Drawing is the art of representing upon a flat surface the forms of objects, and their positions and relations to each other. The idea of nearness or distance is given by the aid of perspective, foreshortening, and gradation. The term drawing, in its strict sense, is only applicable to the representing of the forms of objects in outline, with the shading necessary to develop roundness or modelling. In art, however, the term has a wider significance. Highly-finished painting's in water-colour are called drawings, as are also sketches or studies in oils.
Drawing, in its restricted sense, may be divided into these kinds: (1) pen drawing; (2) chalk drawing, which may include lead-pencil drawing; (3) crayon drawing; (4) drawing shaded with the brush or hair-pencil; (5) architectural or mechanical drawing (technical drawing).
Pen drawings are often confined to pure outlines; an appearance of relief or projection being given by thickening or doubling the lines on the shadow side. Finished pen drawings have all the shading produced by combinations of lines. Chalk drawings (including lead-pencil drawings) are most suited for beginners, as errors can be easily corrected. Black, red, and white chalks are used. When the chalk is powdered and rubbed in with a stump, large masses and broad effects can be produced with much rapidity. A combination of hatching and stumping is generally preferable to adhering exclusively to either mode. Crayon drawings are those in which the true colours of the objects represented are more or less completely wrought out with different coloured crayons. Drawings shaded with the brush are outlined with the pencil or pen, the shading being laid on or washed in with the brush in tints of Indian ink, sepia, or colour. Architectural and mechanical drawings are those in which the proportions of a building, machine, etc, are accurately set out for the guidance of the constructor: objects are in general delineated by geometric or orthographic projection.
The great schools of painting differ from one another as much in their drawing as in their painting. In Italy the Roman school, through Raphael's fine sense for the beautiful and expressive in form, and through his study of the antique, became the true teacher of beautiful drawing. The Florentine school tried to surpass the Roman precisely in this particular, but it lost by exaggeration what it had gained by learning and a close study of anatomy. In the Lombard school a tender style of drawing is seen through harmonious colouring, and, in the Venetian school the drawing is often veiled in the richness of the colour. The Dutch school excels in a careful and minute style of naturalistic drawing, combined with great excellence in colouring. The French school in the time of Poussin was very accurate in its drawing; at a later period its style betrayed a great amount of mannerism. David introduced again a purer taste in drawing and a close study of the antique, and these are qualities which distinguish his school (the so-called classical school) from the romantic and eclectic schools of a later period. The drawing of the British school is naturalistic rather than academic. During the 19th century it improved greatly in accuracy and expressiveness. Research Drawing
White is a colour combining the reflection of all wavelengths of light. There are numerous shades of white, quite where grey ends and white begins is a matter for poetic interpretation.
Antique white - A very pale yellowish-brown off white colour.
Beige - A drab, yellowish-grey colour.
Cream - A yellowish-white colour, frequently more yellow than ivory.
Ivory - A yellowish-white or off-white colour (the colour of ivory) often associated with skin tone.
Linen - A flat, pale yellowish-grey just off white.
Fuji is a variety of apple produced by Japanese breeders who crossed the American Midwestern variety Red Delicious with the antiqueVirginiaapple Ralls Janet. It's been sweeping America as well in the 1990s as a salad and dessert apple and for eating fresh. Its appeal is its low-acid sweetness combined with juicy firm-fleshed crispiness and warm aroma. It keeps longer than most other varieties at room temperature. The characteristic colour includes a pink stripe, but high-colouring
Fuji strains are now available that are closer to red all over. Research Fuji
Diego Velazquez was a Spanish administrator. He was born about 1460 at Cuellar, near Valladolid and died in 1522. He sailed with Cgristopher Columbus on his second voyage, and in 1511 conquered Cuba, of which he became governor, founding several towns, and remaining there until his death. Velazquez was responsible for an expedition which discovered Yucatan, in 1517, and sent Hernando Cortes to Mexico in 1518. Regretting, however, the extensive powers he had given to Cortes, he sent a force under Panfilo de Narvaez, which was overthrown by Cortes in 1520.
Diego Rodriguez De Silva Y Velazquez was a Spanish painter. He was born in 1599 at Seville and died in 1660. He studied under Francesco Herrera and then, when Herrera's temper got too much for him, under Pacheco whose daughter he later married. Velazquez also came under the influence of Luis Tristan, a pupil of El Greco. Settling in Madrid in 1623, he there painted a portrait of Fonseca, almoner to Philip IV which introduced him to the notice of the king. In the same year he painted a portrait of Philip IV, the first of a very long series which he painted of that king at every period of his life.
In 1628 Velazquez met Rubens, who came to Madrid as ambassador from the regent of the Netherlands. Having then conceived an eager desire to visit Italy, he left Spain in 1629, journeying to Venice, and then to Rome, by way of Ferrara and Bologna, and in 1630 was in Naples. The next year saw him back again at Madrid, and from that time began his long series of notable portraits.
His second visit to Italy was paid in 1649, v/hen his main object was to collect pictures and casts from the antique. On this occasion he painted his celebrated portrait of Pope Innocent X. In 1651, home again in Spain, he was given a high court appointment by the king, which took up much time. His pictures at this period include Maids of Honour, and the Tapestry Weavers.
The main feature of the art of Velazquez is its absolute truth. He was an impressionist in the truest meaning of the word, could seize upon an effect in its momentary force, and represent it in all its bare truth, painting colour as it really was. He had an unequalled command of values. There is never any false lighting or inaccurate incidence of light in his pictures, and he not only understood atmosphere, but grasped the mystery of shadows and darkness. He selected essentials with unerring judgement, and no other works are so near to the effect of nature as are his, or produce like them the true perspective of the atmosphere. Research Diego Velazquez
The Dorians were one of the four great branches of the Greek nation who migrated from Thessaly southwards, settling for a time in the mountainous district of Doris in Northern Greece and finally in Peloponnesus. Their migration to the latter was said to have taken place in 1104 BC; and as among their leaders were certain descendants of Hercules (or Heracles), it was known as the return of the Heraclidae. The Dorians ruled in Sparta with great renown as a strong and warlike people, though less cultivated than the other Greeks in arts and letters. Their laws were severe and rigid, as typified in the codes of the great Doric legislators Minos and Lycurgus. The Doric dialect was characterized by its broadness and hardness, yet on account of its venerable and antique style was often used in solemn odes and choruses. Research Dorians
The Farnese were an illustrious Italian family of Italy, whose descent may be traced from about the middle of the 13th century, and which gave to the church and the Republic of Florence many eminent names. The line became extinct with Antonio Farnese in 1731. The name of the Farnese is associated with several famous buildings and works of art. The Farnese Palace, at Rome, was built for Pope Paul III while he was cardinal, by Sangallo and Michael Angelo. Its sculpturegallery was formerly very celebrated, but the best pieces have been removed to Naples, including the following: The Farnese Bull, a celebrated ancient sculpture representing the punishment of Dirce, discovered in the 16th century in the Baths of Caracalla at Home; Farnese Hercules, a celebrated ancient statue of Hercules by Glycon, found in the Baths of Caracalla in 1540; Farnese Flora, a colossal statue of great merit, found in the Baths of Caracalla; Farnese Cup, an antiqueonyxcup, highly ornamented with figures in relief. Research Farnese
The Navy Arms 1866 Model Yellowboy Carbine is an American reproduction lever-actionantiquerifle produced from blued steel and brass with a straight walnut stock. The Navy Arms 1866 Model Yellowboy Carbine is chambered for the .44-40 cartridge which it takes from a 10-round integral tubular magazine loaded from the right of the casing. The Navy Arms 1866 Model Yellowboy Carbine has a 19 inch long barrel and adjustable rack sights. Research Navy Arms 1866 Model Yellowboy Carbine
The Navy Arms 1866 Model Yellowboy Rifle is an American reproduction lever-actionantiquerifle produced from blued steel and brass with a straight walnut stock. The Navy Arms 1866 Model Yellowboy Rifle is chambered for the .44-40 cartridge which it takes from a 13-round integral tubular magazine loaded from the right of the casing. The Navy Arms 1866 Model Yellowboy Rifle has a 24 inch long barrel and adjustable rack sights. Research Navy Arms 1866 Model Yellowboy Rifle
The Navy Arms 1873 Model Winchester-Style Rifle is an American reproduction lever-actionantiquerifle produced from blued steel with a straight walnut stock. The Navy Arms 1873 Model Winchester-Style Rifle is produced chambered for the .44-40 or .45 LCcartridge which it takes from a 13-round integral tubular magazine loaded from the right of the casing. The
Navy Arms 1873 Model Winchester-Style Rifle has a 24 inch long barrel and adjustable rack sights. A sporting version with a 30-inch long barrel and a carbine with a 19-inch long barrel and 10-round integral magazine are also produced. Research Navy Arms 1873 Model Winchester-Style Rifle
Abbreviations
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