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In architecture a pace is a broad step or platform; any part of a floor slightly raised above the rest, as around an altar, or at the upper end of a hall.
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A pagoda was originally an Indian temple for an idol. They consist of one or more quadrangular courts with towers at the corners, surrounded by a wall. Large pyramids rising in stages cover the entrance, behind which extend colonnades, and large halls called Tschultris, which are used to lodge pilgrims in. Small side-temples appear with cupolas surmounting the accessory buildings. Behind the first court is often a second and a third, in which, finally, the chief temple stands.
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Paint harling is an extremely durable external finish used for the protection of the steelwork of steel-clad houses most notably in Scotland. Paint harling consists of the surface being cleaned and prepared, before being covered with a thick coat of paint composed of paste white lead, stand oil and gold size. While this coat of paint is still tacky, paint-coated granite chips are thrown onto the surface and the whole allowed to dry hard.
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In architecture the term Palladian refers to structures of, pertaining to, or designating, a variety of the revived classic style of architecture, founded on the works of Andrea Palladio, an Italian architect of the 16th century.
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In architecture a pane is a compartment of a surface, or a flat space; hence, the term is applied to one side or face of a building; as, an octagonal tower is said to have eight
panes. In modern times the term is especially applied to the glass in one compartment of a window sash.
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In architecture a panel is a distinct compartment raised above or sunk below the level of a wall, ceiling or door surface. In masonry, the term panel refers to one of the faces of a hewn stone.
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In architecture the term pantile refers to a roofing tile of a peculiar form, having a transverse section resembling an elongated S laid on its side.
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In architecture a paradise is an open space within a monastery or adjoining a church, like the space within a cloister, the open court before a basilica, etc.
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In architecture a parapet is a low, or breast height wall or fence, especially one serving to protect the edge of a platform, roof, bridge, or the like.
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Parian cement is a hard burnt plaster of the anhydrous group, similar to Keene's cement.
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In architecture a parliament hinge is a hinge with so great a projection from the wall or frame as to allow a door or shutter to swing back flat against the wall.
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A parlour was a reception room in a religious house where the religious see their friends.
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Parquetry is a kind of flooring composed of blocks of wood laid level with one another, and arranged in geometric or other patterns.
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In architecture a parting strip is one of the thin strips of wood in a sash window let into the pulley stile to keep the sashes apart. The term is also applied to the thin piece inserted in the window box to separate the weights.
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In architecture a party wall is a wall built upon the dividing line between two adjoining properties, usually having half its thickness on each property.
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Originally, a parvis was the place or court before the main entrance of a cathedral. Later the term was applied to the room above the church porch.
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In architecture a patera is a circular ornament, resembling a dish, often worked in relief on friezes, and the like.
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In architecture a paternoster is a beadlike ornament in mouldings.
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In architecture a pavilion is a single body or mass of building, contained within simple walls and a single roof, whether insulated, as in the park or garden of a larger edifice, or united with other parts, and forming an angle or central feature of a large pile.
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In architecture a peak arch is a pointed or Gothic arch.
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In architecture a pedestal is the base or foot of a column, statue, vase, lamp, or the like or the part on which an upright work stands. It consists of three parts, the base, the die or dado, and the cornice or surbase moulding.
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In architecture a pediment was originally, in classical architecture, the triangular space forming the gable of a simple roof. It subsequently came to mean a similar form used as a decoration over porticoes, doors, windows, etc.; and also, a rounded or broken frontal having a similar position and use.
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A peen is the sharp-edged end of the head of a mason's hammer.
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In architecture a pellet moulding is a narrow band ornamented with small, flat disks.
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In architecture a pendant is a hanging ornament on a roof, ceiling, etc. They were much used in the later styles of Gothic architecture, where pendants were made of stone, and considered an important part of the construction.
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In architecture a pendant post is a part of the framing of an open timber roof. It is a post set close against the wall, and resting upon a corbel or other solid support, and supporting the ends of a collar beam or any part of the roof.
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In architecture a pendentive is the portion of a vault by means of which the square space in the middle of a building is brought to an octagon or circle to receive a cupola. The term is also applied to the part of a groined vault which is supported by, and springs from, one pier or corbel.
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The penetralia are the private rooms of a house. In the Roman temples, the penetralia was the part of the temple where only the priest was allowed to enter and where the sacred images were stored.
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The Pentagon is a building in Arlington County, Virginia, near Washington DC, USA, housing the headquarters of the American defence forces and CIA. It was attacked by terrorists who flew a passenger plane into the building at 0900 on the 11th of September 2001, at the same time as the World Trade Center in New York was also attacked.
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In architecture the term pentastyle describes a structure having five columns in front. It is usually said of a temple or portico in classical architecture.
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In architecture the term peripteral describes a structure as having columns on all sides.
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In architecture a peristyle is a range of columns with their entablature, etc. Specifically the term describes a complete system of columns, whether on all sides of a court, or surrounding a building, such as the cella of a temple. The term is used in the former sense as a name given to the larger inner court of a Roman dwelling.
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A perpender (perbend, perpend stone, through or perpent stone) is the name given in masonry to a large stone reaching through a wall so as to appear on both sides of it, and acting as a binder (a bond stone). The term is also used for a flat gravestone and a stone coffin.
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In architecture the perpendicular style was a variety of English Gothic architecture, which prevailed from the close of the 14th century to the early part of the 16th century, and so called from the vertical style of its window mullions.
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A perron is an out-of-door flight of steps, for example in a garden, leading to a terrace or to an upper story. The term is usually applied to mediaeval or later structures of some architectural pretensions.
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In architecture a Persian column is a column of which the shaft represents a Persian slave.
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In architecture a piazza is an open square in a European town, especially an Italian town from whence the term has been extended to describe an arcaded and roofed gallery or a portico.
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In architecture a pick dressing is a facing made by a pointed tool, leaving the surface of the stonework in little pits or depressions.
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Pickled pine is a decorators term for pinewood from which the paint has been stripped.
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In decorating, pickling is the removal of paint, varnish or polish by means of an alkaline paint remover. The term later evolved to embrace the removal of rust and mill scale from structural steel prior to its erection by immersing the steel briefly in acid and then rinsing it.
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In architecture a pier is a detached mass of masonry, whether insulated or supporting one side of an arch or lintel, as of a bridge. The term is also applied to the piece of wall between two openings and to an additional or auxiliary mass of masonry used to stiffen a wall.
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In architecture a pilaster is an upright architectural member right-angled in plan, constructionally a pier but architecturally corresponding to a column, having capital, shaft, and base to agree with those of the columns of the same order. In most cases the projection from the wall is one third of its width, or less.
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In decorating, piling is a defect which occurs when a quick-drying paint is applied by brush and begins to set during application, resulting in a thick, uneven film.
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In decorating, pinholing is a defect in a painted or varnished surface characterised by minute craters or 'pin holes' in the film which are slightly rough to the touch and allow the passage of moisture. Pinholing may be caused by incorrect application or shaking of the varnish resulting in tiny air bubbles occurring in it. In spray painted surfaces, pinholing may be due to grease or moisture in the air-line.
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Pink primer is the traditional primer for wood. It is traditionally composed of white lead and red lead, but is also made from barytes or other extenders tinted with Venetian red, though this is a very poor substitute.
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In architecture a pinnacle is an architectural member, upright, and generally ending in a small spire. They are used to finish a buttress, to constitute a part in a proportion, as where pinnacles flank a gable or spire, and the like.
Pinnacles may be considered primarily as added weight, where it is necessary to resist the thrust of an arch, etc.
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In architecture a piscina is a niche near the altar in a church, containing a small basin for rinsing altar vessels.
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In architecture a pise is a species of wall made of stiff earth or clay rammed in between moulds which are carried up as the wall rises.
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In architecture the pitch of a roof is the inclination or slope of the sides expressed by the height in parts of the span; as, one half pitch; whole pitch; or by the height in parts of the half span, especially among engineers; or by degrees, as a pitch of 30 degrees, of 45 degrees, etc.; or by the rise and run, that is, the ratio of the height to the half span; as, a pitch of six rise to ten run. Equilateral pitch is where the two sloping sides with the span form an equilateral triangle.
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Pitch paper was a type of paper formerly used in the treatment of damp walls. Pitch paper consisted of stout brown lining paper coated on one side with pitch. This paper was hung with standard wallpaper paste, the pitch side towards the wall, before ordinary wallpaper was later hung over it.
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In architecture a plancer is the under side of a cornice; a soffit.
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In architecture, plaster is the name given to a material which is applied in a plastic state to provide a uniform finish to ceilings and walls. External plaster finishers are usually known as 'renderings'.
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Plasterboard is a type of building board composed of a layer of gypsum on either side of which is affixed a layer of very stout paper or fibre.
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In architecture a platband is a flat moulding, or group of mouldings, the width of which much exceeds its projection, as with the face of an architrave. The term is also applied to a list or fillet between the flutings of a column.
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In architecture a plate is a horizontal timber laid upon a wall, or upon corbels projecting from a wall, and supporting the ends of other timbers. The term is also used specifically of the roof
plate which supports the ends of the roof trusses or, in simple work, the feet of the rafters.
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Plate-tracery is the earliest form of tracery, used at the beginning of Early English architecture, in which the openings are formed or cut in the stonework, and have no projecting mouldings.
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In architecture the term plateresque describes ornaments resembling silver plate.
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In classical architecture, a plinth is a vertically faced member immediately below the circular base of a column. The term also describes the lowest member of a pedestal and in general, the lowest member of a base; a sub-base; a block upon which the mouldings of an architrave or trim are stopped at the bottom.
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In stone masonry, a plug and feathers was a tool used by Mediaeval stone masons for splitting stones for building. The plug and feathers comprised two semi-circular iron bars about 20 mm wide and about 250 mm long - the feathers - and a wedge shaped piece of iron resembling a chisel, the same length and about 20 mm in diameter. A hole was cut in the stone, the feathers were inserted and the wedge or plug drive between them forcing the stone to split. The stone masons who built Edward I's castles used plug and feathers for quarrying the stones with which to build the castles.
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A plum line or plum bob is a builder's tool comprising a weight suspended on a length of cord or string. A plum line is used to ensure accuracy in setting out vertical work.
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In architecture a pocket is a hole or space covered by a movable piece of board, as in a floor, boxing, partitions, or the like.
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A podger is a tool used in the erection of scaffolding for tightening up the couplers.
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In architecture a podium is a low wall, serving as a foundation, a substructure, or a terrace wall. The term usually describes the dwarf wall surrounding the arena of an amphitheatre, from the top of which the seats began; or the masonry under the stylobate of a temple, which is sometimes a mere foundation, and sometimes contains chambers.
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In architecture a pointed arch is an arch with a pointed crown and vertical sides, the thrust being massed at the top of the vertical sections where the arc ends.
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In architecture pointed style is a name given to that style of architecture in which the pointed arch is the predominant feature, more commonly called Gothic.
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Pointing is the filling up and finishing of the joints of a wall, by introducing additional cement or mortar, and bringing it to a smooth surface. Over time the exterior joints of walls between the brick deteriorate, and are then re-pointed by a builder to improve the appearance.
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In architecture a pole plate is a horizontal timber resting on the tie beams of a roof and receiving the ends of the rafters. It differs from the plate in not resting on the wall.
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In architecture, a polyfoil is an ornament formed from a moulding disposed in a number of segments of circles.
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In architecture the term polystyle describes a structure as having many columns. It is said of a building, especially of an interior part or court, for example a polystyle hall.
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In architecture a poppy-head is a raised ornament frequently having the form of a final. It is generally used on the tops of the upright ends or elbows which terminate seats, &c., in Gothic churches.
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In architecture a porch is a covered and enclosed entrance to a building, whether taken from the interior, and forming a sort of vestibule within the main wall, or projecting without and with a separate roof. Sometimes the porch is large enough to serve as a covered walk.
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In architecture a portal is a lesser gate, where there are two of different dimensions. Formerly the term portal meant a small square corner in a room separated from the rest of the apartment by wainscoting, forming a short passage to another apartment. By the twentieth century the term portal had become analogous with the French portail, used to describe the whole architectural composition which surrounds and includes the doorways and porches of a church.
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In architecture a porte-cochere is a large doorway allowing vehicles to drive into or through a building. It is common to have the entrance door open upon the passage of the porte-cochere. The name is also given to a porch over a driveway before an entrance door.
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In architecture a portico is a colonnade or covered ambulatory, especially in classical styles of architecture. It is usually, a colonnade at the entrance of a building.
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In architecture poyntel is paving or flooring made of small squares or lozenges set diagonally.
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In architecture a presbytery is that part of the church reserved for the officiating priest or the residence of a priest or clergyman.
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In architecture pricking-up is the first coating of plaster in work of three coats upon laths. Its surface is scratched once to form a better key for the next coat.
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In architecture a principal is the construction which gives shape and strength to a roof, generally a truss of timber or iron, but there are roofs with stone principals. The term is also loosely applied to the most important member of a piece of framing.
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In architecture a profile is a section of any member, made at right angles with its main lines, showing the exact shape of mouldings and the like.
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In architecture a pronaos is the porch or vestibule of a temple.
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Propylaea is an architectural term referring to the entrance to a Greek temple.
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In architecture the term prostyle describes a portico or building as having columns in front.
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In architecture the term proto-Doric refers to architecture in which the beginnings of the Doric style are supposed to be found.
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In architecture the term pseudo-dipteral refers to something falsely or imperfectly dipteral, as a temple with the inner range of columns surrounding the cella omitted, so that the space between the cella wall and the columns is very great, being equal to two intercolumns and one column, for example.
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In architecture the term pseudo-peripteral refers to something falsely or imperfectly peripteral, as a temple having the columns at the sides attached to the walls, and an ambulatory only at the ends or only at one end.
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According to the reverend Cogham Brewer, writing around 1900, much of a nation's history, and more of its manners and feelings, may be gleaned from its public-house signs. A very large number of them are selected out of compliment to the lord of the manor, either because he is the 'great man' of the neighbourhood, or because the proprietor is some servant whom 'it delighted the lord to honour'; thus we have the Earl of March, in compliment to the Duke of Richmond: the Green Man or gamekeeper, married and promoted 'to a public'. When the name and titles of the lord have been exhausted, we get his badge of or his favourite pursuit, as the Bear and Ragged Staff, the Fox and Hounds. As the object of the sign is to speak to the feelings and attract, another fruitful source is either some national hero or great battle; thus we get the Marquis of Granby and the Duke of Wellington, the Waterloo and the Alma. The proverbial loyalty of our nation has naturally shown itself in our tavern signs, giving us the Victoria, Prince of Wales, the Albert, the Crown, and so on. Some signs indicate a speciality of the house, as the Bowling Green, the Skittles; some a political bias, as the Royal Oak; some are an attempt at wit, as the Five Alls; and some are purely fanciful. The following list will serve to exemplify the subject:
The Angel. In allusion to the angel that saluted the Virgin Mary.
The Bag Of Nails. A corruption of the 'Bacchanals'.
The Bear. From the popular sport of bear-baiting.
The Bear and Bacchus, in High Street, Warwick. A corruption of Bear and Bacillus-i.e. Bear and Ragged Staff, the badge of the Earl of Warwick.
The Bear and Hogged Staff. The badge of the Earl of Warwick, the Earl of Leicester, etc.
The Bell. In allusion to races, a silver bell having been the winner's prize up to the reign of Charles II.
The Blue Boar. The badge of Richard III.
The Blue Pig (Bevis Marks). A corruption of the Blue Boar, the badge of Richard III.
The Boards Head. The badge of the Gordons, etc.
The Bolt-in-Tun. The punning heraldic badge of Prior Bolton, last of the clerical rulers of Bartholomew's, previous to the Reformation.
Bosom's Inn. A public-house sign in St. Lawrence Lane, London; a corruption of Blossom's Inn, as it was later called, in allusion to the hawthorn blossoms surrounding the effigy of St Lawrence on the sign.
The Bowling Green. Signifying that there are arrangements on the premises for playing bowls.
The Bull. The badge of Richard, Duke of York. The Black Bull is the badge of the house of Clare.
The Bull's Head. The badge of Henry VIII.
The Bully Ruffian A corruption of the Bellerophon (a ship).
The Castle. This, being the arms of Spain, formerly symbolised that Spanish wines were to be obtained within. In some cases, without doubt, it is a complimentary sign of the manor castle.
The Cat and Fiddle. A corruption of Caton Fidele i.e. Caton, the faithful governor of Calais. In Farringdon (Devon) is the sign of La Chatte Fidele in commemoration of a faithful cat, Without scanning the phrase so nicely, it may simply indicate that the game of cat (trap-ball) and a fiddle for dancing were provided for customers.
The Cat and Mutton, Hackney, which gives name to the Cat and Mutton Fields.
The Cat and Wheel. A corruption of 'St Catherine's Wheel'; or an announcement that cat and balance-wheels were provided for the amusement of customers.
The Chequers. (1) In honour of the Stuarts, whose shield was 'checky', like a Scotch plaid. (2) In commemoration of the licence granted by the Earls of Arundel or Lords Warrenne. (3) An intimation that a room is set apart for merchants and accountants, where they can be private and make up their accounts, or use their 'chequers' undisturbed.
The Coach and Horses. This sign signified that the house was a posting-house, a stage-coach house, or both.
The Cock and Bottle. By some said to be a corruption of the 'Cork and Bottle', meaning that wine was sold there in bottles.
The Cow and Skittles. The cow is the real sign, and alludes to the dairy of the hostess, or some noted dairy in the neighbourhood. Skittles was added to indicate that there was a skittle ground on the premises.
The Cross Keys. Common in the mediaeval ages, and in allusion to St Peter, or one of the bishops whose badge of it is - probably the lord of the manor or the patron saint of the parish church. The cross keys are emblems of the papacy, St Peter, the Bishop of Gloucester, St Servatus, St Hippolytus, St Genevieve, St Petronilla, St Osyth, St Martha, and St Germanus.
The Dog and Duck. Used to signify that the sport so called could be seen there. A duck was put into water, and a dog set to hunt it; the fun was to see the duck diving and the dog following it under water.
The Elephant and Castle. Possibly to signify the war elephants formerly used by some foreign armies in which a box-like, canopied structure (called a howdah) was mounted of the elephant's back to accommodate the riders.
The Feathers. A contraction of the 'Plume of Feathers', meaning that of the Prince of Wales.
The Fox and Goose. To signify that there were arrangements within for playing the royal game of Fox and Goose.
St. George and the Dragon. In compliment to the patron saint of England, and his combat with the dragon.
The George and Cannon, A corruption of 'George Canning'.
The Globe. The badge of Alfonso, King of Portugal; and intimating that Portuguese wines were to be obtained within.
The Goat in Golden Boots. A. corruption of the Dutch Good in der Gouden Boots (the god Mercury in his golden sandals).
The Goat and Compasses. A Puritan sign, a corrupt hieroglyphic reading of 'God encompasses us'.
The Golden Cross. This refers to the ensigns carried by the Crusaders.
The Grecian Stairs. A corruption of 'The Greesen or Stairs' The allusion is to a flight of steps from the New Road to the Minster Yard.
The Green Man. The late gamekeeper of the lord of the manor turned publican. At one time these servants were dressed in green.
The Green Man and Still The herbalist bringing his herbs to be distilled.
The Hare and Hounds. In compliment to the sporting squire or lord of the manor.
The Hole-in-the-Wall. So called because it was approached by a passage or 'hole' in the wall of the house standing in front of the tavern.
The Iron Devil. A corruption of 'Hirondelle' (the swallow). There are numerous public-house signs referring to birds; as, the Blackbird, the Thrush, the Peacock, the Martin, Bird-in-the-Hand, etc.
The Three Kings. A public-house sign of the mediaeval ages, in allusion to the three kings of Cologne, the Magi who presented offerings to the infant Jesus. Very many public-house signs of the mediaeval period had a reference to ecclesiastical matters, either because their landlords were ecclesiastics, or else from a superstitious reverence for 'saints' and 'holy things'.
The Marquis of Granby. In compliment to John Manners, eldest son of John, third Duke of Rutland - a bluff, brave soldier, generous, and greatly beloved by his men.
The Packhorse. To signify that pack-horses could be hired there.
The Palgrave's Head. A public-house sign formerly near Temple Bar, in honour of Frederick Palgrave of the Rhine.
The Pig and Tinder Box. A corrupt rendering of The Elephant and Castle; the 'pig' is really an elephant, and the 'tinder-box' the castle on its back.
The Pig and Whistle. Wassail is made of apples, sugar, and ale.
The Plum and Feathers. A corruption of the 'Plume of Feathers', meaning that of the Prince of Wales.
The Queen of Bohemia. In honour of Lady Elizabeth Stuart.
The Queer Door. A corruption of Coeur Dore (Golden Heart).
The Ram and Teazle. In compliment of the Clothier's Company.
The Red Dragon. The badge of Henry VII or the principality of Wales.
The Rose. A symbol of England, as the Thistle is of Scotland, and the Shamrock of Ireland.
The Red Rose. The badge of the Lancastrians in the Civil War of the Roses.
The White Rose. The badge of the Yorkists in the Civil War of the Roses.
The Rose of the Quarter Sessions. A corruption of La Rose des Quatre Saisons.
The Salutation and Cat. The 'Salutation' (which refers to the angel saluting the Virgin Mary) is the sign of the house and the 'Cat' is added to signify that arrangements are made for playing cat or tipcat.
The Saracen's Head. In allusion to what are preposterously termed 'The Holy Wars'; adopted probably by some Crusader after his return home, or at any rate to flatter the natural sympathy for these Quixotic expeditions.
The Ship. In honour of Sir Francis Drake, the circumnavigator.
The Ship and Shovel. Referring to Sir Cloudesley Shovel, a favourite admiral in Queen Anne's reign.
The Seven Stars. An astrological sign of the mediaeval ages.
The Spread Eagle. The arms of Germany; formerly to indicate that German wines may be obtained within.
The Three Suns. The badge of Edward IV.
The Sun and the Rose. The badge of the House of York.
The Swan and Antelope. The badge of Henry V.
The Talbot. The arms of the Talbot family.
The Turk's Head. Alluding to the Holy Wars, when the Crusaders fought against the Turks.
The Unicorn. The Scottish supporter in the royal arms of Great Britain.
The White Hart. The badge of Edward II.
The White Lion. The badge of Edward IV, as Earl of March
The White Swan. The badge of Henry IV and of Edward III, also Anne of Cleves.
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In architecture pugging is mortar or the like, laid between the joists under the boards of a floor, or within a partition, to deaden sound.
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In architecture a pulley stile is the upright of the window frame into which a pulley is fixed and along which the sash slides.
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In architecture, a puncheon is any vertical scaffold tube used in the erection of tubular scaffolding, which is not supported upon the ground or upon a base plate.
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In architecture purfled work is delicate tracery, especially found in Gothic architecture.
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In architecture a purlin is a horizontal beam or member in a roof construction, supported on the principals and supporting the common rafters.
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In architecture a puteal is an enclosure surrounding a well to prevent persons from falling into it.
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In architecture a putlog is one of the short pieces of timber or scaffold tube, on which the planks forming the floor of a scaffold are laid, one end resting on the ledger of the scaffold, and the other in a hole left in the wall temporarily for the purpose.
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In scaffolding, a putlog coupler is a non-load-bearing coupler used in the erection of tubular scaffolding for fastening a transom or putlog to a ledger.
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A putlog end, or putlog head, is a flattened blade or tongue with a fitting enabling it to be attached to a normal plain-ended scaffolding tube in order to convert the plain tube into a putlog.
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Abbreviations
Architecture
