Research Results For 'Antibody'

ROBERTO GIRALDO

Roberto A Giraldo is an AIDS researcher. He is a specialist in Internal medicine at the University of Antioquia, Colombia. He graduated with distinction from the University of London after obtaining an MSc in Clinical Tropical Medicine. For 30 years he has been dedicated to clinical, academic and research activities in infectious diseases in Colombia, USA and Europe. He currently works in the Clinical Immunology section of the Department of Microbiology, University Hospital, New York City, and has been an independent researcher into AIDS since 1983. He came to prominence in the 1990s for his research which claims 'HIV is neither necessary nor sufficient to cause AIDS, and antibody positivity does not always precede the development of the syndrome'. He claims that AIDS is neither an infectious disease nor is it sexually transmitted. Rather, he believes AIDS to be cause by the worldwide use of immunological stressor agents - a view supported by many other independent researchers.
Research Roberto Giraldo

ANTIBODY

An antibody is a bodily protein that inactivates infection.
Research Antibody

GAMMA GLOBULIN

Gamma globulin is a mixture of proteins in plasma, the fluid portion of blood. It contains antibodies produced in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lymphatic glands to protect the body from invading viruses or bacteria. Each disease antigen stimulates production of a specific antibody, which circulates in the blood for a period of time. Since the gamma globulin contains these antibodies, it is sometimes taken from patients who have recovered from chicken pox, hepatitis, and other infectious diseases and given to confer a rapid but short- term immunity on persons recently exposed to those diseases.

Persons who suffer from an unusual deficiency of gamma globulin known as agammaglobulinemia are deficient in antibodies and may require periodic infusions of gamma globulin to maintain protection. In 1969 scientists in England and at Rockefeller University determined the chemical structure of gamma globulin, an important advance in the knowledge of immunity.
Research Gamma Globulin

LEUCOCYTES

Leucocytes (white blood cells) are outnumbered by the red blood cells 600 to 1. These cells are spherical in shape and slightly larger than red blood cells. There are five types of leukocytes. Three of the five have a granular appearance. These are the neutrophils, eosinophils, and the basophiles. The other two, the lymphocytes and monocytes, have smooth, non-granular bodies. The main function of the leukocytes is to provide a defence against 'foreign' material (infectious agents, foreign bodies, abnormal proteins). In the presence of a foreign material, basophiles and some lymphocytes release chemicals that cause inflammation, trapping the invader. The other leukocytes then take the foreign material into their own bodies and digest them. This process of digestion is called phagocytosis. The cells that digest microbes are called phagocytes. The most numerous of the phagocytes are the neutrophils.

In addition to neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes, the body has other phagocytes that are not white blood cells. They are classed as reticuloendothelial cells, a type of connective tissue cells. Lymphocytes are the smallest white blood cells and are a part of the immune mechanism. They form antibodies against disease. When microbes invade the body, lymphocytes begin to multiply and they become transformed plasma cells. Each microbe stimulates only one type of lymphocyte to multiply and form one type of plasma cell. The type of plasma cell formed is the type that can make a specific antibody to destroy the particular microbe that has invaded the body. Red bone marrow continually produces white blood cells, except lymphocytes and monocytes, and keeps a reserve ready in case of need. Lymphocytes and monocytes are produced by lymphatic tissue located in the lymph nodes and spleen. When a parasite or virus invades and begins to colonize, the reserves of white blood cells are released and the manufacturing of large quantities of the appropriate white cells begins. It is this increased production that causes fever.

Because white blood cells are supposedly specific for various illnesses, their count can supposedly assist doctors diagnose patients. However, as has been shown by researchers at Perth, Australia (The Perth Group), white blood cell counts can also be misleading as many conditions cause very similar counts, leading some researchers to question the emphasis currently placed on white blood cell counts in diagnosis.
Research Leucocytes

LEUKOCYTES

Leukocytes (white blood cells) are outnumbered by the red blood cells 600 to 1. These cells are spherical in shape and slightly larger than red blood cells. There are five types of leukocytes. Three of the five have a granular appearance. These are the neutrophils, eosinophils, and the basophils. The other two, the lymphocytes and monocytes, have smooth, non-granular bodies. The main function of the leukocytes is to provide a defense against 'foreign' material (infectious agents, foreign bodies, abnormal proteins). In the presence of a foreign material, basophils and some lymphocytes release chemicals that cause inflammation, trapping the invader. The other leukocytes then take the foreign material into their own bodies and digest them. This process of digestion is called phagocytosis. The cells that digest microbes are called phagocytes. The most numerous of the phagocytes are the neutrophils. In addition to neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes, the body has other phagocytes that are not white blood cells. They are classed as
reticuloendothelial cells, a type of connective tissue cells. Lymphocytes are the smallest white blood cells and are a part of the immune mechanism. They form antibodies against disease. When microbes invade the body, lymphocytes begin to multiply and they become transformed plasma cells. Each microbe stimulates only one type of lymphocyte to multiply and form one type of plasma cell. The type of plasma cell formed is the type that can make a specific antibody to destroy the particular microbe that has invaded the body. Red bone marrow continually produces white blood cells, except lymphocytes and monocytes, and keeps a reserve ready in case of need. Lymphocytes and monocytes are produced by lymphatic tissue located in the lymph nodes and spleen. When a parasite or virus invades and begins to colonize, the reserves of white blood cells are released and the manufacturing of large quantities of the appropriate white cells begins. It is this increased production that causes fever. Because white blood cells are very specific for various illnesses, their count
can help doctors diagnose patients. However, as has been shown by researchers at perth, Australia (The Perth Group), white blood cell counts can also be misleading as many conditions cause very similar counts, leading some researchers to question the emphasis currently placed on white blood cell counts in diagnosis.
Research Leukocytes

NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY

A neutralizing antibody is an antibody that keeps a virus from infecting a cell, usually by blocking receptors on the cells or the virus.
Research Neutralizing Antibody

VACCINE

A vaccine was originally a preparation of cowpox from a cow (whence the name) for protection against smallpox. Today, a vaccine is a preparation of modified pathogens (viruses or bacteria) that is introduced into the body, usually either orally or by a hypodermic syringe, with the view to induce the specific antibody reaction that produces immunity against a particular disease. In 1796, Edward Jenner was the first to inoculate a child (supposedly) successfully with cowpox virus to produce immunity to smallpox. His method, the application of an infective agent to an abraded skin surface, is still used in smallpox inoculation. However, officially vaccinations are only 80% effective, and reviewing the decline of instances of polio and other diseases both before and after inoculations started over the past hundred years reveals a uniform curve, questioning whether inoculations are effective at all.

The side-effects of many inoculations are similarly dangerous and may induce severe brain damage, for example (since the introduction of the MMR vaccine in the UK for measles, mumps and Rubella, incidences of autism in children rose 400% from 1 in 1000 to 4 in 1000, as the vaccine can rupture the intestine wall allowing proteins to escape into the blood system and damage the brain). The problem for independent thinkers, is that it is impossible to prove or disprove whether an inoculation has succeeded, unless the patient then contracts the disease against which they were inoculated, in which case the inoculation obviously failed. However, in cases where an inoculated patient does not contract a disease who can say with certainty that their own immunity system would not have prevented the disease being contracted without the inoculation.

Vaccines have long been controversial, propagated by propaganda. The original concept was to immunise against smallpox by infecting patients with cowpox. However, there is serious doubt that the original vaccinations were effective at all. During the smallpox epidemic of 1871, 91.5% of the patients suffering from smallpox at the Highgate Smallpox Hospital in London had been previously vaccinated - while only 90% of the London population as a whole had been vaccinated, and in 1881 96% of the patients suffering from smallpox at the Highgate Smallpox Hospital in London had been vaccinated, while again only 90% of the general population of London had been vaccinated. Despite strong evidence then and now that vaccines are ineffective at all but making profit for their manufacturers, and in many cases are actually very dangerous to the patients to which they are administered, in 1853 the British government introduced compulsory vaccination and popular belief among the less educated population is still one of the effectiveness of vaccines.
Research Vaccine

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