. In Germany it is Mau- Mau; in Switzerland it is Tschausepp. Some British players call it Black Jack. The basic game of Crazy Eights uses a standard 52-card deck, or two such packs shuffled together if there are a lot of players. The dealer deals (singly) five cards to each player (seven each if there are only two players). The undealt stock is placed face down on the table, and the top card of the stock is turned face up and placed beside the stock to start the discard pile. Starting with the player to the dealer's left, and continuing clockwise, each player in turn must either play a legal card face up on top of the discard pile, or draw a card from the undealt stock.
The following plays are legal: if the top card of the discard pile is not an eight, you may play any card which matches the rank or suit of the previous card (for example if the top card was the king of hearts you could play any king or any heart); an eight may be played on any card, and the player of the eight must nominate a suit, which must be played next; if an eight is on top of the pile, you may play any card of the suit nominated by the person who played the eight. The first player who gets rid of all their cards wins, and the other players score penalty points according to the cards they have left in their hands - 50 for an eight, 10 for a picture, and spot cards at face value. Crazy Eights is one of the easiest games to elaborate by adding variations, and is not often played in its basic form. There are variations in the number of cards dealt, the rules about drawing cards and the scoring system. Frequently special meanings are given to particular cards; when played these cards affect the sequence of play, or have other effects.
In the normal game, you may always use your turn to draw a card. However, some people play that you may only draw if you are unable to play - if you can play you must. Some allow the drawn card to be played immediately if it is a legal play. Some allow more than one card to be drawn - either up to a fixed number of cards, after which if you still cannot (or will not) play the turn passes to the next player. Others require you to continue drawing until you can play. There may be a rule that you must alert the other players when you have just one card left. If you fail to do so you must draw cards (usually two) from the stock as a penalty. Traditionally an eight can be played at any time and the player can nominate any suit. Some play that you can only play an eight that matches (either the same suit or another eight). Some play that you can play an eight at any time but cannot nominate another suit - the next player must match the suit of the eight you played or play another eight.
Some players use jacks or aces rather than eights as the cards which have the power to change suit. Some play that when a queen (or some other designated rank) is played, the next player in rotation misses a turn, and the turn passes to the following player. Some play that when an ace (or some other designated rank) is played, the direction of play reverses, becoming anticlockwise if it had been clockwise, or vice versa. Some play that when a two is played the next player must either draw two cards or play another two. If several consecutive twos have been played the next player must either play another two or draw two cards for each two in the sequence.
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In cricket, a crease is one of the lines serving to define the limits of the bowler and the striker.
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Cribbage is a fairly complex card game usually for two players, but also played in pairs by four players. Cribbage is thought to have been invented by Sir John Suckling in the first half of the 17th century and is very popular in London, and pubs throughout Britain where it is played for money and in competition leagues. Two distinct varieties of singles cribbage are played, with players receiving either five or six cards to their hand. A third, seven card variety is described, but the author has never encountered it. There are also variations on the play. In most cases, a singles game is played until a 31 limit is reached, and a pairs game until all cards have been played, with additional 31 limits being encountered. However, a popular variety extends the idea of playing until all cards have been played to the singles game, also. While the luck of the deal can contribute to the game, there is also sufficient scope for skilful selection of cards to be discarded and played to allow a player with poor luck but experience to beat a lucky but inexperienced player. This level of skill in cribbage has enabled it to be licensed for the playing of moderate stakes in licensed premises in the United Kingdom.
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Cricket is the English national summer game - although the English cricket team of the 1990s is an international joke. The modern day game seems to have evolved around the 16th century from earlier bat and ball games dating from the 13th century and assumed its present form, through evolution, in the 18th century. A picture in a manuscript from 1344 depicts a monk bowling a ball to another monk who is about to strike it with a staff or crutch known as a cric. The earliest mention of the word 'cricket' occurs in 1593 when John Derrick telling how attending the free school in Guildford 'he and his fellowes did run and play there at crickett and other plaies'.
Cricket is a team game played by two teams of 11 players each on a pitch 22 yards long with a wicket at each end to be defended by the batsman against a ball delivered by one of the opposing side, while the other members of this side endeavour to catch the ball when struck or missed by the batsman.
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Croquet is a lawn game which was introduced into England around 1850. It comprises 4 balls - blue, red, black and yellow, always played in that order - which are struck with a wooden mallet through 6 hoops and against a peg in a prescribed order.
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A cross buck is an offensive manoeuvre in American Football where by two running backs cross paths and charge into the opposition's line, one of the backs receiving the ball from the quarterback while the other back fakes possession.
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Croupade is a movement in dressage whereby the horse jumps up from a pesade with all four legs drawn up under its body and lands back on all four legs in the same place.
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The Crystal Palace Circuit was a difficult motor racing road circuit in the centre of the London suburb of Sydenham. It was opened in 1937 with a lap distance of two miles, and re-opened after the war in 1953 with a lap distance of 1.39 miles. Today it is closed.
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Cuarenta is a card game played in Ecuador, mostly by people from the mountains, including the cities of Cuenca and Quito. Cuarenta means '40' in Spanish; this is the number of cards in the deck as well as the points required to win. The play is supposed to be full of bravado, loud, exciting, even silly. Cuarenta can be played by two or four people. If there are four players, then there are two teams (partners sit across from each other). One of the team-mates keeps the score; the other collects cards as they are won.
Cuarenta is played with 40 cards from a standard 52-card deck. The eights, nines and tens are removed leaving the numbers ace-2-3-4-5-6-7 (ace is low) and the pictures. The removed 8's 9's and 10's are not used in the play, but they are used to keep score. At the start of the game they are placed in a face up stack between the two players who will be keeping score for their teams.
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Cuckoo is a simple round card game which can be played by a large number of people. It dates back to the 17th century, maybe earlier. Other names for this game are Ranter Go Round and Chase the Ace. In the USA it is also known as 'Screw Your Neighbour'.
Cuckoo can be played with a standard 52 card pack. The direction of play differs in different countries - in what follows we assume clockwise. Each player starts with an equal number of lives, say 3. Deal one card to each player. The object is not to be left holding the lowest card. Suits are irrelevant and the cards rank K (high), Q, J, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, A (low). Each player has one turn, beginning with the player on dealer's left, continuing clockwise round the table and ending with the dealer. At your turn you may either keep your card or exchange it with your left hand neighbour, in the hope of getting a better one. Your neighbour must exchange unless she has a king, in which case she exposes it and you keep your card. The dealer, whose turn comes last, can try to exchange with a card cut from the undealt stock. After everyone has had a turn, the cards are exposed and whoever has the lowest card loses a life. If several players tie for lowest they all lose a life. Players who have lost all their lives are out of the game, and the last person left in wins. In various countries of Europe, special cards have been made for this game. These cards consist of a single suit with numbers from 1 to 10 or 12 and several picture cards ranking above and below the numbers; there are generally two copies of each card in the pack. When played with these cards, the basic cuckoo game is normally elaborated by giving several of the picture cards special properties when a player tried to exchange with them.
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Curling or the Roaring Game is a Scottish national game akin to bowls played with stones on ice, said to have been introduced from the Low Countries in the 16th century. The game is played by two teams of four players, each player using two curling stones and playing them alternately with his opposite number. The player throws the stones over a 40 yard course to concentric circles, known as the house, cut on the ice, known as the rink. The objective being to end the game with one's stones as close as possible to the centre circle known as the tee, or in the USA and Canada as the button.
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The Currie Cup is a South African cricket trophy presented by Sir Donald Currie for competition between the South African provinces. It was first won by Transvaal in 1890. The Currie Cup is a South African provincial Rugby Union competition, first contested in 1892 and presented to Griqualand West Rugby Union.
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The Curtis cup is an international golf tournament played in alternate years between teams of women amateur golfers representing Great Britain and Ireland and the USA.
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The Curzon Cup is awarded to the rider with the best aggregate of six runs from Junction at the start of the Cresta run season of tobogganing.
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Cycle Ball is an amateur cycling ball-game derived from Association Football in which the ball is trapped, driven forward, and shot at goal by the rider manipulating the front wheel of his bicycle. It is played indoors between teams of two riders, and as a field game between teams of six. World championships are held annually.
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Cyclo-Cross is a form of bicycle racing practised in winter on cross-country courses of about 20 km length over a duration of about 60 minutes depending upon the severity of the course.
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Cynegetics is the art of hunting with dogs.
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