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Tabby is a type of concrete, being a mixture of lime with shells, gravel, or stones, in equal proportions, with an equal proportion of water.
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A tabernacle is a temporary or slightly built dwelling, such as a hut, booth or tent. In ancient Israel a tabernacle was a portable structure comprised of a wooden framework covered with curtains, which was carried through the wilderness in the Israelitish exodus, as a place of sacrifice and worship. Today a Jewish temple is also known as a tabernacle.
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In architecture, a tail-bay is one of the joists which rest one end on the wall and the other on a girder; also, the space between a wall and the nearest girder of a floor.
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In architecture, tailing is the part of a projecting stone or brick inserted in a wall.
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In architecture a tailpiece is a timber which tails into a header in floor framing.
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The Taj Mahal is a white marble mausoleum built at Agra by Shah Jehan in memory of his favourite wife who died in 1629. It took 20000 men 20 years to build, and was finished in 1649.
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In architecture a talon or ogee is a kind of moulding, concave at the bottom and convex at the top. When the concave part is at the top, it is called an inverted talon.
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In architecture, a tassel is a piece of board that is laid upon a wall as a sort of plate, to give a level surface to the ends of floor timbers.
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A temple is a building dedicated to the service of a deity or deities.
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In architecture a templet is a short piece of timber, iron, or stone, placed in a wall under a girder or other beam, to distribute the weight or pressure.
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The term tenement house commonly applies to a dwelling house erected for the purpose of being rented, and divided into separate apartments or tenements for families. The term is often applied to apartment houses occupied by poor families.
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A Teocalli is an Aztec or other early Mexican temple. They are usually built in the form of a four-sided pyramid, of solid earth or stone with a winding ascent or stairway on each side leading to a temple-crowned platform.
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A tepee (tipi) is a conical tent made of buffalo skin and more recently canvas stretched across a frame of poles fastened together at the top. Tepees are used by High Plains nomadic Indians of North America, such as the Blackfoot, Ojibwa and also Stoney Indians of Alberta, Canada.
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In architecture a term is a quadrangular pillar, adorned on the top with the figure of a head, such as of a man, woman, or a satyr. This figure being called the terminal figure. The pillar part of a
term frequently tapers downward, or is narrowest at the base. Terms rudely carved were formerly used for landmarks or boundaries.
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In architecture, a tetrastyle building is one which has four columns in front. The term is used to describe temples, porticos, or colonnades.
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The Thames Embankment is a wall of granite, with a plane-tree bordered footway, built in three sections along the banks of the river Thames in London between 1864 and 1874. The embankment was begun by the metropolitan board of works with the Victoria embankment on the north side of the river between Blackfriars and Westminster and completed in 1870. Extending for a little over 2 km it includes a granite wall about 2.5 meters thick, with foundations 5 meters to 9 meters below low-water mark, landing stages, a roadway about 30 meters wide, footway and public gardens. Under the footway are a low-level sewer, water and gas mains and telephone cables. Under the roadway runs the Underground railway.
The Albert Embankment, on the side of the river Thames, between Westminster Bridge and Vauxhall was constructed on similar lines between 1866 and 1869.
The Chelsea Embankment, about 1.5 km in length, extends from Battersea Bridge to Chelsea Bridge, on the north side of the river Thames and was built between 1868 and 1874. There is another short section of embankment near the Tower of London.
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A thatch is a roof made by thatching.
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Thatching is a method of roofing used to protect buildings and bricks. The material most commonly used is straw, but bracken, gorse, heather and reeds may serve a similar purpose. Of the straws the best for thatching purposes are those of wheat and rye. Oat and barley straw being softer in texture are liable to absorb water. Reeds, however, are superior as a thatch to any straw. A reed thatch, properly made, will last for fifty years without the need for repair, while a straw thatch will last about thirty years. Heather thatching will last a hundred years, but is much heavier than straw or reeds, and as such can only be used on stronger roofs.
The thatcher's equipment consists of a bill-hook, a paring knife, a large forked stick to contain the drawn straw, and a wooden rake with iron teeth. The thatcher also requires a supply of tarred cord and wooden pegs of split hazel or willow. The straw to be used for thatching is first well moistened, then the heap is turned with a fork and afterwards lightly trodden to firm it. The thatcher draws his straw from the bottom of the heap, taking it by the double handfuls. The drawn straws are usually called yealms, and this work of drawing was traditionally done by the assistant or server. The straw being made into a bundle in which the individual straws lie fairly straight, the thatcher puts the bundle in place. Thatching begins at the bottom of the roof closest to the eaves and continues upwards, each successive course being secured with pegs and twine. In southern England split hazel pegs were traditionally used in place of twine. Upon reaching the top, the straw is laid well up to form a point, and give a good pitch. Often it is necessary to use bundles of tightly-tied straw to bolster up the ridge.
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The Bastille was the Parisian state-prison and fortress commenced in 1370 by order of Charles V and finished in 1382 under his successor. The Bastille became infamous for imprisoning the victims of French kings' despotism and one of the first dramas of the French Revolution was the attack on The Bastille by the populace which led to its capture by them on the 14th of July 1789, and its subsequent and prompt demolition.
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In architecture, a threshold is a piece of stone or timber lying below the bottom of a doorway.
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In architecture the term throat is applied to the part of a chimney between the gathering, or portion of the funnel which contracts in ascending, and the flue.
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In architecture throating is a drip, or drip moulding.
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In architecture and civil engineering a tie is any tension member in a fixed structure or between fixed points. The term is thus applied to a beam or rod for holding two parts together, but also applies to ropes and chains. In railways, the term refers to one of the transverse timbers which support the track, and to which the track is fastened so as to keep it in place.
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In architecture a tiebeam is a beam acting as a tie, as at the bottom of a pair of principal rafters, to prevent them from thrusting out the wall.
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In architecture, a tiers-point arch is an arch with a pointed crown, similar to a poinred arch, but truncated so that the vertical sections are missing and the thrust occurs at the base of the arch between the sides.
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Tilbury Fort is a fort in the Thames estuary, on the coast of Essex. It stands in marshy flats south-west of Tilbury, opposite Gravesend. The blockhouse was built by Henry VIII, and housed the 17,000 strong army levied against the coming of the Spanish Armada. Under Charles II Tilbury Fort became a regular fort with strong bastions and armament designed by Sir Bernard de Gomme.
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In architecture a tilt roof is a round-headed roof, like the canopy of a wagon.
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A Tithe-barn was a medieval storehouse for grain and fodder payable to the church in kind. Usually buttressed and perched, it often simulated, especially in France, nave-and-aisle church construction. Outstanding English examples connected with abbey foundations are at Bradford-on-Avon, Tisbury, and Glastonbury. Parochial tithe-barns were smaller.
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The phrase 'To spring an arch' is an architectural phrase meaning to build an arch. It is a common term among masons for example 'to spring an arch over a lintel.'
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In scaffolding, a toe board is a scaffold board or length of wood turned on its edge and run along the boundary of a working platform to prevent tools and other objects from falling.
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A togu na is a Dogon village 'men's house' where village males of any age may sit in the shade, talk, smoke and socialise away from all women. Togu na are round in shape, and consist of a millet-stalk gently curved thatched roof supported on pillars carved to look somewhat like human beings, the arms and head supporting the roof and the trunk extending down to the stone floor.
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A tope (stupa, chorten) is a structure erected by Buddhist monks for the preservation of sacred relics. Topes are built of solid masonry in some cases, and of loose stones in others; have sometimes a spherical base, in other instances a polygonal one, though a few are circular, and are generally crowned by a finial called a tee.. They abound in Central India, in Kashmir and the Indus Valley and in Sri Lanka where they are called 'dagobas'. When a dagoba has a definite commemorative purpose, it is known as a Stupa. Topes are generally enclosed within a stone railing or other barrier.
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A torii is a Japanese, decorative gateway comprised of two upright wooden posts connected at the top by two horizontal crosspieces. They are often found at the entrances to Shinto temples.
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In building, a torsel is a block of stone or piece of wood or iron set in a wall to support a beam or joist.
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In architecture, a torus is a large convex moulding, usually at the base of a column.
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A tower is a tall structure.
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Tower Bridge is a famous bridge over the River Thames near the Tower Of London in London, England. The bridge was proposed to assist with the severe congestion of traffic crossing the Thames during the 18th century, with typical delays of several hours being experienced by pedestrians and vehicles alike. The debate and designs for a bridge had been going on since 1800 until 1884 when a solution was finally found by Sir Horace Jones and John Wolfe Barry and others.
Tower Bridge was begun on April the 22nd 1886, and opened on the 30th of June 1894 by the Prince and Princess of Wales. Tower Bridge carries a roadway 49 feet in width, with a central lifting or bascule span of 200 feet and two side spans each of 270 feet. The two river piers are 70 feet wide; and the total length, in addition to approach viaducts is 880 feet. The main towers, rising over 120 feet from the river piers, consist of steel columns encased in masonry. The abutment towers are 44 feet in height. The side spans are hung from suspension girder-links between the pier and the abutment towers, the links at the shore ends being anchored in massed concrete.
Between the suspension links the ties are carried on two overhead foot bridges between the tops of the towers - these foot bridges being later shut to the public. The centre or bascule span consists of two cantilever arms which meet in the centre, where they are locked by massive bolts, being hinged upon shafts inside the piers, where they are heavily weighted to counterbalance the weight of the projecting portions. Their inner ends are fitted with toothed quadrants engaged by gearing and operated by hydraulic machinery. To raise the bridge the centre locking bolts are drawn, the quadrants depressed, and the two leaves rise simultaneously to a vertical position against the towers, allowing 140 feet between high-water level and the foot bridge, reached if necessary by lifts and staircases in the central towers. The average time taken by the raising and lowering of the central span was five minutes when the bridge was new. When closed the central span is 29 feet and 6 inches above the high-water mark.
The gothic architecture used to encase the steel infrastructure in the bridge was designed to blend the bridge with the existing Tower Of London, which it does very successfully, Tower Bridge having proved a tourist attraction since construction work started.
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The Tower Of London is an ancient fortress on the left bank of the River Thames in London, on a site of some thirteen acres. The present castle has a keep, known as the White Tower, which was built as a fortress by William The Conqueror beiween 1078 and 1080 on a site of a previous Roman fortress. The Tower of London was a royal palace in the Middle Ages, and was later used as a garrison and prison. The Crown Jewels are kept at the Tower Of London.
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In architecture the term trabeated describes an object furnished with an entablature.
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In architecture, tracery is the stone framework in the head of Gothic windows, formed by a continuation of the mullions, bent, as it were, into ornamental designs. It was at first confined to circles and other geometric forms; but later the lines were free and more flowing except in the Perpendicular style, in which the mullions were carried right through in straight lines.
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In architecture a transept is the transverse portion of any building lying across the main body of that building. In Christian churches transepts are the cross aisles of a church, projecting at right angles from the nave or choir. In the basilicas, they often had no projection at the two ends. In Gothic churches these project greatly, and should be called the arms of the transept. It is common, however, to speak of the arms themselves as the transepts.
The transept became common in the Middle Ages, and almost universal in the Gothic period. The crossing is often surmounted by a spire, tower or dome. Single transepts are the more common, but double transepts are found in England and in Germany, the English double transept being on the scheme of the archbishop's or Passion cross, with both arms east of the nave. In the German form it was connected with the double choir, one at each end of the church.
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In architecture, transition is the passing from one style to another, and by extension, the style of building during the period of passing. The transition periods between the Romanesque and Gothic, and the Gothic and Renaissance are two notable transitions. The English Tudor style represents the transition from English Gothic to English Renaissance.
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In architecture, a transom is a horizontal cross bar separating a door from the fan light above it.
In scaffolding, a transom is a short tube spanning between two ledgers and at right angles to them. Transoms are used in scaffolding to support scaffold boards or a working platform.
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In architecture a transom window is a window divided horizontally by a transom or transoms. The term is also applied to a window over a door, with a transom between.
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In architecture a trapdoor is a lifting or sliding door covering an opening in a roof or floor.
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In architecture the term trave describes a crossbeam or a lay of joists.
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In architecture a traverse is a gallery or loft of communication running from side to side of a church or other large building.
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In architecture a tread is the upper horizontal part of a step, on which the foot is placed.
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In architecture a trefoil is an ornamental foliation consisting of three divisions, or foils.
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In architecture a triforium is the gallery or open space between the vaulting and the roof of the aisles of a church, often forming a rich arcade in the interior of the church, above the nave arches and below the clerestory windows. In the Christian basilica the triforium was used for the accommodation of women.
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In architecture, a triglyph is a three-grooved tablet repeated at regular intervals in a Doric frieze, the intervening spaces being filled with metopes.
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A trilithon is a megalithic structure comprising a horizontal lintel supported by two uprights. Stonehenge includes several examples.
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In architecture the trim is the lighter woodwork in the interior of a building; the term being especially applied to that used around openings, generally in the form of a moulded architrave, to protect the plastering at those points.
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In architecture a trimmer is a beam, into which are framed the ends of headers in floor framing, as when a hole is to be left for stairs, or to avoid bringing joists near chimneys, and the like.
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In architecture a trimming joist is a joist into which timber trimmers are framed.
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In architecture a trochilus or scotia is an annular moulding whose section is concave, like the edge of a pulley.
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In architecture a trough gutter is a rectangular or V-shaped gutter, usually hung below the eaves of a house.
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In architecture, the term trunk is applied to that part of a pilaster which is between the base and the capital, corresponding to the shaft of a column.
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In architecture, a truss is an assemblage of members of wood or metal, supported at two points, and arranged to transmit pressure vertically to those points, with the least possible strain across the length of any member. Architectural trusses when left visible, as in open timber roofs, often contain members not needed for construction, or are built with greater size than is required, or are composed in unscientific ways for decorative purposes.
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In architecture trussing is the art of stiffening or bracing a set of timbers, or the like, by putting in struts, ties, etc., until it has something of the character of a truss.
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Tuck pointing is the finishing of masonry joints along the centre lines with a narrow ridge of putty or fine lime mortar.
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Tudor architecture (also known as florid architecture or glorid Gothic) is a style of architecture characterized by the buildings of a Gothic variety erected in Britain under the Tudor dynasty, that is, from the accession of Henry VII in 1485 to the death of Elizabeth I in 1603 - the later Tudor period being known as the Elizabethan. This period encompasses the final flowering of the Perpendicular style at the earlier end of the time-scale and the great series of houses by Smythson at the other end. However, in some contexts Tudor architecture indicates the specific style of building associated chiefly with the first half of the 16th century. It is a style expressed mainly in secular architecture (collegiate as well as domestic), for church building in Britain had virtually ended by the Reformation. The most characteristic building material was brick, often patterned by the use of contrasting colours or used to create splendid decorative chimney stacks. Forms to a large extent followed those of the Perpendicular period, but windows and doors were either flat-topped or had a very shallow arch known as a 'Tudor arch'.
Outstanding examples of Tudor architecture include Hampton Court Palace, begun by Cardinal Thomas Wolsey in 1515 and continued by Henry VIII; Compton Wynyates in Warwickshire, one of the most idyllically beautiful of English country houses, built by Sir William Compton, one of Henry VIII's courtiers; and the Great Gate of Trinity College, Cambridge, completed in 1533. Although there is no firm dividing line, it is usual to distinguish architecture of the Tudor period into three sub-periods: the early period of Henry VIIIths reign is characterised by large, inward-looking courtyard houses; the middle period of Edward VI introduced more restrained classicism and carefully designed facades and more outward-looking houses the last period, or 'Elizabethan' covers the reign of Elizabeth I from 1558 to 1603, and this period sees stone used more often for major buildings, houses become more grandiose in design and there is greater foreign influence, both in the use of the classical Orders and in rich, often Flemish-inspired, surface ornamentation and the introduction of grand fireplaces, large and richly decorated.
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The Tuileries was a former imperial palace in Paris. Construction was started by Catherine de'Medici in 1564 and completed by Louis XIV. It suffered severely at the hands of the mob in 1792, 1830 and 1848 being burned in 1871. In 1883 it was removed, except two wings connecting with the Louvre.
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A tumulus is a burial or memorial mound, especially one distinguished by size, form, or association.
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A tunnel is an underground passageway.
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In decorating, a Turk's head is a large, coarse-haired round brush, with the hairs set in a pitch, mounted on a wooden stock which is attached to a long wooden handle. Turk's head brushes are used for lime washing and for general rough work.
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Turnpike was a 16th century Scottish term for a spiral staircase.
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In architecture a turret is a small tower, frequently a merely ornamental structure at one of the angles of a larger structure.
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The Tuscan order of architecture was a style of architecture derived from the Greek Classical orders by the Romans. It is characterised by plain columns, rather than the fluted designs of the other earlier classical orders, the omission of the triglyph and the mouldings while fewer, bolder.
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In architecture a tympanum is a recessed face of a pediment within the frame made by the upper and lower cornices, being usually a triangular space or table. The term is also applied to the space within an arch, and above a lintel or a subordinate arch, spanning the opening below the arch.
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