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Babism is the doctrines of a Muslim messianic Shiite sect. Founded in 1844 by the Persian Sayyid Ali Muhammad of Shiraz known as the Bab ed-Din (the gate or intermediary between man and God), who declared himself to be the long-awaited Mahdi. For inciting insurrection the Bab was arrested in 1848 by the government and executed in 1850, his remains being interred in 1909 on Mount Carmel, Palestine. In 1863 Baha'ullah and his son Abdul Baha declared themselves the new leaders, and their followers became known as the Baha'is.
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The Medjidieh was an Ottoman order and decoration instituted in 1852 by Sultan Abdul Medjid as both a civil and military award. There were five classes in the order, and the decoration consisted of a silver sun, with seven threefold rays, which alternate with the crescent and the star.
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The Abbassides were an Arabian dynasty, descendents of Mahomet's uncle, Abbas-Ben-Abdul-Motalleb. Thirty-seven Abbasside caliphs reigned from 750 to 1258. They settled at Baghdad.
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Abd-ul-Hamid II also known as Abdul Hamid II ('The Great Assassin') was the last Sultan of Turkey. He was born in 1842 at Constantinople (now Istanbul) and died in 1918. He succeeded his brother Murad V, who was deposed on proof of his insanity in 1876, as Sultan.
Abd-ul-Hamid passed the first Ottoman constitution in 1876. At that time Turkey, which was at war with Serbia, was compelled to agree to an armistice at the demand of Russia. The persecution and oppression of the Christian population of Bulgaria had roused remonstrances from other European countries, and a congress met at Constantinople (Istanbul) to consider a constitution which the Porte had proclaimed. The conference was a failure, and in April, 1877, war was declared by Russia. During the sanguinary struggle which ensued the Turks fought with great bravery, but they had ultimately to sue for peace. A treaty was signed at San Stefano in February 1878, but its provisions were modified by a congress of the great powers which met at Berlin. Turkey was compelled to part with some of its choicest provinces, while the sultan also ceded the island of Cyprus to be occupied and administered by Britain, which in turn agreed to guarantee his Asiatic dominions to the sultan.
Abd-ul-Hamid suspended the Ottoman constitution in 1878 and thereafter ruling as absolute monarch. Abd-ul-Hamid's reign was further disturbed in 1885 by a revolution in Eastern Rumelia, and was stained by the massacre of many thousands of Armenians.
Revolution in Turkey forced him to restore the constitution in 1908 and summon a parliament, in 1909 he attempted a counter-revolution and was deposed and exiled.
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Abdul Azziz Ibn Saud was King of Saudi Arabia. He was born in 1880 in Central Arabia and died in 1953.
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Abdul Rahman was the first Prime Minister of the Federation of Malaya. He was born in 1903 in Alor Setar and died in 1990. He was the son of the sultan of Kedah, and was educated in Malaya, Thailand, and England. As head of the United Malay National Organization, he became chief minister of Malaya after an election victory in 1955, and when Malaya attained sovereignty in 1957, he became its Prime Minister. He was the principal architect of the alliance of Malaya with Singapore, Sarawak, and Sabah, which in 1963 resulted in the creation of Malaysia.
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Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (formerly Lewis Ferdinand Alcindor Jr) is an American basketball player. He was born in 1947 at New York. As an amateur player he led the University of California basketball team to three national championships. As a professional he holds the record for the number of games played, 1560, and points scored, 38387. He converted to Islam in 1969, taking his present name at the time, and retired from professional basketball in 1989 having played for the Milwauke Bucks and the Los Angeles Lakers.
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Mehemet Aali was a Turkish statesman. He was born in 1815 at Constantinople and died in 1871. He was the son of a government official. Entering the diplomatic service of his country he became successively secretary of the Embassy in Vienna, minister in London, and foreign minister under Reshid Pasha. In 1852 he was promoted to the post of grand vizier, but after a short time retired into private life. During the Crimean War he was recalled in order to take the portfolio of foreign affairs for a second time under Reshid Pasha, and in this capacity took part in 1855 in the conference of Vienna. Again becoming in that year grand vizier, an office he filled no less than five times, he represented Turkey at the congress of Paris in 1856. In 1867 he was appointed regent of Turkey during the sultan's visit to the Paris Exhibition. Aali Pasha was one of the most zealous advocates of the introduction of Western reforms under the sultans Abdul Mejid and Abdul Aziz. A scholar and a linguist, he was a match for the diplomats of the Christian powers, against whom he successfully defended the interests of his country.
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Tunka Putra Abdul Rahman was a Malaysian politician. He was born in 1903 at Alor Star and died in 1990. After studying law at Cambridge, England he returned to Malaysia and in 1945 formed the United Malays' National Organisation. Elected to government he became Prime Minister on Malaysian independence in 1957 and negotiated the formation of the Federation of Malaysia. Following riots in 1970 at Kuala Lumpur he retired from active politics.
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The Wahabis were a Muslim sect founded in the middle of the 18th century in Nejd Arabia by Mohammed Abdul Wahab, who attempted to restore the primitive simplicity of Islam and established a militant church at issue both with the infidel and with other forms of Islam. In 1818 the temporal power of the
Wahabis in Arabia was crushed.
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The Probert Encyclopaedia was designed, edited and programed by
Matt and Leela Probert
©1993 - 2009 The Probert Encyclopaedia
Southampton, United Kingdom
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