Sulphonal (Dimethylmethane diethylsulphone) is a hypnotic manufactured by the interaction of acetone and ethyl mercaptan in the presence of zinc chloride and the oxidation of the resulting product with potassium permanganate. Research Sulphonal
Bromacetone was the most widely used tear gas during the Great War and one of the most effective. It produces intolerable irritation of the eyes in concentrations of 0.01 mg/l and in heavy concentrations can be lethal while the liquid form produces extremely painful blisters on the skin. It was first used by the Germans in artillery shells and mortar bombs under the name 'B-Stoff' in 1916, it was then adopted by the French as ' Martonite' and British and American forces as 'BA'. It was abandoned by the Germans and British by the end of 1916 since its manufacture required acetone, which was required for other purposes considered more vital. The French and American armies mixed it with chloracetone and continued to use it throughout the war. Research Bromacetone
Acetaldehyde is a colourless liquid with a pungent, fruity odour. It is used primarily as a chemical intermediate, principally for the production of acetic acid, pyridine and pyridinebases, peracetic acid, pentaerythritol, butylene glycol, and chloral. It is used in the production of esters, particularly ethyl acetate and isobutyl acetate. It is also used in the synthesis of crotonaldehyde, flavour and fragrance acetals, acetaldehyde 1,1-dimethylhydrazone, acetaldehyde cyanohydrin, acetaldehyde oxime, and various acetic esters, paraldehyde, metaldehyde, polymers, and various halogenated derivatives. Acetaldehyde is used in denatured alcohol. In the past it was a chemical intermediate for 2-ethyl-1-butanol, glyoxal, acrolein, and acetaldehyde-aniline condensate. Acetaldehyde has been used in the manufacture of aniline dyes and synthetic rubber, to silvermirrors, and to hardengelatine fibres.
Acetaldehyde has been used in the production of polyvinyl acetal resins, in fuel compositions, and to inhibit mould growth on leather. It is also used in the manufacture of disinfectants, drugs, perfumes, explosives, lacquers, varnishes, photographic chemicals, phenolic and urea resins, rubber accelerators, antioxidants, and room air deodorisers. It is also a pesticide intermediate.
Acetaldehyde is a compound for the intended use as a flavouring agent and adjuvant. It is an important component of food flavourings added to milk products, baked goods, fruit juices, candy, desserts, and soft drinks; the concentration of acetaldehyde in food is usually up to .047%. It is an especially useful synthetic flavouring ingredient to impart orange, apple, and butter flavours, and is used in the manufacture of vinegar and yeast and as a fruit and fish preservative.
Acetaldehyde is a volatile and flammable liquid. It is miscible in water, alcohol, ether, benzene, gasoline, solvent, naphtha, toluene, xylene, turpentine, acetone, and other common organic solvents. It is a highly reactive compound that undergoes numerous condensation, addition, and polymerisation reactions. It is dangerous when exposed to heat or flame; it can react vigorously with oxidising material, acid anhydrides, alcohols, ketones, phenols, halogens, isocyanates, and strong alkalis and amines. It is also incompatible with acids, bases, alcohol, ammonia, amines, phenols, ketones, and hydrogen cyanide. It will polymerise readily in the presence of trace metals. Acetaldehyde can form unstable or explosive peroxides with exposure to the air. It may polymerise under the influence of air and heat, acids, or bases with potential of fire or explosion. It is polymerised violently by concentrated sulphuric acid. Rubber products decompose on contact with acetaldehyde, but it is not corrosive to most metals. It is also known as acetic aldehyde, ethanal, NCI-C56326, and ethyl aldehyde. Research Acetaldehyde
Acetone is the simplest and most important of the ketones. It is a colourless liquid with a mildly pungent and somewhat aromatic odour. It is primarily used as a chemical intermediate and as a solvent for celluloseacetate and nitro-cellulose. It is used as a carrier for acetylene, and as a raw material for the chemical synthesis of a wide range of products such as ketene, methyl methacrylate, bisphenol A, diacetone alcohol, mesityl oxide, methyl isobutyl ketone, hexylene glycol, and isophorone.
Acetone is a mobile, flammable liquid that is miscible in all proportions with water and with organic solvents such as ether, methanol, ethyl alcohol, and esters. It is incompatible and reactive with oxidisers and acids. Containers of acetone may explode in a fire, producing poisonous gases. Acetone fires may be controlled with carbon dioxide or dry chemical extinguishers.
Acetone undergoes many condensation reactions; in the presence of an amine, or ammonia, various esters condense readily with acetone. Acetone is also known commercially as dimethyl ketone, methyl ketone, dimethylformaldehyde, ketone propane, and 2-propanone.
Acetone is formed in the humanblood when the body uses fat instead of glucose for energy. If
acetone forms, it usually means that the cells do not have enough insulin, or cannot use the insulin that is in the blood, to use glucose for energy. Acetone passes through the body into the urine. Someone with a lot of acetone in the body can have breath that smells fruity and is called '
acetone breath'.
Acetone is used in painting and decorating for scrubbing the surface of certain woods, such as cedar and teak, prior to painting them. Research Acetone
Acrylamide is an odourless, free-flowing white crystalline used as a chemical intermediate in the production and synthesis of polyacrylamides. These high-molecular weight polymers can be modified to develop non-ionic, anionic, or cationic properties for specific uses. The principle end use of
acrylamide is in water-soluble polymers used as additives for water treatment, enhanced oil recovery, flocculants, papermaking aids, thickeners, soil conditioning agents, sewage and waste treatment, ore processing, and permanent press fabrics.
Acrylamide is also used in the synthesis of dyes, in copolymers for contact lenses, and the construction of damfoundations, tunnels, and sewers. The largest use for polyacrylamide is in treating municipal drinking water and wastewater. The polymer is also used to remove suspended solids from industrial wastewater before discharge, reuse, or disposal.
Acrylamides also find use in oil-drilling processes to control fluid losses. In the pulp and paper industry, polyacrylamides are used as binders and retention aids for fibres and to retain pigments on paper fibres.
Acrylamide is a soil stabiliser and also finds use in foundry operations to facilitate free sand flow into moulds. Home appliances, building materials, and automotive parts are coated with acrylamide resins and thermosetting acrylics. Acrylamides are formulated in cosmetics and soap preparations as thickeners and in dental fixtures, hair grooming preparations, and pre-shave lotions. Minor uses of acrylamide are as latex thickeners, emulsion stabilisers for printing inks, gelling agents for explosives, binders in adhesives and adhesive tape, in the production of diazo compounds, and for gel chromatography and electrophoresis.
Acrylamide occurs in crystalline form and in aqueous solution. It is soluble in water, methanol, ethanol, dimethyl ether, and acetone; it is insoluble in benzene and heptane. The monomer readily polymerises at the melting point or under ultraviolet light. Solid acrylamide is stable at room temperature, but may polymerise violently when melted or in contact with oxidising agents such as chlorine dioxide and bromine. When heated to decomposition, acrylamide emits a poisonous gas, acrid fumes, and NOx. If heating to high temperatures, acrylamide can explode. Acrylamide is also known as
acrylamide monomer, acrylic amide, propenamide, and 2-propenamide. Research Acrylamide
Ammonium sulphate is a brown-grey to white crystalline solid which is used primarily as a nitrogen fertilizer. It is a particularly good fertilizer for rice. It is also used as a general-purpose food additive and as an additive to supply nitrogen in fermentation processes. It is produced by the reaction of by-product ammonia from cokeovens with sulphuric acid.
Ammonium sulphate is a powerful oxidiser. When heated, the sulphate decomposes at 100 degrees C and yields ammonium bisulphate. When heated to decomposition, it emits very toxic fumes of nitrous oxide, ammonia, and sulphurtrioxide. Ammonium sulphate is insoluble in alcohol and acetone. If mixed with oxidisers, ammonium sulphate is an explosion hazard during a fire. Ammonium sulphate is also known as ammonium hydrogen sulphate, diammonium sulphate, and sulphuric acid, diammonium salt. Research Ammonium Sulphate
Diethyl phthalate is a manufactured, colourless, oily liquid with a slight aromatic odour and a bittertaste. It is commonly used to make plastics more flexible, in products such as toothbrushes, automobile parts, tools, toys, and food packaging. It is also used in insecticides, mosquito repellents, aspirin, and cosmetics, including bath preparations, eye shadows, hair sprays, wave sets, nailpolish, nailpolish remover, nail extenders, detergents, aftershave lotions, and skin care preparations. Diethyl phthalate is used to manufacture celluloid; as a solvent for cellulose acetate in varnishes; as a fixative for perfumes; as a wetting agent; as a camphor substitute; as a dilutent in polysulphide dental impression materials; and as a solvent for nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate. It is used as a plasticizer in solid rocket propellants and celluloseester plastics such as photographic films and sheets, blister packaging, and tape applications.
Diethyl phthalate is soluble in alcohol, ether, acetone, benzene, vegetable oils, ketones, esters, aromatic hydrocarbons, and aliphatic solvents. It is compatible with polar polymers and additives over a wide range of compositions. When heated to decomposition, it emits acrid smoke.
Diethyl phthalate is also known as 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid diethyl ester; ethyl phthalate; diethyl o-phthalate; o-benzenedicarboxylic acid diethyl ester; diethyl ester phthalic acid; phthalol; DEP; and diethyl-o-phenylenediacetate. Research Diethyl phthalate
There are no natural sources of Dinitrotoluene (DNT), which is usually manufactured by mixing toluene with nitric acid in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid. This reaction produces a mixture which consists of approximately 80% of the 2,4-isomer and 20% of the 2,6-isomer. Also produced are small quantities of other DNT isomers. Small concentrations of DNT isomers also occur as by-products in the production of trinitrotoluene (TNT). 2,4-DNT and 2,6-DNT are used primarily as intermediates in the production of flexible polyurethane foams used in the bedding and furniture industry. DNT is also used in the production of munitions and explosives, for which DNT is a gelatinising and waterproofing agent. It is also used as an intermediate in the manufacture of dyes, and as a purified form, in smokeless gunpowder. 2,4-DNT is a highly reactive chemical and is a dangerous explosion hazard. It is combustible and may burn, but does not readily ignite. Poisonous gas is produced in a fire in which 2,4-DNT is burning. It is slightly soluble in water and soluble in alcoholether, acetone, or benzene. 2,6-DNT is soluble in alcohol. 2,4-DNT is also known as benzene,1-methyl-2,4-dinitro-; and 2,4-dinitrotoluol. Synonyms for 2,6-DNT are benzene, 2-methyl-1, 3-dinitro-; and 2,6-dinitrotoluol. Research Dinitrotoluene
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether is a glycol ether used in hydraulic fluids, as a coupling agent for water-based coatings, in vinyl and acrylic paints and varnishes, and as a solvent for varnishes, enamels, spray lacquers, dry cleaning compounds, textiles, and cosmetics.
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether is a colourless liquid with a mild, rancid, ether-like odour. It is soluble in most organic solvents and mineral oil. It mixes with acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, ethylether, n-heptane and water; it is miscible with many ketones, ethers, alcohols, aromatic paraffin, and halogenated hydrocarbons. Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether is also known as ethylene glycol mono-n-butyl ether. Research Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether
Abbreviations
Research Sulphonal
