Research Results For 'Amorphous'

AMORPHOUS

Amorphous is a term applied to substances devoid of characteristic shape, or of different properties in different directions, in contradistinction to crystalline bodies.
Research Amorphous

Animony white is a pigment formed from antimony oxide. The pigment is produced by roasting the black antimony in the presence of air, the fumes being condensed to form an amorphous white pigment. Antimony white is fine textured and very opaque, but tends to discolour in the presence of sulphur and retards the drying of linseed oil.
Research Animony White

ANTIMONY WHITE

Antimony white is a pigment formed from antimony oxide. The pigment is produced by roasting the black antimony in the presence of air, the fumes being condensed to form an amorphous white pigment. Antimony white is fine textured and very opaque, but tends to discolour in the presence of sulphur and retards the drying of linseed oil.
Research Antimony White

BORON

Boron is a trivalent metalloid element found in nature only in combination, often in borates or silicates (such as in borax). Boron is used in metallurgy and nucleonics, being very important in nuclear reactors. It has the symbol B and is a dark brown or green amorphous powder, which stains the skin, has no taste or odour, and is only slightly soluble in water. It combines directly with oxygen, chlorine, nitrogen, etc. Boron has been obtained crystalline in an impure state, and is then nearly as hard as diamond, in the form of dust being used for polishing.
Research Boron

COKE

Coke is the residue, mainly amorphous carbon, left on heating bituminous coal and thus driving off its volatile constituents, or on heating hydrocarbons to a point at which they decompose with deposition of carbon (cracking).

The simplest method of producing coke is based on the preparation of wood charcoal, the coal being arranged in heaps which are smothered with clay or coal-dust, and then set on fire, sufficient air being admitted to keep the mass at the proper temperature for decomposition without wasting the coke. After the volatile portions are got rid of, the heap is allowed to cool, or is extinguished with water, and the coke is then ready. Methods of heating the coal in close or open ovens until the gaseous and fluid products are driven off are also commonly used. Gas-coke is that which remains in the retorts after the gas has been given off.

Good oven-coke has an iron-grey colour, sub-metallic lustre, is hard, and somewhat vesicular; but gas-coke has rather a slagged and cindery look, and is more porous. Coke contains about 90 percent of carbon, and is used where a strong heat is wanted without smoke and flame, and it is accordingly largely consumed in drying malt and similar purposes. It used to be burned regularly in locomotive-engines, but after about 1900 raw coal was commonly substituted. The largest quantities of coke used to be consumed in smelting operations.
Research Coke

PECTIN

Pectin is the name given to any of a group of complex carbohydrate derivatives produced in plants.
Pectins are white amorphous substances that yield a viscous solution with water; when combined in the proper proportions with sugar and acids, they form a gelatinous substance that is the thickening agent in fruit jams. Commercial pectin, obtained from apples or lemons, is used in preparing jam from fruits deficient in pectin.
Research Pectin

SINTERING

Sintering is the process of heating strongly a quantity of more or less amorphous material, so causing it to coalesce into a single solid mass.
Research Sintering

SOLUTION

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of substances that cannot be separated by mechanical means.
The commonest forms of solutions are liquid. Gases dissolve in liquids according to Henry's Law, which states that the mass of any gas absorbed by a liquid is proportional to the pressure of the gas, and decreases as the temperature increases. The law only applies to gases which have a low solubility. With high solubility the probability is that a chemical action takes place which apparently invalidates the law. The decrease of solubility with pressure is seen in the familiar example of opening a bottle of fizzy drink, the dissolved gases immediately beginning to bubble out from the liquid.
Liquids mix according to no well-defined law, but the mixing is important, as upon it depend the fractional distillation processes.
As a general rule, solids dissolve in liquids at a rate depending upon the temperature, but the rule has a number of notable exceptions, e.g.: solubility actually decreases with increase of temperature. Salt dissolves very little more in hot water than cold, while potassium nitrate dissolves nearly twenty times more in boiling water than in water at freezing point. When a liquid has dissolved as much of the solid as possible it is said to be saturated. A solid dissolves out from a saturated solution on cooling, as a rule, and generally in the form of crystals.
Solid solutions are of two kinds, the solution of gases in solids and the solution of solids in solids. The occlusion of hydrogen in palladium is a well-known example of the former, and amorphous mixtures of gases, of the latter.

ALUMINA

Alumina (Al2O3) is the single oxide of the metal aluminium. As found native it is called corundum, when crystallized ruby or sapphire, when amorphous emery. It is next to the diamond in hardness. In combination with silica it is one of the most widely distributed of substances, as it enters in large quantity into the composition of granite, traps, slates, schists, clays, loams, and other rocks. The porcelain clays and kaolins contain about half their weight of this earth, to which they owe their most valuable properties. It forms compounds with certain colouring matters, which causes it to be employed in the preparation of the colours called lakes in dyeing and calico-printing. It combines with the acids and forms numerous salts, the most important of which are the sulphate (Alum) and acetate, the latter of extensive use as a mordant.
Research Alumina