Iin comparative anatomy, analogue refers to an organ in one species or group having the same function as an organ of different structure in another species or group, as the wing of a bird and that of an insect, both serving for flight. Organs in different animals having a similar anatomical structure, development, and relative position, independent of function or form, such as the arm of a man and the wing of a bird. are termed homologues. Research Analogue
Burking is a form of murder involving killing the victim by pressure or other modes of suffocation so as to leave no mark of violence on the body. It was first known to be used by William Burke who was executed in 1829 after being detected and tried at Edinburgh, for the murder of numerous individuals. The vigilance with which the burying-grounds throughout the country were watched rendered a supply of subjects for anatomical schools almost altogether impracticable, and the demand for dead bodies consequently became great. This led William Burke, in conjunction with another named Hare, to decoy into their lodging-house and murder by strangulation many obscure wayfarers, whose bodies they sold to a school of anatomy at prices averaging from 8 to 14 pounds sterling. Research Burking
The Canidae are the dog family, the only family included in the section Cynoidea, of the order Carnivora. The Canidae are much less highly specialized forms than the cats, as is shown by their more numerous and less strictly carnivorousteeth, their blunt non-retractile claws, and certain minor anatomical peculiarities. Most of the dogs hunt in packs, combining to overthrow animals which would be too powerful for the efforts of individuals. The members of the family are widely distributed, the type genus Canis being truly cosmopolitan, to which belong dogs, wolves, jackals and foxes, animals which differ from one another only in minor peculiarities. Research Canidae
George Louis Leclerc, the Count de Buffon, was a French naturalist. He was born in 1707 at Montbard, in Burgundy and died in 1788. Being the son of a rich man he was able to travel, and he visited Italy and England. In 1739 he was appointed superintendent of the Royal Garden at Paris (now the Jardin des Plantes), and devoted himself to the great work on Natural History, which occupied the most of his life. It is now obsolete and of small scientific value, but it for long had an extraordinary popularity, and was the means of diffusing a taste for the study of nature throughout Europe. After an assiduous labour of ten years the three first volumes were published, and between 1749 and 1767 twelve others, which comprehend the theory of the earth, the nature of animals, and the history of man and the mammalia. In these Buffon was assisted by Daubenton in the purely anatomical portions. The nine following volumes, which appeared from 1770 to 1783, contain the history of birds, from which Daubenton withdrew his assistance, the author being now aided by Gueneau de Montbelliard, and afterwards by the Abbe Bexon.
Buffon published alone the five volumes on minerals, from 1783 to 1788. Of the seven supplementary volumes, of which the last did not appear until after his death in 1789, the fifth formed an independent whole, the most celebrated of all his works. It contains his Epochs of Nature, in which the author gives a second theory of the earth, very different from that which he had traced in the first volumes, though he assumes at the commencement the air of merely defending and developing the former. Buffon was raised to the rank of count by Louis XV, whose favour, as also that of Louis XVI he enjoyed. His works were translated into almost every European language. Research George Leclerc
John Hunter was a Scottish anatomist and surgeon. He was born in 1728 at Long Calderwood and died in 1793. He assisted his brother-in-law, a carpenter in Glasgow, for some time in his trade, but afterwards in 1748 he travelled to London and joined his brother, William Hunter a prosperous surgeon parctising in London, becoming a master of anatomy in 1753 and house surgeon at St George'sHospital in 1756, and also lectured in his brother's school of anatomy. In 1760, his health needing a change of climate, he became staff-surgeon and went with the army to Portugal. Three years afterwards he returned to London, and, in 1768, was appointed surgeon to St George'sHospital; in 1790 surgeon-general to the army, and inspector-general of hospitals.
John Hunter contributed greatly to the high development of English surgery, as well as to the advance of anatomy and physiology. One of his chief works was on the Blood, Inflammation, and Gun-shot Wounds (published in 1794). His valuable museum of surgical and anatomical subjects was purchased by the government and presented to the Royal College of Surgeons.
John Hunter was a British admiral. He was born in 1738 at Leith and died in 1821. He served in the Rochefort expedition of 1757, at the capture of Quebec in 1759, at the Dogger Bank in 1781, and at Gibraltar in 1782. In 1786 he helped Commodore Arthur Philip to establish the colony of New South Wales and surveyed Port Jackson. He carried a settling party to Norfolk Island and from 1795 to 1800 was governor of New South Wales. Research John Hunter
Leonardo da Vinci was an Italian artist, architect and scientist. He was born in 1452 at Vinci and died in 1519. Leonardo da Vinci was born the illegitimate son of a Florentine notary and a peasant girl. Despite his notorious birth, he showed promise as a child and in 1470 was sent to study art at the studio if Andrea del Verrocchio. In 1482 he settled in Milan under the patronage of Duke Ludovico Sforza, for whom he painted the 1498 'Last Supper' on a wall of the refectory of the convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie. After 1500 he entered service with Cesare Borgia, Duke of Romagna as an architect and engineer. Leonardo da Vinci recorded scientific studies in mirror writing in unpublished note books which have subsequently been discovered and designed the first helicopter (on paper) as well as recording anatomical details after carrying out dissections. Research Leonardo da Vinci
Louis Jean Makie Daubenton (or D'Aubenton) was a French naturalist and physician. He was born in 1716 and died in 1800. He studied medicine at Paris, and in 1742 began to assist Buffon in the preparation of his great work on natural history, the anatomical articles of which were prepared by him. In 1745 he was appointed curator and demonstrator of the cabinet of natural history in Paris, of which he had charge for nearly fifty years. He became professor of natural history in the College of France in 1778. Among his publications are: Instructions to Shepherds, A Methodical View of Minerals, etc, and he contributed many scientific articles to the first Encyclopedie. Research Louis Daubenton
Marcello Malpighi was an Italian anatomist. He was born in 1628 at Crevalcuore and died in 1694. He was professor of medicine at Pisa, Messina and Bologna, and was one of the first to apply the microscope in anatomical study, making important discoveries as to the structure of the kidneys, lungs, skin and spleen. He also carried out work on the anatomy of plants. Research Marcello Malpighi
Theodor Schwann was a German naturalist. He was born in 1810 at Neuss and died in 1882. From 1834 to 1838 he was assistant to Johannes Muller at the anatomicalmuseum of Berlin and then from 1838 to 1848 professor of anatomy at Louvain and at Liege in 1848. In 1839 he put forward a cell theory which marked an important epoch in the development of biology. Research Theodor Schwann
William Hunter was a Scottish physician and anatomist. He was born in 1718 at Long Calderwood, Lanarkshire and died in 1783. He studied at Glasgow with a view to entering the church, but abandoned theology for medicine. In 1741 he went to London, where he became a member of the College of Surgeons; acquired a large practice in surgery and midwifery; was appointed accoucheur to the British Lying-in Hospital, and in 1764 physician-extraordinary to the queen; in 1767 a fellow of the Royal Society; in 1780 foreign associate of the Royal Medical Society at Paris, etc.
In 1770 he established a theatre of anatomy for his own lectures and a splendid museum for his anatomical preparations, objects of natural history, pictures of ancient coins and medals, etc. He was the author of some important works, in particular the Anatomy of the Human Gravid Uterus, published in 1774. On his death he bequeathed the whole of his splendid museum, valued at 150,000 pounds sterling, to the University of Glasgow, with the sum of 8000 pounds sterling in cash to be expended in a building for its reception, and a further sum of 500 pounds sterling per annum to bear the charges of its preservation. Research William Hunter
The Probert Encyclopaedia was designed, edited and programed by
Matt and Leela Probert
Abbreviations
Research Analogue
