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ANTI-SEMITISM

Anti-Semitism, hostility to the Jews (Semites), has long been actively exhibited in severities and attacks of various kinds. A movement of the late 19th century manifested in various countries, especially Russia, Austria-Hungary, Germany, Romania, and France. It may have been attributed to different motives in different countries, but on the whole owed its origin less to the fact of the Jews being a 'peculiar people' by race and religion, than to the comparatively high position won by them in the financial and political worlds.

In Western Russia there was a great outburst against the Jews in 1881, in which men, women, and children were slaughtered. The Russian government, by its anti-Jewish policy, may be said to have sanctioned this murderous outbreak, which was followed by harsh laws and actual persecutions, though afterwards there was a mitigation of the severity shown towards the Jews. Yet in 1903 the world was startled by a terrible massacre of Jews at Kishinef, in Bessarabia, connived at by the authorities on the spot; and towards the end of 1905, in connection with the Russian revolutionary movement, there were dreadful massacres of Jews in Odessa, Kishinef, and other towns, the authorities being similarly involved. In Russia, hatred of the Jews was party due to the position they occupied throughout the country as money-lenders.

In Rumania their position resembled what it was elsewhere in mediaeval times, and was less favourable than it was even under the Turks. In Germany, even before Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party the movement was worked chiefly by politicians for their own ends, though the racial and religious question also had some influence; and among the ignorant the .belief that the Jews murder Christian children for ritual purposes was revived, as also in Austria-Hungary. In Austria-Hungary the movement was partly political, partly social and economic, partly religious.

In France anti-Semitism was employed chiefly as a weapon by monarchists and clericals as against republicanism, and by the socialists as against capitalism, racial antipathy having also its influence in the movements. In Britain, anti-Semitism was much less severe, owing to there having been a very large influx of Jews from the Continent, forming part of Britian's immigration policy.

Anti-Semitism hit a climax in the 1930's with Adolf Hitler and the German Nazi Party with the wholesale slaughter of Jews throughout Europe, which provided an excuse for other world powers to oppose Germany's expansion through war - though economic reasons seem much more likely - and culminated in the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, subsequently named Israel, following the end of the Second World War.
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ADOLF BASTIAN

Adolf Bastian was a German traveller and ethnologist. He was born in 1826 and died in 1905. His travels embraced various parts of Europe, the United States, Mexico, Peru, Australia and New Zealand, Southern and Western Africa, Egypt, Arabia, India, South-eastern Asia, the Asiatic Archipelago, Japan, China, Mongolia, Siberia, etc. His numerous writings threw light on almost every subject connected with ethnology or anthropology, as well as psychology, linguistics, non-Christian religions, geography, etc. One of his chief works is Die Volker des ostlicben Asien (Peoples of Eastern Asia; published in six volumes, 1866-1871).
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ADOLF HITLER

Adolf Hitler was a German dictator. He was born in 1889 at Braunau and died in 1945 when he committed suicide. He was responsible for the Second World War and the murder of millions of Jews, Cripples, Homosexuals, Blacks, Gypsies and Communists throughout Europe.
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ADOLF SCHREYER

Adolf Schreyer was a German painter. He was born in 1828 at Frankfort-on-Main and died in 1899. He notably painted battle scenes and animals.
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ADOLF STIELER

Adolf Stieler was a German cartographer. He was born in 1775 at Gotha and died in 1836.
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ADOLF VON HENSELT

Adolf Von Henselt was a German composer. He was born in 1814 and died in 1890.
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KARL AGARDH

Karl Adolf Agardh was a German botanist. He was born in 1785 and died in 1859. He was professor of botany at Lund from 1812 to 1835. He is best known for classifying algae.
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MELUNGEON

The Melungeons are a race of mixed descendants of northern Europeans and Angolan Africans of 17th century Virginia, Maryland, Delaware and the Carolinas. These African ancestors first arrived in Virginia in 1619, one year before the pilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock. Early Virginians had not yet embraced chattel slavery and many Africans were indentured in the same class along with white servants. After seven years, black and white servants were released from bondage. Prosperous Melungeons married whites, owned black and white servants, voted and served on juries before 1680. However, as chattel slavery took hold, new colonial laws curbed the rights of mixed Melungeons. After 1720 they fell into a legal crevice of being neither slave nor white. Fleeing persecution, Melungeons settled in the Appalachian Mountains in the 18th century where isolated communities remain today. Early 20th century racial policies in Tennessee designed to discriminate against Melungeons based on the science of eugenics, were studied by Adolf Hitler prior to the Second World War. The name 'Melungeon' comes from the Kimbundu-Angolan word 'malungu' meaning 'comrades who came on the same ship from a common homeland'.
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RICHARD ZSIGMONDY

Richard Adolf Zsigmondy was an Austrian-born German chemist. He was born in 1865 at Vienna and died in 1929. He studied at Munich, staying in Germany, becoming professor at Gottingen in 1908. Working at the Glass Manufacturing Company in Jena from 1897 to 1900, Zsigmondy became concerned with coloured and turbid glasses and he invented a type of milk glass. This aroused his interest in colloids, because it is colloidal inclusions that give glass its colour or opacity. His belief that the suspended particles in gold sols are kept apart by electric charges was generally accepted, and the sols became model systems for much of his later work on colloids. He devised and built an ultramicroscope in 1903. The microscope's illumination was placed at right angles to the axis. Zsigmondy's arrangement made it possible to observe particles with a diameter of 10- millionth of a millimetre. Using the ultramicroscope Zsigmondy was able to count the number of particles in a given volume and indirectly estimate their sizes. He showed that colour
changes in sols reflect changes in particle size caused by coagulation when salts are added, and that the addition of agents such as gelatin stabilizes the colloid by inhibiting coagulation. He won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1925.
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VIDKUN QUISLING

Vidkun Quisling was a Norwegian politician. He was born in 1887 and died in 1945 when he was executed following the liberation of Norway. Quisling was from 1931 to 1933 Minister of Defence, and then later leader of the Norwegian fascist party. When Norway was invaded by Nazi Germany during the Second World War, Vidkun Quisling was appointed Prime Minister by Adolf Hitler.
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