Bottom was an anarchic British situation comedytelevision show about two sex-mad, immature, single men ('Richie Richard' played by Rik Mayall and 'Eddie Hitler' played by Adrian Edmondson) sharing an untidy flat. Bottom was produced by the BBC and ran from 1991 to 1995.
Genre painting is a type of painting concerned with the realistic depiction of scenes from everyday life. Originally the term was applied to all paintings that were factual representations of nature (animals, fruit, and landscapes), as well as scenes of ordinary life, rather than to works of imagination, such as religious and historical paintings. Genre paintings deal with ordinary life, including family life, sports, street scenes, picnics, festivals, and tavern scenes. They are usually characterised by human interest and by the care and finish with which they are executed.
Genre painting originated in ancient times. Many of the scenes painted on the walls of Egyptian tombs represent the daily life of the people of ancient Egypt. Excavations in the ancient cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum have revealed many genre paintings, both conventional and erotic. In the late Middle Ages genre painting reappeared, represented chiefly in the religious calendars that formed part of the illuminations, or illustrations, of manuscript books; the calendars show people going about the occupations appropriate to each season of the year.
In Italy during the early Renaissance, many of the religious and historical pictures of such painters as the 15th-century Florentines Ghirlandaio and Benozzo Gozzoli and the later Venetians Giorgione and the Bassano family are considered genre paintings because of their contemporaneous backgrounds and costumes as well as their use of people of the times as models. In 17th- century Italy, Mannerist painters such as Caravaggio executed genre paintings of extreme realism and dramatic power. In the 15th century the Flemish painter Petrus Christus in some of his religious paintings represented scenes from ordinary life, and in the following two centuries genre painting rose to its highest level in history with the work of the Flemish artists Pieter Brueghel the Elder, David Teniers, and Adriaen Brouwer. The greatest national school of genre painting was that of the Netherlands in the 17th century. Probably never before or after was the ordinary life of a nation depicted so fully as was the Dutch life of this period. Not only the great masters but also the less outstanding Dutch painters excelled in it.
The most important of the Dutch genre painters were the so-called little masters, including Gerard Ter Borch, Jan Steen, Gabriel Metsu, Pieter de Hooch, Gerard Dou, and Adrian Van Ostade. The three leading 17th-century Dutch masters, Rembrandt, Frans Hals, and Jan Vermeer, also created genre paintings of unrivalled beauty. French genre painting showed a vital development in the work of Antoine Watteau, Nicolas Lancret, Jean Baptiste Chardin, and Jean Honore Fragonard. One of the most noted English genre painters was the great satirist William Hogarth. In the 19th century, genre painting was widely practised in both Europe and the USA Among the outstanding European painters in this style were the French painters Jean Leon Gerome and Jean Meissonier, the English painter William Powell Frith, and the American painter William Sidney Mount, known as the 'JanSteen of Long Island.' Among the many 19th- and 20th- century American painters whose work included genre painting were Robert Henri, John Sloan, George Wesley Bellows, George B Luks, Charles E Burchfield, Reginald Marsh, Grant Wood, and Thomas Hart Benton. Research Genre Painting
Adrian I was pope from 772 to 794. He established the temporal power of the papacy. A Roman aristocrat by birth, Adrian was elected pope by unanimous acclamation when he was only a deacon. After papal territory was attacked by the Lombard king Desiderius, Adrian called for assistance of Charles, king of the Franks. Charles defeated the Lombards and confirmed the pope in possession of many parts of Italy previously granted by Pepin. Research Adrian I
Adrian II was Pope. He was born in 792 and died in 872. A Roman, he was elected pope in 867, at the age of seventy-five years. He died in the midst of conflicts with the Greek Church. Research Adrian II
Adrian III was Pope. He was a Roman, and was elected in 884, was pope for one year and four months only. He was the first pope that changed his name on the occasion of his exaltation. Research Adrian III
Adrian IV was the only ever English born pope. He was born in 1100 and died in 1159. He was born Nicholas Breakspear and entered the monastery of SaintRufus near Avignon in France. He was successively appointed abbot of the monastery in 1137, cardinal bishop of Albano in 1150, and papal legate to Scandinavia in 1152, holding the post until 1154. When he returned to Rome, he was unanimously elected pope upon the death of Anastasius IV in 1154, and held the post until his death in 1159. Research Adrian IV
Adrian V was Pope. He was born Ottoboni da Fiesco. A native of Genoa, he settled, as legate of the pope, the dispute between King Henry III of England and his nobles, in favour of the former; but died a month after his election to the papal chair in 1276. Research Adrian V
Adrian Van de Velde was a Dutch painter. He was born in 1639 at Amsterdam and dued in 1672. The son of Willem Van de Velde the elder, he studied under his father, and under Wynants, Wouverman, and Paul Potter. He excelled in landscapes and coast scenes, with or without human figures or animals. There are many examples of his art in the Rijks Museum, Amsterdam, and he is well represented in the National Gallery, London. A proportion of his works were executed in collaboration with Ruysdael and Hobbema. Research Adrian Van de Velde
Adrian VI was the only ever Dutch born pope. He was born in 1459 and died in 1523. He was Born Adrian Florensz and became a theologian and teacher. He was appointed tutor to the future Charles V, Holy Roman emperor, and in 1516 became administrator of Castile. He was unanimously elected pope, even though he was not present at the conclave in 1522 and held the post until 1523. Research Adrian VI
The Probert Encyclopaedia was designed, edited and programed by
Matt and Leela Probert
Abbreviations
Research Genre Painting
