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In architecture, the facade is the front (face or elevation) of a building; especially the principal front, having some architectural pretensions. Thus a church is said to have its facade unfinished, though the interior may be in use.
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In architecture, a face joint is a joint in the face of a wall or other structure.
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In architecture a facet is the narrow plane surface between the flutings of a column.
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In architecture facing is the finishing of any face of a wall with material different from that of which it is chiefly composed, or the coating or material so used.
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A fad is a pad used in French polishing.
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In architecture a false arch is a member having the appearance of an arch, though not of arch construction.
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In architecture a false attic is an architectural erection above the main cornice, concealing a roof, but not having windows or inclosing rooms.
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In architecture a false bearing is any bearing which is not directly upon a vertical support; thus, the weight carried by a corbel has a false bearing.
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A false ceiling is the space between the garret ceiling and the roof.
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In architecture a false door is the representation of a door inserted to complete a series of doors or to give symmetry.
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In architecture a false roof is the space between the upper ceiling and the roof.
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In architecture a fan light is a window over a door. They are so called from the semicircular form and radiating sash bars resembling the ribs of an open fan, of those windows which are set in the circular heads of arched doorways.
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In architecture fan tracery is the elaborate geometrical carved work, which spreads over the surface of a vaulting, rising from a Corbel and diverging like the folds of a fan. Fan-tracery vaulting is much used in the Perpendicular style, in which the vault is covered by ribs and veins of tracery, of which all the principal lines diverge from a point, as in Henry VII's chapel, at Westminster.
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In architecture fan vaulting is an elaborate system of vaulting, in which the ribs diverge somewhat like the rays of a fan, as in Henry VII's chapel in Westminster Abbey. It is peculiar to English Gothic.
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In architecture a fascia is a flat member of an order or building, like a flat band or broad fillet; especially, one of the three bands which make up the architrave, in the Ionic order.
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In painting and decorating, a fat edge is a thick ridge of paint that occurs on a corner or arris.
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In timber, the feather is the characteristic figuring found in mahogany and some other woods when the timber is cut from the topmost part of the tree trunk through the actual base of the main branch.
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In paper hanging, a feathered edge is an irregular, invisible joint produced by leaving a few inches of overlapped paper folded back at a right angle when the paper is hung. After the glue has dried the overlap is torn away, leaving an invisible joint.
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In painting and decorating, feeding is a defect whereby a paint thickens to an unusable consistency.
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In architecture a femerell is a lantern, or louvre covering, placed on a roof, for ventilation or the escape of smoke.
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In architecture a fenes-tella is any small window-like opening or recess, especially one used to show the relics within an altar, or the like.
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In architecture a fenestral is a casement or window sash, closed with cloth or paper instead of glass.
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Ferro-concrete (reinforced concrete) is a concrete strengthened by a core or foundation skeleton of iron or steel bars, strips, etc. Floors, columns, piles, water pipes, etc, have all been successfully made of ferro-concrete, though it does have a limited life-span as moisture reaching the metal causes oxidation, which causes the metal reinforcement to expand which causes the surrounding concrete to crack and eventually to crumble.
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In architecture a festoon is a carved ornament consisting of flowers, and leaves, intermixed or twisted together, wound with a ribbon, and hanging or depending in a natural curve.
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Fibrous plaster is high relief decorative plaster work used to form cornices and mouldings, wall panels, ceiling centrepieces and similar works. Fibrous plaster generally consists of plaster of Paris retarded by the addition of glue size, spread thin and strengthened with scrim and wooden lathes.
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In architecture a fillet is a narrow flat member; the term is especially applied to a flat moulding separating other mouldings and also the space between two flutings in a shaft.
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A filleter is a very long-haired signwriting pencil with a square end. A filleter is used in signwriting for running in bands and fillets with colour.
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In architecture filleting is the protecting of a joint, as between the roof and parapet wall, with mortar, or cement, where flashing is employed in better work.
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Finial is a term used in Gothic architecture to describe the ornamental top of a gable, pinnacle, minaret, buttress or spire. The earliest finials, in the later half of the 10th century, were representations of bunches of leaves; but later developments of the same period are marked by greater elaboration.
In scaffolding, a finial is a fitting designed to hold a horizontal tube directly above the vertical tubes so as to form a guard rail or barrier. Finials are available in both fixed, for making right-angled joints and swivelling for producing joints at other angles.
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In architecture, a fire-escape is a staircase for enabling persons to escape from the upper part of a building when on fire. Fire-escapes are generally constructed of less combustible materials, such as iron or steel and sited on the outside wall of the building.
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A fitch was originally a paintbrush made from the fur of the polecat, the term later came to be used for a brush with the bristles - usually pig's - set in a metal ferrule and attached to a long slender wooden handle.
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A flagstone is any sandstone, limestone, etc, that is cut or split readily into thin layers, and may be used for pavements, floors, etc.
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Flamboyant is a term designating a style of Gothic architecture in use in France about the same period with the Perpendicular style in England, that is, from the 14th to the 16th century, having prevailed during the whole of the 15th century. It was distinguished by the waving and somewhat flame-like tracery of the windows, panels, etc. (hence the name), and is usually regarded as a decadent variety of the decorated Gothic. The mouldings in this style are often ill combined, some of the members being disproportionately large or small. The pillars are often cylindrical, either plain or with a few of the more prominent mouldings of the arches continued down them, with out any capital or impost intervening. This is so common that it may be regarded as a characteristic of the style. Mouldings also sometimes meet and interpenetrate each other. The arches are usually two-centred, sometimes semi-circular, and in later examples, elliptical. The foliage enrichments are usually well carved, but the effect is often lost from the
minuteness and intricacy of the parts.
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In architecture flashing is pieces of metal, built into the joints of a wall, so as to lap over the edge of the gutters or to cover the edge of the roofing; the term is also applied to similar pieces used to cover the valleys of roofs of slate, shingles, or the like. By extension the term applies to the metal covering of ridges and hips of roofs.
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In architecture a flat is a floor, loft, or story in a building; especially, a floor of a house, which forms a complete residence in itself.
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A flat roof is a roof actually horizontal and level, as in some Oriental buildings or a roof nearly horizontal, constructed of such material as to allow the water to run off freely from a very slight inclination.
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Flatting is a flat finish formerly used for walls and ceilings, made from paste white lead mixed to a very thin consistency with turpentine.
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In architecture, a fleche is a tall, thin spire usually rising from a roof.
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In bricklaying, Flemish bond is a brick pattern in which each course of masonry consists of headers and stretchers that are laid alternatively with each header centred with respect to the stretcher above and below it.
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Flemish brick is a hard yellow paving brick.
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Flemish cross bond is a brick pattern, similar to the Flemish bond, but with two additional headers in place of a stretcher at intervals.
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In bricklaying, Flemish diagonal bond is a method of laying bricks in which each course of alternate headers and stretchers is followed by a course of stretchers resulting in a diagonal pattern.
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In bricklaying, Flemish garden-wall bond is a method of laying bricks comprising of three stretchers between each header, rather than the stretcher, header, stretcher, header, pattern of the Flemish bond.
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In architecture a float stone is a siliceous stone used to rub stonework or brickwork to a smooth surface.
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Floating is a defect in painting taking the form of a discolouration which occurs during the drying of the film. Floating is caused by the pigments separating and rising to the surface while the paint is still wet.
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Flocculence describes the puffy texture which sometimes develops in paint which has not been mixed properly.
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Flock papers are wallpapers with a pattern of raised pile, first popular towards the end of the 16th century. The pattern is produced by printing the pattern in adhesive material onto which are blown finely shredded fibres, usually of wool or rayon.
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A flogger is a type of brush used in graining for the purpose of imitating the pores of certain species of hardwood. The floggers has a broad, thin handle into which is set a row of long bristles, forming a lightweight brush about 12 cm long and 8 cm wide.
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In painting and decorating, the term flooding is applied to an extreme form of floating in which the pigment particles rise to the surface of the film of paint in such a way as to produce a uniform colour, but one which is different to the colour when the paint was first applied.
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Prior to the use of carpets in Britain, a floor-cloth was a covering for the floors of halls, passages, lobbies, and other places where there was a great deal of traffic. The original floor-cloth was a heavy canvas coated with painters' colours and decorated by hand, the hand-painting being subsequently replaced by stencil-work, which in its turn gave way to the use of hand-blocks which had become universal by the Victorian period.
During the Victorian period, Kirkcaldy, in Fifeshire, Scotland, was the chief seat of the floor-cloth manufacture. The canvas, which forms its basis, was woven in webs from six to eight yards wide and 150 yards long, each web being subsequently divided into six for further operations. The material of the best kinds was stout tow yarn, but for the cheaper qualities jute canvas was employed. The pieces were stretched in frames, and the under surface received a coating of thin size, upon which a layer of paint was laid with trowels, the chief ingredients being oil, turpentine, ochre, and umber; this was allowed to dry and then smoothed with pumice-stone, after which it was finished off with another thinner coat, in which boiled oil without turpentine was employed, the result being to produce a glossy surface and finish. The face then received a layer of size and three 'trowelling ' coats, with intermediate applications of pumice-stone, after which it was ready for printing, an expensive process, often as many as eight different colours being employed.
Oil floor-cloth having a cold and hard surface, and being almost as noisy to the tread as wooden flooring, several other substances were introduced to take its place which, while free from these defects, retained its advantages of durability, cleanliness, and freedom from damp. Of these, kamptulicon, invented about 1843, was composed essentially of india-rubber mixed with ground cork, the amalgamation being effected by repeated passing between grooved rollers. When thoroughly incorporated, the preparation was rolled by heavy steam-heated rollers into sheets, sometimes over a canvas backing. Simple patterns were printed on the surface, which was, however, left as plain as possible.
Gutta-percha, sawdust, ground leather, asphalt, and chalk have also been used for the inferior kinds of kamptulicon, the higher grades of which, composed mainly of india-rubber and ground cork, were rather expensive. By 1906 Kamptulicon had been almost entirely superseded by the cheaper linoleum, a substance then consisting chiefly of oxidized linseed-oil, resin, and ground cork, treated in much the same manner as kamptulicon. Cork carpet was a floorcloth introduced during the later Victorian period, differing from linoleum in containing larger particles of cork.
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In architecture floriated describes something having floral ornaments; for example the floriated capitals of Gothic pillars.
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In architecture a flute is a channel of curved section; the term is usually applied to one of a vertical series of such channels used to decorate columns and pilasters in classical architecture.
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The fluted pedestal pot is an ornamental clay chimney pot distinguished by a section of moulded flutes around the body and a distinctive pedestal base.
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In architecture, fluting is channels or furrows cut perpendicularly in the shafts of columns. It is used in the Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite orders, but never in the Tuscan. When the flutes are partially filled up by a smaller round moulding they are said to be cabled.
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In architecture a flyer is one in a flight of steps which are parallel to each other (as in ordinary stairs), as distinguished from a winder.
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In architecture a flying buttress is a contrivance for taking up the thrust of a roof or vault which can not be supported by ordinary buttresses. It consists of a straight bar of masonry, usually sloping, carried on an arch, and a solid pier or buttress sufficient to receive the thrust. The word is generally applied only to the straight bar with supporting arch.
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In architecture a foil is the space between the cusps in Gothic architecture; a rounded or leaf like ornament, in windows, niches, etc. A group of foils is called trefoil, quatrefoil, quinquefoil, etc. , according to the number of arcs of which it is composed.
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In architecture the term foliated describes something containing, or consisting of, foils such as a
foliated arch.
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In architecture foliation describes the enrichment of an opening by means of foils, arranged in trefoils, quatrefoils, etc. and also, one of the ornaments.
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Following the trowel is a painting technique employed on acid anhydrous gypsum plasters in order to improve the adhesion of the paint. Following the trowel consists of applying a sharp coat of paint to the newly plastered surface as soon as it is firm enough to bear the weight of the brush, ideally within three hours of the plastering being completed.
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In architecture, the term folly refers to a structure built for the amusement of the owner.
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In architecture a footing course is one of the courses of masonry at the foot of a wall, broader than the courses above.
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The Footner process is a method of cleaning scale from steelwork and providing a good surface for painting by means of phosphate pickling.
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In architecture a footstall is a plinth or base of a pillar.
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In architecture a formeret is one of the half ribs against the walls in a ceiling vaulted with ribs.
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Fort Cumberland was a fort erected in Maryland at the instance of General Braddock in 1755 during his fatal expedition against the French Fort Duquesne. Colonel James Innes was left in command with a small force and thither Braddock's forces fled after their defeat by the French and Indians. Colonel Washington afterward commanded the fort, to protect the settlers from Indian raids.
In 1755, Fort Beausejour on the Maine frontier, which had been built by the French in 1754, was captured by English troops and its name changed to Fort Cumberland.
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Fort Dearborn was a fort in Chicago, USA. The fort was evacuated on August the 15th, 1812, by orders of General Hull; and burned the next day. The Americans while retreating were attacked by hostile Indians, and two-thirds of their number massacred, including twelve children. The survivors surrendered on promise of safety, and were taken to Fort Mackinaw, and finally were sent back to their homes.
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Fort Nassau was a fort erected on the site of the present town of Gloucester, New Jersey by Captain Cornelius Jacobsen Mey, representing the Dutch West India Company in 1623. It was abandoned and rebuilt a number of times, and finally abandoned in 1651.
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Fort Stanwix was a fort erected in 1758 on the Mohawk River, at what was called the great carrying place, by Brigadier-General John Stanwix. The name was afterward changed to Fort Schuyler. It was built to protect the country from the depredations of the Six Nations, and treaties were concluded there between those Indians and the English, determining the boundaries of the Indian Territory in 1768. In 1777 Peter Gansevoort was placed in command of the fort and was besieged for nearly a month by the English under St Leger. He refused to capitulate, however, and St Leger was compelled to withdraw. The fort was abandoned in 1781, being partially destroyed by the floods of that year.
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The Forth Bridge is a great railway viaduct which crosses the Firth of Forth at Queensferry, here about 1220 metere wide at low water. The small island of Inchgarvie is used as the central support of the two chief spans, which are 1710 feet (521 metres) wide each. These spans are each made up of two cantilevers extending towards each other from the opposite sides and connected by a girder, the cantilevers being 343 feet (105 metres) deep where they rest on the supporting piers and 40 feet (12 metres) at the free ends, and projecting 680 feet (207 metres), while the central connecting girder is 350 feet (107 metres) in length.
There are other two spans of 680 feet (207 metres) each, fifteen of 168 feet (51 metres) each, and seven small arches totalling about 400 feet (122 metres). Including piers there is about a mile of main spans and over half a mile of viaduct approach. The clear headway under the centre of the bridge is 150 feet (46 metres) above high water, while the highest part of the bridge is 361 feet (110 metres) above high water. Each of the main piers consists of a group of four cylindrical granite and concrete piers 49 feet (15 metres) in diameter at the top and from 60 to 70 feet (18 to 21 metres) at bottom. The deepest pier is about 70 feet (21 metres) below low water, and the rise of the tide is 18 feet (5 metres) at ordinary springs. In the piers there are about 120,000 cubic yards of masonry, and in the superstructure about 45,000 tons of steel.
All the foundations are either on rock or on a boulder-clay which for all practical purposes is as hard as rock; and the whole structure presents a network of bracing capable of resisting stresses in any direction and of any probable severity. The bridge carries two lines of rails. It was projected by a company in which the North British, Great Northern, North Eastern, and Midland Railways were involved. The engineers were Sir John Fowler and B Baker. Work started on the construction of the bridge in 1883 and was completed in 1889.
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Foundations are the lowest load-bearing part of a building, usually below ground level, through which the loads of a structure are distributed on to the ground. The quality of the ground and the kind of structure determine the type of foundation used. Spread foundations are broad and shallow and, where firm ground exists near the surface, are the simplest to build. Otherwise, where solid material lies beneath unsuitable ground, the loads are transferred through the poor surface material to considerable depths using piling or a caisson. In the past, foundations for brickwork consisted of large stones, timber beams, or simply a thicker base, or footing. Wide walls were built on the ground without special foundations. Nowadays, for load-bearing walls, the spread foundation is a continuous concrete strip that is wider than the wall. For a column or pier, the spread foundation is a rectangular pad of concrete.
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, before the adoption of reinforced concrete, steel columns were often supported on layers of steel joists (a technique known as grillage). Where poor ground requires the foundation to be of about the same area as the building, a raft is used. A small raft may be a reinforced concrete slab; a larger raft may be a slab stiffened with beams. For buildings with basements, the lower storeys may be built as a stiff box.
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In building, a framing anchor is a device, made of metal, used for joining studs, joists, rafters etc in light wooden-frame constructions.
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In architecture a French roof is a modified form of mansard roof having a nearly flat deck for the upper slope.
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In architecture a French window is a casement window in two folds, usually reaching to the floor.
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A fresco is a painting carried out with lime-proof pigments mixed with limewater, and applied directly to a freshly laid surface of lime plaster. Frescos are typically found in old churches.
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In architecture a fret is an ornament consisting of small fillets or slats intersecting each other or bent at right angles, as in classical designs, or at oblique angles, common in Oriental art.
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In architecture a frieze is that part of the entablature of an order which is between the architrave and cornice. It is a flat member or face, either uniform or broken by triglyphs, and often enriched with figures and other ornaments of sculpture. The term is also applied to any sculptured or richly ornamented band in a building or, by extension, in rich pieces of furniture.
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In architecture a frontal is a little pediment over a door or window.
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In architecture, a fronton is a decorated entrance to a building, consisting of a cornice supported by consoles and surmounted by a pediment.
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In architecture a frustum is one of the drums of the shaft of a column.
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In painting and decorating, fugitive colours are colours which fade when exposed to light.
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In brick laying, full bond describes masonry where all the bricks are laid as headers, that is laid with their shorter face or head in the surface of the wall.
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In painting and decorating, a full coat is a single coating of paint, enamel or varnish applied as thickly as possible without detriment to the quality of the work.
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Full gloss is a painting and decorating term for enamels, paints and varnishes which have a high-gloss finish, as opposed to a semi-gloss, eggshell or matt finish.
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Fumed oak is oak which has been darkened by being stained by exposure to ammonia fumes.
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In architecture, a funnel is the shaft or hollow channel of a chimney through which smoke ascends.
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In architecture fur describes nailing small strips of board or larger scantling upon a surface, in order to make a level surface for lathing or boarding, or to provide for a space or interval back of the plastered or boarded surface, as inside an outer wall, by way of protection against damp.
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In architecture a fusarole is a moulding generally placed under the echinus or quarter round of capitals in the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders of architecture.
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In architecture a fust is the shaft of a column, or trunk of a pilaster.
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Abbreviations
Architecture
