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A jester, or court fool, was a buffoon or person maintained by the noble and wealthy to entertain them by jests. The professional jesters usually wore a motley or brightly coloured dress and a cap or cowl of bright colours furnished with bells and asses' ears, or crowned with a cockscomb. Licensed jesters carried a short stick ornamented with ass's ears, known as a bauble. In Britain the last jester regularly attached to the royal household seems to have been Archie Armstrong, the jester of James I and Charles I.
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The Newburg Addresses were two anonymous appeals issued in 1783 to the officers of George Washington's army, then encamped at Newburgh, to hold a meeting for the consideration of the question of the money then due them by Congress. The addresses were written by Captain Armstrong, of Pennsylvania, and were supposed to have been instigated by the Gates faction. George Washington immediately denounced the meeting as subversive of discipline, and called a regular meeting of the officers for March the 16th. Gates was placed in the chair, and George Washington's friends carried motions declaring their unshaken confidence in Congress, and denouncing the 'infamous proposals' of the anonymous addresses.
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George Armstrong Custer was an American soldier. He was born in 1839 at Ohio and died in 1876. He served throughout the American Civil War and distinguished himself at Gettysburg as commander of the Michigan brigade, also winning fame at Winchester, Fisher's Hill, Cedar Creek, Waynesboro, Five Forks and Dinwiddie Court House. In 1876, being then a general in the regular army, he was overpowered by the Sioux Indians at the Little Big Horn River, and his entire command was slain.
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John Armstrong was a Scottish poet and physician. He was born about 1709 and died in 1779. After studying medicine in Edinburgh he settled in London. In 1744 he published his chief work, the Art of Preserving Health, a didactic poem. This work raised his reputation to a height which his subsequent efforts scarcely sustained. In 1746 he became physician to an hospital for soldiers, and in 1760 he was appointed physician to the forces which went to Germany. After his return to London he published a collection of his Miscellanies, which contained, however, nothing valuable. He afterwards visited France and Italy, and published an account of his tour under the name of Lancelot Temple. His last production was a volume of Medical Essays.
John Armstrong was an American soldier and politician. He was born in 1758 at Carlisle, Pennsylvania and died in 1843. He served in the American War Of Independence and after its conclusion write the first 'Newbugh Letters'. Entering civilian life he was Secretary of State in Pennsylvania and member of the Continental Congress, and was a US Senator from 1800 to 1802 and from 1803 to 1804. From 1804 until 1810 he was Minister to France. In 1812 he was appointed brigadier-general and in 1813 entered the Cabinet as secretary of War, being obliged to resign in 1814 after the fall of Washington.
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King Joseph Oliver was an American musician. He was born in 1885 at Louisiana and died in 1938. A jazz cornet player, bandleader, and composer his work with Louis Armstrong took jazz beyond the confines of early Dixieland.
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Daniel Louis Armstrong was a black American jazz musician and singer. He was born in 1900 and died in 1971. He was particularly renowned for his trumpet playing. He first learned to play the cornet in a waifs home in New Orleans, before switching to the trumpet and playing first on Mississippi river boats before forming his own small bands with whom he made some sixty recordings in the 1920s, before leading big bands and appearing in films, including the 1941 'The Birth of the Blues' which had a major influence on Dixieland jazz.
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Neil Armstrong was the first man to step onto the moon in 1969.
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Robert Armstrong was an American soldier. He was born in 1790 at Tennessee and died in 1854. He was a captain of artillery under Jackson at the Creek War of 1813 and 1814 and distinguished himself at the battle of New Orleans.
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Samuel Armstrong was an American politician. He was a Whig governor of Massachusetts from 1835 until 1836. Samuel Chapman Armstrong was an American soldier and educator. He was born in 1839 at Hawaii and died in 1893. He was educated at Oahu College and Williams College. In 1862, after the outbreak of the American Civil war, he joined the Union army. In 1864 he was commissioned colonel of a black regiment, which he commanded for two years. In 1866 he was promoted to the rank of brigadier general. In Hampton and in 1868 he founded, for the education of blacks, the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, now Hampton Institute, and served as its president until his death.
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Samuel C Reid was an American sailor. He was born in 1783 and died in 1861. He commanded the privateer General Armstrong, and fought at the Battle of Fayal in 1814 with a British squadron. He designed the US flag.
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The Probert Encyclopaedia was designed, edited and programed by
Matt and Leela Probert
©1993 - 2009 The Probert Encyclopaedia
Southampton, United Kingdom
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