John Denver (real name Henry John Deutschendorf Jr) was an American folk singer, actor and environmentalist. He was born in 1943 at Roswell, New Mexico and died in 1997 in a plane crash. As a child he was bought an acousticguitar by his grandfather, and after learning to play it appeared at Leadbetter's night club in West Los Angeles before getting a break replacing the departing ChadMitchell in the ChadMitchell Trio, staying with the group until going solo in 1969. From 1969 until 1975 he was a major-selling artist in the country and pop charts. In 1970 he started acting, appearing in an episode of the televisiondrama 'McCloud' before starring in the 1977 film 'Oh God' after which he devoted more attention to politics, specialising in environmental issues. Research John Denver
The acoustic nerve is the eighth cranial nerve, extending from the ear to the brain. The cochlear portion of the acoustic nerve conveys sound impulses from the inner ear to the brain and the vestibular portions convey the sensations of balance from the semicircular canals in the inner ear to the brain. The acoustic nerve is an important nerve to the sense of hearing and the sense of balance. Research Acoustic Nerve
The twelve cranial nerves innervate the muscles and skin of the head, neck, and, in the case of the vagus, sacral, and spinal accessory nerves, many other important structures throughout the body. These nerves originate in the pons, the forebrain, medulla oblongata, and the uppermost part of the spinal cord, between the first few cervical vertebrae.
The first four include the olfactory (1st), which innervates the nasalmucous layer and allows the sense of smell, the optic (2nd) which innervates the retina and allows the sense of sight, the oculomotor (3rd) which innervates the pupil and cilia of the eye, and the trochlear (4th) which innervates the superior oblique eyemuscles. The next cranial nerve is the trigeminal (5th) which has three divisions: the ophthalmic (eye), maxillary (upper palate and face), and mandibular (jawbone, tongue, and auriculotemporal region). The sixth, seventh, and eighth nerves are the abducens (lateral rectus of eye), the facial (face and earmuscles), and the acoustic (outer and inner ear structures), respectively. The ninth cranial nerve is the glossopharyngeal, which innervates the pharynx, tongue, and tympanus of the ear. The tenth cranial nerve, the vagus, has many branches which innervate a number of important structures, including the heart, lungs, and stomach. The eleventh cranial nerve is the accessory spinal nerve, which innervates structures of the neck and throat, including the pharynx and the cervical lymph glands. The twelfth cranial nerve is the hypoglossal nerve, which innervates the tongue. Research Cranial nerve
The mandible (lower jawbone) is the only movable bone in the skull. It mounts the teeth and provides structure and protective support for the oral cavity. The mandible is articulated in ball-and- socket fashion at the condylar process. The caput of this process fits into the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone, just in front of the external acousticmeatus, and nestled neatly under and slightly to the back of the articular tubercle of the zygomatic process. To the front of this atriculation is the protrusion called the coronoid process, which fits snugly beneath the zygomatic arch when the mouth is closed. A curved depression lies between the caput and the coronoid process on this upper section of the mandible. The mandibular angles are the lower, back corners of the jawbone, while the ramus is the section on each side of the mandible between the caput of the condylar process and the angle. In the front of the mandible are the mental tubercles and protuberances which define the chin. On each side of the chin is an opening
called a mental foramen. Research Mandible
The vestibulocochlear nerve (nervus vestibulaocochlearis) is a group of sensory nerves that innervate the receptor cells within the labyrinth of the cochlea. It is a branch of the eighth cranial nerve. The acousticnerve is the eighth cranial nerve, extending from the ear to the brain. The cochlear portion of the acousticnerve conveys sound impulses from the inner ear to the brain and the vestibular portions convey the sensations of balance from the semicircular canals in the inner ear to the brain. The acousticnerve is an important nerve to the sense of hearing and the sense of balance. Research Vestibulocochlear Nerve
The Marconi Mark 24 (Tigerfish) torpedo has an acoustic seeker in the nose. The torpedo is wire-guided and both the submarine and torpedo are fitted with wire dispensers. Data is downloaded from the submarine weapon control station to the torpedo's onboard computer. The torpedo is armed with a 134 kg PBXN 105 warhead from BAe Royal Ordnance Division. As the torpedo reaches the closest distance to the target, a magnetic proximity fuse and an impact fuse detonates the warhead. The speed of the torpedo is 25 knots in passive mode and 35 to 50 knots in active seeker mode. The range of Tigerfish is within 14 to 40 kilometres. Research Tigerfish
An acoustic coupler is means of connecting external devices to a telephone handset avoiding direct electrical connection; most commonly used for low-speed data terminals. Research Acoustic Coupler
Acoustic feedback is the return of acoustic energy from the output of a sound reproducing equipment, such as a microphone-amplifier-loudspeaker combination, to the input or to an intermediate stage, thereby causing the system to generate sustained oscillations which are manifested as continual howling. Research Acoustic Feedback
ATRAC is an abbreviation for Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding, and is the digital audio encoding method used in minidiscs. The algorithm divides the 16 bit 44.1 KHz digital signal it receives into 52 sub-bands in the frequency domain (after a Fast Fourier Transform). A psycho-acoustic transfer function that takes advantage of the masking effect and the absolute hearing threshold then removes enough information to reduce the data stream to 1/5th of the original size. Each channel receives that treatment separately (the Sony MZ-1 portable MDrecorder features one ATRAC encoder/decoder chip per channel). Earlier versions of ATRAC, prior to version 3.5 were noisy, adding noise to recordings which could be heard during silent or very quiet passages in the audio recording. Later versions, 3.5 and onwards, are comparable to CD quality when listened to by the humanear. The first version of ATRAC had a frequency response up to 15 kHz, by version 3.5 that had increased to 18 kHz and version 4.5 reached 20 kHz. Research ATRAC
The Probert Encyclopaedia was designed, edited and programed by
Matt and Leela Probert
Abbreviations
Research John Denver
